IBDP History Revision Notes

History Study Checklist

These handwritten revision notes prepared by a former student constitute a detailed revision guide for Higher Level International Baccalaureate History, specifically organised for the May 2019 examinations. The content is structured into three chronological eras: pre-curricular (1789-1814), curricular (1866-1955), and post-curricular (1955-1991). The bulk of the material focuses on the 1866-1955 period, providing an in-depth analysis of the unification of Germany, the complex origins and technological shifts of the Great War, and the dual Russian Revolutions of 1917. Further sections examine the structural weaknesses and successes of Weimar Germany, the rise of the Nazi party, and the early geopolitical tensions of the Cold War, such as the Truman Doctrine and the Korean War.

To enhance the narrative, my student integrated several hand-drawn maps that illustrate significant territorial changes. These include a map of the Jutland Peninsula showing Danish, Prussian, and Austrian control in 1864, a map of the North German Confederation in 1867, and a post-First World War map of the partitioned Austro-Hungarian Empire. His notes also employ various national flags and political symbols to signpost different countries and ideologies, alongside comprehensive timelines that track the specific dates of diplomatic and military escalations.In addition to factual summaries, the notes incorporate historiographical debates, referencing prominent historians like A.J.P. Taylor, Christopher Clark, and Richard J. Evans. This adds an analytical layer to the study of topics like the causes of the First World War or the success of Hitler's rise to power. By combining these visual aids, chronological lists, and academic perspectives, the notes provide a multi-dimensional archive of 19th and 20th-century history. 

Metternich System Repression	German Unification Origins	Austro-Prussian Wars
Unification Timeline Histories	German Empire Declared	Road WWI Origins
Balkan Crises Wars	Assassination Archduke Ferdinand	Great War Overview
WWI Warfare Timeline	Weapons War Treaties	Post-War Territorial Changes
Rise Vladimir Lenin	February Revolution Outbreak	Russian Provisional Government
October Revolution Shortcomings	Revolution Lenin Power	November Election Results
Weimar Republic Origins	Weimar Government Challenges	Weimar Republic Successes
Weimar Republic Timeline	Weimar Revolution Government	Hitler Rise NSDAP
Depression Nazi Chancellorship	Truman Doctrine Marshall	NATO Korean War
UN Function Consequences	De-Stalinisation Warsaw Pact	Cuban Missile Crisis

Here is the full 181 page set of notes taken over two years of my lessons by possibly the best student I have taught in thirty years who easily scored a '7' in IBDP HL History. 

Study Preparations Checklist	Metternich System Repression	German Unification Origins	Austro-Prussian Wars Summary
Unification Timeline History	Empire Declaration Notes	Road WWI Origins	Balkan Crisis Wars
Assassination Ferdinand Notes	Course Introduction Notes	Great War Overview	WWI Warfare Timeline
Weapons War Treaties	Territorial Boundary Changes	Rise Vladimir Lenin	February Revolution Outbreak
Provisional Government Notes	October Revolution Shortcomings	Lenin Power Consolidation	November Election Results
Weimar Republic Origins	Weimar Government Challenges	Weimar Republic Successes	Weimar Republic Timeline
Weimar Revolution Gov	Nazi Era Transition	Hitler Rise NSDAP	Chancellorship Depression Analysis
Truman Doctrine Marshall	NATO Korean War	UN Function Consequences	Warsaw Pact Notes
Cold War Transition	Cuban Missile Crisis	Cold War Dynamics	Soviet Expansion Notes
Iron Curtain Descends	Containment Strategy Outline	Division of Europe	Berlin Airlift Tensions

Marshall Plan Aid	Comecon Alliance Notes	Cold War Alliances	Iron Curtain Border
Arms Race Notes	Space Race Summary	Cold War Tensions	Proxy War Conflicts
Détente Policy Notes	End Cold War	Post War Eras	Globalization Historical Impact
Modern History Conclusion	General History Notes	Thematic Review Session	Historical Terminology List
Exam Revision Page	Political Ideologies Overview	Social Reforms History	Cultural Impact Study
Economic Transformations Overview	Diplomatic Shifts Notes	Military Strategy Review	Revolutionary Movements Notes
Post-War Recovery Notes	Political Leaders Biographies	International Conflict Analysis	Colonisation Decolonisation Notes
Independence Movements Review	Modern Political Landscapes	Cold War Treaties	Crisis Management Notes
International Relations Summary	Late Century Tensions	World History Finale	Imperialism Expansion Notes

Final Review Notes	History Archive Recap	Reference List Notes	Exam Prep Summary
Revision Course Details	Thematic Analysis End	History Study Recap	Timeline Conflict Review
Modern Era Summary	Global History Overview	Political Ideologies End	Social Change Review
Military History Finale	Revolutionary Study Notes	Economic History Summary	Diplomatic History End

Modern History Summary	Global History Overview	Political Ideologies Final	Social Change Review
Military History Finale	Revolutionary Study Notes	Economic History Summary	Diplomatic History Finale
Industrial Revolution Summary	Imperialism Study Notes	Colonial Expansion Review	World Wars Overview
Post-War Alignment Notes	Cold War Origins	Iron Curtain Tensions	Berlin Wall Crisis
Nuclear Arms Race	Space Race Competition	Cuban Missile Notes	Vietnam War Analysis
Civil Rights Movement	EU Formation Summary	Globalization Impact Summary	Middle East Conflict
Modern China History	African Independence Movements	Latin American Revolutions	Fall Soviet Union
End Apartheid History	Information Age Overview	Climate Change History	War on Terror
21st Century Dynamics	Future Projections Notes	World History Recap	Exam Preparation Strategy
Final Revision Session	Timeline Key Events	Major Conflicts Review	Peace Treaty Summary

International Law Notes	Humanitarian Crisis History	Science Tech Progress	Medical Advancements History
Space Exploration Timeline	Post-War Rebuilding Notes	Cold War Escalation	Global Alignment Trends
Military Pact Details	Strategic Defense Analysis	Ideological Conflict Recap	Independence Struggles Recap
Superpower Proxy Wars	Arms Limitation Talks	Human Rights Movements	Economic Integration Patterns
Technological Competition Review	Decolonization Process Overview	Modern Governance Trends	Environmental History Notes
Digital Era Foundations	Space Exploration Milestones	Global Trade Shifts	Contemporary Social Issues
International Peace Efforts	Border Dispute Summaries	Refugee Crisis Impacts	Sustainable Development Goals
Gender Equality History	Educational Reform Notes	Health Crisis Responses	Cultural Heritage Preservation
Urbanization Trend Analysis	Resource Competition Review	Middle East Peace	Asian Economic Miracles
European Unification Progress	African Union Origins	Latin American Alliances	Terrorism Countermeasures Notes
Cyber Warfare History	Climate Agreement Overviews	Space Station Cooperation	Historical Legacy Conclusions
Conflict Resolution Strategy

The Notes Transcribed: 

HISTORY BACKGROUND

Early German Unification and Otto von Bismarck

• 1848 Revolution across Europe. START of Germany's Rise.
• Germany wanted to be unified (the same country). Divided since Roman times.
• SONDERWEG -> "special way", Germans are different, fundamentally, they can't be studied.
• 1848 BARRICADES, so no one could kill the emperor. Fled to Paris.
• "GREAT MAN THEORY" -> the one man who can change history itself -> Napoleon created modern Europe.
• coined by Thomas Carlyle.
• 1815 Battle of Waterloo
• Britain and Prussia defeated Europe together.
• they saw the Prussians as militaristic, barbaric, and dissimilar from them.
• CONGRESS OF VIENNA
• Austria (von Metternich) argued against unified Germany. would dismantle existing governments.
• weak German Confederation was invited.
• peace in Europe.
• PROBLEM: WHO LEADS GERMANY?
• Germany isn't its own country, never been unified and always fought each other.
• the people used Vienna, Austria as more "cultured"
• AUSTRIAN EMPIRE doesn't want Germany, they have an army.
• OTTO VON BISMARCK
• born in 1815, the one to unify Germany.
• Prussian diplomat in France and Russia.
• Prime Minister under Wilhelm I.
• "Blood + Iron" (Eisen + Blut) speech.
• UNIFICATION OF UNIFIED GERMANY OF 1870.
• BISMARCK'S ARMY
• battle over Denmark, Schleswig and Holstein.
• defeated them in 1864.
• Alliance with Austria to "liberate" German provinces.
• WAR WITH AUSTRIA (1866)
• Bismarck to attack, unexpected war.
• defeats Austria in 6-7 weeks.
• German confederation dissolved.
• Dismantled Prussia Germany established.
• FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR
• Prussia was concerned about Germany's Rise. Doesn't trust Prussia.
• Bismarck plays up "French Menace", starts war by tampering with meeting records between Wilhelm I and French Ambassador, appeared as though France insulted Prussia.
• telegram started the war.
• France declares war, Prussia wins in a few weeks.
• All German states come together to defeat the French.

The German Empire and Industrialisation

• 1804 Napoleon created many states to appear as one "Germany"
• after defeating Paris in Franco-Prussian war, the German empire is created.
• Bismarck seen as the one who unified Germany. SECOND REICH.
• 1st REICH -> Holy Roman Empire (HRE)
• 2nd REICH -> German empire, Wilhelm I
• 3rd REICH -> German Reich, Hitler
• Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser (18th January 1871) at palace of Versailles.
• TREATY OF FRANKFURT -> Birth certificate of WWI.
• end of Franco-Prussian War.
• France had to pay huge indemnity to Germany and was occupied until payment completed.
• Germany important priorities, Alsace - Lorraine (strategic as area offset border).
• iron - ore deposits + with Prussia's coal/iron industry.
• BALANCE OF POWER SHIFT
• CONGRESS OF VIENNA -> 5 European superpowers (France, Britain, Prussia, Russia, + Austria).
• 1871, France no longer superpower.
• Germany is becoming too powerful, matching the others.
• European "Balance of Power Problem Occurs".
• Bismarck's Germany established peace and security.
• but needs to ensure safety -> MAKES ALLIANCES.
• Bismarck = "Honest Broker" - brokers peace in Europe -> alliances with countries that don't like each other.
• allied with everyone but France, needs to destroy the French.
• GERMANY IS IN SHOCK
• Arts, Military, Education, and Scientific discovery -> catching up to Britain.
• population: 67 million, 2nd only to Russia.
• HUGE PRODUCTION -> coal, iron, and steel.
• INDUSTRIALISATION and ORGANISATION.
• gaining control of Europe -> dominance.
• end in Agriculture, was fast transition.
• 1st in industry production (efficient + organised).
• 3rd in trade.
• British Empire no longer ahead.
• concern for Britain and colonies.
• worry about USA industrialisation.
• worry about Japan (modernising).
• Meiji Restoration, unlike the rest of Asia.
• modelled after Europe (Germany).
• Kaiser Wilhelm, starting with Bismarck (hated him).
• Bismarck pushes with Russian policy.
• Fritz and Vicky's son raised by Bismarck.

The Ottoman Empire and Balkan Crisis

• OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• a sprawling empire from Russia to Morocco.
• destroyed the Roman Empire.
• capital: Constantinople -> is all cultures in Europe.
• however, can't keep up with other nations.
• no unified country in Middle East (various religions + ethnicities).
• "Sick man of Europe"
• dying empire, no longer relevant.
• but still fighting to survive.
• "When an Empire collapses, there is a POWER VACUUM".
• who across matters needs to take its place.
• 1875 - 1878
• BALKAN CRISIS
• instability in the Balkan region.
• rise of Nationalism -> many persecuted nationalist groups.
• various states, all against each other -> ghost's drive for MODERN POWER.
• Austria + Russia both want control over the region.
• AUSTRIA: prevent threats from nationalist groups.
• RUSSIA: "defender of the Slavs" (Pan-Slavism) to also gain control over Mediterranean.
• CONGRESS OF BERLIN -> precursor, set the stage for WWI.
• goal: intercept tensions between "Great Powers" -> Austria, Germany, Russia, France, Britain, etc.
• is a diplomatic meeting of major powers in Europe.
• 1878 is when they re-organise the Balkans.
• hosted by Bismarck, Germany has the most ability.
• Bismarck was "honest broker", had 0 direct investment/interest in Balkans.
• needed to create peace, acts as a mediator between hostile powers.
• MAIN CONCERN: Russian interest in the Balkans (access to Mediterranean).
• Russia only obtained small amount, no great territorial gain.
• Bulgarian independence.
• Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro released from Ottoman Empire.
• OVERALL SUCCESS in terms of Foreign Policy -> strengthened Germany's position.
• however, cuts Germany out of favour with Russia.
• BISMARCK: "key to peace is peace with Russia."

