The Augustus statue at Maximiliansplatz surrounded by Nazi flags and today. Also
referred to as Aelium Augustum (shortened to Aelia Augusta), Augsburg
was founded in 15 BCE by Drusus and Tiberius as Augusta Vindelicorum, on
the orders of their stepfather Emperor Augustus during the campaign of
conquest to Raetia and a military camp was built as the nucleus of the
later city. The epithet Vindelicorum represents the genitive plural of
Vindelicus which referred to the Celtic tribe of the Vindelici who were
located between Wertach (Virda) and Lech (Licus). This garrison camp
soon became the capital of the Roman province of Raetia. During the
reign of Hadrian, the town was raised to the status of a municipality,
whose official name was then municipium Aelium Augustum. Only one Roman municipium is attested for the whole area: municipium Aelium Augusta Vindelicum (now Augsburg), which was granted municipal status under Hadrian. The inhabitants were not necessarily uncivilized—inscriptions prove that some of them were literate before the Roman conquest—but land so mountainous was not worth anything to Rome, and they were left alone.Martin Goodman (222-223) The Roman World
From
this time on, more and more stone buildings were built. The city
received a city wall that covered an area of roughly eighty hectares.
Inscriptions show a heyday within the second and early third centuries.
In late antiquity, unlike many other places, the city continued to be
fully populated. Even up to the fifth century, buildings were still
being erected here. Early development was due to a 400-year affiliation
with the Roman Empire, especially because of its excellent military,
economic and geographic position at the convergence of the Alpine rivers
Lech and Wertach, and with direct access to most important Alpine
passes. Thus, Augusta Vindelicum was the intersection of many important
European east-west and north-south connections, which later evolved as
major trade routes of the Middle Ages. Example sinclude the Via Claudia
Augusta which had a connection to the road network to Rome at Ostiglia
and ran via Verona, Meran, the Reschenpass, Landeck via Füssen to
Augusta Vindelicum and continued to the Limes near Donauwörth. The road
was started under Drusus and completed at the time of Claudius in the
1st century. The
connection to the legionary city of Mainz was strategically important.
In the first century CE, this route led either via Allgäustraße to
Bregenz and then via Basel and Strasbourg or, a little shorter, via
Günzburg on Donausüdstraße to Fort Hüfingen and from there via Basel to
Mainz.The
Legio VIII Augusta, under the command of Gnaeus Pinarius Cornelius
Clemens, created a connection from Tuttlingen through the Kinzig valley
to Argentoratum ( Strasbourg) with a connection to Mogontiacum (Mainz).
This significantly shortened the route from Augsburg to Argentoratum and
Mainz.
The
Upper German-Raetian Limes was set up not least in order to militarily
secure the much shorter Roman highway from Augsburg via Günzburg and
Cannstatt to Mainz, which was built around fifteen years later.
The
Allgäustraße from Augsburg over the Septimerpass to Northern Italy ran
via Cambodunum (Kempten) and Brigantium, today's Bregenz on Lake
Constance.The Via Julia connected Augsburg (Augusta Vindelicum) with Salzburg (Iuvavum).Under
Septimius Severus, the Via Raetia was fortified and gradually expanded
into a road accessible by carriage. The via raetia led from Verona via
Sterzing, the Brenner, Innsbruck and the Seefelder Sattel to Augusta
Vindelicum.
Relief on the left depicting a Roman wine trade oxcart from a grave stele, the original in the Augsburg Roman Museum Around
120 CE Augsburg became the capital of the Roman province Raetia.
Augsburg was sacked by the Huns in the 5th century, by Charlemagne in
the 8th century, and by Welf of Bavaria in the 11th century, but arose
each time to greater prosperity.Various
excavations provide a relatively good picture of the ancient city. It
was surrounded by a wall that formed roughly a semicircle with a
diametre of about 600 metres. In the south, the city seems to have
expanded beyond the city wall. In the town centre the streets were laid
out in a checkerboard pattern. However, this has not been proven for the
urban areas in the north and west. There were numerous stone buildings,
but there were also many in half-timbered construction. A forum and a
thermal bath were excavated from the development. Numerous
finds from Roman Augsburg are presented today in the Roman Museum in
the former Dominican Church. Only a few remains of the former provincial
capital can be seen in the town itself. Copies of some stone monuments
were set up along the Roman wall at the cathedral shown here, the
originals of which were mostly taken to the Roman Museum. Some original
inscription plates and tombs from the collection of the humanist Konrad
Peutinger can be found in the inner courtyard and through
the gate of the Peutingerhaus. 
