tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82298037958972309192024-03-18T02:48:18.940-07:00Traces of EvilRemaining Nazi sitesUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger185125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-89418245720659902452012-09-19T21:48:00.077-07:002024-03-03T13:06:57.113-08:00Nuremberg Nazi Party Rally Grounds <span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><b style="font-size: 180%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/nuremberg-youth-hostel.html">Click here for Nuremberg old town</a></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdiy44L2Fam19f3BZUVMuWlsGCOuznVWVdzTUsI7tkqyToMvfFVC6lD_neVHr1a3RamYlPvXyfUt0hlXrNbntvtIXE7RPQpH-kkEqaeT7BjGYJyl0Y5UUf2buL77i8kDbQGnrNRB-gKoyO/s1600/z" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Zeppelinfeld Map" border="0" height="255" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5556387353145529426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdiy44L2Fam19f3BZUVMuWlsGCOuznVWVdzTUsI7tkqyToMvfFVC6lD_neVHr1a3RamYlPvXyfUt0hlXrNbntvtIXE7RPQpH-kkEqaeT7BjGYJyl0Y5UUf2buL77i8kDbQGnrNRB-gKoyO/s400/z" title="Zeppelinfeld Map" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>Home of infamous Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher, publisher of <i>Der Stürmer </i>and Gauleiter of Franconia, Nuremberg held especial significance for the Nazis. It was because of the city's relevance to the Holy Roman Empire and its position in the centre of Germany that the Nazis chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party conventions–the Nuremberg rallies- held annually from 1927 to 1938. After Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the rallies became huge state propaganda events, a centre of anti-Semitism and other Nazi ideals. It was at the 1935 rally that Hitler specifically ordered the Reichstag to convene at Nuremberg to pass the Nuremberg Laws which revoked German citizenship specifically for Jews, Afro-Germans, and gypsies from German citizenship;<a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA168285092&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=15398250&p=AONE&sw=w"> to this day one could be born in Germany yet not be allowed citizenship as in the case of my son</a>. A number of premises were constructed solely for these assemblies, some of which were not finished and so many examples of Nazi architecture can still be seen in the city today.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLEtTs-AIbDGCp3IvxgGtmTahow_067p6dBUxvT_OnShOey6qahEWs9bgdD03vvuNdWhwMZJ76VJViGbecd6pF7571tARo3uPPsh3N700KDMmszBNs5SGXGXE4QrWdRCuC1K_sTdUSnIN-/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Nuremberg party grounds then now" border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="498" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLEtTs-AIbDGCp3IvxgGtmTahow_067p6dBUxvT_OnShOey6qahEWs9bgdD03vvuNdWhwMZJ76VJViGbecd6pF7571tARo3uPPsh3N700KDMmszBNs5SGXGXE4QrWdRCuC1K_sTdUSnIN-/w400-h223/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Nuremberg party grounds then now" width="400" /></a></span>The site of the rallies on the outskirts of Nuremberg, particularly the enormous Zeppelin Meadow, was conspicuous for its monumental architecture and landscaping. The Nazis pioneered elaborate staging and lighting techniques to give the annual celebrations the character of sacred religious rituals with Hitler in the role of High Priest. The function of the ceremonies was to manufacture ecstasy and consensus, eliminate all reflective and critical consciousness, and instil in Germans a desire to submerge their individuality in a higher national cause.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="sr" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000SJYR2K/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_sr_1?pf_rd_p=1278548962&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0415222141&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=1M3J6CXND81G9XB1XZKE">The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts</a></span>, Stackelberg & Winkle (177)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizObHyX761O9_kpVnxDp5vqj-PGn6azM2_4Pj3pu37V14TEswp0w-Yd1lnihpC4wr81SS0wyZXdsUmUNlfAVvXB-MFMKuZV6rzDW8JO3IMKbFRgO3z9ZCViRshxgElFNlWKTP3lyQM7xYR/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252822%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Zeppelinfeld then now" border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="556" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizObHyX761O9_kpVnxDp5vqj-PGn6azM2_4Pj3pu37V14TEswp0w-Yd1lnihpC4wr81SS0wyZXdsUmUNlfAVvXB-MFMKuZV6rzDW8JO3IMKbFRgO3z9ZCViRshxgElFNlWKTP3lyQM7xYR/w400-h248/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252822%2529.gif" title="Zeppelinfeld einst jetzt" width="400" /></a><span> </span><span normal="" style="font-size: medium;">In 1933 and 1934, the Zeppelinfeld meadow served as a parade ground for the Nazis during their Party Rallies. They put up temporary wooden stands for the spectators but by 1935–1936, the Zeppelin Field, complete with stone stands, was constructed to plans by architect Albert Speer. The complex is almost square, and centres on the monumental Grandstand with the “Führer’s Rostrum”. The visibly lower spectators’ stands on the other three sides were divided by these flag supporters. There were 34 of them mounting six flag poles which surrounded the Zeppelinfeld, dividing the seating areas and providing toilet facilities. The interior which measured 312 by 285 metres provided space for up to 200,000 people for the mass events staged by the Nazis.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlbEdYMK6IoiPvICVxNUVEJ2PgfZgU1igGg3qN5bh-AnWoHDjIka32Nqb5qTj3n8oJQc62zAZW0HdyQMdT893n89oYB9RxBCeFCPi14nh0yr6Ba5DAZFbs6EYzQSkXGFbvrlQXhWZ416E3/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-05-28+at+07.30.17.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The so-called 'Cathedral of Ice.'" border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="727" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlbEdYMK6IoiPvICVxNUVEJ2PgfZgU1igGg3qN5bh-AnWoHDjIka32Nqb5qTj3n8oJQc62zAZW0HdyQMdT893n89oYB9RxBCeFCPi14nh0yr6Ba5DAZFbs6EYzQSkXGFbvrlQXhWZ416E3/w400-h278/Screen+Shot+2019-05-28+at+07.30.17.png" title="The so-called 'Cathedral of Ice.'" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span>The so-called 'Cathedral of Ice.' </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
climax of the rally occurred at the Zeppelin Field on 7 September.
Hitler's peroration came as darkness fell and the whole arena was then
lit by 130 anti-aircraft searchlights shining vertically into the sky.
Their beams formed what Albert Speer called the "first luminescent
architecture", vast columns supporting the blue dome of a gigantic
"cathedral of light." The glow could be seen nearly 100 miles away, in
Frankfurt. What remained hidden, as the party choreographers had
planned, were the paunches of the 21,000 standard-bearers; for the klieg
lights focussed on the swastika flags crowned with eagles as they were
marched in ten columns through the ranks of nearly half a million Nazis
to the floodlit grandstand. After an oath-taking ceremony Hitler drove
slowly back through the thronged and cheering streets of Nuremberg at
the head of a torchlight procession. Bonfires blazed on the hilltops and
the parade "looked like a river of molten, bubbling lava which slowly
finds its way through the valleys of the city."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
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<span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span> <a href="https://dokumen.pub/the-dark-valley-a-panorama-of-the-1930s-0375708081-9780375708084.html">Piers Brendon (259) <i>The Dark Valley</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Pergamon Altar" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRV0ADCUeKt3_4G0TruLr5hI2cuy8EhteyrbdTvE24NO63EI7ChqqO1oaZRhcopYU1fyc8HKj0YTORBnVSmd4WiIfzU2WZy4oo2_kpEwUV02y7Y9cqPBl9NzTpZ5oR51B63syMZdpFPlPj/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRV0ADCUeKt3_4G0TruLr5hI2cuy8EhteyrbdTvE24NO63EI7ChqqO1oaZRhcopYU1fyc8HKj0YTORBnVSmd4WiIfzU2WZy4oo2_kpEwUV02y7Y9cqPBl9NzTpZ5oR51B63syMZdpFPlPj/w400-h293/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Pergamon Altar" width="400" /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal="">Albert Speer had chosen the Pergamon Altar, built during the reign of Eumenes II in the first half of the second century BCE, as a model for his design of a massive stone structure some 400 metres long and 24 metres high on the Zeppelin Field. Here the altar is shown during the Third Reich and me in front t0day. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal="">Pergamon had been the centre of pagan worship in Asia Minor; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Revelation-2-12/">Revelation ii.12</a>, refers to “the church in Pergamum …where Satan’s throne is.” On this altar, apparently burnt sacrifice was practiced as recorded in <a href="https://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias5A.html">Pausanias v.13.8</a>. Lucius Ampelius also wrote of this altar in chapter </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><a href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0351/_P9.HTM">VIII (Miracula Mundi)</a> of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>his liber memorialis where he described "a great marble altar, forty feet high, with colossal sculptures. It also shows a Gigantomachy". The formerly thriving city had lain forgotten and in ruins until 1864 when German engineer Carl Humann discovered one of antiquities’ greatest monuments- the Altar of Zeus. The altar was excavated and taken stone by stone to Berlin where it was reassembled in its own museum. The Ottoman government agreed that the ancient foundation of the altar would become the property of Germany. In 1930 the Pergamon Museum was opened to the public. At the end of the war, the pieces of the altar which had been placed in an air-raid shelter near the Berlin zoo fell into the hands of the Red Army and were taken to the Soviet Union as war trophies where they were stored in the depot of the Hermitage Museum in Leningrad until 1958. The next year much of the collection was returned to East Germany, including the altar fragments. Under the leadership of the museum's then-director, Carl Blümel, only the altar was presented as it had been before the war. The other antiquities were newly arranged, not least because the Altes Museum had been destroyed. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSGFl1C-iqmUR9KEdInmN_1OXKOhaMNiOmB8SugmG5r1K6yceLhwJKztDLMwTG4FT3FHazRImFDyFdcWdWaBpGfNrtdzEjmH97UyjvVEedLtLo07RQEfoT39c4faRiyYPjkpbQyFzdjXFM/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252825%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Zeppelintribüne then now" border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="470" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSGFl1C-iqmUR9KEdInmN_1OXKOhaMNiOmB8SugmG5r1K6yceLhwJKztDLMwTG4FT3FHazRImFDyFdcWdWaBpGfNrtdzEjmH97UyjvVEedLtLo07RQEfoT39c4faRiyYPjkpbQyFzdjXFM/w400-h335/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252825%2529.gif" title="Zeppelintribüne then now" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Zeppelintribüne during the 1935 party rally before the columns and rear façade were added whilst even using older buildings. Often propaganda effects were created with wooden dummies as with Speer's eagle here behind and above the central building forming a structure with another stage system. The party congress of 1934 as depicted in <i>Triumph of the Will</i> still characterises the collective image of these major events. This grandiose stone structure, which ran the full length of one side of the field, was the <a href="https://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/stadtportal_e/dokumente/zeppelin_field_nuremberg_refurbishment.pdf">work of the young architect Albert Speer</a>, whom Hitler also commissioned to oversee a master plan for the Rally Grounds complex. Speer's Tribune took the form of a long grandstand-like structure, flanked at each end with massive 'book-end' pylons, and dignified by a colonnaded screen behind the seating, topped by a giant swastika set in an oak leaf wreath. A small, squareish podium<span normal="">- the </span>Führer's rostrum- jutting out from a raised platform at the centre of the structure, allowed Hitler to review march-pasts of Labour Service battalions and youth groups, and military demonstrations staged by the armed forces. In the subsequent expansion of 1936-1938, the wood cladding was replaced with often only the existing building fabric overbuilt. Deadline pressure to complete such monumental architecture for each Reich Party Rally in September led to an overly fast planning and construction execution. At least in the case of the main rooms and exterior, the Zeppelin tribune was completed in 1938 for the last rally. Much structural damage which continues to trigger the current debate about the building's preservation and securing projects began as early as 1941 when many stones had to be replaced because they had been built too quickly and due to sufficient moisture. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlqFBXr8G8BgNYOdLlk5SUvWCDTqEGYFMgrz8q7I-EGweGtr42ne5NfIst4gvmb_XilW4B_9Mcbr6S_xZMnQmD9k2q30GQBcmtj1M1SS9UYu9m_8mBz1-lq879JprMbxyDPiuhpposqGpJ/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Members of the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) parading before Hitler" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlqFBXr8G8BgNYOdLlk5SUvWCDTqEGYFMgrz8q7I-EGweGtr42ne5NfIst4gvmb_XilW4B_9Mcbr6S_xZMnQmD9k2q30GQBcmtj1M1SS9UYu9m_8mBz1-lq879JprMbxyDPiuhpposqGpJ/w400-h300/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Zeppelintribüne then now" width="400" /></a></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Members of the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) parading before Hitler on September 7, 1938 and me in front seventy years later. It was at this event that Hitler delivered an address before blue collar workmen (Arbeitsmänner), <a href="https://de.glosbe.com/de/en/hilf%20dir%20selbst,%20dann%20hilft%20dir%20Gott">culminating in the following words</a>: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We are proud of you! All of Germany loves you! For you are not merely bearers of the spade, but rather you have become bearers of the shield for our Reich and Volk! You represent the most noble of slogans known to us: “God helps those who help themselves!” I thank you for your creations and work! I thank your Reich Leader of Labour Service for the gigantic build-up accomplished! As Führer and Chancellor of the Reich, I rejoice at this sight, standing before you, and I rejoice in recognition of the spirit that inspires you, and I rejoice at seeing my Volk which possesses such men and maids! Heil Euch! </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>According to Speer </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(66) in </span></span><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Inside-Third-Reich-Albert-Speer/dp/0684829495/ref=pd_rhf_shvl_3" style="font-weight: bold;">Inside the Third Reich:</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQZH7DlD9h0xov-BGDVdM-0ojRW_NLqBgYWl09TR-mzSOKPFI2iZ87vWA2dMqe_QkkH9LY92Ew3rDF5CcgFJPocZlgnFcdmhIuw7BuqsO1q667dcz71NYMc5XovfD3KgJ22jC18iaRAn2V/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bavarian International School at Zeppelintribüne then now" border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="480" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQZH7DlD9h0xov-BGDVdM-0ojRW_NLqBgYWl09TR-mzSOKPFI2iZ87vWA2dMqe_QkkH9LY92Ew3rDF5CcgFJPocZlgnFcdmhIuw7BuqsO1q667dcz71NYMc5XovfD3KgJ22jC18iaRAn2V/w400-h257/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Bavarian International School students at Zeppelintribüne" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>My Bavarian International School students in 2012</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>To clear the ground for it, the Nuremberg streetcar depot had to be removed. I passed by its remains after it had been blown up. The iron reinforcements protruded from concrete debris and had already begun to rust. One could easily visualise their further decay. This dreary sight led me to some thoughts which I later propounded to Hitler under the pretentious heading of '</span></span></span> The idea was that buildings of modern construction were poorly suited to form that </span></span></span><span> to future generations which Hitler was calling for. It was hard to imagine that rusting heaps of rubble could communicate these heroic inspirations which</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Hitler admired in the monuments of the past. By using special materials and by applying certain principles of statics, we should be able to build structures which even in a state of decay, after hundreds or (such were our reckonings) thousands </span></span><span><span>of years would more or less resemble Roman models.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk2ugevrp1eT_6S_nhIUh-kIoszc2OfiQyfTykvX_LSfbgIrZEEzaYsRhvK19_zr2aPARcn2xYEyqRtPmErNrUwPI1azyUYvGs9yHvuryE5oRsQUNbYkjfaoGy2d01bedIK1YbEmhzlCWy/s1600/ezgif.com-resize+%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="425" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk2ugevrp1eT_6S_nhIUh-kIoszc2OfiQyfTykvX_LSfbgIrZEEzaYsRhvK19_zr2aPARcn2xYEyqRtPmErNrUwPI1azyUYvGs9yHvuryE5oRsQUNbYkjfaoGy2d01bedIK1YbEmhzlCWy/w400-h240/ezgif.com-resize+%25283%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span>To illustrate my ideas I had a romantic drawing prepared. It showed what the reviewing stand on the Zeppelin Field would look like after generations of neglect, overgrown with ivy, its columns fallen, the walls crumbling here and there, but the outlines still clearly recognisable. In Hitler's entourage this drawing was regarded as blasphemous. That I could even conceive of a period of decline for the newly founded Reich destined to last a thousand years seemed outrageous to many of Hitler's closest followers. But he himself accepted my ideas as logical and illuminating. He gave orders that in the future the important buildings of his Reich were to be erected in keeping with the principles of this. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Standing on Hitler's rostrum" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkYVh1brL7Ka1QcS7-0g0jgT1OVHFDMnqmD93YOLHlzOfCXOU9kldakTgmlwstUmRncr5aayzB7xLF43MOZfzJOqb-4aP5mNqb399VfacT-RLbyd0J3KdXQIJVNTwKNOi49dOizrP7HLw/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="468" data-original-width="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkYVh1brL7Ka1QcS7-0g0jgT1OVHFDMnqmD93YOLHlzOfCXOU9kldakTgmlwstUmRncr5aayzB7xLF43MOZfzJOqb-4aP5mNqb399VfacT-RLbyd0J3KdXQIJVNTwKNOi49dOizrP7HLw/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 221px;" title="Hitler's podium" /><img alt="GIF: Standing on Hitler's rostrum" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3R-2rdsdXRx0-hwvq_ExNFKyLKM8ou0y-HW5qWTmfpdBJ_wFD6CrlSBrbScfm7g_3LchtI8BYA9jXprLTXZfgH34dWmqsK9hiVFXmIcYaQ4g9Vabnb4_jPo_qRflr2uaJuZpNkOpr150/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252859%2529.gif" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3R-2rdsdXRx0-hwvq_ExNFKyLKM8ou0y-HW5qWTmfpdBJ_wFD6CrlSBrbScfm7g_3LchtI8BYA9jXprLTXZfgH34dWmqsK9hiVFXmIcYaQ4g9Vabnb4_jPo_qRflr2uaJuZpNkOpr150/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252859%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 214px;" title="" /></span><img alt="Standing on Hitler's rostrum" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh01a31Xms4IOc_eUnVnRcXTl81obOnTg7VdMLrDIfnwFoxmRaSfjSG-OIkHbfQoF39w9IrRgNv4wG8-Un4XQ5aYuSF1ySQWxcGU5eGZPU-4eT_iYBRQSb_rBEeW6QBYBG7m7h55ZJxQNne/s320/Screenshot+2020-11-19+at+06.43.35.png" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh01a31Xms4IOc_eUnVnRcXTl81obOnTg7VdMLrDIfnwFoxmRaSfjSG-OIkHbfQoF39w9IrRgNv4wG8-Un4XQ5aYuSF1ySQWxcGU5eGZPU-4eT_iYBRQSb_rBEeW6QBYBG7m7h55ZJxQNne/s320/Screenshot+2020-11-19+at+06.43.35.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 191px;" title="Standing on Hitler's rostrum" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><img alt="Standing on Hitler's rostrum" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN_YzME7VzcHALJbMHw3AP7SgoA3bXvkzy68tDyVOmeSbNSeNyopO2l1MQ6-et1ZxOFuc1kj5BFpUkK6PnRp25tbwvkS7QsO01VyjyOPO0SNhiTiCGGugSRAa8Bon5SSwOtJIzXpcs_mRu/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252811%2529.gif" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="532" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN_YzME7VzcHALJbMHw3AP7SgoA3bXvkzy68tDyVOmeSbNSeNyopO2l1MQ6-et1ZxOFuc1kj5BFpUkK6PnRp25tbwvkS7QsO01VyjyOPO0SNhiTiCGGugSRAa8Bon5SSwOtJIzXpcs_mRu/w400-h266/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252811%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Standing on Hitler's rostrum" width="400" /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Standing
on the Zeppelintribüne's rostrum today positioned in the centre of the grandstand for which all participants of the party rally on the field, including political leaders, had to look up to Hitler just as much as the other spectators. Seen from afar, the rostrum was further emphasised by the golden swastika placed above and by a Nazi flag draped on it. It was positioned on the main axis of the Zeppelin Field so that the men of the Reich Labour Service would always march towards the swastikas and the rostrum, thus getting ever closer to Hitler. The grandstand served to confront the Führer with his followers in such a way that every year his leadership was symbolically reconfirmed and thus strengthened by forcing participants to line up before him and pledge allegiance to him. The spectators were witnesses to this staged oath of allegiance and thus became part of the “national community” which took a subordinate role to the Führer.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In June 2006, five matches of
the World Cup were held at the municipal stadium in the Volkspark
Dutzendteic which is now a public park that once was the Nazi Party rally
grounds. Tournament organisers feared that the remains of the Nazi era
buildings surrounding the stadium would be glorified, expressing
concerns about misuse by the infamous English soccer hooligans in
particular. In December 2005, the <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/%22It%20does%20not%20take%20a%20big%20leap%20of%20imagination%20to%20see%20England%20fans%20mimicking%22"><i>T</i></a><i><a href=""It does not take a big leap of imagination to see England fans mimicking"">imes Online</a></i><a href=""It does not take a big leap of imagination to see England fans mimicking""> published how</a> "[i]t does
not take a big leap of imagination to see England fans mimicking the
goose-step march heading for the Zeppelin Tribune from where Hitler took
the salute from the massed ranks of party faithful." Nuremberg Mayor
Ulr Maly rejected the idea of a "no go" zone for English fans, but added
that the police would be mobilised immediately if anybody was seen
making Hitler salutes, forbidden by German law even though I've never
noticed any such authoritarian presence. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's rostrum" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg35CEpis5k6MWhFyFWBBJzvuRKCgW-UW_OQCzV6vZ2tPPU3JQCO063hxPDdXj8VJyR7n1L3Dn80a67QEE5BblNmvnn3mWPOS4ENqsSq8ObR_MH9wFnPXBIqc0nbbirPpR4vzyr8ss9D3i/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252839%2529.gif" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="464" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg35CEpis5k6MWhFyFWBBJzvuRKCgW-UW_OQCzV6vZ2tPPU3JQCO063hxPDdXj8VJyR7n1L3Dn80a67QEE5BblNmvnn3mWPOS4ENqsSq8ObR_MH9wFnPXBIqc0nbbirPpR4vzyr8ss9D3i/w400-h293/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252839%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" title="Hitler's rostrum" width="400" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>How far the materiality of the site is suggestive directly to the senses or emotions, rather than being actively interpreted by visitors, is more difficult to determine. Certainly, physical qualities make practical differences to how people use it. The walls of the Zeppelin Building making for such good tennis practice, or the outer corridors of the Congress Hall providing quiet shelter in which to sleep rough, are just a couple of examples of uses of the site that were never originally intended but to which its material qualities lend themselves. But what of the intended Nazi effects? How far are the buildings and former marching grounds still able to impact and enchant in the ways that Hitler and Speer had hoped? Watching people using the place and hearing them talk about it, it seemed to me that there was little to indicate much of this. Certainly, some would stand where Hitler would have stood on the Zeppelin Building, and they might even give a Nazi salute, but this was typically accompanied by joking and parody. And, certainly, some visitors talked of the chilling nature of the site, prompting them to quiet reflection... in all of their accounts it seemed that what was involved was not so much being directly affected by particular calculated features of the architecture as by their own pre-formed visions of it. They accounted for their senses of disquiet by, for example, knowing that this was where Hitler stood or by imagining vast fervent National Socialist crowds chanting in unison on the marching fields. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span>Sharon Macdonald (182) <a href="https://www.academia.edu/43668578/DIFFICULT_HERITAGE"><i>Difficult Heritage</i></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw5HrUT_ygi0o6Jk4aMs9XXgCSkq39Hu9V3z1zNpQ9pbpFEEXscY3vyBwAaIO1th7Htvt342M_BNdHY-VpdBvpu-q9Ey6EAMC8q0sAMNSxr2io7Ixdu8slMeoQS2Rig9L5CDWj0LAXg041/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252840%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's rostrum today" border="0" data-original-height="249" data-original-width="400" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw5HrUT_ygi0o6Jk4aMs9XXgCSkq39Hu9V3z1zNpQ9pbpFEEXscY3vyBwAaIO1th7Htvt342M_BNdHY-VpdBvpu-q9Ey6EAMC8q0sAMNSxr2io7Ixdu8slMeoQS2Rig9L5CDWj0LAXg041/w400-h247/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252840%2529.gif" title="Hitler's rostrum today" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>During the Day of the Hitler Youth of September 11, 1937, and standing on the same podium now. By this time the Hitler Youth now had five million members and was the largest youth organisation in the world. Here </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Hitler
spoke at a celebration organised by the Hitler Youth whilst it was pouring with rain which Hitler was forced to reference <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3180722">in his speech</a>: "This morning I learned from our weather forecasters that, at present, we have the meteorological condition “V b.” That is supposed to be a mixture between very bad and bad. Now, my boys and girls, Germany has had this meteorological condition for fifteen years! And the Party had this meteorological condition, too! For the space of a decade, the sun did not shine upon this Movement. It was a battle in which only hope could be victorious, the hope that in the end the sun would rise over Germany after all. And risen it has! And as you are standing here today, it is also a good thing that the sun is not smiling down on you. For we want to raise a race not only for sunny, but also for stormy days!" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdmbuj4ZXVbq2COH8ocsx-zBFiUZiys-XqecLDrOVj1thgJkMlNbY81-oT9fYg1W-VhyJX_CxMR89dbvKWwZ8GRUHGPkpsddlX4Krk-pEmQK8ynZ09BWze5-irnrTykcbFj03ZD9KAnCk/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252887%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler Youth walking past Grandstand in 1940 and today" border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="600" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdmbuj4ZXVbq2COH8ocsx-zBFiUZiys-XqecLDrOVj1thgJkMlNbY81-oT9fYg1W-VhyJX_CxMR89dbvKWwZ8GRUHGPkpsddlX4Krk-pEmQK8ynZ09BWze5-irnrTykcbFj03ZD9KAnCk/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252887%2529.gif" title="Hitler Youth walking past Zeppelintribune in 1940 and today" width="840" /></a><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler Youth walking past in 1940 and today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0rwB7fEdzhkJD7gG7-7ubKU5cbS07PtAS7z-Nnakkyl4PI-RYz76regSPDyzBoLN1mt8cQzSOoNv5MZdYUurai3UJE7KqK7IaZckQFAOBj4XRUPxddVGWWVaqNixJrXhbCagO1Ta_AxKSj3rmkaaA8TFfPZzB-N3nLWOXfrh__hyphenhyphenNpJh99KDPuuRvRZul/s1410/Screenshot%202023-10-15%20at%2012.45.39.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="1410" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0rwB7fEdzhkJD7gG7-7ubKU5cbS07PtAS7z-Nnakkyl4PI-RYz76regSPDyzBoLN1mt8cQzSOoNv5MZdYUurai3UJE7KqK7IaZckQFAOBj4XRUPxddVGWWVaqNixJrXhbCagO1Ta_AxKSj3rmkaaA8TFfPZzB-N3nLWOXfrh__hyphenhyphenNpJh99KDPuuRvRZul/w477-h222/Screenshot%202023-10-15%20at%2012.45.39.png" width="477" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Standing outside the so-called Goldener Saal. Located below the heightened VIP stands, this large foyer was known as the 'Golden Hall' because of its gilded ceiling mosaics. Through two stairwells inside the grandstand, a cast iron door was reached, positioned above the rostrum and exactly below the golden swastika. The ornateness of the hall is noteworthy given the generally austere architectural style favoured by the Nazis. Hitler, according to Speer’s original plans, would have been able to step down to the people assembled in the Zeppelin Field area, from above, as it were although Hitler in fact preferred to drive up in a car during the party rallies, and so entered the grandstand from below, from the crowd of spectators. This, too, was calculated to stage himself as the Führer who came from 'the people and remained connected to them which meant that Hitler probably never set foot in this foyer, historically known as the “Hall of Honour”. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ZhQJP-lcpsxShE1kpVMgKZ_KECrYB7VWlwmWae49B12XVYm0DfxpT5TO0r4M3yLxIL2MQA4yhFFtxEh_FEvWPZFXLSrFAJp1_daFwTOgfKOzgzFkZpIAdT9WDLrBw-aA4X5NgwQIlwfK/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><img alt="GIF: Goldener Saal" border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ZhQJP-lcpsxShE1kpVMgKZ_KECrYB7VWlwmWae49B12XVYm0DfxpT5TO0r4M3yLxIL2MQA4yhFFtxEh_FEvWPZFXLSrFAJp1_daFwTOgfKOzgzFkZpIAdT9WDLrBw-aA4X5NgwQIlwfK/w400-h261/ezgif.com-resize.gif" title="Goldener Saal" width="400" /></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>335 m² </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>hall was only completed in 1939, and was to be used for the first time during the party rally of that year. Large sculptures created for the four niches in the foyer by Kurt Schmid-Ehmen <a href="https://www.meaus.com/94-schmid-ehmen.htm">were never installed</a>. At short notice, the “Party Rally of Peace” was cancelled before Germany attacked Poland and unleashed the war. The Golden Hall is the only remaining interior planned by Speer, remaining an impressive example of Nazi architecture’s resemblance to stage sets. The </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>36.5 × 8.7 metre-high </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>walls are made of Lahn marble slabs whilst the ceiling which reaches a height of 7.8 metres is decorated with shimmering gold mosaics by Hermann Kaspar. The original purpose and use of the golden hall during the Nazi party rallies is no longer known today. From 1985 to 2001 it housed the Fascination and Violence exhibition, which provided the impetus for the Documentation Centre Nazi Party Rally Grounds. In 1986, the post-industrial band Einsturzende Neubauten performed in the hall for the only concert to date in the premises. Frontman Blixa Geld described the performance as a counter to its totalitarian history. Currently the Golden Hall can only be visited as part of a guided tour of the Nazi Party Rally Grounds although apparently the <a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/nuernberg-zeppelintribuene-sanierung-1.4432696">permanent opening</a> of a section is planned.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjovSjLqj8OMh9fPvRnLjIdSXwUEeJzM5YWkj2krYZn4IBTJ18JOOY3p1GV-bREb99MH4-GF9qztY8SpBKF97ATA_Dwy6ac1ws8TWijXSSc_V8twO4Fjay1fzFsPKp4oyvYAw5cNh8lqmuu/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252873%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nuremberg rally grounds today" border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="577" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjovSjLqj8OMh9fPvRnLjIdSXwUEeJzM5YWkj2krYZn4IBTJ18JOOY3p1GV-bREb99MH4-GF9qztY8SpBKF97ATA_Dwy6ac1ws8TWijXSSc_V8twO4Fjay1fzFsPKp4oyvYAw5cNh8lqmuu/w400-h220/ezgif.com-optimize+%252873%2529.gif" title="Nuremberg rally grounds today" width="400" /></a></span><span>In Germany as this site presents, there are many building relics from
the Nazi era, many of which continue to be used with Nazi paraphernalia
on the façades still intact- the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/wannsee.html">Olympic Stadium in Berlin </a>has remained a sports arena, <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2010/01/reich-aviation-ministry-and-gestapo.html">the former ministries of the German Reich in Berlin</a> were converted into offices, <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-war-memorial.html">the “House of Art” in Munich</a>
is an exhibition venue. In Nuremberg, the situation is particularly
nuanced however as the Party Rally Grounds and various buildings
designed by Albert Speer served only one main purpose: as a forum for
the glorification of the Nazi regime and Hitler. Germany today has no
need for places for march-pasts and roll calls for 100,000 to 200,000
people in uniforms or for a megalomaniac Congress Hall for 50,000 party
members which is why the Nazi buildings in Nuremberg could not be
suitably used after 1945. <span>Thus </span>the Nuremberg buildings have remained
largely in their original state with no means to strip them of their
original character whilst the Zeppelin Grandstand itself is only rarely used today with the Zeppelin Field in its vast size of very
little practical value today. Parts of the area are used as sports
fields now; up until the mid-1990s, American forces played sports on the
field and the ring road around the Zeppelin Grandstand (Norisring)
annually hosts motor sport events. Between 2005 and
2011 the <span normal=""><i>c</i></span>ity invested over one million euros to safeguard access to the
Zeppelin Grandstand with an additional three million euros spent on
infrastructure such as paths and roads in the immediate surroundings.