Bismarck’s Alliance System and Triple Alliance

• DREIKAISERBUND -> Three Emperor's League.
• Bismarck's First Alliance.
• 1873 -> allied with Austria + Russia alliance.
• treaty of sharing support.
• 1881 -> DREIKAISERBUND (new).
• Bismarck wants to appease both Austria-Hungary + Russia.
• NOT an alliance.
• Russia is a dictatorship.
• this league allows Tsar to save his reputation (good PR).
• Christian alliance safe after saving christian nations.
• Bismarck's Goal: peace in Europe, then still cuts France.
• ISSUE: League doesn't solve anything.
• JUMBLE OF NATIONS / PRISON OF PEOPLES
• Austria-Hungary and Russia -> numerous ethnic groups.
• TRIPLE ALLIANCE -> 1882
• Italy, Austria and Germany (no Russia).
• improvement, it is an alliance "got each other's back", (dominated by Italy).
• keeps high Germany safe.
• UNSTABLE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
• rigid alliances, not very stable.
• Quote: "it's too early to say (regarding French Revolution)" -> Zhou Enlai.
• "Bismarck is like a big balloon, you need to hold on with both hands to not let go."
• Events were they happen, we don't know how these ripples can affect us.
• Deal with Russia.
• private understanding between two Emperors + Bismarck.
• 1888:
• Wilhelm II + Nicholas II.
• cousins, Germany and Russia.
• all related to Queen Victoria.
• Germany's Rise is chaos.
• Bismarck settles it?
• crown prince taking over?
• UNCERTAINTY.
• he will write from psychological perspective.
• 1890 -> "Dropping the Pilot"
• famous political cartoon.
• missed his death!!
• Bismarck resigns due to Kaiser Wilhelm II.
• book by Christopher Clark (Australia).
• ALLIANCES
• FRANCO - RUSSIAN ALLIANCE
• 1892 -> Dreikaiserbund (lapsed) -> the opposite of what Bismarck wants (not to peace with Russia).
• doesn't trust Germany, due to Balkan issue and death of Wilhelm I.
• Formal Alliance with France -> Alliance created through mutual hatred.
• no actual things in common, French + Russian cultures very dissimilar.
• public statement: "has nothing to do with Germany" (nature).
• often forgotten/overemphasised.
• only a DEFENSIVE ALLIANCE.
• not ratified for 2 years until 1894.
• 1894 -> DEATH OF THE TSAR (Alexander III).
• Nicholas II is now in power.
• ISSUE: Nicholas married a German!
• is disliked by the Russian people.
• STAMPEDE -> the Tsar doesn't show up.
• he's in the French Embassy.
• After Alexander III's death, Nicholas II gets married.
• Only daughters (CURSE), but son has haemophilia.
• wife, Alexandra.
• son called the Tsarevich.
• 13 year old boy - family butchered by Bolsheviks.
• 5 of last 12 Tsars were killed, being a Tsar is dangerous.
• murdered by their own family members. Can't trust your own family.
• 1896 ADOWA
• Battle of Adowa. First time Europeans beaten by Africa.
• WWII helped liberate Africa.
• The Italians lose. All major powers are concerned.
• in Abyssinia.
• 1898 FASHODA
• French + British meet in Africa, on the Nile. (Brits building a railroad).
• The French back down, realise they have a problem in Europe.
• British and French ALLIANCES (next 6 years).
• Entente Cordiale.

Anglo-German Naval Race and Moroccan Crisis

• 1902 -> Britain alliance with Japan.
• Japan can help them watch Russia, look after them.
• Britain's discord slowly turns regarding Russian expansion southwards.
• Britain is afraid of Germany due to the naval race. Japan's naval race.
• German naval law of 1898 -> "navy is essential to Britain (an island, need to ship economic trade)"
• interpreted by Britain as hostile.
• 1900 Naval law passed in Reichstag. German navy will rival Britain's.
• 1904 Britain + France "Entente Cordiale" (Friendly get-together) -> NOT AN ALLIANCE.
• very important document.
• border recognition.
• Britain and France are finally, historically.
• Britain gets India, France gets N.A.
• Britain gets Canada - Australia, New Zealand.
• France gets sub-saharan Africa...
• BORDERS.
• Egypt belongs to Britain.
• Morocco goes to France.
• Britain fights against Dutch farmers, fighters + white country.
• they create concentration camps.
• Britain has S. Africa, N.A., Far East.
• but the French are scared of the Germans.
• ISSUE: France takes Morocco.
• MOROCCAN CRISIS 1905-06
• GERMANY: huge "noise, we could do"
• GERMANY: the Kaiser (Enabler) put himself on the line and he was defeated and humiliated.
• Kaiser: Kaiser Wilhelm -> building a big army. Needs to expand, trade, economy, etc.
• wants to give something to the British, (naval race away).
• Germany wants to test the "Entente Cordiale" and teach them a lesson, BACKFIRES.
• France creates incident in Morocco.
• Germany thus felt insulted by Anglo-British alliance.
• there is an uprising, Germany tries to help Morocco stay independent and keep Sultan in power.
• demanded an international conference.
• the British thought Germany would take over Morocco.
• threat to Gibraltar -> the Germans would have another Mediterranean port.
• the Kaiser gets response. Germany was defeated + humiliated.
• makes Entente Cordiale stronger.
• only Austria supported them.
• reason hidden.
• SOLVED: conference in Algeciras.
• PERSPECTIVE: Germany's view.
• the Kaiser went to the middle east and support the sovereignty of a non-white country.
• Aiding a Muslim nation and stopping the French from colonising.
• However: Germany is the only one stopping colonisation.
• Germans underestimated France and Britain.
• GERMANY is in serious trouble. All of Europe supports France getting Morocco.
• 1905 oversharing between Russia + Britain.
• Britain has major issues with Russia, but it's a growing power.
• TRIPLE ENTENTE -> Russia, Britain and France.
• Italy wants Libya... Italy just created (risk history) -> want to build an EMPIRE.
• Ottoman Empire controls Libya, so but Italy wants it.
• Germany doesn't want this, wants to build railway through Turkey.
• Arthur Conan Doyle and other British authors writing Anti-German sentiments into their story.
• "Such a wind has never blown over England..." quote.
• "east wind is coming" (Sherlock Holmes) -> most popular stories in England.
• putting these sentiments into the public's mind (psychological effect).
• Moroccan crisis ended in 1906 Conference Algeciras.
• TRIPLE ENTENTE (understanding)
• so not an alliance, not legally compelled.
• MILITARISM
• total defence expenditures increase each year from (1890-1914).
• 1890-1914 EXPENDITURES:
• France -> 10%
• Britain -> 13%
• Russia -> 39%
• Germany -> 73%
• see very early increase in defence in 1890 (Dropping the Pilot).
• 1892 France investing in Russia.
• CAUSE OF INSTABILITY: Alliance System.
• Balance of Power.
• Argue that British-French alliance caused WWI.
• DREADNOUGHTS
• to make everything obsolete. Better than all other ships.
• turbo powered, British efficiency, in middle east.
• the Brits have a lot of it (petrol).
• now rivals Germany. Germany now also making dreadnoughts.
• ANGLO-GERMAN NAVAL RACE -> Germany needs to catch up!
• 1914 - PRECARIOUS ECONOMY. They leaned a lot of money (from the USA). Economic basis.
• 1910 -> war is now inevitable. Crisis after crisis, everyone waiting for war to break out.
• In Alsace, the French discover that their plans are being stolen by / Blame his Jewish spy, Albert Dreyfus -> send him to devil's island.
• France is always divided.
• Germany is concerned about Russia + about the uprising in their own country.
• Nationalism not by the major powers.
• instead, is by smaller countries.
• e.g. Balkans, Slavs, + Poland.
  1. BOER WAR
• 1899-1902
• Britain is fighting a war against the Dutch Boer settlers there.
• want to conquer South Africa (diamonds).
• Kaiser Wilhelm supported Boers.
• Brits win, but they give South Africa back.
• Brits are worried, feel challenged.
  1. GERMAN NAVY LAW
• 1900 -> Kaiser Wilhelm builds up Germany navy.
• created Germany and sail all over the place. 'a place in the sun'.
• 1906 - DREADNOUGHTS (battle ships) -> new format (Brits end late).
• every country boats now. even Turkey.
• UK vs. HMS Dreadnought. then Germany builds their.
• ANGLO-GERMAN ARMS/NAVAL RACE.
• Brits want, agree to stop building them IF Germany does.
• the Kaiser ups the jungle. MORE Dreadnoughts.
• "he want it, he can't wait!" (public demand, more)
• ships are expensive, more want to use it or...
• DECLARE THE WAR.
• people battle on an army race.
• 1914 -> Brits had 29 HMS Naval race, 18 v. 19.
• Germany's shock + divided.
• 1907 -> Germany is encircled, no Mediterranean, no control of Mediterranean.
• DIPLOMATIC ENCIRCLEMENT. so emotional, lonely, medical.