Parked outside Porta
Praetoria, Germany’s most
ancient stone building, a gateway dating from 179 CE under Marcus
Aurelius for the new Roman fort Castra Regina ("fortress by the
river Regen"). It was built for Legio III Italica and was an important
camp on the most northerly point of the Danube corresponding to what is
today the core of Regensburg's old town or Altstadt east of the Obere
and Untere Bachgasse and West of the Schwanenplatz. Giant blocks of
stone were used to construct this gate in the northern wall of the Roman
military camp. It survives as a reminder of Castra Regina, the Roman
settlement with its fourhuge gates with flanking towers. The left gate
tower and an arch of the originally very representative camp entrance
have been preserved. The gate tower still stands over two floors. The
gate tower, which was once eleven metres high, was built from limestone
blocks. The four metre-wide and six-metre high archway that has been
preserved consists of thirteen large cuboids that were joined together
without mortar. 
Castra
Regina was founded as a Roman legion camp, developed into a city on the
upper Danube and became the nucleus of the city of the headquarters of
the Legio III Italica was established here. Castra Regina consisted of
the legionary camp itself, the civil town, a large cemetery and some
shrines and temples. It was probably being at the confluence of the Naab
and Regen into the Danube leading to important trade and traffic routes
already in existence that prompted the Romans to build a military base
here. Around 80 CE in what's now Regensburg-Kumpfmühl, a 2.2 hectare
cohort fort of wood-earth construction was completed on a slope spur
from which the Danube arch and the two river mouths could be seen.
Either a 500-man mounted cohort or a double cohort of roughly a thousand
foot soldiers were stationed here. During the Marcomanni wars under
Marcus Aurelius, this fort was destroyed along with the associated
civilian settlement around 170. In the area of today's old town, the
building of the legion camp for the Legio III Italica was established in
179. It then became the main military base of the Raetia province. The
legion commander was also the governor of Raetia. West of the legionary
camp, a sizable civilian settlement developed within which craftsmen,
traders and the members of the approximately 6000 legionaries lived.
Thus Castra Regina ("fortified camp at the mouth of the Regen") became,
in addition to its military role, an important trading post in Raetia.
By the 3rd century hostile Germanic tribes broke through the Limes
invading the province again as the legion camp and the area around
Regensburg were devastated by the Alemanni. The camp was rebuilt after
these storms, but the surrounding area hardly recovered from the massive
destruction. Most of the farms were abandoned. By the 3rd century
Castra Regina was devastated a second time. Around 357 the Juthungen, a
sub-tribe of the Alamanni, invaded Raetia and wreaked havoc on the
province no doubt affecting Castra Regina. The last section of the Legio
III Italica departed at the end of the 4th century resulting in Castra
Regina losing its military importance. Abusina (Eining)
Foundations of the Prinzipia (staff building), the semicircular building serving as the flag shrine (aedes).
According to the founding inscription, the Abusina fort was built during the reign of Titus around the year 80 CE by the Cohors IIII Gallorum to secure the Danube line established as part of the northern border of the Roman Empire. This cohort was also the first regular unit to move into the new fort. In its first construction phase, the camp consisted of a fence in a wood-earth construction and inside of quite simple half-timbered buildings.In the early 2nd century, probably towards the end of the reign of Trajan, the Cohors IIII Gallorum was replaced by a Vexillatio, a detachment of about 500 to 600 men from the Cohors II Tungrorum milliaria equitata. This assignment is an exemplary characteristic of the mobility, flexibility and thus modernity of the Exercitus Romanorum. Whilst the parent unit remained stationed in Britain, it was easily possible to deploy the detachment of this force in the distant Danube region in the meantime. A little later, between 138 and 147, presumably the Vexillatio of a sister unit, the Cohors IIII Tungrorum milliaria equitata, took its place for a few years.
Cohors I Praetoria's Trajan on the way to Abusina and Drake Winston in front of the real thing at Munich's Glyptothek.