Nevertheless, in spite of all the repairs the Zeppelin Grandstand is
collapsing. Since 2010, access for visitors to various areas has been
prohibited for safety reasons with the current assumption being that
sooner or later the spectator steps will have to be blocked off.
According to building experts, the site cannot not be preserved without a
general refurbishment with initial estimates putting the costs at
between<a href="https://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/stadtportal_e/dokumente/zeppelin_field_nuremberg_refurbishment.pdf"> 60 and 75 million euros</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnwknlneh43214vOLq7l0Gtmy6enzPMh1ogwvoz_WzyXtSt2sj6SZ9KNJyX5AdReYeeDk6hyphenhyphenfnAhDNhV94WgHy-kD251W2960Q8L0RkznSiwZjPAe6ulLpffdx3u7EmOJuOz5ViOTPEwLs/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Nuremberg tribune rally grounds today" border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="462" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnwknlneh43214vOLq7l0Gtmy6enzPMh1ogwvoz_WzyXtSt2sj6SZ9KNJyX5AdReYeeDk6hyphenhyphenfnAhDNhV94WgHy-kD251W2960Q8L0RkznSiwZjPAe6ulLpffdx3u7EmOJuOz5ViOTPEwLs/w400-h247/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Nuremberg rally grounds today" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>From right to left:</b> Amann, Himmler, Lutze, Buch, Rosenberg, Schwarz, K. Hierl, Bormann, standing: Frick, unidentified Labour Corps Leader, and Hitler reviewing the Labour Corps at the 9th Nazi Party rally, dubbed the </span></span><span><span><span><span>"Reich Party Congress of</span></span> Labour” (Reichsparteitag der Arbeit), held from September 6–13, 1937. On September 10 in a speech before these political leaders, Hitler explained the reasoning behind his choice of the above title for the congress by claiming that “[n]ow that we have freed Germany within the last four years, we have the right to enjoy the fruits of our labour.” This wording apparently signalled that Hitler had no extraordinary decisions to announce for the future, but would self-complacently contemplate the past. In fact, this Party Congress was remarkable only for its unusual tranquillity, reflecting the mood of the entire year 1937. With the exception of his customary verbal assaults upon world Bolshevism, not even Hitler’s words could disturb the apparent peace but, in all of his speeches, instead relished in eulogies of his successes in the past and his ambitions for the future. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC-NFtnHlQPoi12wll0f6FAlZg9v_U1AXA0i6F0giMxOlszYYnl1VxGL1aGElkrRepsOlWoDSlJ5yaew7ICz0GDg7SO_vCn_upHOcnlGP-hiO3vwDfngeliA4wJ5YLJC70hGUO143rFRqT/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252871%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nuremberg tribune today" border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="378" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC-NFtnHlQPoi12wll0f6FAlZg9v_U1AXA0i6F0giMxOlszYYnl1VxGL1aGElkrRepsOlWoDSlJ5yaew7ICz0GDg7SO_vCn_upHOcnlGP-hiO3vwDfngeliA4wJ5YLJC70hGUO143rFRqT/w400-h307/ezgif.com-optimize+%252871%2529.gif" title="Nuremberg tribune then and now" width="400" /></a><span>As Germany copes with mass migration and blows to its economy, like the Volkswagen scandal, and to its pride, like the allegations it paid bribes to secure its hosting of the 2006 World Cup, it also continues to deal with vestiges of its problematic past. In few places are those questions more vivid than in Nuremberg. Should public money be spent to preserve these crumbling sites? Is controlled decay an option for anything associated with the Nazis? Or have Hitler and his architect, Albert Speer, locked future generations into a devilish pact that compels Germans not only to teach the history of the Thousand Year Reich the Nazis proclaimed here but also to adapt it for each new era?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/world/europe/nuremberg-nazi-site-crumbles-but-tricky-questions-on-its-future-persist.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0" target="_blank">Nuremberg Nazi Site Crumbles, but Tricky Questions on Its Future Persist</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Zeppelin Grandstand then and today" border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="400" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizcL0rjw5o5z_oV8_wS4ZVOjy-f1CuxuhzpVPaZwMCfs3nCqFnWs1ngsj0A3n4WHL4uVlR2wvPUzuq4AeH-ib2aYzPZTVtpGMwSTa-Mf9NrsZxN-2Z9DSX_2_cD8kG2Svrzedzyj2ygk4/w400-h203/ezgif.com-optimize+%252887%2529.gif" title="Zeppelin Field then now" width="400" /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> The Zeppelin Field was the most important event location for the party rallies. While the Luitpold Arena was firmly established as the site for the cult for the dead of the SA and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, numerous events were staged on the Zeppelin Field. During the roll call of the Reich Labour Service, tens of thousands of their men lined up before the Hitler. Large parades and show manoeuvres of the Wehrmacht were held on the Zeppelin Field. Tanks drove up, flak was fired at aeroplanes thundering over the field at low altitude, in 1938 the prototype of a helicopter landed on the Zeppelin Field. On the “Day of Community”, young men demonstrated “virile strength” in manoeuvres with tree trunks, while young women in so-called “girls’ dances” personified the female role of future mothers desired by the Nazis.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RJH2K0TWhU-NAghhwVtpZxix4kbszVTh48UrnQgX5Z7SPVpGDKtyBrDCWSz7iqxDV4uJP_mZwYc4kCLC7h2_h8VCytJwaiJ5qpRujgsCtHU1NUknsBRRExzaJljhdIqeJ_C-eJzmEsmu/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252885%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Göring, Generaloberst Werner v. Fritsch and Generaladmiral Raeder at the Tag der Wehrmacht on September 14, 1936." border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="421" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RJH2K0TWhU-NAghhwVtpZxix4kbszVTh48UrnQgX5Z7SPVpGDKtyBrDCWSz7iqxDV4uJP_mZwYc4kCLC7h2_h8VCytJwaiJ5qpRujgsCtHU1NUknsBRRExzaJljhdIqeJ_C-eJzmEsmu/w400-h323/ezgif.com-optimize+%252885%2529.gif" title="Göring, Generaloberst Werner v. Fritsch and Generaladmiral Raeder at the Tag der Wehrmacht on September 14, 1936." width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;">Göring, Generaloberst Werner v. Fritsch and Generaladmiral Raeder at the <i><a href="https://archiv2017.die-linke.de/partei/zusammenschluesse/kommunistische-plattform-der-partei-die-linke/mitteilungen-der-kommunistischen-plattform/detail/archiv/2015/august/zurueck/archiv-2/artikel/unselige-tradition-vom-tag-der-wehrmacht-zum-tag-der-bundeswehr/">Tag der Wehrmacht</a> </i>on September 14, 1936.
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</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Several times since 1935 Karl Bodenschatz had overheard Göring and Hitler discuss the possibility that the top army generals might be plotting against the regime, and in the autumn of 1937 Göring asked Blomberg outright whether his generals would follow Hitler into a war. It is clear that by December 1937 Göring had begun to indulge in fantasies of taking supreme command of the armed forces himself in place of Blomberg. The only other candidate would be General von Fritsch. At fifty-eight, Fritsch was not much younger than Blomberg, and Göring felt it unlikely that Hitler would feel comfortable with him. Promoted to colonel- general on April 20, 1936, Fritsch came from a puritan Protestant family. His upright bearing suggested he might even be wearing a lace-up corset. With a monocle screwed into his left eye to help his face remain sinister and motionless, he was an old-fashioned bachelor who loved horses and hated Jews with equal passion.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Irving (281) <i>Göring</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<div face="georgia" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidt5MC2aheiYpBw77g1M0urpPQ5p3EkcYxByxopjv6d-65QZ0JrkmuKBDmNddcg5mQcWGTRxlO0_8AjFnq7AYWhYmKAx2in9m4Z2HRD1uScDTcifVEHAkxf86tNYceu0xumCjV5MI3UAmJ/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252891%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The American flag being hoisted over the swastika on April 21, 1945 and my students from the Bavarian International School today." border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="443" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidt5MC2aheiYpBw77g1M0urpPQ5p3EkcYxByxopjv6d-65QZ0JrkmuKBDmNddcg5mQcWGTRxlO0_8AjFnq7AYWhYmKAx2in9m4Z2HRD1uScDTcifVEHAkxf86tNYceu0xumCjV5MI3UAmJ/s16000/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252891%2529.gif" title="American flag being hoisted over the swastika on April 21, 1945 and my students from the Bavarian International School Nuremberg" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span span="" white=""><span><span><span><span>The
American flag being hoisted over the swastika on April 21, 1945 and my
students from the <a href="https://www.bis-school.com/"><i>Bavarian International School </i></a>today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span>Four days after Nuremberg fell, the US Army blew up the swastika which had been installed at the centre of the Grandstand. The gold-plated and laurel-wreathed swastika which once crowned Albert Speer’s Zeppelin tribune represented the apotheosis and fulfilment of the swastikas which are still present, but sublimated in the decorative scheme of the tribune’s interior. Ornament as the unconscious graphology of the Volkgeist was thus ‘completed’ in the self-conscious presence of the Nazi symbol, and the sign of a (Gothic, mediaeval) past is linked to the rhetoric of a glorious future, thus avoiding the displacement of tradition implied by an Enlightenment concept of progress. The Tribune swastikas expressed in microcosm Hitler’s aim of uniting the medieval Nuremberg with the ‘modern’ National Socialist city, giving equal weight to a glorious past and a glorious future, and thereby defining the present as a moment of transition from one to the other. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""> </span>Quinn (63) </span></span><span><a class="l" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0_RWSxC_y68C&dq=swastika">The Swastika: Constructing the Symbol</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVkS63YAWQFE3uH_dNSJhIr7fatjIYTB_KBikDJA-3Y61nZvBcV8ILePScgCTPhIGsnPiXTVDDf9PqezEtHuTkh2iZE1mCviF0NMaMob5OEc4V61xtSOt0q0OB_P-VRz6PGtjJhJE2epA1/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252817%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="lake Dutzendteich then and now" border="0" data-original-height="231" data-original-width="547" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVkS63YAWQFE3uH_dNSJhIr7fatjIYTB_KBikDJA-3Y61nZvBcV8ILePScgCTPhIGsnPiXTVDDf9PqezEtHuTkh2iZE1mCviF0NMaMob5OEc4V61xtSOt0q0OB_P-VRz6PGtjJhJE2epA1/s640/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252817%2529.gif" title="lake Dutzendteich then and now" width="840" /></a><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The tribune seen from across lake Dutzendteich then and now. In 1967 the columns of the Grandstand were blown up because they had become unstable. The height of the side towers was also reduced by half in the 1970s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf-oiXC-M-KyflAqHqX0RSbNueuO6aw9h1wq85M0LHc3-SDRpySqGU-8nNuyVuP4mhtP1QckujkKNJgJldBMuxl6DxMku7yGVncPe5rOIzwtrZdPlrIqtWSFxnIlkcvhphWrfdpim2EX7W/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252878%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Grandstand" border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="661" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf-oiXC-M-KyflAqHqX0RSbNueuO6aw9h1wq85M0LHc3-SDRpySqGU-8nNuyVuP4mhtP1QckujkKNJgJldBMuxl6DxMku7yGVncPe5rOIzwtrZdPlrIqtWSFxnIlkcvhphWrfdpim2EX7W/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252878%2529.gif" title="Grandstand" width="740" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> <span normal=""><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span>At the rear of the Grandstand</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote white="">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nuremberg Zeppelin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwp0bCPkT5e5K0p2H7vsiAIzFkPMeFGhg1x_iyJmP0eDKMczKclgsHoyAmVEW7mMlQDfBlrzC3xzcCyuZ2swb6nviSFFLYfE0N4wP2HrVlgZG_5BDKPnKOtayhi1TEfBov8Dnk9x0fNYPV/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252818%2529.gif" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwp0bCPkT5e5K0p2H7vsiAIzFkPMeFGhg1x_iyJmP0eDKMczKclgsHoyAmVEW7mMlQDfBlrzC3xzcCyuZ2swb6nviSFFLYfE0N4wP2HrVlgZG_5BDKPnKOtayhi1TEfBov8Dnk9x0fNYPV/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252818%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 255px; width: 340px;" title="Nuremberg Zeppelin" /></span>A
visit to the Nuremberg Zeppelin field as it exists today supplies
evidence of a healthy disrespect for the few remaining monuments of
National Socialist architecture. On Sundays, Turkish Gastarbeiter and
their families picnic in the shade of trees flanking Hitler’s ‘Great
Road’, the grand thoroughfare which was intended to link the ancient
Nuremberg, the ‘City of Imperial Diets’ with his modern ‘City of the
Rallies’. Tennis is played against the walls of the Zeppelin tribune,
and teenagers tryst on the steps. However, this reclaiming of Nazi
architecture for leisure activity is frustrated by the neo-Nazi swastika
graffiti which must constantly be removed from the tribune towers and
entranceways. This is also the case at the Olympic stadium in Berlin,
where the bronze swastikas which have been partially erased from the
ceremonial bell reappear in graffiti on the lavatory walls, contesting
with the countering phrase ‘Nazi raus’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span>Quinn (61)</span><span><a class="l" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0_RWSxC_y68C&dq=swastika">The Swastika: Constructing the Symbol</a></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span>Nuremberg is currently about to embark on an <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=https://www.nordbayern.de/region/nuernberg/fur-85-millionen-euro-zeppelinfeld-wird-zum-grossprojekt-1.8499422%3FrssPage%3Dbm9yZGJheWVybi5kZQ%253D%253D&usg=ALkJrhiPSM_y9nNPU4stQhEGGROdIUPqoQ" target="_blank">€85 million plan to conserve the rally </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=https://www.nordbayern.de/region/nuernberg/fur-85-millionen-euro-zeppelinfeld-wird-zum-grossprojekt-1.8499422%3FrssPage%3Dbm9yZGJheWVybi5kZQ%253D%253D&usg=ALkJrhiPSM_y9nNPU4stQhEGGROdIUPqoQ" target="_blank"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Nuremberg Zeppelin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXSMVda5EIlZCViMnKaqOZJoNsGlxeZs__ptq5sQjFnFfwmgM38TVxCkLcUgfObHkR-GslA1eimz4ZdT2pFEinHSu1yo9fUoT2Uy8M43LS-wQmqjYvEXOyQoiCFigF1bSdrkgsTzyG4oo/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252819%2529.gif" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="397" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXSMVda5EIlZCViMnKaqOZJoNsGlxeZs__ptq5sQjFnFfwmgM38TVxCkLcUgfObHkR-GslA1eimz4ZdT2pFEinHSu1yo9fUoT2Uy8M43LS-wQmqjYvEXOyQoiCFigF1bSdrkgsTzyG4oo/w400-h340/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252819%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 255px; width: 300px;" title="Nuremberg Zeppelin" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>grounds</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span>Julia Lehner, Nuremberg’s chief culture official, says the intention is not to </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>“rebuild, we won’t restore, but we will conserve. We want people to be able to move around freely on the site. It is an important witness to an era—it allows us to see how dictatorial regimes stage-manage themselves. That has educational value today.” Even though the entire site has been under a preservation order since 1973, the grandstand was assessed for damage until 2007, revealing corrosion, broken stairs, dry rot and mildew. As </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span>Daniel Ulrich, head of Nuremberg’s construction department, <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nuremberg-decides-conserve-nazi-rally-grounds-180972244/">says</a>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>“[t]he damp is the biggest problem. The original construction was quick and shoddy. It was little more than a stage-set designed purely for effect. The limestone covering the bricks is not frost-proof and water has seeped in.” This has left the city with various options. One was to reconstruct the buildings but this threatened to be seen as glorifying the Third Reich. Others favoured a “managed decay” which would have involved the city authorities forced to fence off increasingly large parts of the grounds. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span>On the other hand, others feared that the decaying buildings could emit the kind of “ruin romance” the Albert Speer envisioned as mentioned above. Others called for the entire site just to be bulldozed and have the site's history swept under the carpet. In the end, the decision was made to conserve the ruins in their current state and make them fully accessible. The most complex conservation challenge is the damp that has seeped into the stone walls of the ramparts and grandstand, the steps and facades. A ventilation system will be required to remove humidity from the interiors. About a quarter of the stones in the facades and steps are to be replaced by matching concrete blocks. The top layer of the compacted soil stairs of the ramparts will be replaced.In addition, a new “project room” will be installed in the grandstand. The target date for completion is 2025 at the same time Nuremberg is competing to be the European Capital of Culture that year.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc4xrQdodAdZaWdNBF-fqC_Sj5zo5NNnE9TCxy0omSUFZRx7-N2WZvekOB8tFuwwwzYAxRtwa1P7-nwLmJaChU8kqvNR-cE6qBPK4KeLgjdKcPP6vzZvvhmtcfgT4CWfgUzjgKBnIUvFo/s1600/marzfeld.jpg" white=""><img alt="Märzfeld" border="0" height="151" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5788805957816248274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc4xrQdodAdZaWdNBF-fqC_Sj5zo5NNnE9TCxy0omSUFZRx7-N2WZvekOB8tFuwwwzYAxRtwa1P7-nwLmJaChU8kqvNR-cE6qBPK4KeLgjdKcPP6vzZvvhmtcfgT4CWfgUzjgKBnIUvFo/w830-h151/marzfeld.jpg" style="height: 123px; width: 676px;" title="Märzfeld" width="830" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Albert Speer designed the <b>Märzfeld (March Field</b>) as an arena for Wehrmacht manoeuvres (with 955 x 610 metres interior area, making it larger than eighty football pitches) </span></span><span><span><span><span>planned as the south-eastern end of the grounds</span></span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
Märzfeld was named after the ancient God of War and to
commemorate the reintroduction of conscription in March 1935. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgLWr1bAbJwCeFmRdv0hIAAZP7Gbs6VxhOm35NXt4K8nLYadquHl-c4DBDxWg-8WtK8UUH6AyslTi6Blyrf-218T-ojmYsg1WUlNVQ57f-nfNi1cE21AFCbpO0vro517UhmRVjwf1uSuLH/s702/Screenshot+2021-04-27+at+13.00.12.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="702" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgLWr1bAbJwCeFmRdv0hIAAZP7Gbs6VxhOm35NXt4K8nLYadquHl-c4DBDxWg-8WtK8UUH6AyslTi6Blyrf-218T-ojmYsg1WUlNVQ57f-nfNi1cE21AFCbpO0vro517UhmRVjwf1uSuLH/w400-h226/Screenshot+2021-04-27+at+13.00.12.png" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Constructing the Märzfeld top left; on the right is Speer. Below shows the</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
detonation of the eleven towers on March Field in 1966 and 1967.
Thousands of homes were needed because of the destruction caused by the
war. Starting in 1957, the city began to build the new suburb of
Langwasser on the south-eastern part of the former Party Rally Grounds
which was then the largest building programme for any city in West Germany. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Up until 1939, eleven of 24 planned Märzfeld towers had been finished. They divided the visitors‘ stands surrounding the Märzfeld. The entire complex was to provide space for about 250,000 people. A group of colossal statues, incorporating a Goddess of Victory and warriors, was planned for the central grandstand. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhYgxw9VXZ45gUD-BxmwaDm6iZTxMsT4StdeOZLdYTg1VrFSrAHyyVVL-QbZnu07-ZkOX4exOE0cWEmKmDNBw2ofnRAj6kzrH9donTxWJwLTtMCfy3ZH9NETwlyKdKewym1NmlIpdn2mI/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-11-18+at+10.48.50.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><img alt="Nazi eagle" border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="918" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhYgxw9VXZ45gUD-BxmwaDm6iZTxMsT4StdeOZLdYTg1VrFSrAHyyVVL-QbZnu07-ZkOX4exOE0cWEmKmDNBw2ofnRAj6kzrH9donTxWJwLTtMCfy3ZH9NETwlyKdKewym1NmlIpdn2mI/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-11-18+at+10.48.50.png" title="Nazi Eagle" width="740" /></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: transformer building" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3r1aVpKl11B_LGU6oHTxaoX85b3VFf2VyM7DdaLfFUGEnFiIqnhhr7Vn5aEMpax5_z50dHyWCSFmtj4woG9PeeXCIAnToO-zdpuApFjo29YjWIZsW3WG6WVMJMOAQCb6PvcOkx5dNcQw/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3r1aVpKl11B_LGU6oHTxaoX85b3VFf2VyM7DdaLfFUGEnFiIqnhhr7Vn5aEMpax5_z50dHyWCSFmtj4woG9PeeXCIAnToO-zdpuApFjo29YjWIZsW3WG6WVMJMOAQCb6PvcOkx5dNcQw/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 423px;" title="Nazi Eagle burger king" /><span> <br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Located behind the Grandstand on Regensburger Straße, the <b>Transformatorenstation</b> was built in 1936 by Albert Speer for the power supply to the Party Rally Grounds and the so-called 'Cathedral of Light.' The energy demands of lighting and the general running of the grounds was extremely high and the transformer station could handle the power supply for a major city. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>After
1945 the building passed into the possession of the city of Nuremberg.