The Balkan Wars and Road to WWI

• BERLIN TO BAGHDAD RAILWAY
• the Orient Express (from Paris to Constantinople).
• Germany wants to extend the original, further to Baghdad.
• allows control over Middle East + petrol access.
• ISSUE OF OIL.
• Iran, Iraq was the cause of WWI.
  1. TELEGRAM ARTICLE
• 1908 -> Kaiser Wilhelm interview with the Daily Telegraph (exasperation, disliked Germany).
• he wants to be friends with Britain HOWEVER, "the English are mad".
• and claims the Germans HATE them.
• Germany wants to have the most powerful navy and protect their interests.
• Brits convinced that the Germans want to challenge the British Empire.
• was with interviewer, not very formal -> no context what question was asked?
• Newspaper + Reporter against Germany.
• BIASED!
• Kaiser Wilhelm had a nervous breakdown after.
• Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia.
• they want to project power (ancient, weak).
• REMEMBER: STEEPLE (Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal, Ethical).
• build battleships.
• shows advancement.
• beyond borders.
• help economy. -> ISSUE: Ports. They have no warm sea ports.
• Since 1895, Japan beat China.
• now Japan has Korea. -> Korea would be good for Russia.
• Brits allied w/ Japan. -> port + access to Asia.
• in 1904 Japanese - Russian WAR.
• this is a disaster.
• RUSSIA has a history of SOCIAL ISSUES.
• nearly 45% are Russians.
• politically oppressed / 5% are elite.
• Russia's Britain's enemy.
• they go to Japan. -> have to go AROUND (past Africa + India to reach Japan) -> British territory.
• arrive after almost a YEAR at Port Arthur.
• Battle between Japan and Russia, (1905).
• Swift Defeat. The Japanese win + sink all Russian ships. -> demonstrates that Asians are able to defeat Europeans. Cause for concern.
• first time Europeans defeated by Asians.
• TRANS-SIBERIAN (through Manchuria) -> 300 miles.
• not used to build a railway (unfinished).
• BOSNIAN CRISIS
• 1908 -> revolution in Turkey (Ottoman Empire) -> was on the decline.
• "Young Turks" movement -> often nationalist movements, "self" nationalism.
• they want a separate country, their own identity.
• uprising to modernise + centralise.
• want back to central Asia.
• DOMESTIC UNREST in the Ottoman Empire -> religion, ethnic groups, memory, etc.
• Turkey is leaving Bosnia.
• when a great power leaves this a vacuum, another needs to fill its place.
• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY + RUSSIA want Bosnia.
• Ottoman Empire didn't want Bosnia. -> previously empire for 30 years.
• Austria-Hungary annexed the semi-autonomous province of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• PROBLEM: Serbia is a great enemy of Austria-Hungary!
• independent Serbian country. hate Austria.
• many Serbs in Austria-Hungary and in Bosnia.
• Russia is convinced as an support them.
• Kaiser stands by Austria-Hungary -> strength of Triple Alliance.
• France + Britain backed down.
• Austria run by old men, Kaiser Franz Joseph.
• Austro-Hungary (confederation) -> 2/3 of Empire = Slavs. (German elites)
• Economic decline + weak.
• Need to show power + vitality.
• Germany doesn't support this.
• HOWEVER -> humiliated the Tsar of Russia + more determined to next time there will be war.
• Russia also gets closer to Serbia. -> however, worst hatred between Russia + Austria. Russia broken.
• Bismarck didn't help if they not anything out of it.
• INCIDENT: Germany WAS BLAMED for the Bosnian Crisis.
• they come up with a BIG CONSPIRACY.
• "Germany is behind everything, they orchestrated it."
• DESPITE the fact that Germany is uninvolved and had no part in it at all.
• ALWAYS BLAME THE KAISER!!
• he doesn't know, school tutor had SCREWED! Anyones government?
• Austria is fed up with Germany. beyond empire.
• Admiral Tirpitz!
• BLAMING ITALY
• to uncommon and unnecessary argument. mentioned in SLEEPWALKERS by Christopher Clark.
• Italy only recently became a country (1881) -> they unit an EMPIRE!!
• also want a chunk of Africa.
• "must all out again" -> Munich Agreement; betrayal.
• to unit Libya, which is controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
• ITALY'S MAIN ALLY: GERMANY.
• Germany not in favour, don't want to destabilise.
• However, Britain + France are encouraging them (try next to win over Italy).
• Italy always sides with the winners.
• Alliance System to DESTABILISATION too weak -> can't adequately balance power in Europe.
• the Ottoman Empire is beaten, Italy got Libya -> 1912. Ottoman Empire ceded Libya to Italy.
• Balkan states chance! uprising of their own against the Turks.
• push the Turks out of Europe.
• suddenly, the Balkans are all fighting each other -> BALKAN WARS (1912-1913).
• 1913 -> Balkans v. Serbia + Greece. -> between Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria.
• Later, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated.
• Thus, ITALY IS THE CATALYST!
• AGADIR CRISIS aka. the Second Moroccan Crisis.
• 1911 the 2nd Moroccan Crisis (another diplomatic crisis, almost war) -> uprising!
• further developments in Morocco's situation -> French troops occupied Fez (capital).
• put down the ongoing rebellion - French about to annex Morocco.
• retaliation against Sultan who was basically a French puppet.
• Germans had a gunboat (Panther) to the port of Agadir. -> behaving in thing Leopold II = (genocide).
• display concern with France - compensation (e.g. French Congo). -> Belgian Congo (for blood).
• Britain opposes mission, doesn't want Germans using Agadir to threaten their trade routes!
• COLONIAL RESOURCES.
• Chancellor, Lloyd George, makes a speech to warn Germans -> issue of commerce (highest level).
• emboldened, the French stood their ground + didn't give any to the Germans.
• German dominance as they were propped up by the British.
• the Kaiser backs down -> agrees to recognise French protectorate over Morocco.
• only strengthened British-French Alliance. -> "Scratch My Back..." paper.
• to handful territories from French Congo to German Cameroon.
• GERMANY IS HUMILIATED (again) loses face -> "next time, it's war"
• nationally, there's domestic unrest in Germany.
• the Kaiser is a dictator, he has no true strength.
• GERMAN DENOMINATION: humanitarian crisis, bad administration + looting after an independent muslim african country.
• JULY MANIFESTO.
• BALKAN WARS II
• FIRST BALKAN WAR
• according to Christopher Clark: it all started with Italy.
• Italy wants Libya (Germans + Austria doesn't support it).
• the Triple Entente support them.
• the Balkans are the Powder keg of Europe.
• all this gunpowder, about to explode.
• no other power try to expose it.
• All the Balkan people want to banish Turks from Europe.
• Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia, and Greece -> form the Balkan League (1912).
• intense hatred towards Turks (Ottoman Empire).
• Oct. 1912 they attacked the Ottoman Empire.
• nearly won!! because they had the Turks in (1814) and Young Turks movement (1908).
• 1st Balkan War -> the Balkan League WINS!
• LONDON AGREEMENT (1913).
• diplomatic agreement.
• no one in Europe cares about the Ottoman! more pressing issues, such as Britain fighting.
• divided up the territory. (excluding Albania).
• between Serbia + Bulgaria + Greece.
• it appears as though Western powers are dividing them.
• SECOND BALKAN WAR -> Balkan League falls apart. 1913, June.
• Bulgaria attack Serbia (territory issues).
• weak alliance system.
• Greece, Romania, + Turkey also declare war on Bulgaria. (everyone gangs up).
• quick defeat of Bulgarian Army.
• TREATY OF BUCHAREST
• give Serbia part of Macedonia. (more powerful now).
• SERBIA IS NOW POWERFUL + AUTOCRATIC STATE.
• more instability, growing power of Serbia.
• Serbian nationalism + chaos.
• supporting other nationalist groups, such as the ones rising up against Austria-Hungary.
• Pan-Slavism -> Serbia wanted to get Bosnia (lots of Serbs there).
• creation of Yugoslavia.
• Serbs now allied with Russia, growing concern -> Germany HAS to support Austria-Hungary.
• potential of Russia getting Adrian sea.
• known as the WAR NOBODY WANT COME, no clear cause.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand and July Crisis

• "The First World War was a tragic and unnecessary war" - John Keegan.
• it could have stopped at any time, but it did not.
• Principal did not meet the Tsar!
• to All Perspectives, "they didn't know it would be too catastrophic" (Necessary War).
• The first world war was the "seminal event of the 20th century" - George Kennan.
• "it's the root of everything - what we have today is because of WWI".
• Emperor of Austria, Franz Joseph, has been in power since 1848.
• he's the uncle of Franz Ferdinand.
• ethnic unrest in the Austria Empire in years leading up to the war.
• Serbia wanted this, in order to "free" those living under foreign rule.
• to create YUGOSLAVIA.
• Belgrade (capital of Serbia), much unrest + many revolutionaries.
• Franz Ferdinand goes to Sarajevo. (Archduke Franz Ferdinand).
• he doesn't take of unrest, Franz wants to make reforms + visit them -> create a federation.
• he goes there on the 28th of June 1914. (Serbian National Holiday).
• was his wedding anniversary, brings wife Sophie (not royal blood).
• great danger of Lloyd George.
• at the time the Brits are focused on Suffragettes, and Ireland.
• Gavrilo Princip -> student who murdered Franz Ferdinand (to the neck).
• from the Black Hand (terrorist organisation).
• Serbian nationalist group.
• hated Austria-Hungary (Prison of Nations) for their mistreatment of the Serbs + Slavs.
• ethnic cleansing going on in Sarajevo.
• FOUR STEPS TO WAR.
• Austria can't declare war just yet, they are afraid of the Russians + need support from the Germans.
• a week goes by. Ambassador goes to Berlin. (July 5th 1914).
• pay a visit to the Kaiser of Germany, Wilhelm II.
• Wilhelm is upset + enraged, is adamant about taking action. (need to get it over, while Russia is unprepared).
• BLANK CHEQUE -> write your own sum (significant).
• is a promise + unconditional support for Austria. Full out blanks. *Could be exaggerated?
• July 23rd ULTIMATUM (ultimate demands) to Serbia.
• A.J.P Taylor, demands that punish Serbia for being a country.
• impossible, would never be allowed.
• 48 hours to respond, failure to comply results in WAR.
• July 25th. They accept every demand, except point 6: accepting people (Austrian-Hungary police force).
• the Kaiser is in Norway, on holiday on a boat.
• sees the response and says that there's no reason for war.
• Serbia felt they could say no, because they were being backed by Russia + France is with them.
• Clark argues that the Russians conspired.
• Benefit of the doubt: Germany has obligations - cultural/social duty to go to war.
• Kaiser doesn't listen to his advisors, concerns about Russia, France and Britain.
• rejecting every plea and blindly crashing it out.
• Germany DO NOT WANT WAR (it's useless and unnecessary).
• Ferguson argues that Britain and Germany could never go to war; they have all their money in Frankfurt!
• Marxist approach; how are those so interconnected, you wouldn't bomb a country where you have your business.
• so why did it take them so long?
• 28th of JULY, exactly 1 month after Franz Ferdinand.
• Austria-Hungary signs a declaration of war.
• by Franz-Joseph, war with Serbia.
• issue of harvest + agriculture.
• previous, Franz Joseph is Emperor of Austria.
• BUT King of Hungary.
• Hungarian government doesn't want to agree.
• issue with Slavs in the country.
• so they were looking for a 3rd Balkan War, instead, they got the First World War.
• 29th of July,
• partial mobilisation of Russia.
• if he mobilises, the Germans go to war.
• Nicky and Willy Correspondence.

The Schlieffen Plan and Outbreak of War

• 31st of July.
• if they couldn't and partially mobilise, would be exposed + vulnerable to the German Army.
• Full Mobilisation of Russia.
• August 1st. -> Germany declares war. (only on Russia).
• August 3rd -> Germany declared war on France.
• SCHLIEFFEN PLAN (high risk, high reward).
• defeat France + defeat them quickly -> couldn't fight a war on 2 fronts.
• later defeat Russia.
• plan to go through Belgium + Luxembourg.
• to get to France.
• have to put 90% of military towards France.
• defeat in 6 weeks.
• then move on to Russia.
• not yet industrialised + spread out population.
• would take a long time to mobilise.
• (long time to prepare).
• named after Alfred von Schlieffen (dead).
• since 1905, very, very old plan.
• unsure if it will work.
• no clue HOW it would work.
• OUTDATED PLAN!
• August 3rd. -> Germany attacks Belgium.
• crashing the plan, very high risk.
• never meant to be executed.
• Copying Hannibal (Carthage) -> Roman Empire vs. Carthage.
• Germany wants to do what Hannibal did.
• the Romans got stuck, lost 20,000 in ONE DAY.
• Bloodiest Day in European history.
• Battle of Somme.
• to make the plan look weak, France wants Alsace-Lorraine.
• lure them into the Southern Army + push down to Paris.
• WHY DID THE BRITS GET INVOLVED?
• Britain's concern Belgium.
• Belgium neutrally ensured. But, Belgium fights back.
• ISSUE: Germany went in small, neutral?
• Britain gives them 48 hours to get out of Belgium.
• August 4th -> Britain Declares War.
• involvement of Australia, Canada, NZ, etc.
• before, European Civil War.
• NOW, World war across the globe.
• Very hypocritical (the Brits) -> they are fighting for justice.
• defending small nations but own 1/3 of the world.
• WHY DID THE BRITS GET INVOLVED.
• But, Britain had to get involved.
• always get involved when it came to ensuring a Balance of Power.
• due to secret negotiations.
• realise, we have alliance with Russia + France.
• fearful that if they don't get involved, Britain will be attacked by France and Russia instead.
• THE REPROACH
• Britain has to Austria Hungary's side.
• they said that losing an ultimatum was for us.
• Austria Hungary are the victims, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated.
• Monarchies were definitely important at the time, symbol of stability.
• armor in Germany.
• in Belgium they dominated Germany.
• No one truly expected the war.
• Britain came on Black Tuesday + to see cancellations. Franz Ferdinand (on the back page of the news).
• when Sir Edward Grey gave his speech to parliament.
• Fritz Fischer "Great man for Weltmacht"
• German historian blaming Germany (Germany bears responsibility for WWI).
• in the 1960s. claimed they wanted a war sooner then later to be dominant.
• Fischer is getting death threats + is becomes hated.
• GAB = Gulp Action Function (spying on fatty people, they are only lead to want the war.)
• ADVICE: Essay: don't use something for things strictly + officially - don't be pretentious!! use it with purpose.
• Examine the impact. Use your main points.
• use narration + don't tell a story to the examiner.
• to plead an ARGUMENT - STICK TO IT.
• show Excitement!
• Point, Evidence, Explain (repeat thru).
• work on effective communication.
  1. Understand the Demands. 2) Meet the Demands of examiner. 3) Is it communicated well?
• We must verify -> Why did the Central Powers lose the war?
• THE 3 BATTLES:
  1. MANPOWER 2) LEGISLATION 3) DEMOCRACY.
• evaluate a question of victory, base it on his argument.
• WWI (cont'd) 3 main themes.
• Social Darwinism; survival of the fittest (concept).
• idea that war was good for the nation, give to people their purpose.
• Historians are debating which factors to blame?
• Kaiser Wilhelm II.
• not paying attention to economics.
• did not pay attention to economy in Europe but just racist ideas.
• Chancellor: Bethmann.
• Head of the Army: Moltke.
• letter of 1912 show what they were doing.
• BERLIN FOR NEGOTIATIONS.
• wanted to buy for invasion + have war with Russia as soon as possible. -> do it quickly, no am too adventurous.
• WHO GAMBLE -> Blank Cheque.
• "the German worked with the 'best' assumption!"
• Germans had the power to stop Austria + prevent the war.
• they had a Blank attitude.
• CRIMINAL DECISIVENESS.
• Moltke urged Austria to begin attack + made conditions for the war.
• without the Kaiser (was on holiday) and is worried. (the + BOY AVG. BALLOON)
• "weakest will, never than better (fear of Russia) and more militaristic.
• DESPOTIC GOVERNMENT.
• Moltke was a big war advocate -> he made war seem like a good decision.
• monopoly power to head of army.
• but HE sent the Telegram to Austria, emboldened them -> exceeding his authority.
• July 28th.
• to shows his reckless nature (immediately hotheaded).
• who was the bad guy?
• Telegram w/o authority.
• INCREDIBLY DYSFUNCTIONAL.
• Fischer; Germany wanted war "the sooner the better".
• Counter-arguments:
• validity of Blank Cheque.
• why did Russia involve themselves + VERY SCARY?
• what was Germany supposed to do? Austria was a victim of terrorism.
• blame Austria?
• Poem: The Second Coming by Yeats.
• war poems from class.
• 1914 IM mystery women conference.
• "it's too early to say" - Chinese politician about effects of French Revolution.
• interlocking between (?)
• Schlieffen Plan -> Britain get involved. (August).
• went to war over Treaty of London.
• Germany went into Belgium -> hypocritical, as Brits did same with port of (?) (aim to Japan).
• offensive strategy, attacking Belgium (neutral country).
• France wanted to do the same thing, but attack Alsace-Lorraine.
• Britain stopped them.
• it was a war -> do what it takes to protect oneself.
• Latest essay: evaluate Schlieffen Plan (not why lost war, why they don't win).