Standing beside the so-called "Caracalla altar" which had been donated by Titus Flavius Felix, Praefect of the Cohors III Brittanorum equitata in Abusina, probably dating either from 211 or one to two years earlier. Its inscription honours the empress as the "mater Augustorum et castrorum", together with her two sons Geta and Caracalla. The subsequent deletion of the name Geta shows that after his violent death, like that famously seen on the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Forum Romanum in Rome Großkrotzenburg, Geta had not escaped the "damnatio memoriae" in Abusina. It was Mommsen
who had argued that the gap between the AVG and the following ET cannot be
explained unless it reflects the same attempt to erase
Caracalla's brother's name. The foundation again indicates a connection with the Britain campaign of Septimius Severus, who was represented by his wife and son on this visitation trip from England to the Danube. From 153 the Cohors III Britannorum equitata with six centuries of infantry and six towers of cavalry is recorded as serving here where it remained until the final end of Roman rule over the province of Raetia in the early 5th century. Indeed, the fort provides a remarkable aspect of British history as it was occupied by the cohors III Britannorum equitata, or part of it. The inset shows a depiction of the altar from the 16th century Aventini adversariorum tomus by Bavarian scholar from nearby Abensberg, Johannes Turmair, known as Aventinus. The inscription reads: [Pro salute dd(ominorum) nn(ostrorum)] // Imp(eratoris) [Caes(aris) M(arci) A]ur(eli) Antonini Pii / [Aug(usti) [[et Imp(eratoris) Caes(aris) P(ubli) Sept(imi) Getae Aug(usti)]]] et Iul[iae] // Aug(ustae) matri(s) Aug[[[g(ustorum)]]] et kast(rorum) I(ovi) O(ptimo) [M(aximo)] / et Iun(oni) Re(ginae) et Miner(vae) sac(rum) Genio / coh(ortis) III Brit(annorum) aram T(itus) Fl(avius) Felix / praef(ectus) ex voto posuit l(ibens) m(erito) / dedicavit Kal(endis) Dec(embribus) / Gentiano et Basso co(n)s(ulibus)
which can be translated as:
T. Flavius Felix dedicated this altar to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus, Iuno Regina, Minerva and the genius of the cohors III Britannorum as the praefectus of the unit, for the well-being of the imperial family, Emperors Caracalla and Geta and their mother Iulia Domna. Hedius Lollianus Terentius Gentianus and Pomponius Bassus held their consulship in 211.
Drake beside the fantastic bust of Caracalla in the British Museum in London, and reimagined as he would have apeared in life. At the end of February 212, Caracalla killed Geta. A period of terror followed in Rome and in the provinces in which Cassius Dio (lxxvii.4,1) records some twenty thousand people being killed. Sometime during the spring of 213, Caracalla left Rome for Gaul, putting the governor of the province to death. From here his entourage followed the Rhone valley towards Upper Germany reaching Mogontiacum (Mainz) on the Rhine, the traditional Roman operation base in Barbaricum. Then he stopped at Aquae (Baden-Baden) and paid a personal visit here in the fort at Abusina. The Acta Fratrum Arvalium recorded that on August 11, 213 the emperor arrived at the frontier of Raetia and crossed it in Barbaricum. The same source mentions that on October 8, 213 in Rome, on the Capitolium was hailed the Victoria Germanica of Caracalla. Recently it has been established that the inscriptions from Pannonia recording an expeditio Germanica, or a bellum Germanicum are related to the same expedition against the Alamanni who invaded Raetia.
On
the front of the monument, six people are depicted who are grouped
around an altar. To the right of the altar stands a bearded man with the
back of his head covered. The boy to his right is similarly veiled.
Both are wearing knee-length robes. The boy is holding a plate with
offerings in his hand, and behind them is another person. To the left of
the altar, a bare-chested sacrificial servant with an axe in hand leads
a bull to be sacrificed. A musician behind the sacrificial servant
accompanies the scene with his double flute. Another, badly damaged
figure, possibly female, stands behind the altar. Abbot Werner, head of the Weltenburg monastery, remarks in the chronicle of his monastery that he wrote that the altar had eventually found itself "brought into the village and used as a corner stone in the sacristy of the church. In this condition I examined it in 1780.” In 1784 the altar was sent to the Academy of Sciences in Munich where, he continues to write, "it had to stand at the entrance for many years without any archaeologist having pity on it.” In 1814 the altar was held within the Antiquarium in the Munich Residence and finally in the Bavarian National Museum.The two smaller upper fragments of the stone were found in 1887 and 1915 respectively and were also taken to Munich. However, the monument itself had been completely destroyed during the Second World War where fortunately in addition to this copy on the fort grounds in Eining, there is another, better preserved copy in the Archaeological State Collection in Munich.