The local power supply company N-ERGIE used the technology for power
supply until 1998, after which the technical modification of the
transformer lost its purpose. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>One can still see the faint outline of the Nazi eagle which apparently <a href="https://www.nordbayern.de/region/nuernberg/die-bewegte-geschichte-des-nurnberger-reichs-burger-king-1.7532454">does not cause concern to Burger King</a> which moved into the structure exactly seventy years after its opening to the anger of sculptor Christof Popp who designed the plaques for the information system on the Nazi Party Rally Grounds. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Nuremberg transformer building" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYvobxedO2p5T1fMFDm0PguV0OhO7rBqrQrVN8GoMS-ammRK7tWYmUWU1ODUApIbat0aFtNqSjaCOrQHSDSC3X9Nllsa2VQXI1bC5KuffdBsKasojvmnyrOgZPw2NJWthVp2vjSXHkkWAB/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25289%2529.gif" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYvobxedO2p5T1fMFDm0PguV0OhO7rBqrQrVN8GoMS-ammRK7tWYmUWU1ODUApIbat0aFtNqSjaCOrQHSDSC3X9Nllsa2VQXI1bC5KuffdBsKasojvmnyrOgZPw2NJWthVp2vjSXHkkWAB/w258-h328/ezgif.com-optimize%25289%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 216px;" title="Nazi Eagle burger king" width="258" /></span>Stele number 15 provides information about the substation on Regensburger Straße. Popp, who sits on the board of the architects' association BauLust, was "shocked" when he found out that he had just set up his information board next to a future Burger King branch. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A hamburger restaurant negates any real historical debate leading him to complain that "[t]he building is simply used as a shell; that upsets me bitterly." To him the willingness of the city administration and the monument protection to agree to a mundane use such as the sale of chips and burgers reflects a disturbing attitude on their part. In this he's joined by architectural professor Josef Reindl who states that on the one hand, "[i]n the documentation centre the city engages with history and a few hundred metres further on, it no longer cares." The head of the Nazi Party Rally Grounds documentary centre, Hans-Christian Täubrich, also criticises the use of the building to serve American fast food by aditting that only financial interests played a role in the sale of the building and nothing else. Nevertheless, the city's monument protection has ensured that the advertising boards are not screwed to the facade and the external impression is not changed leading to Burger King anchoring its logo to the ground as close to the front of the building as possible.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqnRsr5UDwlXFSl6y-8ImWhn04720PL8YYYbidmueYYl-hlxhIejciMg-u9oMyhDBqgGZmh0nEjGD06S8r1zJzHSO0hxsIelaFvrRVqzYNMrtKll5E5kz3yOIeu0g9PZHFrkiWOEybyeZz/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25289%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hall of Honour (Ehrenhalle) then now" border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="456" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqnRsr5UDwlXFSl6y-8ImWhn04720PL8YYYbidmueYYl-hlxhIejciMg-u9oMyhDBqgGZmh0nEjGD06S8r1zJzHSO0hxsIelaFvrRVqzYNMrtKll5E5kz3yOIeu0g9PZHFrkiWOEybyeZz/w400-h285/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25289%2529.gif" title="Hall of Honour (Ehrenhalle) einst jetzt" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Standing in front of the <b>Hall of Honour (Ehrenhalle)</b> today. During the Weimar Republic, Nuremberg erected this monument to commemorate the 9,855 Nuremberg soldiers killed in the Great War. The design was by architect Fritz Mayer. A rectangular yard is adjacent to the arcaded hall, with a row of pillars carrying fire bowls on either side. Lord Mayor <a href="https://kunstnuernberg.de/kunsthalle-nuernberg/">Hermann Luppe officially opened the hall in 1930</a>. During the 1929 Party Rally, the Nazis for the first time incorporated the then unfinished Hall of Honour in their staging of the cult of the dead and where Hitler commemorated the fallen soldiers of the First World War and the “Martyrs of the National Socialist Movement”. The ritual was intended to commit the “party soldiers” present to sacrificing their lives for the Führer and for National Socialism. In 1933, Hitler had the Luitpold Grove park remodelled into the Luitpold Arena for the Party Rallies. During the Party Congress of 1929 the then-unfinished "Hall of Honour" was used for the enactment of a cult of the dead by the Nazis for the first time. </span><br />
<span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpc4Ac52RTup727GszNMwOMGC26mWoDkf8eYvE5vCaJa-_qVYamZm82aPfnpz1309PY4O3Emrf8kgmKQmvNb2ItyCKLlmNoPbOkpn13NTMWShOe3xuCJs4TH3Fg252RRk6pxtYjKUee4mB/s1600/ezgif.com-resize+%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="407" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpc4Ac52RTup727GszNMwOMGC26mWoDkf8eYvE5vCaJa-_qVYamZm82aPfnpz1309PY4O3Emrf8kgmKQmvNb2ItyCKLlmNoPbOkpn13NTMWShOe3xuCJs4TH3Fg252RRk6pxtYjKUee4mB/s400/ezgif.com-resize+%25282%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span normal="">The Ehrenhalle is located at one end of the Luitpoldhain, a 21-hectare park located in the southeast of Nuremberg northwest of Volkspark Dutzendteich and which extends between Münchner Straße, Bayernstraße and Schultheißallee; on the northern edge is the Meistersingerhalle. In 1927 the first Nazi Party Rally took place here. At the second rally in 1929, the Nazis incorporated the newly completed the Ehrenhalle into their event. After the Nazis took power in 1933 they held a celebration here where Hitler on a wooden-built grandstand. As of 1933, the Luitpoldhain was transformed by a strictly structured display area as part of the plans of the Nazi Party Rally Grounds, most notably by the so-called Luitpold Arena with an area of 84,000 m². Opposite the honour hall was erected a speaker's platform which was connected by a wide granite path. In this ensemble the Reichsparteitage held its rallies of SA and </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> in front of up to 150,000 spectators. Central to the ritual was the blood flag, which had allegedly been carried along by the Nazis in the Hitler Putsch and which served to consecrate new standards of SA and </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> units through contact. The Luitpoldhalle was eventually destroyed by the RAF during one of the first air raids on Nuremberg in the war on the night of August 28-29, 1942. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFAYKlOsHbbyH6XuHTGTX5bMSbJzj3dwleJ2HqGJ9f8ZgQGSOyFXEIw8KIrjXzx-riYsaf730YbdLpU7SkJdM3GBX67TQRQrVtjbsKMMPv59vGvkogsgBDdL-Xqx4kdX2yzNvz4QIILpYH/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25283%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Luitpold Grove then now" border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="476" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFAYKlOsHbbyH6XuHTGTX5bMSbJzj3dwleJ2HqGJ9f8ZgQGSOyFXEIw8KIrjXzx-riYsaf730YbdLpU7SkJdM3GBX67TQRQrVtjbsKMMPv59vGvkogsgBDdL-Xqx4kdX2yzNvz4QIILpYH/s640/ezgif.com-crop+%25283%2529.gif" title="Luitpold Grove then now" width="840" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> The Luitpold Grove and its First World War necropolis became the complex's most sacred ceremonial ground, being completely reworked for the rallies. The former landscaped pleasure park was casually levelled and flanked by massive stone grandstands to be transformed into the Luitpold Arena. The resulting formalised space served as the stage for one of the most moving moments of the rally schedule whereon the seventh day of the proceedings,the massed ranks of more than 150,000 SA and ϟϟ Storm Troopers filled the floor of the arena. Hitler and his entourage then passed solemnly between the ranks along a granite path leading straight to the steps of the war memorial, where the Führer would pay his respects to the nation's and the party's martyred dead. Connected to the Luitpold Arena was the Luitpold Hall. In 1933 this area was transformed into a strictly structured parade area with an area of 84,000 m². A speaker's platform was built across from the Hall of Honour. The victims of the 1923 Hitler coup were commemorated at the hall of honour itself. The direct connection between the grandstand and the hall consisted of a wide granite path. The marches of the SA and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal="">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> with up to 150,000 people took place in this ensemble during the Nazi party rallies. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFce4QZr6xr2bZnJgdrDUfCkqgZZi6B9DDgNZJ8A5TFGuAOSHsA_UBnNiM0dfWvA4qyU7gjUbDCpfps8AjIv2rclhSUtRIsZFUdfqF_DF9o0fQgcyMVegHScARNlIj1GGfw_elbrfwY7am/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252841%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler, accompanied by ϟϟ-leader Heinrich Himmler and SA-leader Viktor Lutze nuremberg" border="0" data-original-height="316" data-original-width="479" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFce4QZr6xr2bZnJgdrDUfCkqgZZi6B9DDgNZJ8A5TFGuAOSHsA_UBnNiM0dfWvA4qyU7gjUbDCpfps8AjIv2rclhSUtRIsZFUdfqF_DF9o0fQgcyMVegHScARNlIj1GGfw_elbrfwY7am/w400-h263/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252841%2529.gif" title="Hitler, accompanied by ϟϟ-leader Heinrich Himmler and SA-leader Viktor Lutze nuremberg" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span> </span>The Nazis used the site primarily as a commemoration for the fallen soldiers of the Great War and commemoration of the sixteen "Martyrs of the Movement" of the November 9, 1923 </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitlerputsch </span></span></span>in Munich. Hitler, accompanied by ϟϟ-leader Heinrich Himmler and SA-leader Viktor Lutze, strode through the arena over the 240 metre-long granite path from the main grandstand to the terrace of the Ehrenhalle and gave the Nazi salute as shown here in 1937 and the site today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
central “relic” was the blood flag that was supposedly carried by the
putschists during the Hitler coup. During the consecration of the blood
flag , new standards of SA and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal="">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> units were "consecrated" by touching
the blood flag. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The ritual was the climax of the celebration.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal="">Arguably the most powerful scene in a film that has many is Hitler’s speech at the
memorial for the late Paul von Hindenburg, Germany’s most famous World War I
commander and Hitler’s predecessor as the Weimar President. The Führer is surrounded
by over a quarter of a million civilians and troops from the Nazi special </span><span font-style:="" italic="" normal="">Schutz Staffel
</span><span normal="">(“Shield Squadron,” or <span>ϟϟ </span>, Hitler’s personal bodyguard) and </span><span font-style:="" italic="" normal="">Sturm Abteilung </span><span normal="">(“Storm
Troopers,” or SA, an earlier paramilitary outfit eventually superseded by the </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span normal=""><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span>). Hitler,
flanked by <span>ϟϟ </span> commander Heinrich Himmler and SA commander Viktor Lütze, slowly
marches towards Hindenburg’s memorial and gives the Nazi salute in absolute silence. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Stout, Michael J. (23) <a href="http://commons.emich.edu/theses/314" target="_blank">The Effectiveness of Nazi Propaganda </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="txtOutOfStock" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Inspiring
the final scene of Star Wars (1977), Himmler, Hitler and Lutze at the
6th Party Congress rally in the film with the Grandstand in the
background from Riefenstahl's </span></span><span style="font-style: italic;">Triumph of the Will</span></span></span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><img alt="Hitler, accompanied by ϟϟ-leader Heinrich Himmler and SA-leader Viktor Lutze nuremberg" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhghYkQKK1lbhdW0N8-QLjqSnu56onOkegHUpZBs_jPvXrCFJnRjDRB3DshGlqbeMQamP-u07DLj9bcg06cLWtl02quLBp80tpMD1q3XH4SOhK3NblMBme5ZKm6dr4jLm79FMb6_1o6v2JT/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252876%2529.gif" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="610" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhghYkQKK1lbhdW0N8-QLjqSnu56onOkegHUpZBs_jPvXrCFJnRjDRB3DshGlqbeMQamP-u07DLj9bcg06cLWtl02quLBp80tpMD1q3XH4SOhK3NblMBme5ZKm6dr4jLm79FMb6_1o6v2JT/w400-h220/ezgif.com-optimize+%252876%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Hitler, accompanied by ϟϟ-leader Heinrich Himmler and SA-leader Viktor Lutze nuremberg" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The film contains
excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress,
including those by Hitler, interspersed with footage of massed party
members. Hitler commissioned the film whilst serving as unofficial
executive producer; his name appears in the opening titles. </span><span><span><span>The
overriding theme is the return of Germany as a great power, with Hitler
as the True German Leader who will bring glory to the nation. Much of it
takes place in the Zeppelin field- the second day shows an outdoor
rally for the</span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: italic;">Reichsarbeitsdienst</span><span>
(Labour Service), which is primarily a series of pseudo-military drills
by men carrying shovels. The following day starts with a Hitler Youth
rally on the parade ground again showing Nazi dignitaries arriving with
Baldur von Schirach introducing Hitler. There then follows a military
review featuring Wehrmacht cavalry and various armoured vehicles.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> It's on the fourth day (<a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/p/history-internal-assessments-of-2017.html">Riefenstahl took liberties in her editing</a>; this
is not a true documentary despite her post-bellum protests) which
provides the climax here as Wagner's music</span></span></span></span><span>
plays whilst Hitler, flanked by Heinrich Himmler and Viktor Lutze,
walks through a long wide expanse with over 150,000 SA and ϟϟ troops
standing at attention, to lay a wreath at a Great War Memorial.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><i><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler Nuremberg then now" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiufucktdxLy6AaOaKNC9gfKu54dnnjhg9ODnuLANPkOQHML9BCal1_Lsd-RqiUbRVX9GLyz1it6LJe-H5Zm8f_eDPzz31hcrwVHzb3eMNFJthMsDNuVyiEkNv1VI3ZTMh_BoOTykBlRWMz/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252894%2529.gif" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="210" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiufucktdxLy6AaOaKNC9gfKu54dnnjhg9ODnuLANPkOQHML9BCal1_Lsd-RqiUbRVX9GLyz1it6LJe-H5Zm8f_eDPzz31hcrwVHzb3eMNFJthMsDNuVyiEkNv1VI3ZTMh_BoOTykBlRWMz/w210-h320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252894%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" title="Hitler Nuremberg then now" width="210" /></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span>Hitler then reviews the parading SA and <span>ϟϟ </span>men,
following which Hitler and Lutze deliver a speech where they discuss
the Night of the Long Knives purge (aka </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Operation Hummingbird) </span></span></span></span></span>of the SA several months prior. The latter was the newly appointed leader of the brown-shirts, having just replaced the murdered Ernst Röhm after Operation Hummingbird. During his first official appearance as Stabschef, Shirer notes that “the SA boys received him coolly”. In one of the final scenes, Hitler holds a speech with references towards “unity” and “loyalty”, alluding to the reason for the Night of the Long Knives. This post-Operation Hummingbird aura is explicit in Triumph of the Will, and is especially heavy in the scene depicting Hitler’s address to the Schutzstaffel and the Sturmabteilung. Despite their positions and formations having aesthetic purposes, it is still evident that there was a rift between the two groups, the former being closer to Hitler than the latter, resulting in drunk quarrels during the Rally. These were, needless to say, excluded from the film. Nevertheless, the cold animosity and tension is evident. Kershaw argues that, although following the Night of the Long Knives the Sturmabteilung was forfeited its importance, Hitler could now have confidence in the freshly cleansed bloc. Triumph of the Will suggests otherwise as during Hitler’s speech, the </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> surround him in a protective stance, suggesting the brown-shirts’ adherence was still doubted. Shirer confirms this in his “Berlin Diary” stating that “there was considerable tension in the stadium and I noticed that Hitler’s own </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> bodyguard was drawn up in force in front of him, separating him from the mass of the brown-shirts. We wondered if just one of those fifty thousand brown-shirts wouldn’t pull a revolver, but not one did”. Martin Davidson, in his account of his grandfather’s life as an </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> man, asserts that </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler was vulnerable at a time so soon after the Night of the Long Knives and </span></span></span></span></span>there existed considerable animosity between the two groups, culminating in fights and brawls under the influence of alcohol behind the scenes of the 1934 Rally. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="float: left; margin: 0px 0px 5px 10px;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='450' height='350' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy5Lh4EGs7uudlEWvIEZDRl9lWg5swF3UuHnoBaoVlASlPShgv_vqRa7Ha-Cm96Bb92VabE13VVCZnbGIvl' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Comparison of Triumph of the Will and the final scene of <i>Star Wars IV: A New Hope</i>;
even John Williams's soundtrack evoked that heard in the earlier film.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span>
<br />
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In
some cases, such as the visual allusions to Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph
of the Will that cap the concluding medal ceremony of A New Hope, the
reference could only become clear in the context of the saga as a whole.
In that case, the allusion to the Rebel victory as a quasi-fascist one
suggested the moral hollowness of their victory achieved by military
force, while setting the stage for their defeat at the start of the
second film. The only enduring victories in these films are those built
on love, understanding, and mutual self-sacrifice<span normal=""><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </blockquote>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://brightlightsfilm.com/38/clones1.php" target="_blank">Bright Lights Film Journal</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span color:="" style="clear: right;" white=""><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyU32NRcgZAPmnxjtyBaiozA7DupDVSp8LsVVfu7fPwPdR-sLBecoBClJI6IiTY3WOqYFoCZKUUDRNY1ctWCJstjlG6ZW3azLDHA1lFmo2NFu0tTVN5fDGOyXjkeLnNM_QI5Bw7y9KZEiw/s293/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252832%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Comparison of Triumph of the Will and the final scene of Star Wars" border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="293" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyU32NRcgZAPmnxjtyBaiozA7DupDVSp8LsVVfu7fPwPdR-sLBecoBClJI6IiTY3WOqYFoCZKUUDRNY1ctWCJstjlG6ZW3azLDHA1lFmo2NFu0tTVN5fDGOyXjkeLnNM_QI5Bw7y9KZEiw/w400-h306/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252832%2529.gif" title="Comparison of Triumph of the Will and the final scene of Star Wars" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span color:="" style="clear: right;" white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span color:="" style="clear: right;" white=""><span>Procession
march from <i>Triumph of the Will </i>to commemorate the dead of the SA and
the ϟϟ at the Hall of Honour in Luitpold Arena, 1934 on the left
compared to the <i>Star Wars</i> throne room scene with Hitler, Himmler and
Lutze replaced with Skywalker, Chewbacca and Solo who are walking not towards
huge vertical Nazi banners but beams of light</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> hearkening back to the Nazis' 'cathedral of ice' effect. <a href="https://issuu.com/guraja/docs/carl_james-scince_fiction_and_the_h_bb5c2155584997">Amir Bogen described </a>how he had "thoroughly reviewed the
narrative elements contained in the prequels which anchor the films to
their historical context and suggest how they relate to the rise of the
Third Reich in Germany of the 1930s. Adopting the aesthetics of Leni
Riefenstahl as a dominant stylistic element reinforces the link between
Star Wars films and Nazi Germany, both before and after Hitler’s rise to
power.” Joel Meares, editor-in-chief of the website Rotten Tomatoes,
goes on to support this comparison: “Take Hitler’s climactic speech: The
camera surveys the precisely aligned crowd as Hitler, flanked by Viktor
Lutze and Heinrich Himmler, walks to the podium. Lucas echoes this in
Return of the Jedi, when Emperor Palpatine arrives at Death Star II,
where he’s flanked by Lord Vader.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGrU3U3-k9qUocfaOlXnoZcBum9kRPyHhuvNpzkHQ1NCsrwQfwCt5uAg6ycp748im9cDR0sSdka4OOJJKvgh2a0KpdQUKpTmOR-WQ8rsY0lzwImTDJ78J_U1TWks_D_TKJ4sb6RnZdjiNr/s1600/Screenshot+2020-07-25+at+21.40.41.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Comparison of Triumph of the Will and Gladiator" border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="959" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGrU3U3-k9qUocfaOlXnoZcBum9kRPyHhuvNpzkHQ1NCsrwQfwCt5uAg6ycp748im9cDR0sSdka4OOJJKvgh2a0KpdQUKpTmOR-WQ8rsY0lzwImTDJ78J_U1TWks_D_TKJ4sb6RnZdjiNr/w400-h115/Screenshot+2020-07-25+at+21.40.41.png" title="Comparison of Triumph of the Will and Gladiator" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span color:="" style="clear: right;" white=""><span> Such comparisons can be made alongside Ridley Scott's G<i>ladiator </i>with its depiction of Commodus's entry into Rome (although Scott has pointed out that the iconography of Nazi rallies was of course inspired by the Roman Empire). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span color:="" style="clear: right;" white=""><span><i>Gladiator </i>reflects back on the film by duplicating similar events that occurred in Hitler's procession. The Nazi film opens with an aerial view of Hitler arriving in a plane, whilst Scott shows an aerial view of Rome, also seen through clouds, quickly followed by a shot of the large crowd of people watching Commodus pass them in a procession with his chariot. The first thing to appear in <i>Triumph of the Will </i>is a Nazi eagle, which is alluded to when a statue of an eagle sits atop one of the arches (and then shortly followed by several more decorative eagles throughout the rest of the scene) leading up to the procession of Commodus. At one point in the Nazi film, a little girl gives flowers to Hitler, whilst Commodus is met with several girls that all give him bundles of flowers. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfhxgmeV1M3NgGxyu8CyY-VOc85dAq2GmoWLapx8x7KAlSNk_2RGTgVMqPmueaTnQMzIHsf8UREpuOpvPcW1sK07Ocv_XdpezC2jgS7zNfrm2TO6CYDl07cWycmIinjjetHNGPJd96dLm4/s1600/Screenshot+2020-07-25+at+21.40.03.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Comparison of Triumph of the Will and Gladiator" border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="935" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfhxgmeV1M3NgGxyu8CyY-VOc85dAq2GmoWLapx8x7KAlSNk_2RGTgVMqPmueaTnQMzIHsf8UREpuOpvPcW1sK07Ocv_XdpezC2jgS7zNfrm2TO6CYDl07cWycmIinjjetHNGPJd96dLm4/w400-h118/Screenshot+2020-07-25+at+21.40.03.png" title="Comparison of Triumph of the Will and Gladiator" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span color:="" style="clear: right;" white=""><span>The parallels between Commodus’ parade of power in Rome and Hitler’s arrival at a Nazi rally in Nuremberg are unmistakable. Both scenes open with aerial views of monumental buildings and cheering crowds, both offer shots from the viewpoint of the central figure, the camera angles making Commodus and Hitler seem larger than life. In an explicit quotation of the moment in Hitler’s progress when he is offered flowers by a little girl, Commodus on the steps of the Senate House is presented with bouquets by children. In Ridley Scott’s Rome, the Senate House faces the Colosseum across a vast square filled with the massed ranks of soldiers. This grandiose vision of the architecture of domination owes most to Hitler’s plans for a new Berlin. Rome in the 2nd century AD, with its narrow streets and densely built Forum, was never like this. It only came close in 1932 when Mussolini drove his processional Via dell’Impero straight through the centre of the city.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span color:="" style="clear: right;" white=""><span><a href="https://vdoc.pub/documents/the-roman-empire-a-very-short-introduction-61q6u87m5da0">Christopher Kelly (129-130) <i>The Roman Empire</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span color:="" style="clear: right;" white=""><span>Personally, I am most impressed in the opening scene when the Germans are heard giving the same war-cry as that heard in Zulu, Scott's favourite film. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span color:="" style="clear: right;" white=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDsXQSc-hzz2fBEsm2M7leMJNJMNH5hAl_SspY8S8c-SO52zXYD1PjAid2SokwKfSHSgG4aNTp6MptHDHRBDbbCkkZMnt7JTEMLcnKLIuBVvOAl24d8soYQNuxk2sYDekVbucZLnY1XYHu/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-05-28+at+09.20.21.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Comparison of Triumph of the Will and Star Wars" border="0" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="827" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDsXQSc-hzz2fBEsm2M7leMJNJMNH5hAl_SspY8S8c-SO52zXYD1PjAid2SokwKfSHSgG4aNTp6MptHDHRBDbbCkkZMnt7JTEMLcnKLIuBVvOAl24d8soYQNuxk2sYDekVbucZLnY1XYHu/s640/Screen+Shot+2019-05-28+at+09.20.21.png" title="Comparison of Triumph of the Will and Star Wars" width="840" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span color:="" style="clear: right;" white=""><span>The Nazi influence continues to be made explicit in the most recent instalment of <i>Star Wars: The Force Awakens</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1GxS6Mok0Oonek7-05jJSx6GtwdG432UGj8-1rdRRWFV6zfwfCDJMhTloyfjGI89Q2Rg6OhoOK3AVXb7DFjCtjJWgH-lwq6dC-hFhFZ_iNFpqJqnfjMASyKs7WXaq8P3IfXfHws1H2mO/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252843%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler reviewing the SA at the 1935 rally from the rostrum of the Grandstand and at the site today." border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="422" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1GxS6Mok0Oonek7-05jJSx6GtwdG432UGj8-1rdRRWFV6zfwfCDJMhTloyfjGI89Q2Rg6OhoOK3AVXb7DFjCtjJWgH-lwq6dC-hFhFZ_iNFpqJqnfjMASyKs7WXaq8P3IfXfHws1H2mO/w400-h288/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252843%2529.gif" title="Hitler reviewing the SA at the 1935 rally from the rostrum of the Grandstand and at the site today." width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler reviewing the SA at the 1935 rally from the rostrum of the Grandstand and at the site today. It was at this, the 7th Party Congress from September 10–16, that the Nazis introduced the Nuremberg Laws. Proclaimed as the "Rally of Freedom" (Reichsparteitag der Freiheit), the "freedom" referred to the reintroduction of compulsory military service and thus the German "liberation" from the Treaty of Versailles. Leni Riefenstahl made the film <a href="https://archive.org/details/1935-Tag-der-Freiheit" target="_blank"><i>Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</i> </a>at this rally in response to several generals in the Wehrmacht protested over the minimal army presence in the earlier Triumph of the Will. The film itself depicts a mock battle staged by German troops during the ceremonies at Nuremberg on German Armed Forces Day as the camera follows soldiers from their early-morning preparations in their tent city as they march singing to the vast parade grounds where a miniature war involving infantry, cavalry, aircraft, flak guns and the first public appearance of Germany's new forbidden tank is presented before Hitler and thousands of spectators. The film ends with a montage of Nazi flags to the tune of the "Deutschlandlied" and a shot of German fighter biplanes flying overhead in a swastika formation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLXZ8YvsZnPv1LQ4m0PE3mM1mBLXxGhNT6R44dzLoQUpSpg3REH52J_hxqm_N9ag3F2UVgv6NsZjmGVsNmHkr9vn_aaDS8-OeDkb1_l764YQjLlPYcEM6sVHxZNdvW7RsjZKYxACJNj48/s1600-h/luit.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" white=""><img alt="" border="0" height="258" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5387828740370725826" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLXZ8YvsZnPv1LQ4m0PE3mM1mBLXxGhNT6R44dzLoQUpSpg3REH52J_hxqm_N9ag3F2UVgv6NsZjmGVsNmHkr9vn_aaDS8-OeDkb1_l764YQjLlPYcEM6sVHxZNdvW7RsjZKYxACJNj48/s400/luit.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span>The Luitpold Grove was created on the occasion of the 1906 Bavarian State Exhibition and as early as in 1927 and 1929, the Nazis held their party rallies here and in the inner city. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span>In the September 5 entry of his </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Berlin-Diary-Journal-Correspondent-1934-1941/dp/0801870569/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1299578965&sr=1-1">Berlin Diary</a></span></span></span></span></span><span>, Shirer wrote</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>I’m
beginning to comprehend, I think, some of the reasons for Hitler’s
astounding success. Borrowing a chapter from the Roman church, he is
restoring pageantry and colour and mysticism to the drab lives of
twentieth-century Germans. This morning’s opening meeting in the
Luitpold Hall on the outskirts of Nuremberg was more than a gorgeous
show; it also had something of the mysticism and religious fervour of an
Easter or Christmas Mass in a great Gothic cathedral. The hall was a
sea of brightly coloured flags. Even Hitler’s arrival was made dramatic.