The Western Front and Trench Warfare

• WESTERN FRONT
• battles that took place in France.
• MARNE (Sept 5-12 1914).
• Ypres (1914).
• Somme (1916) -> bloodiest battle since Hannibal.
• Verdun (Feb. - Dec. 1916).
• A) BATTLE OF MARNE.
• 1st major battle on Western Front -> French were ill prepared (soldiers in taxis from Paris).
• A.J.P Taylor "war was served by railway timetables."
• so Germany is served in Railways (Germany couldn't try to respect other side).
• fight of 2 million.
• signalled end of Schlieffen Plan. -> able to stop Germany.
• so Germany is in a bad place (they needed to take it in 6 weeks).
• now they retreat.
• VERY CRUCIAL -> how they have a war they've never fought before.
• RACE TO SEA FOR Battle of Ypres. -> to argue that Germany fought to preserve itself. but this was the precursor.
• they both try to outflank each other.
• as they do this, they create TRENCHES.
• at Ypres's destroyed.
• B) TRENCH WARFARE.
• rather, is ridiculous, you have no idea where anyone is either, they were hooded.
• after mid-century basic, 7.5/2 stone barrier.
• physical divisions through trenches.
• FRANCE IS A HUGE PROBLEM (how to liberate France and Belgium).
• German trenches are deep.
• British ones are very poorly made.
• the conditions are horrendous.
• in form of warfare that they COULDN'T INVENT. -> SOCIAL SHOCK -> post-traumatic stress disorder.
• first time in human history of random violence.
• physically disabled but also mentally (guilt).
• IMPLICATIONS -> devaluation of human life + mass slaughter.
• in the war, be specific + focused. -> contains with PERSPECTIVE.
• pick a historian -> evaluate his argument.
• make it simple + well-structured.
• ex. Fritz Fischer.
• use more than historians;
• Fischer: Germany: war, she knew the better.
• modern day examples, novels, poetry, music.
• CORE ASPECTS TO LOOK AT -> diary entries.
• Australian Programme.
• Darkest Hour.
• "the past is like a different country."
• Military Expenditures -> 73%.
• Hostile domination.
• Schlieffen Plan.
• May 1915.
• America is neutral up to this point, not on either side.
• the Germans are DESPERATE to defeat the British immediately.
• UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE!
• instead of law, will first announce before firing.
• LUSITANIA sinks (passenger ship).
• Germans said they were bringing back weapons.
• regardless of if it was carrying contraband.
• Churchill sent ships to get sunk by Germans.
• America almost went to war against the Germans.
• so war because of sinking passenger ships.
• BATTLE OF THE SOMME.
• Poet, Siegfried Sassoon + Rudyard Kipling.
• Empire has 1/4 packed imperial past.
• Poem "My Boy Jack."
• 1915 admiral lord Churchill is hunting, around some south field the same.
• to devise a plan, go after weakest point -> Ottoman Empire (Turkey).
• 2nd front in Dardanelles, close to Constantinople.
• WHAT WENT WRONG: Turks were too strong, had been trained by Germany.
• gets a force on shore, re-fighting the battle of Troy.
• Churchill in PIECES -> goes to the trenches + fights!
• the impact on fighting a tragic battle at Verdun.
• also worried about the British.
• they are getting destroyed.
• so Germans want to destroy the French.
• Brits realise they have to support the French.
• 1916 had to make a breakthrough.
• Attack Germans near the RIVER SOMME.
• planned for August, but French were impatient.
• July 1st 1916 (Irish uprising, also attacked at home).
• LORD KITCHENER.
• got 1 million Brits to sign up for war.
• Douglas Haig.
• in charge of the battle.
• Cavalry man, kicks that's how they'll win.
• "the horse will always beat the tanks" - famous quote.
• HAIG'S PLAN:
  1. Bombard 30km of German trenches for an entire week.
  2. Use planes to spy on German Artillery then try to destroy them.
  3. Shell them + kill as many as possible. -> destroy all obstacles.
  4. Soldiers would just walk across No-mans land and capture German trenches.
• felt it would be an "easy battle" (America step in war).
• PROBLEMS:
• trenches weren't destroyed, too deep.
• the weather, it was too foggy to spy on them. -> On Christmas Day there was a football game between British + Germans to stop each of theirs.
• faulty material, + shelling didn't cut wire, made it worse.
• faulty shells, often didn't work.
• British troops were mowed down by machine gun fire.
• after the battle 20,000 died (in A day). -> so much went wrong.
• Bombardment wasn't enough + they killed their own men by accident.
• the worst military disaster, compared to Hannibal -> Carthage.
• biggest rate of British life.

The Russian Revolution and US Entry

• WAR POEMS were used.
• Battle of Somme marked the end of Enthusiasm for the war.
• the men realised it wasn't as glorious or honourable as it was made out to be.
• movie -> Commissioner is CHEERING.
• 1917
• RUSSIA'S MOTHER IS NOW BEING DRAWN IN.
• they have a mass of history for 70 v. in Germany.
• a factory for only 100 in Germany.
• the Tsar must make a decision -> (it will be catastrophic).
• the History is very brittle and indecisive.
• his wife is being guided by Rasputin.
• says he NEEDS TO TAKE CHARGE (who is now in charge?) -> the Tsar is a REMEMBERING who needs to be over everything.
• he decides to take command -> GETS BLAMED FOR EVERYTHING.
• As Rasputin takes his place (controversial decision).
• TSAR STH. DEATH, REVOLUTION.
• usually a week later, 1872, etc.
• reports are to save his place, but he cannot due to haemophilia.
• ROMANOV DYNASTY COLLAPSES.
• Why Did America Declare war?
• April 1917.
• how is Germany doing??
• not using resources.
• they're starving to of blockade.
• mutiny going on (Socialists + Communists).
• army has even officers don't support them.
• Wilhelm + food people vs. loss war (future Resources).
• desperation.
• UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE!
• ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM.
• America wants peace, Germany ignores Wilson.
• Zimmermann, Foreign Minister, sent telegram to German Ambassador in Mexico.
• Proposing alliance with Mexico, help them reclaim lost land (Texas, NM, AZ).
• the British acquired/legally with copies for America.
• always an American ambassador, who brings it immediately to Wilson.
• IT'S OVER -> America joins the war (April 1917).
• later, they asked the Germans about it, they said it was true.
• 26 April 1917.
• USA Official Declaration of War.
• 1917 TWO REVOLUTIONS.
• in the 8th the Tsar abdicates, on the 10th (International Women's Day).
• the revolution starts.
• Romanovs in power for 300 years (Dynasty).
• Ivan the Terrible.
• murder little boy becomes Tsar -> fell down (last Romanov son also meets little boy).
• there will be 2 revolutions in theatre.
• Oct Revolution (directed by Eisenstein).
• the aim was 19 carries, spontaneous.
• women are on the front line.
• strikes upon working class, peasants, soldiers, etc.
• Democracy -> no more capital punishment + freedom of speech, voting (gender equality), inclusive of Jews.
• build new rank, road early on race.
• he's back -> the "realest enemy of Russia, LENIN".
• to Lenin's brother: PLAN TO KILL Alexander III.
• he's been waiting for the Revolution -> Lenin's in Switzerland while there's a revolution in Russia.
• but how? No way he can GET to Russia (would be arrested).
• goes to Embassy (German).
• to claim that he will overthrow Russia + pull them out of the war.
• Foreign Minister, Zimmermann, puts Lenin on train to Russia.
• APRIL 1917, he goes to Russia.
• But, Russia is still in the war.
• November 1917 COUP D'ETAT -> overthrows the government.
• LENIN wins
  • "peace, bread, land"
• BUT he's being funded by the Germ.
• so thus, he's a German spy (?)
• March 1918 Lenin signs treaty to end war with Germany.
• people thought that they don't want them.
• TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK (1918) march 3rd 1918.
• dictatorship under Lenin.
• to break war.
• Free + Fair Elections. -> HOPE : he'll lose. -> he doesn't want to fight Germany. -> country terrorist organisation. -> for first time world sees idea of social study, but it didn't last.
• Democratic lost A DAY (then shut down).
• Secret Police -> OGPU "RED TERROR".
• SINGLE PARTY STATE.
• Lenin moves capital city to Moscow.
• wants stability to negotiate.
• to GERMANS want UKRAINE (income Resources?)
• natural resources -> he they also want for oil/gas.
• his WHOLE PARTY is against it.
• claims we'll get land back.
• she says we'll EXIT.
• loss of land + Population.
• finish by obvious are goals/access to Mediterranean.
• always explainable force (more world now).
• 100% of industry is in Germany.
• the whole party falls apart down -> Lenin #CHOOSE GERMANY.
• so, they sign the treaty in MARCH.
• March 21st 1918 (SPRING OFFENSIVE).
• Attack on the French.
• for the first time, men, German fire.
• Brits or French.
• March 29th, Kaiser orders church bells.
• they're basically won the war.
• Wilson, state of the union speech. -> 14 Points for Essay's shot on March 21st not on to how they lost the war in August? How did they lose the energy some month AFTER... lots + manpower, leadership, +
• explain, BEST thing clothing??
• democratic world order + for democracy.
• stop power loop -> demilitarise.
• create the League of Nations (no more history).
• belief in self-determination + freedom of seas.
• DON'T WANT ANYTHING, the US is the liberator (against the Empire).
• civil science, America is the "good guy".
• Germany did not accept, they wanted a WAR.
• so now, everyone is joining the Allies.
• Robert Harris, good for TOK.
• 1918 GERMANY'S LAST GAMBLE.
• Chapter 8 of Kim Shreiman's Book.
• last gamble (the Germans are gamblers + risk takers) 1918.
  1. no longer fighting 2 Front war.
  2. put all fate on last throw.
• LENIN is now in charge, but opposite aims.
  1. ideology (revolution) -> SELF DETERMINATION? -> Lenin wanted to turn it into propaganda.
  2. Germany wanted land (Russia loses 1/3 of land). -> to Russia GERMANY Russia + France.
• Treaty + Bolsheviks publicised Secret Treaty of the Allies!
• Russians explaining "neither for peace nor war" and simply left.
• So, Germany attacked without resistance.
• 3rd March 1918. Brest-Litovsk.
• western Russia lost so much territory. -> this was CRUCIAL, it was needed for Russia to survive! Devastating event!
• 1/4 of population + 3/4 of coal and iron. -> so in treaty of versailles they only take 13% of land.
• Germany "liberated" Ukraine.
• so short-sighted and stupid (squandered chances).
• "better, half-now."
• but the treaty created so many abilities for Germany.
• a) soldiers building their land 2) lost many resources to not connect politics.
• b) the Eastern Front.
• BANCCRA.