Here the copy's details are compared to the original altar stone of the Prefect Titus Flavius Felix, photographed before the war and its eventual destruction. 
On
the left side of the monument, the goddess Fortuna is depicted holding a
cornucopia in her left hand, symbolising fertility and prosperity. Her
right hand holds a rudder on the ground, symbolising that Fortuna, the
goddess of fate, holds human fate in her hand. The right side of the
stone shows the genius of the third Britannic cohort mentioned in the
inscription, who is the guardian spirit of the troops. He also holds a
cornucopia in his left arm and with his right hand makes a sacrifice
from a bowl on a flaming round altar.
The buildings eventually fell into disrepair with the stones being used by local farmers as building material as the foundation walls sank in the dust of history. After Thurmaier discovered the consecration stone here Abusina was forgotten again for several centuries. It was not until 1879 that the then pastor of Eining, Wolfgang Schreiner, began the excavations at his own expense. They continued until 1920, most recently under the supervision of the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments. In the last days of the Second World War, Wehrmacht soldiers holed up in Abusina came under American fire. After that, once again, nobody was interested in the Roman heritage until a decade later when digging began again and the walls were partially reconstructed. 
Excavations
at the beginning of the 20th century of the principia and me during the
2016 Römerfest at Kastell Eining, a Roman auxiliary fort on the Danube
about twenty miles from Regensburg (Castra Regina).
Large
scale excavations from the 1870s onwards, their subsequent exposure,
consolidation and partial covering by roofs led after many years of
interest to phases of neglect and decay, due to increasing maintenance
costs. A first large scale renovation in the 1950s attempted to solve
this problem in a long- term way with modern wall, partially on top of
Roman foundations but in other parts in their replacement, and a lot of
concrete. As no continuous care followed, further consolidation work had
to be done in the 1970s leading to even more loss of the original.
After the initiative of a local interest group, “Historia Romana e. V.",
plans to develop and to display the fort somehow as it was laid out
originally are now competing with the present state as a landscape park
with ancient and artificial ruins as well as a nature reserve.
The
porta decumana on the right, the rear gate of the fort. The current concrete and
steel structure in the middle of the access to the river-side extends as
a footbridge over the sloping terrain created by a team of designers
from Düsseldorf who were allowed to revamp the site (if not the
structures) in 2010. The porta decumana was normally located at the
midpoint of the rear rampart of aRoman fort, and from it the via
decumana ran up to the back of the principia, dividing the retentura
into two zones, one to the left and one to the right.
In
front of the northern front of the camp was a large, heated mansio, or
rest station, with a small bathing wing, a hostel and horse changing
station for business travelers on behalf of the state. At
the beginning of the imperial era road stations were built at regular
intervals along the most important Roman roads about every thirty miles
or so. At first they primarily served the cursus publicus
( such as "state transport" post) before later expanding with other
buildings and also used very heavily by travelers and traders. One
would have traveled from one mansio to the next each day. A large
driveway led to the rest stop (many digs were usually Ushaped)
consisting of stables and car depots, as well as dining and guest rooms.
This particular mansio served also as the headquarters of the
beneficiaries, a type of road police with customs powers that was
responsible for the security of the Roman road network.
The
porta praetoria established after the loss of the Limes area on the
other side of the Danube. This late addition to the Roman fort was built
as part of the reorganisation of the late Roman
Danube-Iller-Rhein-Limes under Emperor Aurelian and Probus. The east and
north sides of the fort received new, stronger walls. A new tower was
built on the new northeast corner and a tower with a gate in the middle
of the northern front. The soldiers' quarters were located inside along
the two new walls. In the middle of the courtyard was a 22-meter-deep
well shaft. The fort was later extended by buildings on the northern
wall. This north porch stood on a mighty embankment. The fort vicus
moved to the rest of the cohort fort that was no longer needed. The
porta praetoria and the porta principalis sinistra were retained as
access to the late Roman fort vicus.