The band stopped playing. There was a hush over the thirty thousand
people packed in the hall. Then the band struck up the Badenweiler
March, a very catchy tune, and used only, I’m told, when Hitler makes
his big entries.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Luitpoldhalle" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfmN1R8wmSktz2XyMjdOL-j23pF2-hI2_sFTkBlLDhJ1mJ35cOC3h4iQ9HV2bmbO4Vmw5vq6Bw4DUfgiJCqfKHUpZGUst0djg1tnt1JvoZ1HEdLjoFzehpWke2L5vEY3Ux-OK91Hw1v7Gv/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25288%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfmN1R8wmSktz2XyMjdOL-j23pF2-hI2_sFTkBlLDhJ1mJ35cOC3h4iQ9HV2bmbO4Vmw5vq6Bw4DUfgiJCqfKHUpZGUst0djg1tnt1JvoZ1HEdLjoFzehpWke2L5vEY3Ux-OK91Hw1v7Gv/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize%25288%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 210px; width: 330px;" title="Luitpoldhalle: then now" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>The Luitpoldhalle</b>: Dating back to the Bavarian Exposition, the former machine hall was renovated and first used by the Nazis for the party convention party congress of 1934. Its monumental neo-classic façade featured a shell limestone facing with three enormous entrance portals. It was in this building during the party congress of 1935, that the Nuremberg laws were adapted which deprived German Jews and other minorities of their citizenship. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
Luitpoldhalle had an extension of 180 x 50 metres and offered space for
up to 16,000 people. Within it the party congress took place during the
Reichsparteitages. <span>From </span>1933 to 1936 the largest organ in Europe with five manuals and 220 registers was installed within the hall.</span><span><span normal=""> </span>The
structure was severely damaged by allied bombs in early 1945 and a
few years later replaced by a parking lot. Part of the granite staircase
leading to the building remains intact today</span><span> as seen in this GIF. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Luitpoldhalle" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5hjHSgeceTYKp-2SptH50akqF_2J5KPbBQZaIgaLXXvggQvaWaS14KiTfE7Bjntp8_IWcdNK1b43qpJ8kef988JNxeOnnee81caCywJf3ninlD95ACe_RkpjXV7dlr1mxk8qvZ788d1hp/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-03-29+at+21.38.37.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5hjHSgeceTYKp-2SptH50akqF_2J5KPbBQZaIgaLXXvggQvaWaS14KiTfE7Bjntp8_IWcdNK1b43qpJ8kef988JNxeOnnee81caCywJf3ninlD95ACe_RkpjXV7dlr1mxk8qvZ788d1hp/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-03-29+at+21.38.37.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 210px; width: 311px;" title="" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>This facility was completely reworked for the rallies. The former landscaped pleasure park was callously levelled, flanked by massive stone grandstands and transformed into the Luitpold Arena. The resulting formalised space served as the stage for one of the most moving moments of the rally schedule. On the seventh day of the proceedings, the massed ranks of more than 150,000 SA and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal="">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Storm Troopers filled the floor of the arena. Hitler and his entourage then passed solemnly between the ranks along a granite path leading straight to the steps of the war memorial, where the Führer would pay his respects to the nation's and the party's martyred dead. Connected to the Luitpold Arena was the Luitpold Hall, a meeting hall with a <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00572185/document">capacity for sixteen thousand people</a> redesigned and enlarged from a structure built for the 1906 Bavarian Jubilee Exhibition. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9IMf047XUtUB82JrdQYk4QvAN3SUNBs2f_UuPvtTDiq2JHdnaAsB6jja2x8S2qLmsj7HvKvt-oy5DAGwsDEavJ_bedx8pLWVs27lEdMYXk7wdp1wiCNh-1oh24M96O9Wkr1w5Nau-_ATT/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252823%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler Luitpoldhalle now then" border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="473" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9IMf047XUtUB82JrdQYk4QvAN3SUNBs2f_UuPvtTDiq2JHdnaAsB6jja2x8S2qLmsj7HvKvt-oy5DAGwsDEavJ_bedx8pLWVs27lEdMYXk7wdp1wiCNh-1oh24M96O9Wkr1w5Nau-_ATT/w400-h255/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252823%2529.gif" title="Hitler Luitpoldhalle now then" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler's car in front as he leaves in 1935. </span>There is persuasive visual evidence that the reconstruction drawings </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>of the main buildings at Assur, the early capital of the Assryian Empire</span></span></span></span>, by Walter Andrae, assistant in German excavations at Babylon, formed the most direct influence on Speer's designs. Speer need not have known much ancient history to have realised that Assur was the centre of a Semitic empire, and that the peoples who produced such buildings could not by any stretch of the imagination be supposed to have been Aryan or Indo-European. (often used interchangeably, even by reputable ancient historians). Yet in his Spandau Diaries, published in 1975 but supposedly written whilst he was still in prison, Speer admitted the importance of Assyrian models as influences on his designs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKPzRVPaQNTcUBwJbHa7kYu0Fkq9t7-SoaYQ9cBivP4wMw8rimHDP1XzVKxSvAICa7BMHO0ksLiHizk4uoIKtI51ls6j4zWRh5aPe1LQWQwlURMEfEaXmxEC3kHzn6yfN4NX_dp7kMg9Bw/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Fliegerdenkmal" border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="400" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKPzRVPaQNTcUBwJbHa7kYu0Fkq9t7-SoaYQ9cBivP4wMw8rimHDP1XzVKxSvAICa7BMHO0ksLiHizk4uoIKtI51ls6j4zWRh5aPe1LQWQwlURMEfEaXmxEC3kHzn6yfN4NX_dp7kMg9Bw/w400-h280/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" title="Fliegerdenkmal" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span white="">The Fliegerdenkmal, a monument to the pilots killed in the Great War </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white="">designed in 1924 by Walter Franke <a href="https://www.fuerthwiki.de/wiki/index.php/Fliegerdenkmal">for the fallen German pilots of the First World War</a></span></span></span></span></span> which is today located </span></span></span><span white=""><span>directly behind the Ehrenhalle, and as it appeared in a Nazi-era postcard. It presents a crashed, upside-down plane made of limestone topped with a bronze eagle. It was originally located on Dutzendteichstraße, but was relocated to Marienbergstraße on the occasion of the opening of the new Nuremberg airport on Marienberg. During the Second World War it had ended up being severely damaged and was eventually restored in 1958, now commemorating the fallen pilots of both world wars.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><b>Großen Straße:</b> </span>Speer
designed the Great Street to be the central axis of the Party Rally
Grounds aligned with the Imperial Castle in the Old Town to create a
symbolic historic link. It is sixty metres wide and was to be two
kilometres long. Between 1935 and 1939, only 1,5000 metres were actually
built, with sixty thousand granite slabs. On <span>its</span> concrete foundation, granite slabs were laid in two different colours<span>- </span>light and dark gr<span>e</span>y<span>-</span> so tha<span>t</span> marching groups could more easily follow the orientation. The light g<span>re</span>y, square plates have an edge length of 1.2 met<span>res</span>,
which corresponds to the length of two Prussian marching steps serving to
further facilitate the maintenance of the formation during parades. By 1939 it had been largely completed but after the start of the war no further party rallies took place and thus the unfinished complex was never used as a parade street. After the war, the Americans used the Großen Straße as a temporary airfield. Since 1968, the area has served as a parking lot for major events as the annual volksfest which was taking place when I took my photograph. The refurbishment of the Great Street between 1991 and 1995 had been specifically implemented with the road’s historic importance in mind in which t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span>he granite slabs were partly restored and partially renewed whilst a third of the area was concreted. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9tEd6tVfhtzpNlKsfFzSZmyGvBpUYa5WWIBCzFDEJQkIjlpLhOqEgcXIszt8eyIc7RrSf7m_D1-SPxSTX3uBh0goNauGs3VAc3lCZ_mIPUj-A8ILoubws3n4EtM1X3Ubq0OqVWVCKQeo/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kongreßhalle" border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9tEd6tVfhtzpNlKsfFzSZmyGvBpUYa5WWIBCzFDEJQkIjlpLhOqEgcXIszt8eyIc7RrSf7m_D1-SPxSTX3uBh0goNauGs3VAc3lCZ_mIPUj-A8ILoubws3n4EtM1X3Ubq0OqVWVCKQeo/s400/Untitled-1.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>The Congress Hall </b>(Kongreßhalle), a listed building currently under monument protection. Based on the Colosseum and intended for Nazi party congresses, it is the second largest remaining Nazi structure, the largest being a former KdF holiday resort complex at Prora, on the
island of Rügen in the Baltic Sea. The design with its cantilevered
roof was designed by the Nuremberg architects Ludwig and Franz Ruff. The
hall itself was planned as a Nazi convention centre with space for
50,000 people. Of the planned height of around seventy metres, only 39 were
reached. The largest part of the building is made of bricks; the façade
was clad with large granite slabs "from all parts of the Reich". The
architecture, especially the outer facade, was inspired by the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/p/ancient-rome.html">Colosseum</a>.
The laying of the cornerstone took place in 1935, but the construction
remained unfinished; in particular, it still lacked its roof. The
dimensions of the building's U-shaped exterior was 240 × 200 metres, its
interior 175 × 155 metres. Its U-shaped design was clearly cited by Ludwig and Franz Ruff in their design for the façade as being modelled on the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/p/ancient-rome.html">ancient Marcellus theatre</a> in Rome. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kongreßhalle" border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMSn-MSFQxp5dR7wZTbxEgEU1g-kFUk1hoFjC0b0lStp1nhHjVRV3yuuhX5WUgOFChE9E8J1DL1pCEGugYbOqH1L5aD2Dy-zY96oMUbNxKak2LTboFO5tydt4L6ei-S9h6JH30IDOs4GQ/s400/1myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The architect Friedrich Tamms, a Nazi Party member who was also commissioned to produce large buildings for the Third Reich, described the monumentality of these buildings as the law of the monumental, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>'the harsh law of architecture', which has always and in all its parts been a masculine affair, can be summarised into a clear concept: It must be strict, of a concise, clear, even classical form. It has to be easy. It must carry within itself the standard of the 'reaching to heaven'. It must go beyond the usual measure borrowed from the benefit. It must be made of the solid, firmly fixed and built according to the best rules of the craft as for eternity. It must be pointless in the practical sense, but it must be the bearer of an idea. It must carry something unapproachable that fills people with admiration, but also with shyness. It must be impersonal because it is not the work of an individual, but a symbol of a community connected by a common ideal.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Bavarian International School at Kongreßhalle" border="0" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="609" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGaMzOYH2R-9V0OeY75ewB68AKXyYGb1yH-QvPXcxZpv2G4JEN1Po2lhfBxOzo7Ezv5enHBXeiJl2suIYdQs5GH0iZrUU60AvoLJukDPVCvEBSx6wgAXzFt9xHNgugyyFnMIxLt5w87H8/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Bavarian International School" width="800" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Taking my students from the <i>Bavarian International School</i> on tour</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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</blockquote>
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</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicMkwrIMAG76JD1xNNZUw3x4H4oe4IsVhdGXTwL5krxDudTa03v06LAvO5JRDGfUtllfTv_lN8SDtY2q58TETJOz7GNFwxePdPcVlHFWqoJINM9lB3IgGtaqmpGzz8unTvl3-20vS_sd2z/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="BIS students and Hitler in front of Congresshalle" border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="426" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicMkwrIMAG76JD1xNNZUw3x4H4oe4IsVhdGXTwL5krxDudTa03v06LAvO5JRDGfUtllfTv_lN8SDtY2q58TETJOz7GNFwxePdPcVlHFWqoJINM9lB3IgGtaqmpGzz8unTvl3-20vS_sd2z/w400-h353/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Bavarian International School" width="400" /></a><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>A
domed hall was to be erected a hundred feet high to seat 100,000. Among
the party buildings designed to give the city of Nuremberg ‘its future
and hence everlasting style’ was a congress hall for 60,000, a stadium
‘such as the world has never seen before’, and a parade ground for a
million people. The excavations alone would have called for 40 miles of
railway track, 600 million bricks would have been required for the
foundations, and the outer walls would have been 270 feet high. Hitler
paid particular attention to the durability of the bricks and other
materials, so that thousands of years later the buildings should bear
witness to the grandeur of his power as the pyramids of Egypt testified
to the power and splendour of the Pharaohs. But if the movement should
ever fall silent,’ he declared as he laid the foundation stone for the
congress hall at Nuremberg, ‘then this witness here will still speak for
thousands of years. In the midst of a sacred grove of ancient oaks men
will then admire in reverent awe this first giant among the buildings of
the Third Reich.’ And he remarked effusively to Hans Frank, "They will
be so gigantic that even the pyramids will pale before the masses of
concrete and colossi of stone which I am erecting here. I am building
for eternity, for, Frank, we are the last Germans. If we were ever to
disappear, if the movement were to pass away after many centuries, there
would be no Germany any more."</span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;">Joachim C. Fest,</span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Face-Third-Reich-Portraits-Leadership/dp/030680915X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D030680915X" id="link_tb4"> The Face Of The Third Reich: Portraits Of The Nazi Leadership</a></span></span> </span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="hitler Congress Hall" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuA-MknLZe5S-vaIUCoCzR0vcG-ow1LMfIYQSoC7o-Ly9p0in_4oEEQH9Z5oE0k5bC3YvuLuXIy6DOv7zfgLkE3P3X9Npy3pYkNRL-vNty45J1CR2p6zxhjeyQXGFE5Ll05z0MREwvAaxi/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252836%2529.gif" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="446" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuA-MknLZe5S-vaIUCoCzR0vcG-ow1LMfIYQSoC7o-Ly9p0in_4oEEQH9Z5oE0k5bC3YvuLuXIy6DOv7zfgLkE3P3X9Npy3pYkNRL-vNty45J1CR2p6zxhjeyQXGFE5Ll05z0MREwvAaxi/w400-h290/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252836%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="hitler Congress Hall" width="400" /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>Model
of the façade in front of the shell of the Congress Hall, shown on the
left in 1938 and today, with me on the other side of the shore of Dutzendteich lake which marked the entrance of the rally grounds. Although it was never completed, the Congress
Hall gives an insight into the dimensions of Nazi architecture. The
foundation stone was laid in 1935, but the building remained unfinished
and without a roof. Popular leisure facilities, such as the public
swimming baths and the 1906 lighthouse were demolished. Part of the
expanse of water of the Dutzendteich lake had to be drained. The laying
of foundations for the construction was extravagant and extremely
costly. Since 2000, the Dokumentationszentrum Reichsparteitagsgelände, with its permanent exhibition <a href="http://digitale-objekte.hbz-nrw.de/storage2/2016/01/16/file_6/6590312.pdf" target="_blank">Faszination und Gewalt</a>, has been located in the northern wing. In the southern wing the
Serenadenhof, the Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra, has its domicile. At the end of the war the structure was used to store American military equipment.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
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</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX95rJYXZBujN1tmRa5TPqt84EToL9EF-vCw741_Ocn_m0JJIOFcbWf4rbOl-hesZvC794FymjAJ6YR9LrO9knwSlYk9Co-GGiwKnYGnq-egY3ahkJmNDzH_ycvBHyBNiSXQgr6_2dY7g/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-10-01+at+18.10.52.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX95rJYXZBujN1tmRa5TPqt84EToL9EF-vCw741_Ocn_m0JJIOFcbWf4rbOl-hesZvC794FymjAJ6YR9LrO9knwSlYk9Co-GGiwKnYGnq-egY3ahkJmNDzH_ycvBHyBNiSXQgr6_2dY7g/s640/Screen+Shot+2016-10-01+at+18.10.52.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span white=""><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: 105%;">The building itself is mostly built out of clinker with a façade of granite panels. The design (especially the outer facade, among other features) is inspired by the Colosseum in Rome. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho3dsQN-P_lfBECXIIrqOoOJSs6_R13XHEv4Kfo33EOb08gG9bdE0v3ySjW2vCbj9EEPXLAAiJiuLe0HA091w5wMTD39fENR8eQ9b9ou9DPVp1gGFA-1qbIi0uxsuLA32SDWwVvRS5CCRD/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-03-17+at+08.55.00.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="801" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho3dsQN-P_lfBECXIIrqOoOJSs6_R13XHEv4Kfo33EOb08gG9bdE0v3ySjW2vCbj9EEPXLAAiJiuLe0HA091w5wMTD39fENR8eQ9b9ou9DPVp1gGFA-1qbIi0uxsuLA32SDWwVvRS5CCRD/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-03-17+at+08.55.00.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 105%;">Since 2000, the </span><a href="https://museums.nuernberg.de/documentation-center/" target="_blank"><span style="font-style: italic;">Dokumentationszentrum Reichsparteitagsgelände</span></a></span>, with its permanent exhibition </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Faszination und Gewalt</span></span>, has been located in the northern wing of the Congress Hall. In 1998, an architectural competition was held for the Dokumentationszentrum with the Austrian Günther Domenig winning with a plan for a museum that slashed through one corner of the Kongresshalle. His design emphasised the disparity between the fragmented steel and glass museum and Ruff’s monumental stone Kongresshalle. Reporters and politicians widely commented on the new structure’s asymmetrical cut into the side of the Kongresshalle seen behind me as a symbolic rejection of the Nazi past by a democratic present. Here, too, officials proclaimed that the aesthetic choices antithetical to the monumental masonry and axial plans at the site were transparent to historical critique. The German government initially rejected the plans (citing the need to channel any cultural funds to the new states in the East), but, by 1999, it had agreed to help fund the project. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><img alt="Kongresshalle inner einst jezt" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzUaMqOhgKsSFSrryQ6YRF6BOxtKOWFYisGfosVPuZsuHzJFs1GpN981Es-fiVNUa1NadF9Sgl7feKfHrdrFWkCP9v-fOFzscZqdXsKw0-_P0VaxCHxiIjCYjKCqHzJL83Tvunx6gOuvFE/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzUaMqOhgKsSFSrryQ6YRF6BOxtKOWFYisGfosVPuZsuHzJFs1GpN981Es-fiVNUa1NadF9Sgl7feKfHrdrFWkCP9v-fOFzscZqdXsKw0-_P0VaxCHxiIjCYjKCqHzJL83Tvunx6gOuvFE/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 381px;" title="Kongresshalle" /><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 105%;"><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUqZDiBOIpinaqL6lajk7tJLzEykyG5hp7f8kp2Y2IbdMNAh4kg4x1cQUtO2aXcFNt0Y6t7XpPvBmujvwGgr_Iu7RVBSePiBHGXjUHBWf_GRY01ePIU-lhnWCYb-kXCPvxSbfCQ96z3Mw/s400/IMG_0423.JPG" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5325866220009781970" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUqZDiBOIpinaqL6lajk7tJLzEykyG5hp7f8kp2Y2IbdMNAh4kg4x1cQUtO2aXcFNt0Y6t7XpPvBmujvwGgr_Iu7RVBSePiBHGXjUHBWf_GRY01ePIU-lhnWCYb-kXCPvxSbfCQ96z3Mw/s400/IMG_0423.JPG" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 225px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span>Then and now, unchanged</span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-gnM8D88v1yhG7V_TP0qg-xYpapUvgEGqMyAwxJWxcVJ6xHkkor3W8THu5FgLYpQ4MHZy-vfKGbxejEHGDqoaNGg3zs7We3EjL8HHL_uUSqKIP-HcTmk2-s47Bl1qdZYWAK9pL8F7QbM/s1600/4myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Faszination und Gewalt" border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-gnM8D88v1yhG7V_TP0qg-xYpapUvgEGqMyAwxJWxcVJ6xHkkor3W8THu5FgLYpQ4MHZy-vfKGbxejEHGDqoaNGg3zs7We3EjL8HHL_uUSqKIP-HcTmk2-s47Bl1qdZYWAK9pL8F7QbM/s400/4myphoto.jpeg" title="Faszination und Gewalt" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span>Various permanent exhibitions deal with the causes, connections and consequences of the Nazi tyranny. Topics that have a direct connection to Nuremberg are particularly taken into account. The concept began in 1994 when the city council of Nuremberg decided to set up the documentation <span>centre</span>. On November 4, 2001 it was <a href="https://museums.nuernberg.de/documentation-center/about-the-building">opened by President Johannes Rau</a>. The Austrian architect Günther Domenig won the international competition in 1998 with his suggestion to drill the northern head building diagonally through a walk-through "pile" of glass and steel. The permanent exhibition inside entitles <i>Fascination and Violence</i> deals with the causes, connections and consequences of national socialism. Aspects with a clear connection to Nuremberg were highlighted. Nuremberg was the city of the Reichsparteitage during the Third Reich and was often used for propaganda purposes. The history of the Reichsparteitage, the buildings of the Reichsparteitagsgelände, the Nuremberg Laws, the Nuremberg trials and its twelve successor processes as well as the handling of the Nazi architectural heritage after 1945. Since May 2006 23 stelae have been set up within the historical area, allowing an individual tour of the former rally grounds. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKMvtinadou61yKVhUMOLrx1eJo_Le2gIRmp0gk303vkNrVu1J-RJnfmz4veow0ASrHtaphPX7JUmnFYI7sPyux9R8NmcUK9iN77jzoPgscQXRlYffJbDXCyXFUEPd91smMphg7RYfiHI/s1600/6myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKMvtinadou61yKVhUMOLrx1eJo_Le2gIRmp0gk303vkNrVu1J-RJnfmz4veow0ASrHtaphPX7JUmnFYI7sPyux9R8NmcUK9iN77jzoPgscQXRlYffJbDXCyXFUEPd91smMphg7RYfiHI/s640/6myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span>Inside is a model of the proposed Deutsches Stadion which Hitler can be seen reviewing before the foundation stone is laid at the 1937 Nuremberg <i>Parteitag der Arbeit</i>.The Deutsches Stadion was a monumental stadium designed by Speer for the Nazi Party Grounds which was begun in 1937 but interrupted two years later by the outbreak of the war and never completed. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEJXI2i6n8Sya7nAfPSccGBwVptJjC-V686xvBqsTVIcVNQNzgY1_2zvx7wrU0Jrz4YW-XPUFgrHT0i-zRP-3ZEEnsfjiwpcWCQzjEy37XdZuA27ulyuUp-7PCVGHlv03f6WJTNVSauvs/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252819%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Speer at Nuremberg" border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEJXI2i6n8Sya7nAfPSccGBwVptJjC-V686xvBqsTVIcVNQNzgY1_2zvx7wrU0Jrz4YW-XPUFgrHT0i-zRP-3ZEEnsfjiwpcWCQzjEy37XdZuA27ulyuUp-7PCVGHlv03f6WJTNVSauvs/w400-h267/ezgif.com-optimize%252819%2529.gif" title="Deutsches Stadion hitler speer" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span>Hitler and Speer visiting the test construction site, and as it appears today. The design was, as Speer himself said, inspired not by the <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/p/ancient-rome.html">Circus Maximus</a>, but by the <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/1990/01/greece.html">Panathinaiko stadium</a><span> </span>which had impressed him greatly when he visited Athens in 1935. Speer's stadium in Nuremberg was planned as a gigantic expansion of the Graeco-Roman model, from which he adopted the Horseshoe design and the Propylaea, but transformed into a raised, pillar-built structure with a large colonnaded courtyard leading to the open end of the stadium's pillared inner courtyard. The planning could not be like that of the Panathinaiko stadium in Athens on a location at the bottom of a canyon, but rather aligned on a flat piece of </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span>24 hectare </span></span></span></span></span></span>land explaining why his five rows of seats for 400,000 spectators had to be supported in the usual Roman way by massive barrel vaults. Pink granite blocks were provided for the outer façade which would have been raised to a height of about ninety metres; a row of 65 met<span>re</span>-high arches would rest on a substructure of dark red granite. The arcade and pedestal would suggest more a Roman amphitheatre than a Greek one which, according to tradition, did not necessarily rest on a substructure. To bring so many spectators quickly to their ranks, express elevators would have been installed to carry an hundred spectators simultaneously to the seats on the upper three ranks with Roman construction again serving as a model. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBFjiiqvBXxfS8axPbKnnzZfjMmE0HWUkgu9u6BiCnBQMj_dR20OIw7cqW2rrvGTTeW2YJVprNFG6S9itRNHaJpqTEpjaefYxJQI3Osp1rJSvZvxOS5xFr9lMtqUE3oYibXAN6LNtfolxh/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-04-26+at+17.02.59.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="305" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBFjiiqvBXxfS8axPbKnnzZfjMmE0HWUkgu9u6BiCnBQMj_dR20OIw7cqW2rrvGTTeW2YJVprNFG6S9itRNHaJpqTEpjaefYxJQI3Osp1rJSvZvxOS5xFr9lMtqUE3oYibXAN6LNtfolxh/s320/Screen+Shot+2019-04-26+at+17.02.59.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span>Speer apparently chose a horseshoe shape for his building after rejecting the oval shape of an amphitheatre. The last-mentioned plan would have intensified the heat after Speer's assertion, as well as a psychological disadvantage - a comment which he did not elaborate. When Speer mentioned the enormous cost of the building, Hitler, who laid the foundation on September 9, 1937, replied that the construction would cost less than two battleships of the Bismarck class. Wolfgang Lotz, who wrote about the German Stadium in 1937, commented that it would take twice the number of spectators who would have found a place in the Circus Maximus in Rome. Inevitably at that time, he also highlighted the community feeling that would create such a building between competitors and spectators: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span> As in ancient Greece, the elite and highly experienced men are chosen from among the masses of the nation. An entire nation in sympathetic astonishment sits in the ranks. Spectators and contestants go into one unit. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizyZvSMXnTNBRGgx6a93YFguWM0Groj0t_Xg2We1U9yJsQJM-CgbACZhgYkgSJ-qQ1zZxy3sI4KtZPrqnxfiGPf6UZx0jYcWv0ptGx-7B9Xsmlc3vE3pmnd4oCoJiWGkqmirU7zC28sss/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-02-28+at+10.18.38.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizyZvSMXnTNBRGgx6a93YFguWM0Groj0t_Xg2We1U9yJsQJM-CgbACZhgYkgSJ-qQ1zZxy3sI4KtZPrqnxfiGPf6UZx0jYcWv0ptGx-7B9Xsmlc3vE3pmnd4oCoJiWGkqmirU7zC28sss/s400/Screen+Shot+2017-02-28+at+10.18.38.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span>The idea of organi<span>s</span>ing Paneuropean track and field athletics contests was perhaps inspired by the Panathenes, but Speer's stadium was stylistically more committed to ancient Rome than the Greeks; with its huge vaulted base and the arched exterior façade, it was more like the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/p/ancient-rome.html">Circus Maximus</a> than the style of the Athens Panathinaiko Stadium. Again a Nazi building represented a mixture of Greek and Roman elements, mostly involving the latter. But Hitler did not want such a stadium to be the centre of German athletics. The restored <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/1990/01/greece.html">Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens</a> had been used for the Olympic Games in 1896 and 1906. In 1936 the games were held on the Reichsportfeld in Berlin, but Hitler insisted that all future games in the German stadium should take place after 1940, when the games were planned in Tokyo. This stadium was much larger than Berlin's Olympiastadion, which had a capacity of 115,000 spectators. Hitler's assumed that after victory in the war the subjugated world would have had no choice but to send all athletes to Germany every four years for the Olympic Games. Pangermanic games should be of equal importance with a worldwide competition, in which the winners would have received their reward from the Führer, surrounded by loyalists of the party, who were to be placed in the straight transverse axis of the stadium, referring to ancient gods. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8nZWXcO7qHvHbpUUSt7SQuMV2rXlqw44HPp-_7M-9jhB3Dch2C05mq3EoS4llbfagwY21GMlOeXrIhhPtC86i0iMkhSkZJkLtBZ7MT1an0VxYic-XVyUf38y-AnIEY5wLXer8NxFuP3HE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-04-26+at+17.03.09.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Deutsches Stadion" border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="376" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8nZWXcO7qHvHbpUUSt7SQuMV2rXlqw44HPp-_7M-9jhB3Dch2C05mq3EoS4llbfagwY21GMlOeXrIhhPtC86i0iMkhSkZJkLtBZ7MT1an0VxYic-XVyUf38y-AnIEY5wLXer8NxFuP3HE/w320-h206/Screen+Shot+2019-04-26+at+17.03.09.png" title="Deutsches Stadion" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>Hitler, as late as July 6, 1942, enthused about the prospects of the </span></span><span style="font-style: italic;">Reichsparteitagsgelände</span></span></span><span> and proposed </span></span><span style="font-size: medium; font-style: italic;">Deutsches Stadion:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span font-weight:="" normal="">The Party Rally has, however, been not only a quite unique occasion in the life of the NSDAP but also in many respects a valuable preparation for war. Each Rally requires the organisation of no fewer than four thousand special trains. As these trains stretched as far as Munich and Halle, the railway authorities were given first-class practice in the military problem of handling mass troop transportation. Nor will the Rally lose its significance in the future. Indeed, I have given orders that the venue of the Rally is to be enlarged to accommodate a minimum of two million for the future—as compared to the million to a million and a half to-day. The German Stadium which has been constructed at Nuremberg, and of which Horth has drawn two magnificent pictures, accommodates four hundred thousand people and is on a scale which has no comparison anywhere on earth.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: 90%;">Trevor-Roper (565-6) </span></span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Table-Talk-1941-1944/dp/1929631669" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's Table Talk</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