The Spring Offensive and German Collapse

• Sir Haig strengths.
• SPRING OFFENSIVE.
• 21st March 1918 -> "Kaiser Schlacht."
• 10% superiority, over the Brits.
• pushed Allied line back 40 miles.
• appointment of Foch, unified command over allied forces. (Ferdinand Foch, Frenchman) -> all under same say.
• leadership, there's NO command within the German Alliance. -> the Austro units onto Ottoman units had to go east.
• Germans don't have enough to follow like the Allies. -> felt they was repeating + results compete with colonies.
• Germans within 35 miles away from Paris. -> giant Storm troopers.
• went into state of PANIC through bombardment + GAS ATTACK.
• 250 Parisians killed. -> million shells in 3 hours.
• public morale is in a precarious position.
• LUDENDORFF'S REVENGE.
• Hindenburg (worked)
• he was president in 1925 -> appointed Hitler.
• "the ROCK".
• now Ludendorff sits (brains) to find the offensive.
• autocratic.
• Germans fought in total Rebellion. -> loyalty Roy's called "others".
• shelling of Paris (any shots fell on Paris).
• 29 March 1918 - National Holiday by Kaiser. -> Highest honours for Hindenburg and Ludendorff.
• declared war was won, 3 days after Spring Offensive.
• church bells in Germany. -> good for essay.
• wait a year after the Germans lost. How did we get here?
• "Success on battlefield mask greater domestic issues" ->
• the BLOCKADE, blocking food + medication.
• 3/4 of million Germans died. (TURNIP WINTER).
• Desperate times, the people are angry (domestic unrest).
• for what? It's people want peace.
• own freedom of expression + people being lied to.
• Business, Germany is running out of metal.
• taking pipes + melting them -> needed for the war effort.
• the war church bells will be melted down.
• LOSS OF OWN HISTORY (significance, importance, etc). -> community in Germany.
• troops from East, sending them to the West to do this. -> military becoming pro-Russia.
• Russian + German soldiers meet.
• SPREADING IDEOLOGY, demoralised soldiers, morale + devastation.
• no one believes in what they're fighting for anymore.
• revolutionary ideas spreading to Germany. (censorship of letters, use letters as source?)
• Ludendorff Propaganda Campaign in 1917.
• film as propaganda, funded by military.
• towards war effort + secrecy of soldiers.
• women in espionage (Women's Home Army). (people spying on own citizens).
• STRIKES across Germany (anti-war efforts). -> disproved Germany responsible for the war.
• Kurt Eisner (Socialist). -> later, seen as traitor (communist + hated) a'
• socialist, took power, Bavarian Prime Minister -> another Jew assassinated him.
• 5000 strikers sent to the Front.
• German Industry -> bankrupt, they weren't producing anything.
• collapsing and doing well.
• wait to domestic unrest/issues.
• CENTRAL POWERS -> not only Germany, also Austria and Ottoman Empire.
• What happened? (Why did central powers lose war?)
• AUSTRIA HUNGARY -> bankruptcy + hunger.
• going through famine, no more (they're starving).
• 48 billion.
• divide within Austria-Hungary, so many different nationalities.
• 3-5 majorities on front line.
• all collapsing -> THEY WANT TO SPLIT.
• Franz Joseph died - 1916 (in power since 1848).
• his successor was married to French woman.
• Kaiser Karl (his nephew) -> NOT fighting for Germany!
• Austria initiates Peace Negotiations with France (Secret).
• France tell Germany.
• fighting against Italy waiting.
• Battle of Caporetto.
• (April 1918).
• In 1917 a groups in dep. service. -> starvation + have no support.
• Vienna couldn't feed itself!
• a justice group going through Germany -> a unified nation that was "mastery".
• LUDENDORFF nearly declared war on Austria.
• read about this! (Find out more, facts).
• OTTOMAN EMPIRE (Turkey).
• used to find off Brits, doing okay in the Middle East.
• essentially, "sick man of Europe".
• March 1917 they captured Baghdad.
• in December they lost Jerusalem. -> very important (brought Christian Holy Seat). (before was Richard the Lionheart).
• Lawrence of Arabia (archaeologist). (forced to sexually assaulted?). book published in 1922.
• Turkey is in a desperate situation (Kaiser's plans for many years).
• impoverished + people now breaking point.
• Armenian Genocide. -> what did Turkey do? war, 1 deliberate?
• in Anatolia, British offensive took in 12/11/14.
• army economy doubled away -> problem left behind.
• Government and People.
• Empire of Turkey.
• Turkey is going East, into Central Asia.
• for OIL + Resources. -> building of a "greater Turkey". -> "going back to roots" (but also moving forward).
• too many groups (Marxist + Prison Cell).
• CENTRAL POWERS collapsing. -> independent business again, destroyed by ethics.
• "the Germans want to search Berlin".
• STRATEGISTS FOR CENTRAL ASIA (Turkey, Germany, + Britain).
• RESULT -> Britain gets the Oil.
• Germany's advance only looks good on paper.
• (extra as they can going?)
• overwhelmed Allied forces moving forward.
• but a deterrent to Hindenburg. -> the Germany army wanted to take Paris, but found food -> drink in Albert + stopped war by Australian + Brits.
• Ludendorff called off Spring Offensive.
• cause for concern.
• 21st of April Baron von Richthofen ("Red Baron").
• shot down (most public airmen death).
• no one really knows who killed him. -> 270,000 casualties in one month.
• after his death.
• Airplanes at 1.4 miles fire death traps.
• only 1.5 million left on Eastern Front.
• heavy rain, set still "fatal blow".
• Ludendorff's Nightmare. -> Americans arrive in France -> given breathing room.
• March 1918, 250,000 soldiers.
• the Americans worth allies of France or Britain (independent) -> want to fight their own war. -> hurry to go to war!
• Ferdinand Foch (Frenchman) -> command over the Allies.
• the Americans were not experienced fighters, mistakes. -> no small boats into a trap (amateur soldiers).
• MORALE BOOST FOR ALLIED SOLDIERS.
• July 1918 Ludendorff only had 3 days off in 4 years.
• became attached to son's dead body (neurotic + nervous).
• div. situating lost all hope.
• Germany becomes weaker, Allies get stronger.
• August 8th 1918 IMPORTANT DATE.
• START -> BLACK DAY (With Rudyard) -> 2 million Germans died in WWI.
• BLACK DAY after Spring Offensive.
• for first time, army surrender.
• nearly out of soldiers.
• won to army.
• Fritz-Haig, argues the Jews "stab in the back theory".
• blames the citizens for losing war.
• Post-war, arguments for Why did the Central Powers lose the war?
• was the war lost?
• "No law exits." Why did the Central Powers lose the war?
• intro set the stage.
• a more external research.
• what does the reason why Germany lost -> the past office.
• the CENTRAL POWERS (Austria - Bulgaria- Otto-).
• FACTS, FACTS, fact.
• START AT THE END + research question.
• ideas: go off topic (1900) as the prelude, catch theme literacy.
• too many primary sources of Red-Baron.
• for insurance, talk about Austria legally find.
• out of perseverance, some other forms.
• to find out at the end -> how did war end in surrender when in March Germany was...
• whether one Hindenburg or Richthofen.
• for insurance talk about the different sides of the Central Powers.
• next collect
• property entries.

German Revolution and Treaty of Versailles

• GERMAN REVOLUTION
• peace would be based on Wilson's 14 Points.
• later Wilson changes his mind. -> only with a democratic country, get rid of the Kaiser first (can't negotiate).
• November 9th -> Kaiser Wilhelm II leaves.
• new government [Prince Max von Baden (Chancellor)].
• Ludendorff executed.
• domestic unrest in Germany, communism + support of Russia.
• mutineers in Kiel.
• "workers and soldiers want to overthrow Germany (chaos)."
• 9th of November 1918 -> Germany Republic (now a democracy).
• Kaiser flees to Netherlands.
• SPD (socialist party) Friedrich Ebert + vice chancellor Philip Scheidemann. -> to provisional government.
• Two kinds of democracy Soviet vs. Democratic. Germany is in a state of chaos.
• "horror to the superior army" significant statement.
• "Stab-in-the-back" Theory (influenced Hitler). -> doesn't make any sense, blame Jews, Bolsheviks, etc.
• using historical source. NOSFERATU a metaphor for the blockade, people starving, destruction of Germany after the war.
• TREATY OF VERSAILLES.
• stats show Germany wanted to negotiate after war was already lost.
• VERSAILLES CONFERENCE lasted 6 months.
• B = Blame (WAR GUILT CLAUSE; Article 231).
• R = Reparations (Article 232, had to pay) -> 2/3 of the rest of land. More than ever was before.
• A = Army (army reduced to 100,000, could have 6 ships, no heavy weapons). -> Enslaved humiliated.
• T = Territory (loss 13% of its land + 100% of the colonies). -> British empire gets even bigger.
• Alsace - Lorraine given to France.
• Danzig under League of Nations.
• Saar to France (coalfields).
• no self-determination for Germany.
• Germany couldn't join Austria, ban this for years.