During the military reorganisation of Emperor Antoninus Pius in the years around 160, the fort at Eining was reconstructed, plausibly by soldiers of the cohors III Britannorum. The presence of the unit is at Eining is undebated by scholars, as it is well documented on military constitutions, imperial and votive inscriptions as well as tilestamps. Eining continued to be part of Raetia after the collapse of the Raetian Limes in 254. The NotitiaDignitatum lists a 'cohors III Brittorum' in Eining (Abusina), which might be identical to the cohors III Britannorum of the Principate.Farkas István Gergő (149-150) The Roman Army in Raetia
Site of a temple to Mars and Victoria near Weinberg. This area around Bad Gögging, which today belongs to Neustadt an der Donau, is rich in archaeological monuments from Roman times. There are two reasons for this: on the one hand, the Danube was part of the outer border of the Roman Empire; on the other hand, the Romans discovered hot sulfur springs there, whose healing properties they appreciated. And so Trajan himself had a state bath built in today's Bad Gögging, which in terms of comfort did not need to fear comparison with the thermal baths in Rome. The entire facility, which was equipped with all the finesse of Roman bathing culture, measured sixty by thirty metres. 
Today the site offers a pet park containing a large number of Roman breeds of the time as well as the opportunity to experience grinding at the rustic mill, fiddling with the former iron castle or riding, combined with a carriage ride. In addition, the equestrian center has a qualified social and riding pedagogue for therapeutic riding.
Based
on scarce finds, Fischer suggested that the fortlet was constructed
under the reign of Emperor Claudius or in Flavian times in order to guard traffic on the Roman road in the Am Galget valley, although Farkas István Gergő in his Roman Army in Raetia
argues that "it is altogether unlikely that a sole Roman fortlet were
established on the lower Danubian ripa preceding the last decades 1st
century." What little material was found at the site comprised entirely ofceramic fragments of mortars, two shards of so-called "soldiers' plates " with Pompeian red overlay and remains of amphorae. The only fragment of glass came from a blue ribbed bowl. The main parts of the metal finds include iron nails and bronze remains, of which only one handle holder can be identified. For a more precise dating of the fort site, Rind was able to use a disc brooch with doplphins and an as, the basic denomination of the Roman currency before the introduction of the denarius around 211 BCE, struck in Rome from the reign of Emperor Claudius. 
Later considerations brought a date to the Claudian- Early Flavian period suggesting that the fortification could also have been establihsed during the reign of Vespasian.The site was a destination for treasure hunters early on. Prehistoric finds and especially Celtic coins have been found. Aventinus reported the legend that Saint Rupert of Salzburg had a chapel here built over a Minerva temple. The building visible there today is a baroque church that was built under Abbot Maurus Bächl in the early 18th century. The first proper excavations took place in 1909 in the monastery itself and in the adjoining monastery garden. In addition to two garbage pits from the older Bronze Age, a Celtic cemetery was also found, its three dead uncovered having been buried in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. The next excavation was not carried out until 1938 when a small area was uncovered near the northeast slope of the mountain. Again traces of settlement from the older Bronze Age was found as well as the remains of a Celtic child buried at this point in the middle of the settlement.
A couple of miles away towards Hienheim is this "Hadrian's Pillar', one
of a series of memorial stones on the Limes built in the middle of the
last century under King Max II of Bavaria. At this point it marks the
end of the Rhaetian Wall on the Danube. West of the pillar stands a
reconstructed wooden watchtower. Representations from Trajan's column in
Rome served as a model, on which such towers with handling and
palisades were reproduced. They did not have stairs in their interior;
Roman sentries came with a retractable ladder to the entrance halfway up
the tower. The distance between the sentries was chosen so that from a
tower always the two neighbouring towers were in sight. From the
watchtower you have a good view of the Danube valley and over to the
castle Abusina. The foundations of the stone tower are only recognisable
as a small hill. From here you can follow the fairly exactly westbound
Limes for about two miles and on a clear day one can see visible remains
of four other sentinels.