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<span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dutzendteich Lake Station" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5k-NXS5xpGYG7d6_JaxTj1Alz4qUpLinFzYrsmYWH-KFvuK0qAcHtHvjWIJS7mck09ZHBPcdNFHd4ovU4mJx6aePZUD6shsbP_JanPbe4cjHTlWfWJGUWPmDVze8mLBuzcBD1PkTEjeQj/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252820%2529.gif" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5k-NXS5xpGYG7d6_JaxTj1Alz4qUpLinFzYrsmYWH-KFvuK0qAcHtHvjWIJS7mck09ZHBPcdNFHd4ovU4mJx6aePZUD6shsbP_JanPbe4cjHTlWfWJGUWPmDVze8mLBuzcBD1PkTEjeQj/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252820%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 332px;" title="Dutzendteich Lake Station" /></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Opened on December 1, 1871 by the Actiengesellschaft der Bavarian Eastern Railways, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>the nearby <b>Dutzendteich Lake Station</b> accommodated tens of thousands of Party Rally participants. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
first major renovation took place from March 14 to September 5, 1934,
in the course of the Nazi party rallies that had been taking place since
1933, and included the construction of a 400 metre-long house platform
and a central platform, two underpasses (the eastern one with direct
access to the Zeppelin grandstand) and this standing reception building, shown then and now, designed by Fritz Limpert after having demolished the first
station building in order to better cope with
the visiting crowds during the Nazi party rallies. In addition, an underground tunnel was built from the train station to the catacombs of the Zeppelin grandstand. It served for the supply lines, food and for the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-Schutzstaffel, which had a special lounge under the speaker's platform in case there had been a riot at the party congresses. One would then have stepped out and protected Hitler. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaIPlMCVpeCvVHvft25c03LyG0VIUscClmP7IB17YzqU8zMXRvWcp8CpciRucRZHKSGyoSHmXh7_5jlq6NZ6u2fi0OvguLBTWPH3Y6Z3-fUTWQQpmR8ArkRVoCU_DCP4FQOb1bnlhBa1BbuNFFCVVbfwcaBLlLJ-SBjDMbWVbAf9CJ_c1M_uoL6Cllrw/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(21)%20(1).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="320" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaIPlMCVpeCvVHvft25c03LyG0VIUscClmP7IB17YzqU8zMXRvWcp8CpciRucRZHKSGyoSHmXh7_5jlq6NZ6u2fi0OvguLBTWPH3Y6Z3-fUTWQQpmR8ArkRVoCU_DCP4FQOb1bnlhBa1BbuNFFCVVbfwcaBLlLJ-SBjDMbWVbAf9CJ_c1M_uoL6Cllrw/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(21)%20(1).gif" width="320" /></a></div>Through the tunnel they could get close to the pulpit unnoticed. When the S2 and the new S-Bahn station
Nürnberg-Dutzendteich started operating on November 22, 1992, the old
unused platforms were removed over the following years and the former
reception building was converted into </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>an inn, the <a href="https://www.bahnhof-dutzendteich.de/" target="_blank">Gaststätte "Bahnhof Dutzendteich</a>." Recently the Inselkammer brewery family (who own majority shares in the Augustiner brewery) has sold the station to the city of Nuremberg which intends to turn the old stop into an information centre for visitors having originally intended to construct a new building near the Zeppelin field for the purpose. The Inselkammers </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: none; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">experienced their greatest boom after the war with Franz Inselkammer ending up buying</span><span style="background-color: none; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> various plots of land around the Platzl in downtown Munich in 1953, as well as setting up the adjoining restaurant and theatre, although almost all the buildings had been destroyed by the war. In investing heavily in his brewery, he established the world's<a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-inselkammer-dynastie-mallorca-flugzeugabsturz-1.4576710"> first hydro-automatic brewhouse</a> in 1957.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal="">Near the grounds was t</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span normal="">he <b>Langwasser camp</b> which could serve</span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span normal="">200,000 visitors from</span></span></span></span> the SA, </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ, </span></span></span></span>HJ, and the RAD. This remaining water tower was built in 1936 according to Speer's plan. Initially, the grounds were used to accommodate those attending the Nazi Party Rallies, with large tent camps set up in what is now the Langwasser district. However, with the onset of the war and the cessation of the rallies, this infrastructure was repurposed</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""> as an internment camp (Ilag) for enemy
civilians, but it was quickly converted into a Stalag, a German PoW
camp, accommodating a peak of approximately 150,000 prisoners. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In 1939, the Wehrmacht began building a large prisoner of war camp on these grounds, a facility that continued to operate until the liberation of Nuremberg by American troops in April 1945. This camp imprisoned tens of thousands of soldiers from the British Empire as well as from Poland, the Benelux countries, France, Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, Italy, and the United States, most of whom were compelled to perform forced labour in Nuremberg and the Middle Franconia region. The treatment of these prisoners varied greatly, with some, like Yugoslav officers, receiving relatively humane treatment, whilst others, particularly Soviet and Italian prisoners, suffered massive and violent abuse. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal="">The harsh living and working conditions at the camp led to the deaths of several thousand prisoners of war, who were buried in mass graves at the city’s Südfriedhof cemetery. These prisoners represented various nationalities from the countries invaded by Germany, such as Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. British soldiers, as well as later American GIs, were generally held in other camps, mostly in the eastern part of the Reich, and only came to Nuremberg towards the end of the war when the eastern Stalags were evacuated in anticipation of the advancing Red Army. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-jcPsZORK7SF2H5Hz1eQDDk-EBdKs-8dw3M7ka7KtU_tp5pxW_JAT8leIML8IGXFI1KpqqYPXImjQwdnngW7E-urrwEdfC9ZqGgh5JIMZ-X2ZeF9Fe-JvCW1Exl8QH2ISw2VwvuB9WCRyIwzUcCI3jPP_j_3-J2a0AOHckb3qgiUj9EDXJlPt7Ykpp4sS/s702/Screenshot%202023-12-08%20at%2013.59.03.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="702" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-jcPsZORK7SF2H5Hz1eQDDk-EBdKs-8dw3M7ka7KtU_tp5pxW_JAT8leIML8IGXFI1KpqqYPXImjQwdnngW7E-urrwEdfC9ZqGgh5JIMZ-X2ZeF9Fe-JvCW1Exl8QH2ISw2VwvuB9WCRyIwzUcCI3jPP_j_3-J2a0AOHckb3qgiUj9EDXJlPt7Ykpp4sS/w359-h359/Screenshot%202023-12-08%20at%2013.59.03.png" width="359" /></a></div>With the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the situation of PoWs in German detention changed dramatically. Millions of Red Army soldiers were captured, and many of these, along with other PoWs, were used as forced labor in the German war economy. The camp's role evolved further when it began functioning as a Dulag (Durchgangslager or transit camp) due to Nuremberg's significance as a railroad hub. Stalag XIII D was officially reestablished in April 1943 and, along with the Oflags (camps for officers) that were also on the site, suffered heavy damage during an Allied air raid in August 1943. Despite the destruction of two-thirds of the wooden barracks, only two Soviet soldiers were reported as casualties in this attack. However, many PoWs fell victim to aerial warfare against Nuremberg during their work assignments or other duties in the city area. As the war neared its end and the Allied forces closed in on Germany from the east and west in late 1944, Stalag XIII D and Oflag 73 became destinations for increasingly chaotic evacuation transports from other German PoW camps. This included the transfer of inmates and staff from the Luftwaffenlager III Sagan in Silesia, which housed approximately 6,000 US and British crew members. The camp's population included a diverse range of nationalities, totaling 29,550 PoWs, including 8,680 officers. The liberation of the Nuremberg camps began with evacuation marches on April 12, 1945, leading to Stalag Moosburg in Upper Bavaria. The Americans freed the Nuremberg camps on April 16, 1945, finding approximately 13,000 quarantined PoWs for typhoid fever, along with Serbian officers and the staff of the PoW hospital, most of whom were also Serbs. The bulk of the former inmates were liberated on April 29 northwest of Moosburg. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span normal=""><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLasCfXEC3Fq0OaJ9-rgvusbxZBErgt7TLX9LpIRHZRX6dn1T5ZM5agCPuwB9vmugkg1WOF7LPndz7Lfm2P3-SXM8JnTd6Gu9-DOeeKKK3pWgoh5MLBe_9DWlffPkGgbuplt0y1i_0EX4p/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252883%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="former ϟϟ-Barracks" border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="524" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLasCfXEC3Fq0OaJ9-rgvusbxZBErgt7TLX9LpIRHZRX6dn1T5ZM5agCPuwB9vmugkg1WOF7LPndz7Lfm2P3-SXM8JnTd6Gu9-DOeeKKK3pWgoh5MLBe_9DWlffPkGgbuplt0y1i_0EX4p/w400-h258/ezgif.com-optimize+%252883%2529.gif" title="former ϟϟ-Barracks then now" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Standing in front of the former ϟϟ-Barracks, built by architect Franz Ruff between 1937 and 1939 on the western outskirts of the Party Rally Grounds. Although referred to by the Nazis as the "Gateway to the Rally Grounds," it was not actually used until after the start of the war- never during the years of the rallies. Its construction demonstrates how the ϟϟ sought to be represented in Nuremberg by its own units right next to the rally grounds. In 1936 no barracks were planned for the Nazi rallies but the ϟϟ, having set up the guard service for the grounds, desired one and in so doing expand its responsibilities and to set up its own troops. Thus in March 1936 ϟϟ-Gruppenführer Ernst-Heinrich Schmauser began planning its construction with an area on Frankenstraße chosen the next year. By July Reichsführer ϟϟ Himmler commissioned Speer to submit blueprints in three months. After an inspection of the site by Himmler and Speer and Willy Liebel, the mayor of Nuremberg, the final plan was decided and Ruff was commissioned as architect whilst remaining responsible for the neighbouring Reichsparteitagsland. Hitler himself interfered in its planning, ordering in September 1937 for an immediate start with accommodation ready by 1938, although the work was not started until October 20. The topping-out ceremony of the main building was celebrated on June 2, 1939 and by 1940 the building complex was largely completed. Officially described as ϟϟ accommodation and never barracks, the main building alone had a thousand rooms. Above the main entrance hung a large reichsadler and the ceilings were covered with mosaics designed by Max Körner whilst the floor of the festival hall consisted of marble mosaics in the form of hooked crossbars. This was one of the Nazis' largest barracks buildings erected and the entire complex consisted of the central main building with a “Portal of Honour”, and two side wings, both built around a courtyard, as well as several additional buildings. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgai1w0nVAVWI7vHmw82mOmjomD8fR9jZ25fnv-fareppHlB3FWJtvydm-EcLdJirntfEgUc73Kd_FpjWUGg_Ij0MqV88czgdKu6uXiO70zczbtGV6BpbB62dptzXuTNaVkbLJDYsVnakgD/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="former ϟϟ-Barracks then now" border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="457" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgai1w0nVAVWI7vHmw82mOmjomD8fR9jZ25fnv-fareppHlB3FWJtvydm-EcLdJirntfEgUc73Kd_FpjWUGg_Ij0MqV88czgdKu6uXiO70zczbtGV6BpbB62dptzXuTNaVkbLJDYsVnakgD/w400-h236/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="former ϟϟ-Barracks then now" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><span normal="">During the war radio operators for the Waffen ϟϟ were trained here, some of whom took part in the siege of Leningrad. During the war radio operators were trained for different units. In addition, the <a href="http://www.rijo.homepage.t-online.de/pdf/EN_NU_WK2_stalag.pdf" target="_blank">c Barracks Nachrichten-Ersatzabteilung (Nuremberg) </a>had its seat here. In May 1940, prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp came to the barracks for construction and other work. Through 1944-45, a small section of the building was used to provide accommodation for roughly an hundred prisoners from the Dachau and Flossenbürg concentration camps. When Nuremberg was conquered by the Americans in April 1945, German troops from the ϟϟ barracks attempted a final resistance although, apart from bullet holes at the main building, the barracks were scarcely damaged during the war. In April the building complex was renamed Merrell Barracks after a fallen soldier of the 3rd American infantry division and the empty buildings held foreign forced labourers. Today it houses the Federal Department for the Recognition of Foreign [sic] Refugees.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/nuremberg-youth-hostel.html" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi Nuremberg then and now" height="100" id="Image213_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitb7tbC8Bf-ffgxFyNxvpJqCbX5pJEPFRIA4akX02xvF8ewJoJAyC1g7KrvmFzCwfNgWeXqip6HhUkBSfPVDREkkc3qrwTmW8zY7tt8M0_9luRZLDWHSNlFMLpBQBAG1nOo63EKp-ThRVK/w219-h100/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="height: 100px; width: 170px;" width="219" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><span><span><b style="font-size: 180%;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/nuremberg-youth-hostel.html">Click for Nuremberg old town</a></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-size: 0.1%;"><span><span><span><span><b style="font-size: 180%;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 0.1%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: black;"> de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog Reichsparteitagsgelände Autoren der Wikimedia-Projekte 44–56 minutes The area in the southeast of Nuremberg where the Nazi Party rallies took place from 1933 to 1938 was called the Nazi Party Rally Grounds . The overall design for the design of the site came from Albert Speer in the basic concept and in detail from Walter Brugmann , who also planned the implementation. It covers a total area of over 16.5 km². The area stretched between the Zehnteich train station , the old Tiergarten and in the southeast to Moorenbrunnfeld . [1] [2] Some of the colossal buildings were fully or partially completed and are still there today. The Nazi Party Rally Grounds Documentation Center has been providing on-site information since 2001 . Model of the Nazi party rally grounds at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1937 Map section of the Nazi party rally grounds around 1940 The area before 1933: local recreation area Edit In the 19th century, a local recreation area developed in the southeast of Nuremberg around the large and small dozen ponds for the residents of the rapidly growing city. There had been a bathing establishment on the north side of the dozen pond since 1876. By the turn of the century, a beach promenade was set up at the ponds. In 1899, a hotelier had a restaurant built in place of an earlier inn, the Park-Café Wanner, located directly on the bank, which was destroyed in the Second World War . [3] The Bavarian anniversary, state, industrial, commercial and art exhibition took place in 1906 in the area between the Zehnteich and today's Victims of Fascism Square . The northern part of the exhibition grounds was named Luitpoldhain in honor of the then Prince Regent Luitpold . According to the building file available in the Nuremberg city archives, the office of the 1906 exhibition applied to the city magistrate on January 14, 1905 for the construction of the lighthouse at the Zehnteich. It was an exhibition contribution for the Josef Houzer company, a specialist shop for chimney construction and combustion systems. The ensemble was completed on June 22, 1906. During the exhibition, the tower, with its height of 15 meters, served as a viewing platform during the day, and spotlights installed there illuminated the area at night. On December 30, 1907, the lighthouse was sold for further use to the city of Nuremberg, which had an elevator installed. The buildings erected for the exhibition were demolished except for the lighthouse and the machine hall. After some renovations to an event hall, the machine hall was named Luitpoldhalle . According to a newspaper article in the city chronicle, the city administration planned to demolish the lighthouse in 1925. However, these plans were not pursued any further until the site was chosen for the construction of the Congress Hall as part of the Nazi party rally grounds after the NSDAP came to power. The lighthouse was in the way and was blown up on October 29, 1936 during soil compaction work by the 1st company of the 45 Neu-Ulm Pioneer Battalion . Today the torso of the congress hall stands there. [4] The Nuremberg Zoo was opened in the area between Luitpoldhain and Dürreteich in 1912. In 1939 it was moved to Schmausenbuck because it stood in the way of the expansion plans for the party conference grounds. Der Dutzendteich mit dem Park-Café Wanner, Postkarte um 1915 The dozen pond with the Wanner Park Café, postcard around 1915 Die spätere Luitpoldhalle als Maschinenhalle der Landesausstellung, Postkarte von 1906 The later Luitpoldhalle as the machine hall of the state exhibition, postcard from 1906 Der 1936 gesprengte Leuchtturm am Dutzendteich, Postkarte ca. 1914 The lighthouse at the Zehnteich, which was blown up in 1936, postcard around 1914 Reichsparteitag der NSDAP, 1927 Nazi Party Rally, 1927 Die Ehrenhalle im Luitpoldhain, 2010 The Hall of Honor in Luitpoldhain, 2010 From 1923 onwards, at the suggestion of Nuremberg Mayor Hermann Luppe, a sports and recreation area with the Bauhaus-style octagonal municipal stadium was built in the area beyond the dozen pond (architect: Otto Ernst Schweizer ). This offered space for 37,000 spectators, including a covered grandstand for 2,500 spectators. Part of the site was also a meadow where Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin landed with the Zeppelin LZ 6 (often incorrectly referred to as “Z III”) on August 28, 1909 and which has been called Zeppelin Field ever since . As a job creation measure, a municipal sports and recreation area was created based on concepts from the city garden director Alfred Hensel . The “Turnwiese”, a sports field surrounded on three sides by stands, was created on the actual field. [5] The overall design of the sports park received international recognition, including a gold medal for planning at the 1928 Olympic Games . Encouraged by this, Nuremberg applied to host the 1936 Olympic Games . However, the application was dropped in favor of Berlin . Due to the numerous facilities and the convenient transport connections, the site became a popular location for major national events, including the NSDAP party conferences of 1927 and 1929. Between 1928 and 1930, a memorial to the fallen, the so-called Hall of Honor , was built on the eastern side of the grove to commemorate them to the dead of the First World War (architect: Fritz Mayer ). The site between 1933 and 1945: The buildings Edit Luitpol Arena Edit The Luitpoldarena 1942 Commemorative event for the 16 “ martyrs of the movement ” during the Hitler putsch, 1934 on the Luitpoldhain From 1933 onwards, the Luitpoldhain park was replaced by a strictly structured parade area, the Luitpoldarena with an area of 84,000 m². A speaker's stand was built opposite the Hall of Honor. The fallen soldiers of the Hitler putsch of 1923 were commemorated in the Hall of Honor itself. The direct connection between the stands and the hall consisted of a wide granite path. The SA and SS marches with up to 150,000 people took place in this ensemble during the Nazi party rallies. The central “relic” was the blood flag , which was allegedly carried by the putschists during the Hitler Putsch. At the consecration of the blood flag, new standards of SA and SS units were “consecrated” by touching the blood flag. Luitpoldhalle Edit The Luitpoldhalle was 180 × 50 meters in size and could accommodate up to 16,000 people. The party congress took place there as part of the Reich Party rallies . Since the playful Art Nouveau facade of the hall, which was built in 1906, did not match the appearance of the Luitpoldarena, it was covered with a strict backdrop in 1935, which gave the entrance a monumental impression. In the interior, too, flags and curtains were used to draw the audience's attention away from the architecture and towards the speakers, namely Adolf Hitler and other party leaders. For the 1935 Nazi Party Rally, Hitler ordered an organ from Oscar Walcker at short notice for the opening ceremony . [6] Within a few days, the organ, which had just been completed in the Ludwigsburg factory for the Martin Luther Memorial Church in Berlin-Mariendorf , was installed at the front of the hall behind a huge red swastika curtain. [7] [8] It was played at the opening ceremony and, among other things, on September 15, 1935 - before Göring read out the Nuremberg racial laws here - with the hymn We step to pray . [7] After the Nazi party rally, it was transferred to Berlin-Mariendorf, the place for which it was designed. For the Nazi party rally in 1936, the Walcker company built a new organ with 5 manuals and 220 stops , which was briefly the largest in Europe. [9] It is said to have burned down after bombing by the Royal Air Force , as did the enormous food reserves stored here for the Nazi superiors and the furniture stored with them. [10] The damaged hall was blown up and demolished in 1950. The area is now used as a parking lot. [11] Bildtafel zum „Blutschutzgesetz“ (1935) Plate on the “Blood Protection Act” (1935) Die erste Walcker-Orgel an ihrem heutigen Standort The first Walcker organ in its current location Congress Hall Edit Adolf Hitler with the architects Albert Speer (left) and Franz Ruff (right) in front of drawings and models of the congress hall, around 1934/35 The congress hall is - after Prora - the second largest surviving National Socialist monumental building in Germany and is a listed building . The design with a cantilevered roof comes from the Nuremberg architects Ludwig and Franz Ruff . The hall was planned as a conference center for the NSDAP with space for 50,000 people. Of the intended height of around 70 meters, only 39 were reached. Model of the Theater of Marcellus in the Museo della Civiltà Romana , Rome Most of the building is made of bricks ; The facade was clad with large granite slabs “from all regions of the empire”. The U-shaped building ends on the northeast side facing the large dozen pond with two end buildings. The foundation stone was laid in 1935, but the building remained unfinished; in particular, there was no longer any roofing. The dimensions of the torso: U-shape outside 240 × 200 m, inside 175 × 155 m, eastern head structures 280 × 52…70 m. With their U-shape, Ludwig and Franz Ruff clearly referred to the ancient Theater of Marcellus in Rome was built around the years of Christ's birth on behalf of Emperor Augustus . Even the two side head structures are cited. The Marcellus Theater was the model for the Colosseum , which is also clearly cited by Ludwig and Franz Ruff in the facade design. [12] In 2003, a photovoltaic system with 295 kWp was installed on the roof of the Nuremberg Congress Hall. The city of Nuremberg generates around 300,000 kWh of green electricity per year with this system. [13] The plan to use the congress hall as alternative accommodation for the Nuremberg Opera House, which is in need of renovation, led to controversial discussions . [14] Grundsteinlegung beim Reichsparteitag 1935 Laying of the foundation stone at the Nazi party rally in 1935 Kongresshalle (2017) Southeast view, in the foreground the large dozen pond, 2017 Blick vom Luitpoldhain auf die Kongresshalle, Luftbild (2018) View from Luitpoldhain to the congress hall, aerial view (2018) Vogelperspektive von Südwesten, 2016 Bird's eye view from southwest, 2016 Westansicht, 2008 West view, 2008 Arkadengang, 2010 Innenhof, 2012 Courtyard, 2012 Blick in die Große Säulenhalle, 2019 View of the Great Hypostyle Hall, 2019 Blick über die Kongresshalle, 2021 View over the congress hall, 2021 House of Culture Edit The House of Culture was planned opposite the congress hall , but construction never began. Big street Edit The Great Street, 2004 The construction of the Große Straße as a parade street and central axis of the site was completed in 1939. It faces the medieval imperial castle in a northwesterly direction . This was intended to create a historical connection to the Holy Roman Empire and the Imperial Diet in Nuremberg. However, it could never be used for party conferences because no such events took place after the start of the war. The actual road is two kilometers long (1.5 km has been completed) and 40 meters wide. To the south of the dozen ponds it is flanked by grandstand steps, making the width in this area approximately 60 meters. Granite slabs in two different colors were laid on a concrete base. The street was structured with the colors light and dark gray to make it easier for the groups marching there to maintain alignment. The light gray, square plates have an edge length of 1.2 m, which corresponded to the length of two Prussian gore steps . This should also make it easier to maintain formation during parades. Until 1964 it served as a runway for the US Army, which operated DHC-2 “Beaver” fixed-wing aircraft and Sikorsky S-58 helicopters there. German stadium Edit In order to create a venue for the planned National Socialist Fighting Games , Albert Speer designed the German Stadium . With a floor area of 540×445 and a height of 82 meters, it was planned as “the largest stadium in the world” (Albert Speer). It should accommodate over 405,000 spectators. For comparison: the world's largest stadium in Prague has 250,000 seats. The horseshoe-shaped floor plan opening onto the Great Street was inspired by classical models, including the Stadium of Olympia and the Circus Maximus in Rome. In front of the stadium, a forecourt measuring 360 × 180 meters was planned, from which a 150-meter-wide staircase would lead down to Große Straße. As with the other monumental buildings on the party conference grounds, financing should not play a role. Joseph Goebbels wrote about this in his diary: “ The model for the German Stadium is wonderful. The Führer doesn't want to talk about money. Build, build! It's already paid for. Frederick the Great didn't ask for money when he built Sanssouci . “In order to test the visibility and different angles of inclination of the spectator stands, the Hoher Berg ( 49° 34′ 3″ N , 11° 34′ 27″ E) was built on a slope near Hirschbach-Oberklausen) in the Hersbrucker Alb (popularly also Stadionberg ) a 1:1 scale model. In one and a half years of construction, three wooden stands with a capacity of 42,000 seats and an elevator station were built. The concrete foundations are still there and have been a listed building since 2002. An information board reminds us of the history. [15] After the foundation stone was laid on September 9, 1937 as part of the Nazi party rally, excavation of the construction pit began, which was not yet completed by the start of the war in 1939. During the war, work was stopped and the excavation pit, which was up to ten meters deep, filled with groundwater . The resulting lake is called Silver Lake and is poisoned with hydrogen sulfide because of the silver buck that is in the immediate vicinity . The Silberbuck itself is a mountain of rubble and waste that grew up to 35 meters high between 1946 and 1962. Its composition - from rubble from the bombed-out old town to household waste to critical industrial waste - and the fact that it stands in the groundwater-flooded foundation pit make the lake and the mountain, which is now green, a heavy legacy. [16] Speer und Hitler bei einem Besuch der Versuchstribünenanlage. (März 1938) Speer and Hitler visiting the experimental stands.
www-zeit-de.translate.goog
Guerillakunst in Nürnberg: Mal mir keinen Regenbogen
By Andreas Thamm , Nuremberg
14–17 minutes
On a harsh autumnal night, six people make their way on foot and on bicycles to the southeastern edge of the city of Nuremberg. They have been preparing for this moment for less than two weeks, using encrypted communication to distribute tasks and arrange meeting points, to carry out experiments with paints and to hide their paint rollers. Five liters of paint in each backpack. The artists move in a star shape towards the stone stand.