Russian History and Interwar Diplomacy

• ROMANOV DYNASTY.
• 1894 -> Nicholas II becomes TSAR. -> cares more about family than the people.
• 1904 - 1905 -> Russo-Japanese War, Russia lost.
• 1905 -> Bloody Sunday. -> "The Romanovs" by Simon Sebag Montefiore. 5 of 12 Tsars have been murdered.
• 1917 -> Tsar in danger (Killed by own family). -> can't trust anyone.
• 1613, Dynasty.
• Tsar + Pope. Autocrat, control over all of Russia.
• 20 min to backwards to kill the Romanovs. -> ROMANOVS FALL DUE TO DNA.
• Robert Harris, "Nicholas and Alexandra" (Book). -> romantic story, focus on the Tsar's family.
• Alix: steady, materially invited, son with haemophilia.
• Rasputin.
• Other Books; "The People's Tragedy" by Orlando Figes. which Russian history, but writes in English.
• from the perspective of the people. -> opinion was good for a while.
• about Russian Revolution (1890-1924).
• terms are long term. -> "Great Emancipator"
  • Alexander II killed by a bomb
• Starts with Alexander III. -> father was killed (Alexander II) he hated the Serbs (again war!).
• no freedom of speech and meetings -> to escape, can't position street.
• Nicholas II was immature. -> statue of Murder "Hippodrome".
• his own father said he has the judgement of a school (Alexander talking to Witte).
• ridiculous nickname: tea, circle, young and naive.
• 1894 -> Tsar Nicholas II becomes TSAR.
• mass death -> St. Petersburg.
• he scribbles across father's funeral.
• he married to a German, (disliked by the people).
• a granddaughter of Victoria. Alexandra.
• committed for love.
• Paper 2, RUSSIA in Europe.
• 1895 -> Sergei Witte.
• 1894 -> Alexander III is dead.
• scribbling of Nicholas II after funeral.
• Russia doesn't have - WARM SEA PORTS.
• Nicholas wants to be a great power, build up strength.
• naval expansion into Korea (port).
• already has Port Arthur.
• Japan is fighting Korea.
• 30,000 died in 8 months, a record.
• a lot, as much as previous died in Korea.
• 1904.
• Alexander II was killed by an atom by Alexander III.
• terrorist group, Free Russia, tried to assassinate the Tsar (Alexander II).
• Lenin's brother executed for being a terrorist (anti-Tsar).
• A.J.P Taylor "Russia wasn't just a great man, he could also have possibly been a good man."
• Lenin cares about REVOLUTION, about society.
• 1902 creates a party for the revolution, as many members as possible.
• Party SDDP (Social Democratic Labour Party).
• but Lenin was against this -> have to change the system.
• need a small committed group of people who reach councils.
• majority not necessary (not democratic).
• split -> Trotsky didn't support him. -> repels the party.
• Birth of Bolshevik Party.
• Lenin's body still in Moscow, pays to see.
• Lenin created everything, if he succeeded in 1905 WWI wouldn't occur.
• foundation of the Soviet Union.
• Lenin is ARROGANT, always thinks he's right all the time.
• often wrong (autocratically?) -> also a god.
• WASHINGTON TREATY -> important for Paper 1.
• 1922 Washington Naval Agreement (1921-22).
• united naval disarmament. -> power and what it was.
• involved USA, UK, Jpn, and France (5 Powers). -> centrality, still involved in global affairs.
• happened in the Pacific + arms neutral.
• attempted to ensure security. -> resulted in disarmament!
• agreement to naval tonnage ratio (5:5:3). -> Five Power Treaty.
• to prevent an arms race/asset dominance.
• stopped Britain from having the largest/strongest navy on earth.
• removed Pacific's provinces. -> to dismantle.
• but it was ineffective. -> increasingly isolated about finances.
• America's role in Greater Atmosphere -> rise of their power (imperial focus moved to USA).
• USA is building up a huge navy.
• financial + removal of Japan and Britain's relationship.
• Ultimatum -> either USA or Japan, for Britain. -> Britain chose USA.
• Japan is DEEPLY BETRAYED. -> Japan seen as a threat by the rest of the world!
• to prior to another war -> the rest. -> Japan problem: RESOURCES.
• felt alienated. -> drop however, a citizen of second class.
• World run by Anglo-Saxon Powers. -> conflict between Nations.
• Italy is also upset, treated as lesser than Japanese. (failed in mediterranean).
• France feels immensely betrayed. -> Only truly global powers = America and Britain.
• really work, if people all work by it?
• (no, it didn't work).
• was based on a world after Germans and Russia would stop them to irresponsible.
• CORFU INCIDENT.
• 1923 August 27. -> Importance?
• Assassination of General Tellini (austrian, border dispute). -> end of Corfu is likely at the extreme of the war.
• on Greek Albanian border. -> to peacekeepers, makes a fascist party.
• Italy blamed Greece; Mussolini ordered Greece to pay reparation. -> Italy under Fascist Union leader.
• ordered bombardment of Corfu (August 30). -> within sanctions promotion.
• Greece in weakened state.
• previous regional instability. -> Italy wants the Balkans, blames Greece.
• occupied and bombarded Corfu. -> legally, occupied Corfu.
• League of Nations appeal with Italy. -> visibly League of Nations principle.
• Greece pays money to L. of N. -> precedent for what will happen in '90s - '30s.
• Italy doesn't leave Corfu.
• L. of N. reads Greece: -> builds up tension. -> Destabilisation in Europe.
• Greece pays Italy. -> more likely parent again.
• 1919 "League of Nations is a mistake" -> reason: USA is not part of it.
• ended the war.
• fighting distance.
• within, influence (passport).
• activities, Europe.
• 12 Weekly Council Countries. -> 1st countries ready to meet nothing.
• UK, France, Japan, and Italy (superpower).
• Context "April 1881 Hauraura" (Amritsar). (massacre) -> Paris Peace Conference.
• in brutality + violence India. -> against Indians, during Versailles.
• General. -> over 1500 people died.
• 1929 is WALL STREET CRASH (American). -> war over optimism. -> Start of the 'Age of Extremes'.

Japanese Modernisation and Expansion

• Japan.
• 1907 plan for a future war. -> Japan's emergence of a Modern nation car, swift and durable.
• P.S. Harris: on land + effect at sea. -> but also spread, modernised, and destructive.
• destroy Anyone that is Russia. -> 50 year dream, born + ended with American ships. -> owes itself to America.
• 1853 -> Japan is updated + updated!
• hated monarchy as well.
• want to recognise the rest to expansion of China.
• 1842 -> Brits in China, with their army.
• sell opium (poppy flower) addictive and dangerous -> exit of death.
• taxes, to taxation, stress products. -> societal COLLAPSE, power of 4000 years.
• 2/3 of govt costs as outcomes for opium. -> they all collapse.
• Japan does not want to be colonised, needs to gain classic and also with Western Powers.
• 1923 economic collapse again.
• Effect on Japan.
• As Germany experiences hyperinflation, Japan experiences a massive Earthquake!
• tall building in Yokohama + Tokyo toppled. -> everything quickly destroyed.
• 8.3 on Richter scale. -> thousands died due to this.
• much greater than San Francisco with greater. -> LASTED FOR DAYS.
• fires all of a sudden, broken pipes + gas leaks. -> Mass Hysteria. -> introduce MARTIAL LAW.
• the Japanese blame ethnic minorities. -> Koreans were treated as scapegoats, (by authorities too). -> thousands killed by vigilantes.
• the Americans take all credit after 0 help.
• in connection between Germany and Japan. (both isolated + suffering) -> moves closer to each other.
• 1929 GREAT DEPRESSION (Wall Street Crash). -> Japanese Perspective (?) Prof. Dan Elah.
• collapse of liberal + cooperation. -> Japan didn't want war w/ USA. -> conspiracy that USA wanted to enter the war.
• 1933 -> Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany (Japan leaves LoN).
• 1935 -> Italy invades Abyssinia.
• 1936 -> Rhineland.
• 1937 -> Hitler + Mussolini.
• 1938 -> Poland invasion.
• 1939 -> global war (WWI).
• no guns back to the 1870s.
• Germany is created, biggest country. -> civil war is over in the USA. -> problem for Britain.
• becoming a global Superpower.
• catalyst for future events. -> historical context.
• Japan has: the Meiji Restoration (modernising).
• want to become modern, like Britain: Empire, judiciary, parliaments.
• created an Army like Germany + education system from America.
• learn faster than rest of Asia.
• Japan's fate to go to war w/ Russia and Britain. -> treated as enemy # and it felt as war would be inevitable.
• Russia gets defeated by Japan's Navy in a long day.
• at Port Arthur, first defeat of Western power by asian nations. [Russo - Japanese War].
• Brits supporting Japan before and during the war. -> start Anglo-Japanese ties.
• 1920s = "Yellow Peril".
• discrimination against Asians in the USA. -> stopped immigration in 1924.
• racism inside, Japan treated as third of Soul. -> Japanese-Americans not protected by the constitution. -> horrible treatment by US Government.
• "Washington Naval Agreement" (Discuss disarmament).
• more humiliation + no more Anglo-Japanese Alliance (Brits chose USA).
• only half size of USA/Britain. -> CASHO Group officers.
• Prof. Dan Elah, America wanted to destroy the Japanese Navy.
• American Culture was very popular in Japan, moved many people.
• 1872 -> JAPAN IS UNBREAKABLE.
• THE RECKONING COMES! (after WWI). -> "Things Fall Apart" - Yeats (Irish poet).
• 1853 -> Japan was forced open. (start of modernisation).
• 1894 Imperial Due.
• 1902 -> Anglo-Japanese Alliance. -> Japan felt as though they were a global power + tried to join the rest.
• 1905 -> Russo-Japanese War (destroy Russian army).
• 1895 -> Sino-Japanese War (Japan won).
• 1895 -> 21 Demands to China.
• 1918 -> Versailles + League of Nations. -> Japan preferred anti-racism resolution (was rejected). (Japan is a member).
• 1922 -> Washington Naval Agreement. -> Separate alliance with Britain ends. -> 5:5:3 -> ratio gun.
• 1823 -> earthquake could cut mainland to USA against. -> Yokohama earthquake. (Yellow Peril).
• SAPPHIRE: Land of the Rising Sun.
• Meiji Restoration -> modelled Europe (1868). -> constitution, army (conscription) university + judiciary.
• 1910 -> Korea is annexed (becomes part of Japan).
• "Asia for the Asians" slogan (1923 - ). -> Rise of Japanese Imperialism, dominance over Asia!
• 1924 -> Unfavourable immigration law (Discrimination, result of Great Depression). -> couldn't feed growing population. (grows by 1 million a year) OVERPOPULATION. -> had to import food (rice).
• Rice prices collapsed -> export bank to heart war (Silk is ONLY INDUSTRY). -> due to TARIFFS (by America) shut off own country.
• "the emperor put the wind in Hitler's sails" - A.J.P. Taylor (can be paraphrased, appropriate structure).
• could also be applied to Japan during the 1930s.
• ref. to Thucydides Dialogue (Peloponnesian). -> power versus allies, stressed relationship.
• "the powerful do what they can, the weak suffer as they must" -> be applied to Japan + China.
• Japan's Greater East Asian Imperialism/Colonisation -> to negotiate China. (Claim it is Japan's MANIFEST DESTINY) -> to American colonising/Manifest Destiny other nations.
• China entered "loss of Order" + regionalism. -> China had partial rule by Britain + China. -> Source: Tin-Tin (industrial perspective) (1934-5). -> "West were economically motivated" (not upset re Balance of Power). -> vs. racism, Tin-Tin in Russia. -> elementary, racist/stereotypical. -> have some China: opium addicts. -> spontaneous portrayal of China.
• MANCHURIA (gateway to China). -> Crisis in ASIA. -> to Versailles demand China (not really act out). -> $24 coal field improved China heavily.
• MANCHURIAN INCIDENT. -> starts with a Railway line. -> Kwantung Officers colonise Manchuria (not by the Government, by 2 officers). -> blow up railway, pretended was attack by Chinese anti-military. -> so Japan is divided, government can't touch it. -> Manchurian Incident: Japanese Plan.
• 1931 -> invasion (September 18th 1931).
• 1932 -> MANCHUKUO -> Puppet State of Manchuria. -> important: League of Nations, Lytton. -> it was empty, didn't do anything (have a scene!!). -> shows that LoN didn't work. -> 1932 Disarmament Conference in Geneva. -> Hitler says he will disarm, as long as other nations do so. -> France is unsure + Hitler says no! -> Germany LEAVES LoN '33.
• 1933 -> Japan and Germany leave the League of Nations. -> January '33 -> Hitler is Chancellor. -> German Reaction: pride, sense of regarding Hitler from Nazis.
• Citing William Shirer.