Reconstruction of a wooden watchtower built about fifty metres west of the historical location at WP 15/46.In the early second century, perhaps under Trajan, wooden watchtowers appeared for the first time on the stretch between the Rhine and Danube, but it is only in Hadrian’s reign that a barrier element, an oak palisade, was added alongside the patrol track which ran in front of the towers. In the middle of the century the (now probably decrepit) wooden towers were replaced with stone towers, and at or after the beginning of the third century the final change was implemented: in Upper Germany a ditch was dug between the fence and the towers, and in Raetia the fence was replaced with a 3-meter-high wall. The construction of watchtowers (which would also have facilitated lateral signaling) would have been a very obvious thing to do once troops with the basic function of exploratores became static for even a few days. However, we should remember that once the towers were built, their existence is not evidence that they were occupied permanently: for long periods they may have been visited only by patrols, or manned in times of heightened alert.Erdkamp (231) A Companion to the Roman Army
Weißenburg
Drake on the right at the camp of the Numerus Brittonum. The fort was reinforced with stone structures and defences during the course of the 2nd century. The garrison served there to secure the newly conquered territory north of the Danube, which had been incorporated into the province of Raetia. As the excavations of 1986 showed, the Porta decumana existed on the northern frontof the wood-earth bearing made of twelve posts, six of which posts each belonged to one of the two gate towers by which the actual gate was flanked. The two wooden rectangular towers had a 3.20 x 3.60 metre floor plan. A palisade ditch around 0.60 metres wide connected the gate on both sides with the adjoining intermediate towers, each supported by four posts. After its construction, it covered an area of 3.1 hectares, with sides measuring 175 × 179 metres. Weißenburg was destroyed between 240-250 along with Ellingen. 
C(aius) Romanius / eq(ues) alae Norico(rum) / Claud(ia) Capito / Celeia an(norum) XL stip(endiorum) XIX / h(ic) s(itus) e(st) h(eres) ex t(estamento) f(aciendum) c(uravit)
(Caius Romanius Capito, of the Claudian voting- tribe, from Celeia, cavalryman of the Ala Noricorum, aged 40, served 19 years, lies here. His heir saw to the erection of the monument, in accordance with the will). Romanius is shown on horseback riding down a native warrior. He wears a mail shirt, with shoulder- pieces, a helmet and a long sword suspended from a belt over his left shoulder. He carries an oblong shield and raises a spear to strike at the barbarian. Behind is a servant or slave with two extra spears. Romanius is a citizen, from Celeia in Noricum. His regiment was based in the later Julio-Claudian period at or near Mainz.
Drake at the Oppidum of Manching, a
large Celtic proto-urban or city-like settlement at modern-day
Manching, near Ingolstadt. The settlement was founded in the 3rd century
BCE and existed until about 50-30 BCE, reaching its largest extent
within the late 2nd century BCE, when it had a size of 380 hectares. At
that time, five to ten thousand people lived within its five mile walls.
Thus, the Manching oppidum was one of the largest settlements north of
the Alps. The ancient name of the site is unknown, but it is assumed
that it was the central site of the Celtic Vindelici tribe.
Drake Winston exploring the ruins of a wartime airfield behind the walls. Excavations
at Manching have been necessitated by construction projects that
started with a military airfield between 1936 and 1938. During that time during
the Nazi remilitarisation of Germany, the Luftwaffe constructed an
airfield here at Manching which led to the destruction of large
proportions of the site without providing the opportunity for systematic
archaeological research. Only very few finds were recovered from the
construction site. In 1938, the archaeologist Karl-Heinz Wagner started
an excavation of the northeast part of the enclosure. Within the visible
earthen bank, he discovered the remains of a wall, which he described
as a murus gallicus according to Julius Cæsar's description of such structures. A
central portion of the settlement was destroyed when mechanical
equipment was used to strip the area and tear away part of the wall.
Efforts to recover artifacts were restricted by the exigencies of
impending war, and only those materials that could be rescued from the
spoil piles were saved. Due to the presence of the
airfield, Manching was the target of multiple bombing raids during the
war, leading to further destruction of archaeological evidence. 
In
1955 Allied forces decided to rebuild the airfield and, following
negotiations with archaeologists, contributed an unprecedented sum of
money for investigation of the settlement and of the area that would be
affected by renewed construction. Excavations began that year and
continued until 1974 under the direction of Werner Krämer. A subsequent
excavation was organised in 1984 following a ten-year hiatus in response
to the planned construction of an exit ramp on the secondary roadway
that passes through the site (Landstrasse B16) and focused on a
previously unexplored tract in the northern part of the settlement.
Approximately one kilometre in length by 35–60 metres in width, a strip
running from the center of the roughly circular enclosed area to the
wall was examined. The earliest settlement is concentrated toward the
center of the enclosed area and predates the construction of the wall. A
track oriented east-west runs through the old center and provided the
foundation for a later main road linking the east and west gates of the
murus Gallicus. It is likely that the initial construction of the wall
during the second half of the 2nd century BCE) was an expression of
prestige that established Manching as a focal point for activities
centered on production and exchange. 