“According to my calculations, we should have been finished in five minutes and gone in 15,” remembers one who was there. He would like to be called Arquus here. "In the end it easily took 40 minutes. It was dark, we were scared, we were freezing, it was raining."
When Nuremberg woke up the next morning, October 28th, it had eight colored stripes richer. The people who will later be in editorial offices and offices are scrolling through Facebook with the rest of their breakfast sandwich in their molars. At 8:06 a.m., photographer Peter Kunz published the first photo of the Rainbow Prelude. An anonymous collective of artists gave the Zeppelin Grandstand, one of the numerous relics of Nazi architecture on the Nuremberg Nazi party rally grounds, the symbol of the Pride movement. The photo of the rainbow over the leader's cockpit is shared widely and sparks a controversial conversation in the city - about art, intervention and the unpleasant buildings.
Die Gruppe Regenbogen-Präludium, benannt nach ihrem ersten Werk, hat in dieser Nacht ein mächtiges Zeichen gesetzt. Und zwar nicht nur, weil der Regenbogen auf der Speerschen Monumentalästhetik einen ersehnten Kontrast herstellt. Nicht nur, weil das Symbol der Vielfalt den pilgernden Neonazis eine Selfiekulisse wegnahm – und weil im Zuge dessen darüber gesprochen werden konnte, dass Nazis diesen Ort als Selfiekulisse hernehmen. Nicht nur, weil sich die Gruppe kommunikationsstrategisch klug verhielt und fortan im digitalen Echoraum Lorbeeren erntete. Sondern auch und vor allem, weil die Aktionskünstler sich eines Ortes ermächtigten, der die Stadt seit Jahrzehnten hilflos macht, und dafür einen Zeitpunkt wählten, der dem temporären Werk die maximale Aufmerksamkeit garantierte. Weil sie die Forderung der Stadt nach temporärer Kunst an diesem Ort maßgenau erfüllten und genau damit die indirekte Auftraggeberin gegen sich aufbrachten.
Die Geschichte vom Regenbogen-Präludium ist auch deshalb so erzählenswert, weil an diesem Tag, zu diesem Zeitpunkt, eine große Geschichte endet und mehrere kleine Geschichten beginnen, die etwas über das Kulturleben in deutschen Städten mit großen schöngeistigen Ambitionen aussagen. Der 28. Oktober ist auch der Tag, an dem die Kulturstiftung der Länder via Livestream verkündet, welche deutsche Stadt sich 2025 Kulturhauptstadt Europas nennen darf. Vier Jahre lang haben zuletzt noch vier deutsche Städte um Konzepte gerungen, die die Konkurrenz ausstechen. An diesem Regenbogen-Mittwoch gilt Nürnberg, zumindest in Nürnberg, als aussichtsreiche Kandidatin, insbesondere wegen der Verquickung von unvermeidlich düsterer Vergangenheit und elegant hinbehaupteter Zukunftsfähigkeit. "Past Forward" hieß das Motto der Bewerbung.
Das Liegenschaftsamt erstattet umgehend Anzeige
Der Nürnberger Fotograf Peter Kunz hat das Regenbogen-Präludium dokumentiert. © Peter Kunz
Inzwischen ist auch das schon wieder Vergangenheit. Chemnitz hat gewonnen, Nürnberg hat – wie auch Hildesheim, Magdeburg und Hannover – verloren. Zuletzt berichtete nun die Süddeutsche Zeitung über ein dubioses Beraterwesen rund um Kulturhauptstadtbewerbungsprozesse, es geht um die Verquickung von – oder zumindest um eine zu enge Verbindung zwischen – Jury- und Beratertätigkeiten, es riecht stark nach Günstlingswirtschaft, bei der sich die immer gleichen Planer in wechselnden Positionen das Prädikat zuschanzen. Als eine wesentliche Zeugin der Anklage tritt die Nürnberger Bürgermeisterin und Kulturdezernentin Julia Lehner (CSU) auf. Auch ihr sei jener Mattijs Maussen, der schlussendlich Chemnitz entscheidend beraten hatte, vom späteren Jurymitglied Jiří Suchánek bei einem Besuch der beiden in Nürnberg als bezahlter Berater angetragen worden. "Klare Absicht des Besuches war die Erlangung eines entsprechenden Vertrages."
Das gilt es vielleicht im Hinterkopf zu haben, wenn man sich dem kurz zuvor veröffentlichten Abschlussbericht der Jury widmet, in dem Nürnberg nicht wirklich gut wegkommt. Man wird, einmal misstrauisch, das Gefühl nicht los, dass potenziell alles kritisierenswert ist, wenn man es denn nun kritisieren will, ob die Bewerbung des einen nun zu handgestrickt und provinziell ist oder die der anderen zu glattgebügelt und ortlos. Und dennoch gibt es da einen Punkt, der im Fall Regenbogen zusammenzucken lässt: Denn im Bericht wird unter anderem die unzureichende Ausführung eines partizipativen Ansatzes für die Um- und Neugestaltung des Reichsparteitagsgeländes bemängelt, "the limited elaboration of a participatory approach".
Auch wenn es am Urteil der Jury – aus welchen Gründen auch immer – nichts mehr geändert hätte: Am Tag der Entscheidung bekommt die Stadt Nürnberg also eine hervorragende Chance, zumindest diesen Teil der Ablehnung Lügen zu strafen – und tut sich schwer.
Zwar schreibt das Bewerbungsbüro um 16.08 Uhr auf Facebook: "Gerade am heutigen Tag (...) ist diese Aktion ein wichtiges Statement, das wir unterstützen." Die Stadtverwaltung an sich lässt sich aber von lobenden Worten aus einem gerade obsolet gewordenen Büro nicht aus der Spur bringen. Das Liegenschaftsamt erstattet umgehend Anzeige gegen unbekannt "aus versicherungstechnischen Gründen und zur Wahrung der städtischen Interessen". Das Hochbauamt lässt die wasserlösliche Farbe umgehend entfernen. Drei Tage später zeugen nur noch noch lilafarbene Flecken vom Regenbogen-Präludium. Und Nürnberg erscheint in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung als Partnerin, die mit links gratuliert und mit rechts Watschen verteilt.
Julia Lehner, die Kulturbürgermeisterin, stand in dem Moment, als sie den Regenbogen zum ersten Mal sah, noch unter dem Eindruck der gescheiterten Kulturhauptstadtbewerbung, wie sie zwei Wochen später am Telefon erzählt. Sie sei beeindruckt gewesen: "Ein Gebäude, das einen sonst erschlägt, ist plötzlich sympathischer dahergekommen." Zu den Konzepten der Kulturhauptstadt hätte der Regenbogen fantastisch gepasst, findet sie. Allein, sie hätten halt nicht gefragt, die Künstlerinnen, sie hätten sich nicht mit einem Antrag ans Kulturreferat gewandt. "Die Veränderung eines Gebäudes, das unter Denkmalschutz steht", sagt Lehner, "bedarf der Genehmigung. Das sind einfach die Spielregeln."
Tatsächlich fallen weder die Anzeige noch die Säuberung in ihre Verantwortlichkeit. Andere Ämter, andere Abläufe. Sie hat die Gruppe zum Gespräch eingeladen, es ist von einer möglichen "Verstetigung" der Arbeit die Rede. Regenbogen-Sprecher Arquus schließt den Dialog nicht aus, sagt aber auch: "Das funktioniert nur, wenn es auf Augenhöhe stattfindet, und das geht nicht, solange diese Anzeige, die ein Antragsdelikt ist, im Raum steht. Die Stadt könnte die sofort zurücknehmen." Lehner sieht sich diesbezüglich nicht in der Pflicht: "Ich kann kein Recht beugen. Dass nach einer Anzeige auch ein Strafantrag gestellt wird, ist nicht gesagt. Das muss man auseinanderhalten." Solange die juristischen Fragen schwebend sind, könne man mit ihr ja auch anonym in Kontakt treten.
Wenn es nach der Künstlergruppe geht, soll sich am Diskurs aber nicht nur Kunst und Verwaltung, sondern die ganze Stadtgesellschaft beteiligen. Über die Verstetigung des Regenbogens an der Tribüne könnte beispielsweise eine Bürgerbefragung abgehalten werden. Dort ginge es dann eben auch um die Frage, was schwerer wiegt, der Schutz von porösem Naturstein, Muschelkalk, der laut Nürnberger Hochbauamt durch die eindringende Farbe noch größeren Schaden hätte nehmen können (deshalb die rasche Entfernung, Kostenpunkt um die 5.000 Euro). Oder um Ideen, zuvorderst die, dass das Reichsparteitagsgelände zwar gewiss ein bedeutender Denkort, aber als sakrosanktes Denkmal nach deutschen Statuten eventuell eine ziemliche Fehlbesetzung ist.
Ein Steinmetz und CSD-Vorsitzender bringt noch eine Wende
An dieser Stelle erfährt die Geschichte um den Nürnberger Regenbogen allerdings noch eine Wendung. Wenn er an Gott glauben würde, sagt Arquus, würde er Bastian Brauwer eine göttliche Fügung nennen. Brauwer ist Vorsitzender des CSD Nürnberg, aber auch Steinmetzmeister, staatlich geprüfter Restaurator und Steintechniker. Er hat sich kundig gemacht, welche Farbe an der Zeppelintribüne verwendet wurde. Die Antwort: keine Farbe, sondern selbst angerührter Tapetenkleister, der, so Brauwer, mit warmem Wasser und Seife ganz leicht zu entfernen gewesen wäre. In einem offenen Brief erklärt er ausführlich, warum die Begründung der Stadt für die Hochdruckentfernung aus fachlicher Sicht "schlicht falsch" sei. Und schreibt: "Das mir beschriebene und auf Bildern sichtbare, offensichtlich äußerst unprofessionelle Reinigen mittels Hochdruckreiniger zerstört nachhaltig die Gesteinsoberfläche des doch eigentlich denkmalgeschützten Gebäudes und begünstigt damit dessen Verfall."
Die Stadt selbst beschädigt mit ihrer Rettungsaktion das diskutable Denkmal? Das klingt jetzt wirklich nicht kulturhauptstadtwürdig. Nein, sagt wiederum die Stadt, der Druck des Reinigers sei erstens minimal gewesen. Zweitens hätten die Künstler für eine unschädliche Anwendung des Kleisters eine Trennlage verwenden müssen, was offenbar nicht geschah. "Wäre eine Trennlage aufgebracht worden", teilt ein Sprecher der Stadt mit, "wäre die Farbe vermutlich nicht eingedrungen." Drittens dürfe Kunst an den NS-Bauten eben immer nur temporär sein, ein zeitlich nicht fixierter Begriff – dieser Linie folgt die Stadt schon eine Weile. "Jede Generation soll selbst die Chance haben, sich dem Bauwerk in seiner Dimension zu stellen. Dabei geht es nicht um formalen Denkmalschutz, sondern um Reversibilität und Substanzerhalt."
Die aktuelle temporäre Kunst zugunsten der zukünftigen einzuschränken, klingt nun äußerst generationengerecht und nachhaltig, es bringt aber auch eine gewisse Starrheit mit sich, vielleicht sogar einen Stillstand. Nach aktuellen, offiziellen Plänen sollen Zeppelinfeld und -tribüne für rund 85 Millionen Euro saniert werden. Ein multimedialer "Lernort der Geschichte" soll entstehen. Der sieht allerdings nicht viel anders aus als der Status quo, wenn er auch seine Besucherinnen nicht mehr durch eventuell herabfallende Kalkplatten gefährden würde. Doch genau hier wollte die Gruppe ja ansetzen, beim Auftritt des Ortes, der so – unverändert – doch vielleicht vor allem die Botschaft der Nazis vermittelt.
At the same time, the history of the art campaign continues. In January, the Nuremberg Academy of Fine Arts wants to take another look at the matter with experts . “The Rainbow Prelude could have been a prelude, a prelude – for further art on the site, for civil society debates with a strong connection to the here and now,” says the announcement of the symposium with the beautiful title “Full pressure into the Postludium”. The city of Nuremberg, on the other hand, is retreating: "The rapid removal of artistic work shows a fear of discourses that evade the interpretive sovereignty of city politics." On December 16, the Rainbow Group released a manifesto. There they suggest creating a “free space for artists” “in the immediate vicinity of the Hitler stand,” “a morphological and fluid form that promotes the encounter between art, political education and civil society in Nuremberg as a place "strengthens and perpetuates special responsibility". It sounds typically vague at first, but it doesn't have to be if the city society gets involved and gets involved in the plans for a self-managed artists' house, as the group has in mind. www-nordbayern-de.translate.goog Die Zeppelin-Tribüne bröckelt Klaus Tscharnke, dpa 4–5 minutes The Zeppelin stand is crumbling Klaus Tscharnke, dpa September 25, 2011, 12:50 p.m The Zeppelin stand is crumbling © Daut - It once served as a pompous backdrop for Nazi marches during the former Nazi party rallies - the facade of the Nuremberg Zeppelin Grandstand is now crumbling. Cultural advisor Julia Lehner is therefore calling for rapid renovation – with the help of the federal and state governments. The decay of the Zeppelin field in pictures According to the findings of Nuremberg cultural advisor Julia Lehner (CSU), one of the central Nazi legacies in Nuremberg, the Zeppelin Grandstand, is in danger of falling into disrepair without millions in investment. The facades of the monumental building are crumbling and the interior of the massive grandstand has been closed to groups of visitors for years. Without an early renovation, further damage to the historic building on the former Nazi party rally grounds is to be feared, said Lehner in an interview with the dpa news agency. The ancient model of the Zeppelin grandstand, built between 1935 and 1937, was the Pergamon Altar. Lehner further said that the problem was that part of the interior of the stands was filled with rubble; this puts increasing pressure on the masonry. “The question is how long the walls can withstand the pressure,” she said. The material came from the two earlier towers that were blown up in the 1960s. In addition, rows of trees planted later would have changed the earlier appearance of the Zeppelin stand. “However, we are not concerned with a perfect reconstruction of the Zeppelin grandstand, but rather with careful maintenance,” emphasized Lehner. She could well imagine preserving the traces of the post-war period – such as the sprayed graffiti, she said. “The concept of a city working group is to restore the grandstand in such a way that the role of the entire area in the Nazi propaganda machine becomes understandable,” said Lehner. The former “Golden Hall” inside the stands should also be reopened to visitors. “We want to demystify all the legends surrounding the Golden Hall,” said the politician. The cultural officer expects renovation costs of up to 70 million euros, which the city cannot bear on its own. Lehner, who wants to present a renovation concept to the city's cultural committee on October 7th, is hoping for financial support from the state and federal government. “The Zeppelin Grandstand is a national historical heritage,” she emphasized. As soon as the concept has been approved by the Nuremberg city council, corresponding funding applications will be submitted to the Free State and the Federal Government. According to them, around 200,000 people visit the grandstand area every year. The documentation center at the Nazi Party Rally Grounds has significantly increased interest in it. Various Nazi associations marched in front of the stand during the Nazi Party rallies. 0 comments In order to post a comment yourself, you must log in or register beforehand .
All of this shows various things: On the one hand, it becomes clear that an application for a Capital of Culture does not create a cultural metropolis - and perhaps the importance of such an application is overestimated anyway if you take a closer look at the award procedure. But it also shows that even without the final shower of money and attention, it can set in motion processes that turn a city into a cultural city, processes of reflection and negotiation. Of course, it is not said that Nuremberg would have dismissed the rainbow as graffiti without previously raising awareness of art and intervention through its own application - but things are also mentioned in this text that suggest this suspicion. For the European Capital of Culture institution, this means that it has a responsibility to be attractive to applicant cities through a fair and transparent process. Without the prospect of success, at least the Nuremberg Rainbow would never have existed like this - with this kind of attention.
Page navigation Home page (March 1938) Betonfundamente des Stadionmodells bei Oberklausen, 2007 Concrete foundations of the stadium model near Oberklausen, 2007 Der Silbersee, die einstige Baugrube des Deutschen Stadions, 2004 The Silbersee, the former construction pit of the German Stadium, 2004 March field Edit Remains of the Märzfeld foundation and display board at Montessoristraße 56, 2008 The name Märzfeld is an allusion to the Roman god of war Mars and the Mars Field in Rome originally dedicated to him, as well as a reminder of the reintroduction of compulsory military service in March 1935. The area was intended to provide space for the Wehrmacht 's show maneuvers during the Nazi party rallies. It had a size of 955 × 611 meters, which corresponds to around 58 hectares and was therefore larger than 80 football fields. Construction began in 1938 but was never completed. Framed by 24 towers, 11 were completed, it was intended to give the impression of monumental fortress architecture. Grandstands for around 250,000 spectators were planned on the edges. On the central stand there was a group of colossal figures with a goddess of victory and warriors. Municipal stadium/Hitler Youth stadium Edit View over the municipal stadium to the Zeppelin main stand, around 1938 The municipal stadium, built between 1926 and 1928, was used as a venue for the so-called Hitler Youth Day at the Nazi party rallies . This usage also gives rise to the name used at the time. In reference to the German Stadium planned nearby, it was also often referred to as the Old Stadium . The building, constructed in the Bauhaus style, did not fit in with the monumental buildings that were being built around it. In order to take some of the modern character away from the stadium, two wooden towers and a row of arcades were built on the back straight, which served as a backdrop for drummers, choirs and brass players. After several renovations and modernizations, it now serves as a football stadium for 1. FC Nürnberg under the name Max Morlock Stadium . Zeppelin field and Zeppelin main grandstand Edit Zeppelin field with grandstand In the Zeppelin main stand: Golden Hall, 2015 On the Zeppelin meadow ( 49° 25′ 48.4″ N , 11° 7′ 25.1″ E) From 1933 onwards, events of the Reichswehr or Wehrmacht and the Reich Labor Service as well as the appeal of the political leaders of the NSDAP took place. Between 1935 and 1937, the Zeppelin meadow was transformed into a parade area with stands based on a design by Albert Speer (1934), with the main Zeppelin stand built on the northeast side of the field becoming the dominant backdrop. It is the only completed structure on the Nazi party rally grounds. The entire facility measured 362 × 378 meters, the actual Zeppelin field measured 290 × 312 meters. The interior area measures 312 × 285 meters, making it larger than 12 football fields. In total, the area offered space for up to 320,000 people, 70,000 of whom were spectators in the stands. They were divided by 34 towers on which stood flagpoles and anti-aircraft searchlights . The impressive “dome of light” was created with over 150 very powerful spotlights, which shone vertically into the sky around the Zeppelin field. On the north-eastern side of the field, the Zeppelin main stand was built in 1935 to replace a temporary wooden stand, measuring 360 meters long and 20 meters high. The ancient Pergamon Altar served as a model . Above the seats, a double row of pillars ran across the entire width, through which the grandstand reached its total height of 20 meters. It contains a hall approximately 8 m high and more than 300 m² in size, which is also called the Golden Hall because of the decorative ceiling mosaics. The two staircases that are accessible from the inside are also located there. There were fire bowls on the two corner towers of the Zeppelin stand , one of which is now in the Golden Hall in the stand. The other was used as a children's paddling pool in the nearby stadium pool until 2008 , but is now in front of the main entrance to the stands. An additional raised section was created in the middle of the stand, which was reserved for special guests of honor. The central element was the speaker's pulpit from which Adolf Hitler conducted parades and spoke to the masses. As with the Luitpoldarena, the entire complex was oriented towards this point and thus towards the person of the “leader”, which gave it an altar-like character. The building, built between 1935 and 1937, is made of concrete, brick and limestone . During later renovations it became apparent that the shell limestone slabs are of different thicknesses. The protruding and receding processing of the bricks resulted in greater stability and simultaneous material savings for the more expensive veneers. Reichsparteitag 1935. Der riesige Parteiadler ist aus Holz, die Bühne unvollständig. Reich Party Rally 1935. The huge party eagle is made of wood, the stage is incomplete. Zeppelinhaupttribüne mit Kolonnaden und Lichtdom beim großen Appell der Politischen Leiter, Reichsparteitag 1937 Zeppelin main stand with colonnades and dome of light at the great roll call of the political leaders , Nazi party rally 1937 Veranstaltung des Reichsarbeitsdienstes, Reichsparteitag 1937 Event of the Reich Labor Service , Reich Party Rally 1937 Großer Aufmarsch des Reichsarbeitsdienstes, Reichsparteitag 1937 Large march of the Reich Labor Service, Reich Party Rally 1937 Zeppelinfeld ca. 1938 Zeppelin field around 1938 Zeppelinhaupttribüne, 1938 Zeppelin main grandstand, 1938 Zeppelinhaupttribüne, 2018 Zeppelin main grandstand, 2018 Zeppelinhaupttribüne, 2021 Zeppelin main grandstand, 2021 Zeppelinhaupttribüne, 2009 Zeppelin main grandstand, 2009 Panorama des Zeppelinfeldes, 2017 Panorama of the Zeppelin field, 2017 Eingang zum Goldenen Saal, 2015 Entrance to the Golden Hall, 2015 The construction-era staging of a homogeneous monumental building, cleverly supported by photos, continues to this day, but the building was built step by step, even using older building materials. Wooden dummies were often used to create propaganda effects. The party conference of 1934 – with its propagandistic exaggeration through the Riefenstahl film Triumph of the Will – still shapes the collective image of these major events today. The performances shown by Hitler on a stand crowned with a 9 by 16 meter eagle, which was built on the western side stand of the Hensel sports field, are now often mistakenly associated with the Zeppelin stand, which, however, was only built in the following years. In the same year, Hitler commissioned Speer - with a view to the dummy-like wooden structures used - to plan a major expansion for a “temple city of the movement” on the site. In the following first “building program” in 1934/35, the wooden structures that had been tried and tested in previous years were still used. The greatest effort was made to ensure the bearing capacity of the field. In order to be able to use heavy military vehicles during parades on the Zeppelin field, which was created in the swampy area near the Zehnteich, the “unsustainable moorland” was partly replaced several meters deep. Behind and above the central building, a structure was created with another set of steps and another gigantic imperial eagle made of wood. During the second “building program” in 1935/36 and the following expansion from 1936 to 1938, the wooden cladding was replaced and, in many cases, the existing building structure was built over. The piling up of the building masses as an effective backdrop for the eight-day propaganda act could therefore only be carried out on the basis of predominantly functional spatial contents, which often did not fit together. The end buildings of the main stand always remained unused, the wing buildings and the towers of the ramparts only accommodated numerous toilets and a few transformer stations. The pressure of deadlines to present a monumental piece of architecture at the Nazi party rally in September led to excessive planning and construction. Due to subsequent design changes, parts that had already been built were dismantled. At least in the main rooms and the exterior, the Zeppelin grandstand was completed for the last Nazi party rally in 1938. Much of the structural damage that has triggered the current debate about preservation and security projects is already due to the planning and implementation of the building. As early as 1941, numerous stones had to be replaced because they were installed damp due to lack of time. [5] In 1967, the pillar galleries were blown up by the city of Nuremberg and a little later the towers were also demolished halfway up. [17] Today the stand is in need of renovation. 80 percent of the natural stone blocks on the steps and 60 percent of the stones on the facades are destroyed or damaged. The city of Nuremberg is planning restoration and maintenance. [18] KdF city Edit In the northern area of the Nazi party rally grounds, on what is now the site of 1. FC Nürnberg , the KdF city was built in 1937 . Some of the wooden exhibition buildings built for the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin were brought to Nuremberg after the competition was over and rebuilt there. During the Nazi party rallies, regional products were presented and leisure events were held in the exhibition halls. The KdF city burned down after a bomb attack in 1942. [19] Workers' housing complex Edit Former workers' housing complex, now the August Meier Home In 1939, a residential complex was built to the east, directly adjacent to the Nazi party rally grounds, for the workers of the German Labor Front who were deployed at the Nazi party rally grounds. Seven connected outbuildings were built onto the main building to serve as accommodation. The facility, located in the forest, was rebuilt after the war despite severe bomb damage and was briefly used as accommodation for American soldiers. Since 1947, the majority of it has been used as a retirement home ( August Meier Home) and the rear area as a municipal emergency housing facility for the homeless and state-run shared accommodation for asylum seekers . The construction of a new retirement home on the site, which was decided in 2017 [20] and completed in 2023 [21] , which replaced the home operation in the historic buildings, and the closure of the homeless settlement planned for 2009 [22] led to extensive changes . The extent to which the existence of listed buildings is threatened by this is not yet known. Storage areas Edit RAD tent camp , 1939 The individual camp areas, the HJ camp, the SA , SS and NSKK camps, began directly at Märzfeld train station in a southeasterly direction . This area is now used as a residential area. The Wehrmacht and RAD camp areas were located on Moorenbrunnfeld and are largely undeveloped. Trafostation Edit The former transformer station with fast food restaurant, 2006 The transformer station on Regensburger Straße was built in 1934 to supply power to the Nazi party rally grounds. After 1945 the building became the property of the city of Nuremberg. The local electricity supplier N-ERGIE used the technology to supply electricity until 1998, after which the transformer station lost its purpose due to technical changes. Since June 2006, part of the building has housed a fast food restaurant and a fitness studio. Train stations Edit The Märzfeld train station, 2005 For the arrival and departure of the participants, the Nuremberg Hauptbahnhof train stations and the Dürreteich and marshalling yard stations near the site were used to an approximately equal extent. The Märzfeld train station was only used from 1938 but was never completed. The Fischbach train station was renovated and significantly expanded in 1940 as part of the construction of the Nazi party rally grounds. [23] The Zehnteich train stations and the Märzfeld train station, located between Märzfeld and Langwasser camp, were also planned as part of the broad-gauge railway project . A broad-gauge line was planned from Hamburg via the newly built Nürnberg-Buch station and further south towards Munich. SS barracks Edit Former SS barracks The original plan did not include SS accommodation; it was not until 1936 that the SS made corresponding requests. Franz Ruff was appointed architect and a building site on Frankenstrasse was selected. The building complex was completed in 1939 and was described as the “gateway to the Nazi party rally grounds”, even though it was on the edge of the site. Radio operators were trained there during the war. [24] Granite production in concentration camps Edit Blasting in the quarry of the Mauthausen concentration camp, 1941 Granite was sometimes used as a building material in buildings such as the Große Straße and the Congress Hall . Since this was expensive, the SS set up a granite industry with concentration camp prisoners from the Flossenbürg , Mauthausen , Groß-Rosen and Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camps . These camps were set up near granite quarries. [25] A memorial in front of the St. Lorenz Church commemorates the murderous work in the quarries . However, there is evidence that no granite from concentration camps was used in the completed and existing buildings; there were only initial deliveries in stock for planned buildings, especially reddish granite from the Natzweiler quarry for the German Stadium, which Albert Speer specifically ordered for this in September 1941 Purpose requested. [26] [27] During the war, on April 22, 1945, a swastika was blown away by the Allies on the main stand of the Zeppelin Field. [28] The site after 1945 Edit After the Second World War, the remaining building materials and rubble were covered with earth; This created the small hills that characterize the Volkspark