Russian Revolutionary Context and Cinema

• REVOLUTIONARY CIRCUMSTANCES.
• tyrannical nation. -> antisemitism, against Jews. -> cruelty and torture of victims. -> Remember: Nicholas II was said to have the "judgement of a school infant".
• Tsar will do anything to stay in power.
• 1894 - 1917 -> UNLIMITED MONARCHY (total control). -> no true decide rule of law. -> everything done by the Tsar.
• INEFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT. -> conservative almost in a train, not to be on.
• Minister: Sergei Witte (important name). -> Industrialising Russia, powerful and influential. -> eager to introduce Nicholas II to get involved. -> said he should be president of Trans-Siberian Railway. -> Alexander III was against this, called him, etc. a child. -> Tsar has supreme power bestowed by God. -> he is the Pope of Russia, highest authority. -> protest against him, is protest against God! -> laws handed down by him. -> Church, Democratic Government. -> right order.
• STAYS IN POWER THROUGH:
• Orthodoxy.
• Autocracy.
• Aristocracy.
• 85% of Russia = peasants.
• Political Groups:
  1. Social Democrats -> democratic, like the constitution. -> constrained by the people.
• Bolsheviks (led by Lenin, professional) -> locations, common.
• Mensheviks (led by Martov, mass worker party, open to everyone).
  1. Liberals -> democratic government.
  2. Social Revolutionaries -> aimed at the peasants. -> too fast, to system.
• Why Did the Tsar Survive 1905 Revolution?
• for few, from recovery or ceremonials.
• 1904, Port Arthur (record). -> defeat of Russia by Japan in 1905.
• he had to find product, might become revolution. -> Feb 1905 - Sept 1905.
• What next to a tool?
• 1905 (Russia's wanted to drum up support -> divert from civil issues). -> issued: Treaty and Secret Rights to Manchuria. -> both wanted warm sea ports. -> fight over Korea. -> status: got that is Japan as prince, had reputation? -> not to control INSECT/DICTATOR RAILWAYS. -> root of war -> Sino-Japanese War.
• Japan took the land! -> Port Arthur took over.
• caused economic shock. -> taxed up supply. -> middle class had to go to war (Asset) Conscription. -> high taxation. -> people were bored. -> losing support for the war. -> no say in the government. -> country was falling apart. -> blames the Tsar for everything!!
• Detriment for society. -> Tsar's popularity went down immediately.
• Riot in Russia -> need to confess. -> but they couldn't shoot them down. -> all weapons in.
• Peace agreement by the Americans. -> had to share with Russia (bad for Japan). -> August 1907, Japan plus war in Russia again.
• Japan won, surprise. -> U.S. was sent to the rest and not happy. -> tried to make grand impressions (good PR).
• the Gasparov (?) type (almost Russia) to regain the Russian civil War. -> a grouping + was a strong military action -> systematically annihilated.
• First time white people defeated! Italy defeated in Battle of Adowa (Ethiopia).
• Russo-Japanese war. -> Before, was 5/2 year to be in Manchuria. -> horrific disaster, destroyed Russia and the society. -> especially for the middle class. -> forced conscription + high taxes. -> country fell apart (resistance + society).
• Atlantic and Russian's coming (later 11-5 Jan). -> boosted Germany to help them. -> "Admiral of Pacific" = Nicholas II. -> "Admiral of Atlantic" = Wilhelm II. -> Wilhelm sent him paintings. -> 3/4 of crews (CP 02). -> low dry, (better + smoky). -> Zinoviev.
• to Russian mistake re English. -> bent for a Japanese ship to the ship. -> nearly started a war with Britain.
• 431 scenes: prison visit of Germany. -> Not forgotten.
• are the most famous scenes from history and Hollywood. -> "2003 due to 'new choices for eyes'" -> Sergei.
• (Eisenstein) + source for METRO (no, Tragedy). -> Sergei Eisenstein, 1925. "Potemkin", historic source, very important. -> Statement re Chinese history and Russia.
• HISTORY interpretation of METRO. -> 19th day of massacre of the future. -> a raw date with a dance. -> religious imagery (Priest + Mary). -> woman + injured son (focus on pain). -> run-down, getting shot, peaceful music. -> THE COSSACKS (Tsar's personal bodyguard). -> represent the Tsar, massacre people.
• 1905 -> the Cossack troop murdering the Revolution. -> a girl joins the revolution for the cause, because revolution supportive. -> link to why did the revolution fail in 1905? Because they have the Cossacks.
• Tsar is known as "Bloody Nicholas" (projection). -> Odessa Steps scene from Eisenstein: incredibly effective.
• USING MOVIES AS SOURCES.
• A.J.P. Taylor + Shirer Brown for both.
• Movie: Hitler's Hollywood by Rüdiger Suchsland. -> what it shows + didn't show. -> tries to promote pain. -> "M" (movie) "M" for Murderer by Fritz Lang (1931). -> about child killer in Germany, authentic, child killer (Peter Lorre). -> 1800s - 7 mother find son been murdered. -> the people vs. police issue, people care about this. -> Weimar State can't do anything. (under democracy). -> equate democracy with criminality. -> criminals hunting down the killer. -> light killer as bait -> BEER HALL.
• Fritz Lang (1920s movie director). -> how did Hitler get power? -> to the people no longer trusted the Weimar Republic. -> wouldn't have faith in democracy. -> rise of Mr. Hitler (last resort).
• Movie: Frankenstein (1931). -> about Frankenstein's monster. -> little girl playing, gets drowned. -> not being monster. -> use of music being taken to the Water see cat out (humanised monster). -> looks as though he murdered her. -> Public Health.
• German vs. American View of Monsters (Evil). -> German: silent power, criminal hiding in plain sight. -> American: evil is a monster, obvious. -> Message of Fritz Lang: you don't know who could be a monster?
• "Washington Naval Agreement" (Discuss disarmament). -> more humiliation + no more Anglo-Japanese Alliance (Brits chose USA). -> only half size of USA/Britain. -> CASHO Group officers. -> Prof. Dan Elah, America wanted to destroy the Japanese Navy.
• American Culture was very popular in Japan, moved many people. -> 1872 -> JAPAN IS UNBREAKABLE.
• THE RECKONING COMES! (after WWI). -> "Things Fall Apart" - Yeats (Irish poet). -> "the blood had all overcoats". -> "the worst are full of passionate intensity."
• 1853 -> Japan was forced open. (start of modernisation).
• 1894 Imperial Due.
• 1902 -> Anglo-Japanese Alliance. -> Japan felt as though they were a global power + tried to join the rest.
• 1905 -> Russo-Japanese War (destroy Russian army). -> 1905 + Sino-Japanese War (Japan won).
• 1915 -> 21 Demands to China.
• 1919 -> Versailles + League of Nations. -> Japan preferred anti-racism resolution (was rejected). (Japan is a member).
• 1922 -> Washington Naval Agreement. -> Separate alliance with Britain ends. -> 5:5:3 -> ratio gun.
• 1823 -> earthquake could cut mainland to USA against. -> Yokohama earthquake. (Yellow Peril).
• SAPPHIRE: Land of the Rising Sun. -> Meiji Restoration -> modelled Europe (1868). -> constitution, army (conscription) university + judiciary.
• 1910 -> Korea is annexed (becomes part of Japan).
• "Asia for the Asians" slogan (1923 - ). -> Rise of Japanese Imperialism, dominance over Asia!
• 1924 -> Unfavourable immigration law (Discrimination, result of Great Depression). -> couldn't feed growing population. (grows by 1 million a year) OVERPOPULATION. -> had to import food (rice). -> Rice prices collapsed -> export bank to heart war (Silk is ONLY INDUSTRY). -> due to TARIFFS (by America) shut off own country.
• BLOODY SUNDAY. -> Revolution led by priest, Orthodox Christians. -> they are not against the Tsar! -> Tsar Nicholas II now known as "Bloody Nicholas". -> he had no idea about it; disorganised government. -> Tsar had 0 control. -> Tsar is anti-semitic, against Jews.
• Next Essay: Evaluate the rate of the Russo-Japanese war in the revolution? -> on surface it has little connection, but the roots -> Rapid industrialisation, -> need industry + factory, -> adequate beauty, schools, hospitals, etc. to Japan!
• [cont'd] the Russo-Japanese War Approval? -> why it did contribute. -> defeat by Japan, humiliation + criticism of Tsar (incompetence). -> PC 2 Frankenstein. -> Story from Auther. -> check of infrastructure, model factors. -> railway disconnect. -> social revolutionaries, and other political unrest. -> "Black Hunger" of its own 55% -> a bureaucracy after other groups. -> Bloody Sunday (spark of the revolution).