These
activities encompassed not only collection of raw materials and
manufacture of goods but also feasting and the functions associated with
market towns and fairs. The
wall itself was rebuilt during the occupation of Manching, as is
evidenced by a dendrochronological date for a structure in front of the
eastern gate that coincides with its renovation in 105 BCE. It
is likely that the function of the wall changed through time from
display to defense because a third stage of construction reinforces the
entire 7.2-kilometre length of the enclosure. Furthermore, burials of
individuals who died of battle injuries attest to an attack on the
settlement. The interior of the settlement seems to have been organised
to facilitate trade. Structures include rows of stalls, homes, and even
warehouses for the agricultural produce that made up the bulk of
exchanged goods. Raw materials used in the production of glass, pottery,
iron, and bronze indicate that Manching was a thriving centre for craft
producers. Coins were recovered from the settlement, as were strikes
used to mint coinage. Forty-eight imported amphorae that contained
Mediterranean wine during transportation are among the items that were
traded. Published volumes covering the analysis of the Manching
materials feature bronze finds, tools, fibulae, glass, faunal material,
graphite pottery, imported pottery and coarse wares, smooth wheel-thrown
pottery and painted pottery, and human burials associated with the
settlement. 
At the Kelten-Römer-Museum nearby in Manching. In the Celtic section are displayed the finds of the Oppidum in Manching which is located in the immediate vicinity. Of particular importance is the gold treasure discovered in 1999, consisting of 450 gold coins which make it the largest Celtic gold find discovered in the 20th century. The so-called cult tree found in 1984 is unique worldwide with its gold-plated image of a branch from the 3rd century BCE entwined with leaves, buds and fruits. The centrepiece of the Roman section are the two fifteen-metre long Roman military ships dating from about 100 CE from the time of Trajan. The wrecks were found in 1986 within a silted branch of the Danube. They were only salvaged according to plan in 1994 and then restored and preserved in the Roman-Germanic Central Museum in Mainz. 
The fort at Pförring was built during Emperor Trajan’s military reorganisation between 106 and 117. As with the neighbouring auxiliary fort at Kösching, the towers of fort at Pförring were also reinforced in 141, as attested by a building inscription. In the 1870s a coin hoard containing 1,300 pieces was discovered nearby, the latest coins having been issued in 224, thus indicating that the fort and the vicus were still active during the crisis of the 3rd century. The fort at Pförring was reinforced when the eastern section of the Raetian Limes between Weißenburg and Ellingen was abandoned. The fort was operational until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in 254. Based on a votive inscription350 and a Raetian military diploma, the fort at Pförring was garrisoned by the Ala I Flavia singularium civium Romanorum pia fidelis. Tacitus mentions this unit with its Prefect Iulius Briganticus in his Historiae (iv.70) in connection with events of the Year of the Four Emperors durin g whih the unit was probably set up by Vitellius. Iulius Briganticus and his unit switched to Vespasian's side, for which the Ala later received the honorary title of Flavia from Vespasian. Based on the building inscription found in a field in 1843, it is known that the Ala built the fort in stone in 141. 
As mentioned above, it is believed that Caracalla visited the camp in 213 as indicated by the remains of a limestone slab on which nine centimetre high gilded letters made of sheet bronze were originally attached. This plate is considered part of an honorary inscription for the emperor. The end of the camp took place during the Alemanni storm of 233. An incomplete treasure hoard contained a coin from the reign of Severus Alexander who had been murdered two years later, but the end could also have come much later. In 2007 the excavation site was invaded at night and material from documented findings as well as metal objects found by netal detectors were stolen. Above is shown the attempt to reconstruct the east gate as an
hideous steel frame, built in 2013 in which five to seven metre long
bored piles were driven into the ground and a concrete slab was imposed
directly over the ancient foundations. The entire undeveloped area of
the fort and neighbouring camp village is threatened by intensive
agriculture, erosion and ongoing robbery excavations. No excavations
have taken place inside the fort since 1893. The formerly restored
remains of the east gate and the north corner tower have fallen into
disrepair again.
Inside the Roman musem overlooking the baths in the former St. Andreas (Andrew) church