Dürrenteich , the local recreation area around the Dürrenteich. The Märzfeld was largely unused after 1945. U.S. forces seized much of the area to create makeshift ammunition caches in some of the towers. In the 1960s, the site was cleared for residential development in the new Langwasser district . During this time you could camp there and use the toilets available in the towers. The first towers were blown up in 1966. After 1945, the United States Air Force initially used Grand Street as a military airfield . Over time, the huge area turned out to be an extremely conveniently located parking lot in the immediate vicinity of the exhibition center , the stadium and the folk festival square . In 1992/93 a renovation costing twelve million German marks was carried out. The congress hall now largely serves as a warehouse and the inner courtyard as a storage area, including for the stalls of the Nuremberg Christmas market and for granite slabs for the improvement of the Große Straße. When there are high numbers of visitors, such as at a folk festival, it also serves as a parking area. Shortly after the war there were plans to demolish it and convert it into a football stadium around 1960, both of which were not realized because the costs were too high. In 1987 the city council prevented the construction of a shopping center. In the 1980s, the police depot for confiscated vehicles was also housed there, including the fleet of the Hoffmann military sports group . The Documentation Center for the Nazi Party Rally Grounds has been located in the northern of the two head buildings since 2001 , presenting the history of Nuremberg and its significance for National Socialism from the time of the Weimar Republic to the post-war period. The Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra has its headquarters in the southern building, the Serenadenhof . From June 2008 to 2010, the Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra's concert hall served as an alternative venue for the Nuremberg State Theater during the general renovation of the main building. The Nuremberg Folk Festival takes place on the square between the Congress Hall and Große Straße . Large events are still held on parts of the site today, such as the Rock im Park festival around the stadium where 1. FC Nürnberg plays its home games. One of the most impressive concerts on the site was Bob Dylan's performance on July 1, 1978, when he sang Masters of War, among other songs, in front of around 80,000 visitors opposite the Zeppelin Field grandstand . (Organizer Fritz Rau to Bob Dylan: “80,000 mostly Germans turned to you and turned their backs on Hitler.”). On August 16, 1981, the one-day Golden Summernight Concert took place with bands such as Foreigner , Kansas , Blue Öyster Cult , Motörhead , Blackfoot , 38 Special , More and Iron Maiden . [29] After a few years (September 4, 1983), the annual festival continued as the Monsters of Rock Festival with headliners such as Whitesnake , Blue Öyster Cult, Meat Loaf , Thin Lizzy , Saxon , Motörhead and Twisted Sister . AC/DC were also guests at Zeppelinfeld on May 8, 2015. In 1988, the closing service of the Christival took place on the Nazi party rally grounds with 30,000 visitors. [30] Until the opening of the official documentation center, the city tolerated a private exhibition in the Steintribüne at Zeppelinfeld , which it later supported. Since the hall under the stone stand was not heated, the exhibition had to close in winter. The installations Overkill I + II by Hans-Jürgen Breuste were installed in front of the entrance in 1987/88. [31] Since 1947, the street circuit known as the Norisring has been located around the stone stand , where an annual DTM car race is held. On April 22, 1945, after a US Army victory parade, the swastika on the main stand was blown up from the Zeppelin Field facility, which was essentially undamaged during the Second World War. From 1945 onwards, the US Army created a sports and leisure area for its soldiers and their families on the Zeppelin Field itself, the so-called Soldier Field . When the US Army withdrew in 1995, it was handed over to the city of Nuremberg. The Nuremberg Rams American football team now plays its home games there, with some fans jokingly and ironically using the name “Soldier Field” in reference to the stadium of the same name in Chicago. At the end of 2007, the Nuremberg town hall reported that the Zeppelin stand was in danger of collapsing. [32] [33] [34] The top plateau and the Golden Hall were closed. [35] Due to the partial demolition of the building in June 1967 (colonnades) and in 1979 (outer towers) and the disposal of rubble in the eight staircases accessible from the rear, the structural stability of the building was no longer guaranteed. In addition, the situation is made worse by leaks, as water penetrates through the blown-off covering and blast damage. As an immediate measure, the stairwells were opened in 2008 and cleared of construction rubble. The back was shielded with grilles. At the same time, civil engineering work was also carried out in the rear area of the stands. [36] In 2011, the cultural officer for the city of Nuremberg, Julia Lehner , called for the grandstand to be renovated as soon as possible with financial support from the federal government and the Free State of Bavaria . [37] In 2016, the Nuremberg city council gave its approval to structurally securing the Zeppelin field and grandstand. Previously closed areas, such as B. the Golden Hall should become part of the tour. [38] The federal government and the Free State of Bavaria have agreed to contribute to the costs amounting to 85.1 million euros. The start of construction has not yet been determined. [39] Due to the now very high density of events, a dynamic traffic control system was installed for the entire site in 2002 for around 26.3 million euros. After two years of construction, it went into regular operation in March 2004 as the most extensive traffic control system in Europe after a successful test phase. [40] [41] In October 2005, the competition announced in September 2004 for a new information system on the former Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg was decided. The jury selected the proposal from the Nuremberg studio LIPOPP from the competition entries. The site information system is intended to enable interested visitors to independently visit the former Nazi party rally site. The system consists of 23 information steles spread across the entire site . The official inauguration took place on May 25, 2006 ( Ascension Day ). [42] In 2020, the Zeppelin grandstand was painted in the colors of the Pride movement ( rainbow flag ) by the “Rainbow Prelude” group . The Nuremberg photographer Peter Kunz documented the work of the same name created as a result of the action, which was removed by the city of Nuremberg. [43] As part of the application for the title of European Capital of Culture 2025 (N2025), the premiere of Selcuk Cara's adaptation with spoken text of Richard Wagner's " Die Meistersinger von Nuremberg " took place on June 28, 2020 in the Congress Hall building complex on the former Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg. In addition to the concept, spoken text and direction, the singer Cara also took over the areas of artistic production management, stage space, lighting design and costumes. [44] Serenadenhof 2013 Serenade Court 2013 Neubaugebiet in Nürnberg-Langwasser 2007 New development area in Nuremberg-Langwasser 2007 Dokumentationszentrum Reichsparteitagsgelände 2007 Die Kongresshalle mit dem Dokuzentrum Reichsparteitagsgelände (rechts) und dem Veranstaltungsort Serenadenhof (links), 2021 The congress hall with the Nazi Party Rally Grounds documentation center (right) and the Serenadenhof event location (left), 2021 Innenhof der Kongresshalle 2008 Inner courtyard of the congress hall 2008 Volksfestplatz mit Kongresshalle 2004 Volksfestplatz with congress hall 2004 Informationstafel am Stadion Nürnberg Information board at the Nuremberg stadium Kongresshalle mit temporärem Festplatz Congress hall with temporary festival area See also Edit History of the city of Nuremberg Air raids on Nuremberg literature Edit History for all e. V. (Ed.): Site inspection - The Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg , Sandberg Verlag, 4th supplemented and updated edition, Nuremberg 2005, ISBN 3-930699-37-0 . Christina Haberlik: 50 classics. 20th Century Architecture . Gerstenberg Verlag, Hildesheim 2001, ISBN 3-8067-2514-4 . Ingmar Reither: “Words made of stone” and the language of poets. The Nazi party rally grounds as a poetic landscape. (Nuremberg City History(s) 4, published by Geschichte Für Alle e. V.), Sandberg Verlag, Nuremberg 2000, ISBN 3-930699-15-X . Siegfried Zelnhefer: The Nazi Party rally grounds in Nuremberg. Nürnberger Presse publishing house, Nuremberg 2002, ISBN 3-931683-13-3 . CD-ROM: The Nazi Party Rally Grounds. Imbiss-media publishing house, Nuremberg 2004, ISBN 3-938451-00-9 . Eckart Dietzfelbinger, Gerhard Liedtke: Nuremberg - place of the masses. The Nazi Party Rally Grounds – Prehistory and Difficult Legacy. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 978-3-86153-322-1 . Eckart Dietzfelbinger: Nuremberg. Nazi Party Rally Grounds and Palace of Justice. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-86153-772-4 . Yvonne Karow: German victim. Cultish self-extinction at the Nazi party rallies. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-05-003140-9 . Hanne Leßau (ed.): The Nazi party rally grounds during the war. Captivity, mass murder and forced labor , Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2021, ISBN 978-3-7319-1015-2 Web links Edit Homepage of the Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds Overview plan Online exhibition on the history of the Nazi party rally grounds Tours of the Nazi party rally grounds Information page about buildings in Nuremberg 1933–1945 Thoughts on the use of the site (PDF; 2.74 MB) Documentary “Controlled | Derelict – everyday life between Hitler’s ruins” (2017) Information page from the city of Nuremberg on the subject Individual evidence Edit ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from February 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from July 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) ↑ Terrain information system for the former Nazi party rally grounds. Retrieved July 11, 2023 . ↑ Nuremberg Laufamholz Suburban Association - Historical Postcards , accessed on February 20, 2013. ↑ Jump up to:a b Christian Kayser, Peter Kifinger: On the construction history of the Nuremberg Zeppelin Field. Threatening backdrop. German construction newspaper . December 16, 2015, accessed November 21, 2017. ↑ Adelheid von Saldern: Staged Pride: City Representations in Three German Societies (1935–1975) , Franz Steiner Verlag, 2005, p. 137. ↑ Jump up to:a b EXTRACT from Michael Gerhard Kaufmann "ORGAN AND NATIONAL SOCIALISM". Musikforschung Verlags-Gesellschaft mbH, Kleinblittersdorf 1997 ( Memento from December 1, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF). walcker.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017. ↑ 75 years of the Walcker organ opus 2432. Martin Luther Memorial Church Berlin-Mariendorf ( Memento from December 4, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF). jubal.bplaced.net. Retrieved December 3, 2017. ↑ Esmond HL Rodex: The Organ in the Congress Hall, Nuremberg . In: The Organ . October 1951 ( web.archive.org [PDF; 2.2 MB ; accessed on September 22, 2021]). ↑ Luitpoldhalle on nuernberginfos.de. Retrieved December 6, 2017. ↑ Nazi party rally grounds. Luitpoldhain-Luitpoldhalle. In: Buildings in Nuremberg 1933–1945. Arne Marenda, accessed January 9, 2011 . ↑ Alexander Schmidt: The Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg. 5th, completely revised edition. Nuremberg 2017, pp. 35–61, here p. 36. ↑ Photovoltaic system on the roof of the Nuremberg Congress Hall ↑ Northern Bavaria editorial team: Too many unanswered questions! Historians call for a postponement of the interim opera in the Congress Hall . Nürnberger Nachrichten from November 24, 2021. (accessed November 28, 2021). ↑ Michael Grube: Rheinmetall-Borsig AG Unterlüß factory airfield. Retrieved on May 26, 2023 (German). ↑ Introduction: Silbersee and Silberbuck in the southeast of Nuremberg - a dangerous hazardous waste dump in the groundwater area. Retrieved May 26, 2023 . ↑ 7. Zeppelin Grandstand. In: Nuremberg Museums. Retrieved January 20, 2024 . ↑ Preservation of the Zeppelin Grandstand/Zeppelin Field (repair concept). In: Nuremberg Building Authority. Retrieved January 20, 2024 . ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from July 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) ↑ Article from April 14, 2017 on www.nordbayern.de ↑ Article from May 11, 2023 on www.nn.de ↑ http://www.nn-online.de/artikel.asp?art=1041229&kat=10 ( Page no longer available , discovered in May 2019. Search in web archives ) ↑ Nuremberg-Fischbach train station (1940). In: BAUZEUGEN Architecture 1933–45: Focus on Nuremberg and Franconia. Arne Marenda, April 12, 2015, accessed October 1, 2019 . ↑ Federal Office for the Recognition of Foreign Refugees (ed.): One building - many names , Nuremberg 2000, ISBN 3-9805881-6-5 ↑ Schieber, M. Nuremberg - an illustrated history of the city. Munich: Beck, 2000. ↑ Alexander Schmidt: The Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg . Sandberg Verlag, Nuremberg 2017, ISBN 978-3-930699-91-9 , pp. 36, 73. ↑ Museums of the City of Nuremberg, Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds (ed.): Fascination and Violence. Nuremberg Nazi Party Rally Grounds Documentation Center . Nuremberg 2006, p. 58 f. ↑ Sven Felix Kellerhoff: Nuremberg: We really don't need this Nazi architecture . In the world . January 7, 2015 ( welt.de [accessed April 11, 2020]). ↑ Golden Summernight - With Foreigner, 38 Special and 5 other artists in Zeppelinfeld , last.fm ↑ Interview with Ulrich Parzany and Roland Werner ↑ Museums of the City of Nuremberg: The Nazi Party Rally Grounds / ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from April 29, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) ↑ http://www.nn-online.de/artikel.asp?art=716649&kat=10 ( Page no longer available , discovered in May 2019. Search in web archives ) ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from October 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) ↑ Marco Puschner: Pompous building with profane content. In: nordbayern.de. Nürnberger Zeitung, September 3, 2009, accessed on October 16, 2020. ↑ http://www.nn-online.de/artikel.asp?art=1056524&kat=120 ( Page no longer available , discovered in May 2019. Search in web archives ) ↑ Klaus Tscharnke: The Zeppelin grandstand is crumbling. In: nordbayern.de. September 25, 2011, accessed on October 16, 2020. ↑ Conceptual preliminary considerations. In: nuernberg.de. City of Nuremberg, accessed on October 16, 2020. ↑ André Fischer: For 85 million euros. Zeppelin field becomes a major project. In: nordbayern.de. Nürnberger Zeitung, January 15, 2019, accessed on October 16, 2020. ↑ Northern Bavaria Motorway Directorate, City of Nuremberg/Economic Department (ed.): Dynamic traffic control system for trade fair/stadium/ARENA . Nuremberg 2004 ( nuernberg.de [PDF; 665 kB ]). ↑ Award for traffic control system. Fraunhofer Society, April 2, 2003, archived from the original (no longer available online) on January 4, 2015 ; accessed January 9, 2011 . ↑ Terrain information system for the former Nazi party rally grounds. Retrieved July 11, 2023 . ↑ Guerrilla art in Nuremberg. Don't paint me a rainbow. In: zeit.de. Retrieved December 21, 2020 . ↑ Egbert Tholl: History demands - Nuremberg wants to become European Capital of Culture in 2025. Selcuk Cara makes a contribution to this with his version of the “Meistersinger” . Criticism of the Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 1, 2020. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-82279088034197630282012-09-18T22:18:00.057-07:002024-02-29T00:13:48.785-08:00Nazi-era Odeonsplatz<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">The <i>Feldherrenhalle</i></span> - 'The Altar of the Movement'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1YtXZMv7koNbp64ZGOnToeNPjESb7kX7SUgYT9kMYJhlssCdsk-nr3U6q775vOuJb3__WE1fy-4Duljdz8ry5PsRSydwVE_mT3Zc7mKBIDqIkqyqhWbP7q1sKXI5-KVQqQ9s1wNzod0c/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Feldherrnhalle Hitler Goering" border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="454" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1YtXZMv7koNbp64ZGOnToeNPjESb7kX7SUgYT9kMYJhlssCdsk-nr3U6q775vOuJb3__WE1fy-4Duljdz8ry5PsRSydwVE_mT3Zc7mKBIDqIkqyqhWbP7q1sKXI5-KVQqQ9s1wNzod0c/w400-h308/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Feldherrnhalle Hitler Goering November 9" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">At the site of the failed Munich beer hall putsch November 9, 1923</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Feldherrnhalle on Munich’s Odeonsplatz, the nineteenth- century memorial to the Bavarian Army, took on new significance after the Nazis came to power. The site of Hitler's failed 1923 putsch attempt where sixteen Nazis and four police were killed; ten years later Hitler took power and made this the site of his annual march to commemorate the event. A Nazi eagle was placed on it with two 24 hour<span> ϟϟ </span>honour guards standing watch- one had to give the Hitler salute to pass by. The plaque, often quoted in guides to the city, read:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Feldherrnhalle is bound for all times with the names of the men who gave their lives on 9 November 1923 for the movement and the rebirth of Germany.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students at Feldherrnhalle Odeonsplatz Munich and demonstration against Versailles 1919" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg41IbpOJSblpBV3Bp7MauKFXpNigpoekW8JvWbcwgR1zPhBOyZtSBysiwlVOOisOUb9lbFTBhhFrsuDmDQAH9uEx29fbq80kHad28y_hdU39KNYAswyfzmXStL5jbeU8ISw0TFtnKWHtnW/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25287%2529.gif" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="394" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg41IbpOJSblpBV3Bp7MauKFXpNigpoekW8JvWbcwgR1zPhBOyZtSBysiwlVOOisOUb9lbFTBhhFrsuDmDQAH9uEx29fbq80kHad28y_hdU39KNYAswyfzmXStL5jbeU8ISw0TFtnKWHtnW/w400-h216/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25287%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Bavarian International School students at Feldherrnhalle Odeonsplatz Munich and demonstration against Versailles 1919" width="400" /></span> <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Over 30,000 demonstrating against the Versailles settlement on June 1, 1919 in Odeonsplatz and </span></span></span></span></span></span>my students from the <a href="https://www.bis-school.com/"><i>Bavarian International School</i></a> today. When the Treaty of Versailles was signed that month in 1919, newspapers headlines across the country articulated the overwhelming German feeling, such as "Schändlich!" ("Shameful!") which appeared on the front page of the Frankfurter Zeitung in 1919. The Berliner Tageblatt predicted that should the country "accept the conditions, a military furore for revenge will sound in Germany within a few years; a militant nationalism will engulf all." Hitler, knowing his nation's disgust with the Treaty, used it as leverage to influence his audience, repeatedly referring back to the terms of the Treaty as a direct attack on Germany and its people. In one speech delivered on January 30, 1937 he directly stated that he was withdrawing the German signature from the document to protest the outrageous proportions of the terms. He claimed the Treaty made Germany out to be inferior and "less" of a country than others only because blame for the war was placed on it. The success of Nazi propagandists and Hitler would help gain the Nazi party control of Germany and eventually led to the war.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtAwqGQKRmSCm_8qL2GB5j5ZFSf9dBZyxenGoLud6D0QcJ0xLrpYM8Nh9xDw1jHTCFr_wdHe9FPs-Bc5QkVucRhgli39O2BUSLHGT0GIxKFahSkw1fqnGl5OWpnvtSslUusz6HeTVxCCJZ/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252875%2529.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Himmler laying wreath at Feldherrnhalle 1934" border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="405" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtAwqGQKRmSCm_8qL2GB5j5ZFSf9dBZyxenGoLud6D0QcJ0xLrpYM8Nh9xDw1jHTCFr_wdHe9FPs-Bc5QkVucRhgli39O2BUSLHGT0GIxKFahSkw1fqnGl5OWpnvtSslUusz6HeTVxCCJZ/w400-h278/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252875%2529.gif" title="Himmler laying wreath at Feldherrnhalle 1934" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Himmler laying wreath at site, 1934</span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Having established his authority in the Party and reshaped its leadership structure, Hitler now decided to challenge the resolve of the Weimar Republic by mounting a Putsch in the Nazi stronghold of Bavaria. No doubt influenced by Mussolini’s successful march on Rome in October 1922, Hitler decided to act. Taking advantage of Germany’s hyper-inflation, the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr and government instability, Hitler together with disaffected war hero General Ludendorff and local nationalist groups sought to overthrow the Bavarian government in Munich and then march on “red” Berlin. On the evening of 8 November 1923 Hitler mobilized units of the SA and burst into a public meeting at the <a href="http://tracesofevil.blogspot.com/search/label/B%C3%BCrgerbr%C3%A4ukeller">Bürgerbräu-Keller</a> in Munich where the Bavarian state government under Gustav von Kahr was deciding whether or not to establish a separatist rightwing regime independent from alleged socialist influence in Berlin. Brandishing a gun, Hitler declared that he was forming a new provisional government: “I am going to fulfil the vow I made five years ago when I was a blind cripple in the military hospital; to know neither rest nor peace until the November criminals had been overthrown, until on the ruins of the wretched Germany of today there should have arisen once more a Germany of power and greatness, of freedom and splendour”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitler-Profile-Dictator-David-Welch/dp/0415250757"><span style="font-style: italic;">Hitler</span></a>,</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> David Welch,</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> (16)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Hitler, accompanied by Hess, Lenk, and Graf, ordered the triumvirate of Kahr, Seisser and Lossow into an adjoining room at gunpoint and demanded they support the putsch by accepting the government positions he assigned them. Hitler had promised Lossow a few days earlier that he would not attempt a coup, but now thought that he would get an immediate response of affirmation from them, imploring Kahr to accept the position of Regent of Bavaria. Kahr replied that he could not be expected to collaborate, especially as he had been taken out of the auditorium under heavy guard. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSc4STlTJEvtSw0BwpFW3Ja2ysvDmKHN-HtVDSrJOK3B9BzvPkhQicdbUqeyjN6rqUH-yox8WXOYQPpuRISThxlWAOKyrWckF9cVzg4OLmPml1edVc_lXcBwtIqtQh8JX6YHh_Pc9BOvBP/s399/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Nazi-era postcard Feldherrnhalle" border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="399" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSc4STlTJEvtSw0BwpFW3Ja2ysvDmKHN-HtVDSrJOK3B9BzvPkhQicdbUqeyjN6rqUH-yox8WXOYQPpuRISThxlWAOKyrWckF9cVzg4OLmPml1edVc_lXcBwtIqtQh8JX6YHh_Pc9BOvBP/w400-h235/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" title="Nazi-era postcard Feldherrnhalle" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Standing in front and from a Nazi-era postcard<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Soon afterwards Ludendorff arrived, having agreed to become head of the the German Army in Hitler's government.</span><span> </span><span>Whilst Hitler had been appointing government ministers, Ernst Roehm seized the War Ministry and Rudolf Hess was arranging the arrest of Jews and left-wing political leaders in Bavaria. Hitler became irritated by Kahr and summoned Ernst Pöhner, Friedrich Weber, and Hermann Kriebel to stand in for him while he returned to the auditorium flanked by Rudolf Hess and Adolf Lenk. He followed up on Göring's speech and stated that the action was not directed at the police and Reichswehr, but against "the Berlin Jew government and the November criminals of 1918". Dr. Karl Alexander von Mueller, a professor of modern history and political science at the University of Munich and a supporter of Kahr, <a href="https://books.apple.com/at/audiobook/the-beer-hall-putsch-the-history-and-legacy-of-adolf/id983029433">reported later</a> how he could not "remember in my entire life such a change in the attitude of a crowd in a few minutes, almost a few seconds ... Hitler had turned them inside out, as one turns a glove inside out, with a few sentences. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6j0m_u-DhHYy7qN2uqIPxnJiVWu6_UhkPPhfNFdG1m-4M8hIbcSXF9b9uw-lBtqPSO96r9JJOseVopGbydcV7Gd1ztzhFprn0mgFV5Z03H8HegXWm6sZLM6kQTnHm0PrkvIVZoPRyx8E/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi-era Feldherrnhalle" border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="626" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6j0m_u-DhHYy7qN2uqIPxnJiVWu6_UhkPPhfNFdG1m-4M8hIbcSXF9b9uw-lBtqPSO96r9JJOseVopGbydcV7Gd1ztzhFprn0mgFV5Z03H8HegXWm6sZLM6kQTnHm0PrkvIVZoPRyx8E/w400-h188/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Nazi-era Feldherrnhalle" width="400" /></a>It had almost something of hocus-pocus, or magic about it." <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=-VXdCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT259&lpg=PT259&dq=%22%22Outside+are+Kahr,+Lossow+and+Seisser.+They+are+struggling+hard+to+reach+a+decision.+May+I+say+to+them+that+you+will+stand+behind+them?%22&source=bl&ots=L2wq6Usmbw&sig=ACfU3U2NAxzoyIH15oPkR_mhlK4tKOgUJg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiylLzbndPwAhWP3KQKHaGjBm0Q6AEwAnoECAMQAw">Hitler ended his speech with:</a> "Outside are Kahr, Lossow and Seisser. They are struggling hard to reach a decision. May I say to them that you will stand behind them?" The crowd in the hall backed Hitler with a roar of approval. He finished triumphantly: You can see that what motivates us is neither self-conceit nor self-interest, but only a burning desire to join the battle in this grave eleventh hour for our German Fatherland ... One last thing I can tell you. Either the German revolution begins tonight or we will all be dead by dawn! Hitler returned to the antechamber, where the triumvirs remained, to ear-shattering acclaim, which the triumvirs could not have failed to notice. On his way back, Hitler ordered Göring and Hess to take Eugen von Knilling and seven other members of the Bavarian government into custody. Hitler now planned to march on Berlin and remove the national government. Stupidly, Hitler had not thought to take control of the radio stations and the telegraph offices which meant that the national government in Berlin soon heard about Hitler's putsch and gave orders for it to be crushed.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1TsMgzUPOUY1KQMV1jedPNVQzMRLHWWhg1wRgp69qf0MZaUlGK4hJpVn8J9fEFet-oD7TUo6YrFPGOfIGPExESLXBYKrmLiQinJ70WYjKRJnO9YasF3bZSjBCBF-iLQp6tim5bi4Vkijg/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252812%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Nazis Feldherrnhalle" border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="440" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1TsMgzUPOUY1KQMV1jedPNVQzMRLHWWhg1wRgp69qf0MZaUlGK4hJpVn8J9fEFet-oD7TUo6YrFPGOfIGPExESLXBYKrmLiQinJ70WYjKRJnO9YasF3bZSjBCBF-iLQp6tim5bi4Vkijg/w400-h276/ezgif.com-optimize+%252812%2529.gif" title="Nazis Feldherrnhalle" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>As the morning hours passed, the would-be revolutionaries gradually discovered that they had been betrayed. Hitler might have been a talented propagandist, but he now displayed unimpressive leadership qualities. After some confusion during the morning, the Nazis at the Burgerbräukeller decided to march on the city to rouse the people. They hoped to convince the local Reichswehr to join them for the march on Berlin.<br />It was approaching noon on 9 November 1923 when a column of about 2,000 men set out for the centre of city. One of the marchers admitted later that the column hardly inspired confidence, looking like a “defeated army that had not fought anybody.” When it reached the bridge over the Isar, it encountered the state police. The “Green Police,” however, were confused by their orders and were overwhelmed by the marchers. This seemed to invigorate the column and it resumed marching. They continued toward military district headquarters.