Rise of Hitler and Steps to WWII

• got support since Hitler takes power. -> support from the German Public (especially in Bavaria, conservative part).
• 1933 is CHANCELLOR (30 Jan 1933).
• but there's still the President Hindenburg.
• 12 February, Reichstag Fire by a communist, Marinus van der Lubbe. (right before the election).
• 44% of vote for Nazis (July 32%). -> is the LAST ELECTION. -> "should've been higher, shows minimal support."
• Hitler wants an ENABLING ACT. -> emergency legislation without Reichstag. -> "democracy is going to die". -> doesn't need a warrant to arrest. -> suspend civil liberties (curfews, no freedom of speech, etc). -> no freedom of postal services.
• March 23rd, meet another party. -> GETS ENABLING ACT (1933).
• day before, to opens concentration camp Dachau -> to communists and traitors.
• 14 April 1924 -> People's Courts. -> oath to the Nazis, not justice.
• 1933 20th June -> Concordat (Catholic anti-religion).
• 1933 -> bans political parties, inc. SPD.
• July 1933 -> Single Party State. (creating no new parties, Only Nazi Party).
• 1934
• lot of concern over Nazi Party, but Nazis will support.
• they're attacking Jewish businesses + people.
• Speech: Franz von Papen (Hitler's deputy). -> represents concern, as of lost free speech. -> concerned about freedom of speech / Press Freedom.
• the army is worried.
• Ernst Röhm (in charge of SA). -> the army will be Nazis, people's liberation army. -> was too small, so they go to Hindenburg.
• Night of the Long Knives (Operation Hummingbird). -> Hitler had 400 people killed (political enemies). -> personally arrested Röhm. -> Nazis did deal out of Röhm's homosexuality. -> Röhm kills himself. -> in 1933 Japan said "we've hired him". -> thought they could control Hitler. -> Hindenburg quite, publishes letter to Papen. -> Hitler killing Nazis.
• Hitler passes a law uniting the function for Hindenburg, (1934). -> he becomes head of the state + army + kaiser.
• Hindenburg Dies (August 1934). Head of Democracy. -> Leadership of Army goes to HITLER. (army swear allegiance to Hitler).
• Hitler is Führer. -> no more presidential -> Hitler was Chancellor + Führer.
• STEPS TO WAR.
• Revisionist foreign policy. -> (link to modern day -> Trump's foreign policy). -> the current system is not working. -> root of history 'we will never show that it happen!'.
• 1934 -> last chance to prevent large-scale conflict/war.
• Night of Long Knives -> Hitler kills his own men. -> (Daluege Putsch).
• "SAARLAND WE LOVE" (the Propaganda Film) from 1935. -> the Saarland was taken from Germany by France. -> only for 15 years (1935 there was a vote). -> 90% voted to join Germany; seen as part of Third Reich. -> exaggerating.
• 'Propaganda' -> Germany is united (directed at France and Britain) "very professional". -> reinforcing national identity + more pride -> shows tradition. -> putting their self into impression, (v. pleasing music, buildings). -> sense of order and unity, defying other western nations. -> No weapons shown; very effective. -> (France is a divided nation and so is Britain). -> New World Order!
• Scenes showing SA men (filmed in theatres). -> show tradition, through music and culture. -> people smiling, fun, marching, and more positive. -> emulating Ancient Rome, Camaraderie! -> organised and orderly. -> similar to Stalin. -> Hitler. -> message directed at foreign nations and the German people. -> Quality? -> not showing the truth (disorder and chaos).
• Army of 100,000 men (no weapons yet). -> large army + showed uniforms (Nazi symbols).
• brother nations are collapsing (in USA). -> mutinying from within, while Germany appears to be growing, more powerful. -> display of power and of German pride/nationalism.
• Scene of Hitler working. -> show him beside him. -> Intercept Bloombs (kind of SS). -> was head of SA.
• June 30th, Hitler has killed SA men (close friends). -> SA member made to look like Ernst Röhm!
• Hitler feared assassination, didn't even go to Munich in 1934.
• 1934 FAILED AUSTRIAN ANSCHLUSS.
• Hitler is Austrian + wanted Großdeutschland. -> Austrian Nazis, part to be part of Germany. -> tried to get them to stir up trouble. -> took over Chancery + shot the Chancellor (Dollfuss). -> he promised to send the army for "peacekeeping". -> it would be breaking Treaties, violating ToV.
• but France wouldn't allow it.
• 1st Great Threat - MUSSOLINI. -> Hitler felt so take over ABBA, successful war of allied with Hitler. -> he hated Hitler.
• Austria = Buffer State -> didn't want him in late Austria.
• Hitler wanted Germany for Germans, population factor over south Slavs. -> Dalmazia (large German population). -> special region in Bohemia, by Mussolini. -> famous arch, emulating Italy and ancient Rome (Clarifying Fascism) completed in 1930. -> achievement, given "culture = Italian nationality" to the people there.
• Mussolini was friends with Dollfuss, on opacity towards Hitler. -> he sent troops to the Brenner Pass (1934). -> in 5 years Mussolini will be Hitler's ally (1939). -> called Hitler a barbarian, criminal, and pederast. -> and says low Hitler and the Nazis. -> Mussolini calls a meeting with France + Britain! -> so HITLER BACKED DOWN! (his army was not large enough yet). -> was extreme insult, failure. -> main part of 1934. -> Saarland became part of Germany again.
• 1934 -> France + Russia. -> helped up in rescue by Hitler, (entrepreneurs and politicians maintained).
• 1935 in a speech, Hitler states he will triple the Army! -> defiant against WWI! -> has a secret plan, like an iron plate. -> introduces CONSCRIPTION + spending on the military. -> increase army to 300,000 men (half a million).
• Anglo - German Agreement (most important). -> limited to 35% of Britain's. -> authorised creation of the LUFTWAFFE (airforce). -> war is now different, we see how to defend ourselves. -> shocked due to secrecy. -> no one listening to Churchill. -> he was called a warmonger for claiming that Germany is dangerous.
• Britain's view: -> Britain concerned about Germany. -> secret bonus, Germany wants 35% of British Navy, increase their army -> ALL BRITS AGREE!! -> Mussolini wants to be allied with Britain (Mein Kampf) new world order. -> "world power, Hitler doesn't think to be, he mostly about Britain (wrong message)".
• France is terrified, betrayed by Britain due to support towards Germany. -> loss of faith between Allies who could stop Hitler.
• America saw how Europe is rapidly, then military. -> tells Italy that Britain isn't a modern power. -> British Stresa -> Italy meeting after Dollfuss. -> tells Stalin that he can't trust the Brits!
• 1935 - Abyssinia (Italy). -> no more deals.
• 1935 -> Hitler's first contemporary towards Britain due to Anglo-German naval agreement.
• Hitler's justification:
• "diplomatic encirclement (UK - France) back to 1894!
• fight against the Communists. -> he Hitler is buildup to war.
• the army is the only "institution" who can break out Hitler. -> Ludendorff -> broke away from Hitler and did not support him. -> Secret negotiations between the German Army and the British. -> British help the army is so IMPORTANT!
• ROAD TO WAR.
• Background: Abyssinia.
• Italy desired expansion + colonies (had an insignificant empire). -> Washington Naval Agreement. -> created the Mediterranean sea, bit limited and wanted more than France. -> Controlled Libya, Eritrea, Somalia. -> wanted Ethiopia (Since 1896, Battle of Adowa). -> felt humiliated, western power defeated by Africans. -> very significant.
• Motivation: land, raw materials, and land. -> 1930s, exponential growth of population. (similar to Japan).
• France gave part neutral in Jan 1935, but Britain did not. -> in the summer of '35 Italy sent an armada of troops to Africa. -> Invasion of Ethiopia: October 1935. -> Italy had more advanced weapons + used poison gas (violating treaty). -> LoN wanted to restrain Mussolini. -> (imposed limited sanctions), but still avoided military action.
• WIDESPREAD CONDEMNATION.
• Victory in 1936. -> Italian people strongly supported Mussolini. -> would donate metal, wedding rings, etc. to support the war effort. -> Hitler was supporting Mussolini amidst sanctions. -> Hypocrisy! they didn't really condemn Mussolini, Britain + France still wanted to benefit. -> tried to strike a deal (Hoare-Laval) -> it shows ONLY how brittle the alliance is. -> "people can't trust our generation".
• March 19th, Hitler calls Reichstag meeting (very contrary). -> to make a speech, boring. -> Hitler states that they're now moving into the RHINELAND. -> bordering France, violates ToV again and approaching French Border. -> explained the army that he is not blitz. -> was in REACTION.
• Britain + France condemn it, just side with Italy and Ethiopia. -> so Hitler who had a megalomaniac mindset. -> bringing Hitler and Mussolini closer.
• 1936 Olympic Games. -> (Germany is hosting it). -> Goebbels sees it as an opportunity. -> to hide anti-Jewish propaganda (facade).
• 1934 -> failed Anschluss of Austria. -> Germanisation. -> Italy sends troops to Brenner pass (Mussolini was Dollfuss' friend). -> humiliation, modification of Hitler's isolation.
• Alliance between France + Russia (USSR). -> Could mean: Hitler's not International agreement with POLAND! -> very unexpected. -> to non-aggression pact, avoids Poland against Russia. -> Poland between Russia. -> to show the world that Hitler is a man of peace.
• 1935 -> Conscription, Rearmament, and Luftwaffe. -> led by Göring. -> ordered investment in the army. -> ANGLO-GERMAN NAVAL AGREEMENT. -> breaking the ToV.
• 3rd October 1935 -> Abyssinia and Italy.
• 1936 -> March, Rhineland. -> precarious destiny (Ethiopia is christian). -> Mussolini is at his peak of popularity, congratulated by the Pope! -> Annexation of Abyssinia (April). -> Olympics in Germany.
• SPANISH CIVIL WAR. -> Spain has had problems for centuries. -> very divided, part of Europe (but not) due to culture. -> Spain was not part of major events in European history! -> certain parts want independence, women want rights and voting. -> Issue for Mussolini and b' CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR!! -> wanted rising power, but no one wants to live in hunger. -> loss from conquests: Ethiopia, famine. -> got too many people, more mouths. -> NO economic benefits. -> Sanctions destroyed him, show empty and don't build up Italy. -> Italy only proud in 1936.
• July 1936 it gets a call from FRANCISCO FRANCO. -> in Spain is launching a civil war. -> Franco is Traditional and Conservative. -> Mussolini says yes, has no experience + no weapons! -> early, France becomes allied with Hitler. -> Fighting against communism, socialism, etc. -> How, Mussolini wants to go to war. -> allied with Hitler. -> wants to be viewed as strong and powerful.
• CONSEQUENCES. -> bloody hand Hitler. -> a people thin out in Italy. -> show by the fact that the emperor was a worry, used for war effort. -> Mussolini: "seems gain of wealth, tags so support him. -> moved of his Major Matrix. -> Britain and France impose oil sanctions (suffocating sanctions). -> a shame that he has the same lines. -> didn't sell weapons to Spanish country. -> "Franco is not economically, he no use this". -> gets a lot from France (Spain). -> used 1/3 of planes, but he used it all. -> after immediately, agreed, saw Mussolini's hands were full.
• 1934 Rearmament workforce. -> Hitler orders to work hard, but Britain and France did anything. -> Brits wanted peace reforms in the game, graph 5:3 failed. -> Biggest mistake! (should've stopped Hitler). -> borders between Germany and France. -> impression that FRANCE is weak + cowardly!! -> every relaxing and army leaders between nations. -> Anglo-German Naval Agreement! (Britain between France and Britain). -> "to show that Germany has been mistreated."
• 1936 -> Anglo-German Naval Agreement (feelings between Italy + Britain). -> Mussolini sends troops to Brenner. -> 1934 -> failed Anschluss of Austria and Dollfuss. -> Hitler's rearmament, which speaks of off and France have no extra.
• ANSCHLUSS. -> "Hitler hangs up himself as a 'Shopkeeper'". -> big deal, Hitler has unified Germany. -> Hitler has sister, so many locations convince people he knows what he's doing. -> Mussolini is bankrupt, has problems, Abyssinia the beginning of the end. -> Hitler is his only ally!
• Source: DAVID LOW CARTOONS, pro-Churchill. -> Cartoon: Hitler is passive, the West is to blame. -> People: Hitler, Göring, Goebbels, Lord Halifax, (appeaser). -> Keyword: APPEASEMENT. -> Paper 1 Question about Appeasement. -> Churchill, "feeding a crocodile, hoping it would eat you last". -> Halifax is foreign secretary, a realist worried about alliance. -> Churchill becomes PM instead of Halifax (around 1940) (Suicide kits). -> to Chamberlain: willing to do anything for peace. -> a year later WWII breaks out. -> Munich Agreement signed. -> League Died in 1935, Japan + Fascism. -> Abyssinian crisis + Hoare-Laval Pact. -> empty and useless signatures. -> ESSAY STUFF: -> For essays: Start all the ONE questions on how territorial changes cause war/consequence of war. -> a) voice, different small countries and Austria, and Sudetenland -> low energy, keeps lit- (read the notes). -> b) b) Little Entente weakened (not allied with Russia). -> b) b) b). they hate each other and form conflict. -> 3) b) Hitler's rage at the fact that territories were precious, German occupancy of Sudetenland-France.
• 1937 -> Sino-Japanese War. -> March 1938 Anschluss. -> Professor: Friedrich the Great. -> "build up the Prussian Army". -> so Hitler compares himself to Friedrich and Bismarck. -> he is German history, completing it. -> March of 1938. -> PROBLEM: Germany. -> Germany has no market value. -> felt the hardship -> shown by the price of eggs + milk. -> Hermann Göring, Germany has to import and needs. -> they need to industrialisation. -> be competing with Italy, wants the Balkans. -> TRY TO ANNEX AUSTRIA. -> "need to co-opt Austria." -> invite new Chancellor to visit (men of culture, art, and society). -> goes to Hitler's personal residence in Munich (Berghof). -> thinks he will have a nice conversation. -> 2 Hour Shouting Monologue from Hitler. -> "Austria's history is an unending act of treason." -> Chancellor tried to stand his ground. -> how Hitler operates, terrifies people. -> forced to give foreign and economic policy to Germany. -> immediate regret. -> begged for help from Britain and Austria, but they did not help. -> HOLDS A REFERENDUM. -> how to achieved: 1) 2. -> 1) Nazis stirring up trouble (1934), caused problems + bad demonstration. -> 1) Told Chancellor unofficial Anschluss would solve issues. -> 2) Chancellor calls for help and calls for a plebiscite (vote on Austria's future). -> 4) Hitler sends troops to keep an eye on it, 99.75% in favour of union. -> Cite William Shirer. -> Mussolini lets him have Austria. -> Talking to Prince von Hess, Hitler gets the news and is beside himself with joy. -> "needs to make an agreement with the Chancellor, excessive support. -> shows how Hitler would never forget 'fantastic'".
  1. -> Mussolini gets fired by the King of Italy, has had enough. -> gets put in a ski resort (accessible place). -> Hitler sends people to save Mussolini: (supported him thru the Anschluss). -> first place Hitler goes is Braunau in Austria. -> "sentimentalist", returns to where he's from, "come to heritage". -> lived out 1889 history on his home town... -> went to Linz, favourite town in Austria. -> Hitler is fulfilling his childhood dream. -> he used to sketch and paint the boys painted for exams. -> Austria is now under the throat of Germany. -> to architecturalise the REICH, wanted to be German and occupied Austria. -> people supported him. -> "the same blood belongs to the same Reich". -> in 1938, the Nazis considered closing concentration camps. -> brings soldiers to Vienna. -> Also brings in the SS -> Dachau standby in wine (almost at door). -> people from Austria were now there. -> 40,000 Jews were sent. -> Outside of Linz, 140,000. -> Hitler didn't want any extermination camps inside Germany. -> Hitler wants to build a new Germany and make Linz the centre of culture in Europe. -> needed materials, granite. -> forced labour, carry rocks up the staircase. -> joy and celebration during Anschluss, but came at a horrific price. -> Mussolini starts implementing anti-semitic laws. -> connection, Hitler's foreign policy and betrayal the Fascist Party.
• 1937 -> Sino - Japanese War. -> Debate: did Hitler want to go to war or was it opportunity? -> 4 1937!! Hossbach Memorandum. -> needing more army. -> wanted to go to war in 1937? -> Did he have a blueprint? -> 1938 ANSCHLUSS with Austria. -> Big deal, Hitler has united Germany. -> Hitler has sister, so many locations convince people he knows what he's doing. -> Mussolini is bankrupt, has problems, Abyssinia the beginning of the end. -> Hitler is his only ally! -> Source: DAVID LOW CARTOONS, pro-Churchill. -> Cartoon: Hitler is passive, the West is to blame. -> People: Hitler, Göring, Goebbels, Halifax, (appeaser). -> Keyword: APPEASEMENT -> Paper 1 Question about Appeasement. -> Churchill, "feeding a crocodile, hoping it would eat you last". -> Halifax is foreign secretary, a realist worried about alliance. -> Churchill becomes PM instead of Halifax (around 1940) (Suicide kits). -> to Chamberlain: willing to do anything for peace. -> a year later WWII breaks out. -> Munich Agreement signed. -> League Died in 1935, Japan + Fascism. -> Abyssinian crisis + Hoare-Laval Pact. -> empty and useless signatures. -> ESSAY STUFF: -> For essays: Start all the ONE questions on how territorial changes cause war/consequence of war. -> a) voice, different small countries and Austria, and Sudetenland. -> low energy, keeps lit- (read the notes). -> b) b) Little Entente weakened (not allied with Russia). -> b) b) b). they hate each other and form conflict. -> 3) Hitler's rage at the fact that territories are precious, German occupancy of Sudetenland-France.