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Nazis Feldherrnhalle" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw5R2Exkuu1E9dGIcUElboCwN2uC4BEEn42rPo8uOUVkEhHdo5Iei2vsLeUWgoBtrrH-trQMV2FwJZzjcYroS4a7af4ksq9GcWj5ItQucTIRHbVXsLLGutWJsfmZZnWN8vpHvs02WkH-w/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="176" data-original-width="265" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw5R2Exkuu1E9dGIcUElboCwN2uC4BEEn42rPo8uOUVkEhHdo5Iei2vsLeUWgoBtrrH-trQMV2FwJZzjcYroS4a7af4ksq9GcWj5ItQucTIRHbVXsLLGutWJsfmZZnWN8vpHvs02WkH-w/w400-h266/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 301px;" title="Nazis Feldherrnhalle" width="400" /></span>One commander of the state police was determined to stop the column’s progress. A tough young lieutenant, Michael von Godin, set his men to fire if the marchers would not stop. One of the marchers shouted to the police not to shoot because Ludendorff was coming. Suddenly, a firefight commenced. Ulrich Graf, a loyal bodyguard, threw himself in front of Hitler to save his life. Graf was hit by eleven bullets. Göring was hit by a round in the groin, but escaped. Sixteen putschists were killed. Hitler escaped the scene to be arrested two days later outside of Munich. Hitler soon found that he was to be tried for high treason with other putschists, including Ludendorff. The Nazi leader realised that he might take propaganda advantage from such an event. He decided to use his trial ensure his prominence on the radical Right.</span><span><span id="btAsinTitle"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Stormtroopers-Attack-Republic-1919-1933/dp/0786439122"> </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span id="btAsinTitle"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Stormtroopers-Attack-Republic-1919-1933/dp/0786439122">Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic </a></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;">Mitchell (78) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0RwvOl4a-RyN_mVGK-FwctiNHO8wQIgsjxAYVZWxKhuS33v3o_ABRR4X9XinUJzu-McxKxzorCI72D4AV2PkCVGQ3pPlcth_bPGwGAaU3DY1N8DMPDoqmTnYYTZ-jcmA6z8z5mlpKkxBL/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Feldherrnhalle then and now" border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0RwvOl4a-RyN_mVGK-FwctiNHO8wQIgsjxAYVZWxKhuS33v3o_ABRR4X9XinUJzu-McxKxzorCI72D4AV2PkCVGQ3pPlcth_bPGwGAaU3DY1N8DMPDoqmTnYYTZ-jcmA6z8z5mlpKkxBL/w640-h190/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" title="Feldherrnhalle from the time of the putsch" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Feldherrnhalle from the time of the putsch and pleas for support from Munich residents in the form of proclamations.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1mqh_alDYbiBaaxkKI0rsgCdMBWpMq6IwnvBmmxnFUZElfuQk55ZYtju5cKvgcoEvHDwkRW7kEQz9J2Jw-8ply7HF9SvIa0iVlNPNtivHksz1Y7sj7S7NhiXJPo16VcKPHvPGLEi9p7U/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-08-04+at+22.02.31.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Hitler Putsch Medallion" border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1mqh_alDYbiBaaxkKI0rsgCdMBWpMq6IwnvBmmxnFUZElfuQk55ZYtju5cKvgcoEvHDwkRW7kEQz9J2Jw-8ply7HF9SvIa0iVlNPNtivHksz1Y7sj7S7NhiXJPo16VcKPHvPGLEi9p7U/w400-h118/Screen+Shot+2015-08-04+at+22.02.31.png" title="Hitler Putsch Medallion" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://karlgoetz.com/ImageDetail.aspx?idImage=226">The first medallion (or coin) depicting Hitler</a> (name intentionally spelt wrong) satirising the failed putsch attempt as three dwarves are shown on the Munich Theatre stage carrying a gallows and Nazi flag with backward swastika with the third raising his right hand in a Nazi salute. Behind the curtain is von Kahr with a cannon as a Social Democrat points to both. The poster below reads "Etzte Vorstellung - Auf nach Berlin" (Last Performance - On To Berlin). The maker of this medal, Karl Goetz, (who had also been responsible for the infamous Lusitania medal during the Great War) had to hunt down all copies to save himself from the wrath of the Nazis upon their takeover of power when they came out with their own medal honouring the putsch, shown on the right.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQkewt4VnbOUHbxPRL8mTNkHsbMyBiQ1XfSpZ2IKa0gApW63-hkMegoexWk75zQCywb2T6nusRycHbEr5X7Xd0xnLcfh-0T88Df_9gkwgrYuVaJWCjpHCP72MyoZLb4oqfeLmD1w3QBJ_J/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252810%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Feldherrnhalle Residenzstrasse Hitler Putsch" border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="355" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQkewt4VnbOUHbxPRL8mTNkHsbMyBiQ1XfSpZ2IKa0gApW63-hkMegoexWk75zQCywb2T6nusRycHbEr5X7Xd0xnLcfh-0T88Df_9gkwgrYuVaJWCjpHCP72MyoZLb4oqfeLmD1w3QBJ_J/w400-h335/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252810%2529.gif" title="Feldherrnhalle Residenzstrasse Hitler Putsch" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A photomontage of the event by Hoffmann. During the actual march, four flag bearers followed by Adolf Lenk and Kurt Neubauer, Ludendorff's servant, were in the front behind whom came more flag bearers followed by the leadership in two rows. Hitler marched in the centre, slouch hat in hand, the collar of his white trenchcoat turned up in defence of the cold. To his left, in civilian clothes, a green felt hat, and a loose loden coat, was Ludendorff. To Hitler's right was Scheubner-Richter. To his right came Alfred Rosenberg. On either side of these men were Ulrich Graf, Hermann Kriebel, Friedrich Weber, Julius Streicher, Hermann Göring, and Wilhelm Brückner. Behind these came the second string of Heinz Pernet, Johann Aigner (Scheubner-Richter's servant), Gottfried Feder, Theodor von der Pfordten, Wilhelm Kolb, Rolf Reiner, Hans Streck, and Heinrich Bennecke, Brückner's adjutant. Behind this row marched the Stoßtrupp-Hitler, the SA, the Infantry School, and the Oberländer. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXaB3ea4p-0meu0UtN3PcZ8QZ9OJg7KfJjGjlkHP102sLSlrZVT1udfEfTrAIy2eKdmi-uxmivw2XwxeTaCPLPMJC_C_KUDkksUoNkKV6fieQwq4Qq01bfpjHjSoPhhTb-hxC3pZBT1kTb/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Beer Hall putsch 1940 painting by H. Schmitt" border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="300" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXaB3ea4p-0meu0UtN3PcZ8QZ9OJg7KfJjGjlkHP102sLSlrZVT1udfEfTrAIy2eKdmi-uxmivw2XwxeTaCPLPMJC_C_KUDkksUoNkKV6fieQwq4Qq01bfpjHjSoPhhTb-hxC3pZBT1kTb/w400-h353/ezgif.com-crop+%25282%2529.gif" title="Beer Hall putsch 1940 painting by H. Schmitt" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On the right is the putsch as imagined in 1940 by H. Schmitt, a participant at the event, showing an heroic Hitler defiantly leading the charge front-centre when in fact he had been ignominiously thrown to the ground once shots were fired and quickly fled the scene and the site today with my bike honouring the holy red ensign. <a href="https://erenow.net/ww/hitler18891936hubris/9.php">Sir Ian Kershaw wrote how</a> "[h]ad the bullet which killed Scheubner-Richter been a foot to the right, history would have taken a different course. As it was, Hitler either took instant evasive action, or was wrenched to the ground by Scheubner-Richter." Kershaw quotes a Lieutenant- Colonel Theodor Endres who, even if he was "critical in every other respect of Hitler's action in the putsch, was certain that he had thrown himself to the ground at the outbreak of gunfire, and thought this action 'absolutely right'." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6d3hG3mTpA7hyphenhyphen2M5TI0cEYBBnTOlvRlHR0AbQy0pGy9r1YI1_niIvKL4Q030ygrPibfgTM1tWw54scxun7P9Y1Zz7br6N8ue-s5xJBoeMQRgpymlfmh60eMWZsh4-TQv0m7h64wE2XTK3/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252825%2529.gif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students at site of beer hall putsch, feldherrnhalle" border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="530" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6d3hG3mTpA7hyphenhyphen2M5TI0cEYBBnTOlvRlHR0AbQy0pGy9r1YI1_niIvKL4Q030ygrPibfgTM1tWw54scxun7P9Y1Zz7br6N8ue-s5xJBoeMQRgpymlfmh60eMWZsh4-TQv0m7h64wE2XTK3/w400-h216/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252825%2529.gif" title="Bavarian International School students at site of beer hall putsch, feldherrnhalle" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Bavarian International School seniors<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/54055/what-exactly-do-eyewitness-testimonies-say-about-hitlers-behavior-during-the-mu">Harold J Gordon compared </a>Ludendorff's 'courage' s often been praised as a contrast to the 'cowardice' of Hitler and the others, who hit the ground as soon as the firing started. "In actual fact, Ludendorff showed merely foolhardiness, pride, or confidence in his destiny. A secretary at the Nazi paper Völkischer Beobachter claimed that a Dr. R. shielded Ludendorff with his body and died from eight bullets, and that Ludendorff himself fell unconscious." Gordon nevertheless assumes that Hitler's war experiences played a part: "Almost from the beginning the putschists claimed that Hitler had been pulled down by Scheubner-Richter when the latter was slain. This may well be true, but I suspect that Hitler would have dropped anyway. Such reflexes become automatic in a front soldier. However, some putschists claimed, on other grounds, that Hitler lost his nerve during the clash." Ernst Hanfstaengl, who did not witness the shooting at the Feldherrnhalle himself, had declared in 1970 that Hitler was made unfit for combat (kampfuntauglich) when he was hurled to the ground by the dying Scheubner-Richter: "Die Behauptung, daß er feige gekniffen habe, stimmt also nicht" [The assertion that he had backed out as a coward is simply not true].</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-lQ-jcTcaYovjJ1eG-Sq5iJrLT70q1jLJE2xrcFZg_5XvEUovnGEfai9EHaXzxlLRZZgfLY8Aci5-e8p4gw6XUs7zqJ9pM0r0qe9wzSPPlTKmRN1E0kVUmqt_hRpvvlOb2OfKIPE3q7jq/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252873%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="site where the putsch ended showing the Residenz and Preysing Palace" border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="320" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-lQ-jcTcaYovjJ1eG-Sq5iJrLT70q1jLJE2xrcFZg_5XvEUovnGEfai9EHaXzxlLRZZgfLY8Aci5-e8p4gw6XUs7zqJ9pM0r0qe9wzSPPlTKmRN1E0kVUmqt_hRpvvlOb2OfKIPE3q7jq/w400-h321/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252873%2529.gif" title="site where the putsch ended showing the Residenz and Preysing Palace" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>During one of my regular tours at the site where the putsch ended showing the Residenz and Preysing Palace then and today, both completely reconstructed. Every morning on November 9, Hitler and his entourage would leave the Burgerbraukeller to march to the Feldherrnhalle along the route used by the putschists. At the head of the procession was carried the Blood Flag (Blutfahne) which had been carried by the original conspirators, and was 'stained with the blood of the sixteen martyrs'. Hitler ordered a 'Blood-order' to be created, to whom the surviving putschists belonged, and it was their privilege to march with Hitler and the Bloodflag at the head of the procession. The route to the Feldherrnhalle was marked by 240 pylons, each bearing the name of one of the movement's 'fallen heroes'. The name was read out as the head of the column marched past the pylon in question. Throughout military bands played the Horst Wessel march.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In fact, despite the constant reference to the 'sixteen martyrs'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>, <a href="https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/70-Jahre-Kriegsende-Als-Muenchen-Hauptstadt-der-Nazis-war-ein-Rundgang-id33856237.html">one was </a><a href="https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/70-Jahre-Kriegsende-Als-Muenchen-Hauptstadt-der-Nazis-war-ein-Rundgang-id33856237.html">probably just a waiter </a>at the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/70-Jahre-Kriegsende-Als-Muenchen-Hauptstadt-der-Nazis-war-ein-Rundgang-id33856237.html"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Café Annast</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicZB6XaW85HrddiXG2gHgVy5ML-sH42ugerHnMMpstJKQvjOn-w02uNoX8v_6D7UA18zZS-81dlp1MdpgkYVoKwEJGT4BV3okwS509EjtAQPBzHLz-Q_RC5MMbhJERib2xNhD-GzSXuAT1/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25289%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Goering, Nazis at site where the putsch ended showing the Residenz and Preysing Palace" border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="320" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicZB6XaW85HrddiXG2gHgVy5ML-sH42ugerHnMMpstJKQvjOn-w02uNoX8v_6D7UA18zZS-81dlp1MdpgkYVoKwEJGT4BV3okwS509EjtAQPBzHLz-Q_RC5MMbhJERib2xNhD-GzSXuAT1/w400-h334/ezgif.com-optimize+%25289%2529.gif" title="Goering, Nazis at site where the putsch ended showing the Residenz and Preysing Palace" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>It was on the evening of November 8, 1935 at 20.30 that Hitler promised the "old fighters" who had gathered in the Bürgerbräukeller that the sixteen 'martyrs' would enter "German immortality". At midnight he drove through the Siegestor over Ludwigstrasse, which was lit by fire pylons, here to the Feldherrnhalle, which was lined with blood-red cloth. Surrounded by blazing braziers, the dead of the coup were laid out in sixteen sarcophagi; they had been exhumed days before in various Munich cemeteries. Hitler lingered in silence, then the people of Munich could pay their respects to the dead. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Feldherrnhalle with the names of the 'martyrs' inscribed on memorial columns" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHZQQyNZI7rf6lE2bswkHHWsR2pWEfkT_SqX5Hup89cjmhrAWN5iLlscEakB5xLVdvI9Uw1w3cPAz0Dxi4z4KVCfmHOywhyphenhyphenRVn1BcR0RI44tyr2ffxdIBaNl9YoVi1Sal6ViZlOzjj9j1l/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%2528100%2529.gif" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHZQQyNZI7rf6lE2bswkHHWsR2pWEfkT_SqX5Hup89cjmhrAWN5iLlscEakB5xLVdvI9Uw1w3cPAz0Dxi4z4KVCfmHOywhyphenhyphenRVn1BcR0RI44tyr2ffxdIBaNl9YoVi1Sal6ViZlOzjj9j1l/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%2528100%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 216px;" title="Feldherrnhalle with the names of the 'martyrs' inscribed on memorial columns" /> </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Feldherrnhalle
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>with t</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>he names of the 'martyrs' inscribed on memorial columns within. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
next day at noon in front of the Bürgerbräu at the command of Göring,
the highest SA leader from 1923, the march began with his words: "Train
of the old fighters, in step, march!" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In front of the marchers was Julius Streicher who, as shown here, had the honour of holding the <i>blutfahne</i>. That did not correspond to the reality of 1923, but rather rewarded the energetic commitment with which Streicher had taken on organizatisnal tasks and directed the propaganda in Munich city center. This was followed by three men with the "blood flag", the swastika flag allegedly soaked in the blood of a putschist, which had been venerated like a relic since the Nazi party rally of 1926. The<i> Völkischer Beobachter</i> described it as an "holy cloth that has consecrated hundreds and thousands of new flags and standards." The ranks of the "old fighters" - Hitler in the middle of the foremost - were joined by groups of high officials and marching blocks from sections of the party, the composition of which varied over the years. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpt-gVqQNOa0imNjUpZUuYGqcu8fivxPPjqiD-t59AtIgZ__Vi4a1spUOqOPwO6Zj4_oxH8iEGWi8DhTe3uOT9aoo0GEAX1A8Zj8oMWdzTa1prZDsmSsZSg1BezKYKOGXHVdhaI-y-vKbu/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252889%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students at Feldherrnhalle munich Nazi flags, Nazi postcard" border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="545" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpt-gVqQNOa0imNjUpZUuYGqcu8fivxPPjqiD-t59AtIgZ__Vi4a1spUOqOPwO6Zj4_oxH8iEGWi8DhTe3uOT9aoo0GEAX1A8Zj8oMWdzTa1prZDsmSsZSg1BezKYKOGXHVdhaI-y-vKbu/w400-h309/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252889%2529.gif" title="Bavarian International School students at Feldherrnhalle munich Nazi flags, Nazi postcard" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>With my Bavarian International School students. Like a counterpart to the great tradition of the Munich Corpus Christi processions, the brown memorial procession repeated the path of November 9, 1923. It led past pylons clad in dark red, each of which bore the name of a “fallen in the movement” in gold letters. Loudspeakers broadcast drum rolls and Horst Wessel songs. When Hitler reached the site of a pylon, the name of the 'martyr' it commemorated was called out from a loudspeaker system, which spanned the city centre and was connected to radio broadcasting throughout the Reich. Tens of thousands lined the path as work stopped in Munich. When the head of the procession reached the Feldherrnhalle, the army's artillery fired sixteen volleys from the Hofgarten, symbolically visualising the fatal shots of 1923. Then silence fell, Hitler stepped out and laid a wreath at the memorial. "For us, the altar is the steps of the Feldherrnhalle," wrote the <i>Völkischer Beobachter</i>. This is where the public holiday production ended in 1933. In 1935 a spatial and symbolic expansion was added. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKi0LxmTImkmjIuCbLubFUSdzcBudt7Q2NqwkCZ0aqpO9BMlpNbT0CaVgjkmv5ZYq40G1I-gr4i1Wx87HvAQL7BUsIH8rf7ej1kGp7IY2LlCara1ZbVo1SmhqGTSZUit4QJCPrZjie9w4y/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students at Feldherrnhalle munich Nazi postcard" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKi0LxmTImkmjIuCbLubFUSdzcBudt7Q2NqwkCZ0aqpO9BMlpNbT0CaVgjkmv5ZYq40G1I-gr4i1Wx87HvAQL7BUsIH8rf7ej1kGp7IY2LlCara1ZbVo1SmhqGTSZUit4QJCPrZjie9w4y/w231-h320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25281%2529.gif" title="Bavarian International School students at Feldherrnhalle munich Nazi postcard" width="231" /></a>Carrying the sixteen sarcophagi with it, the procession moved across Brienner Strasse to the "Temples of Honour" on Königsplatz, which in future - as the second central location of the November cult - symbolised the sphere of the 'Resurrection.' On the way the national anthem was sung, "<a href="http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4654/1/4654.pdf">at first quietly and cautiously, then louder and more powerful, festive and joyful</a>." The ceremony of the “Last Roll Call” followed: Gauleiter Wagner read out their names while the dead were taking up the “Eternal Guard” in the “Temples of Honour” as thousands replied “here of those who have risen”. The Deutschlandlied rang out again. Then Hitler went into the temple "to adorn his dead comrades with the wreath of immortality." - All of this was framed by a program that included the swearing-in of Hitler Youth, BdM girls and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> members. In the courtyard of the former military area command, Himmler unveiled a memorial plaque for those who died there. It read: "Germany lives through your blood!"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In the following years, apart from the rebirth, the ceremony followed this pattern. They gathered in Munich every year almost the entire Nazi leadership. Hitler and Goebbels took the opportunity to meet the "Old Guard" on the evening of November 9, 1938 in the Old Town Hall to give the decisive impetus for regional excesses against the Jews to lead to a nationwide mass pogrom, the <i>Reichskristallnacht</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Grave of Andreas Bauriedl" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7OKmJ9dwm0cZkcRmLJaIxN68Nu0nksThLoKCTLg-rHsM5oLK0ji8MzBrlqCdsL6CvRB_yBcNYohzrv9jcx6cMdt3aKUFF-M_q9ifTtg4KDttzkuc602cFPEmhL-chQ0M0EumleCALjn2-/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-08-27+at+21.26.54.png" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7OKmJ9dwm0cZkcRmLJaIxN68Nu0nksThLoKCTLg-rHsM5oLK0ji8MzBrlqCdsL6CvRB_yBcNYohzrv9jcx6cMdt3aKUFF-M_q9ifTtg4KDttzkuc602cFPEmhL-chQ0M0EumleCALjn2-/w200-h192/Screen+Shot+2016-08-27+at+21.26.54.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Grave of Andreas Bauriedl" width="200" /></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Blutfahne was that of the 5th SA Sturm. When the Munich police fired
on the Nazis, the flagbearer Heinrich Trambauer was hit and dropped the
flag. Andreas Bauriedl, an SA man marching alongside the flag, was
killed and fell onto it, staining the flag with his blood. After the war
his body was removed from the temple of honour and <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2005/11/nazi-graves-in-munich.html">buried in a common grave in Nordfriedhof</a>. It was later claimed that Trambauer took
the flag to a friend where he removed it from its staff before leaving
with it hidden inside his jacket and later giving it to a Karl Eggers
for safekeeping. After Hitler had been released from Landsberg prison, Eggers gave the flag to him who then had it fitted to a new staff and finial;
just below the finial was a silver dedication sleeve which bore the
names of the sixteen dead participants of the putsch. The flag was no longer attached to the
staff by its original sewn-in sleeve, but by a red-white-black
intertwined cord which ran through the sleeve instead. In 1926, at the
second Nazi Party congress at Weimar, Hitler ceremonially bestowed the
flag on Joseph Berchtold, the then head of the <span><span>ϟϟ</span></span>. The flag was
thereafter treated as a sacred object by the Nazi Party and carried by<span> <span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span>-Sturmbannführer Jakob Grimminger at various Nazi Party ceremonies. One of the most visible uses of the flag was when Hitler, at the Party's
annual Nuremberg rallies, touched other Nazi banners with the
Blutfahne, thereby "sanctifying" them in a special
ceremony called the "flag consecration" (Fahnenweihe).<span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Feldherrnhalle memorial to the sixteen 'martyrs" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXN9iTfGTodddQik-egxmYyAsRHFBzOlntDHcPmw3I5pD8AcubW46jbA95eXOynoIEZ1ThmKRThFgtK4tywYbxR5Zj4ExaXF9E2fXM7S7RujfTQR-jaZK8uqxscdKjPhkGuS4tW4Vtxt68/s320/ezgif.com-resize.gif" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXN9iTfGTodddQik-egxmYyAsRHFBzOlntDHcPmw3I5pD8AcubW46jbA95eXOynoIEZ1ThmKRThFgtK4tywYbxR5Zj4ExaXF9E2fXM7S7RujfTQR-jaZK8uqxscdKjPhkGuS4tW4Vtxt68/w400-h296/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Feldherrnhalle memorial to the sixteen 'martyrs" width="400" /></span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The site itself was honoured with a memorial to the sixteen 'martyrs'- shown on the 14th </span></span>anniversary of the attempt in </span><span>1937 and and with my bike today. After the Nazis took power in 1933, Hitler turned the Feldherrnhalle itself into a memorial to the Nazis killed during the failed putsch. A memorial to the fallen SA men was put up on its east side, opposite the location of the shootings. This monument, called the <i>Mahnmal der Bewegung</i>, was created <a href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Hauptstadt_der_Bewegung,_M%C3%BCnchen">based on a design by Paul Ludwig Troost</a> and consisted of a rectangular structure listing the names of the martyrs which was under perpetual ceremonial guard by the <span>ϟϟ</span>. The square in front of the Feldherrnhalle was used for <span>ϟϟ </span>parades and commemorative rallies. During some of these events the sixteen dead were each commemorated by a temporary pillar placed in the Feldherrnhalle topped by a flame. New <span>ϟϟ</span> recruits took their oath of loyalty to Hitler in front of the memorial. Passers-by were expected to hail the site with the Nazi salute. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaJ2UVdH7dOwjPzOr4z9mQhHt4xRYZ7SNiH0obwpxN1RIJimPtewoeqaCdoTNiOVKzitECI_Qh6hXqyrv8_JS2UhXbAeR97AuMhQBnw6i4umM1pWzg-uiXCbs8wPiedgcPRaie7S9EfL4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252862%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian army monument designed by sculptor Ferdinand von Miller" border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="245" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaJ2UVdH7dOwjPzOr4z9mQhHt4xRYZ7SNiH0obwpxN1RIJimPtewoeqaCdoTNiOVKzitECI_Qh6hXqyrv8_JS2UhXbAeR97AuMhQBnw6i4umM1pWzg-uiXCbs8wPiedgcPRaie7S9EfL4/w260-h400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252862%2529.gif" title="Bavarian army monument designed by sculptor Ferdinand von Miller" width="260" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Bavarian army monument designed by sculptor Ferdinand von Miller, 1892, honouring the Franco-Prussian war as it appeared on Hitler's birthday months after assuming the chancellorship. The city's removal of the memorial to those who died stopping the putsch attempt is particularly unfortunate as Munich is considered the capital of the Nazi movement, and yet it was here where the Nazis were stood up to and beaten. Generally ignored is the voice of those who did so, as in the following extract from <a href="https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/54055/what-exactly-do-eyewitness-testimonies-say-about-hitlers-behavior-during-the-mu">the memories of<i> Polizeioberleu<span>tnant</span></i></a><span><a href="https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/54055/what-exactly-do-eyewitness-testimonies-say-about-hitlers-behavior-during-the-mu"> Michael Freiherr von Godin</a>:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On 9 November 1923 Reinforcement Station Middle 2 was mobilised at about 12.30 in the afternoon in Theatre Street . . . to defend against a troop of Hitler supporters marching from the direction of Wine Street. Reinforcement Station Middle 2 had just marched up to the line when a terrible din and screaming began in Residenz Street. At the same time, a few police officers from the direction of the Feldherrnhalle-Theatin Church waved for reinforcements for Residenz Street. With this I hurried with my troop back into Theatin [sic] Street around the Feldherrnhalle and recognised that the counter-attack by the Hitler troops, which were armed with all kinds of military equipment, had succeeded brilliantly in penetrating the positions in the Residenz Street. I arrived with the command: ‘Second Station Reinforcement, march, march!’ for a counter-attack against the successful breakthrough by the Hitler troops. At the breach made by the opponents, we were met with fixed bayonets, weapons with their safety catches off and drawn pistols. Individual members of my people were grabbed and pistols with the safety catches off were pointed at their chests. My people worked with rifle butts and rubber truncheons. For my defence, in order not to have to make use of my pistol prematurely, personally I had taken a carbine. I parried two bayonets pointed at me with it and knocked over those concerned with a carbine held out diagonally. Suddenly a Hitlerite, who stood one step diagonally to the left of me, loosed off a pistol shot at my head. The shot went past my head and killed an officer of my Station <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC9C0cLj-ta09eBPNQsuBQlqipUwsSnkOZFmptwX3o721iatIjgJEXh2y7C7pfRoiROu71ucIDhg9-Iw5NoKleGAzoqzZroeQ7nQjCJrhWEwx-7EMKqTfN65VSlvSiHDUH1HQLOzrrhT-6/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students Feldherrnhalle" border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="447" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC9C0cLj-ta09eBPNQsuBQlqipUwsSnkOZFmptwX3o721iatIjgJEXh2y7C7pfRoiROu71ucIDhg9-Iw5NoKleGAzoqzZroeQ7nQjCJrhWEwx-7EMKqTfN65VSlvSiHDUH1HQLOzrrhT-6/w400-h238/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Bavarian International School students Feldherrnhalle" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My students during ISTA 2012</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Reinforcement who was standing behind me. It was later established that it was junior officer Hollweg Nikolaus. For a split second my Station Reinforcement was paralysed. Even before it was possible for me to give an order, my people shot back, which gave the appearance of a salvo. At the same time the Hitlerites began to fire and for the space of 20 to 25 seconds there was a firefight good and proper. We were showered by the Hitler troops with heavy fire from the Preysing Palace and from the Rottenhöfer Café. The Demelmeyer unit from Middle 5 took up the fire fight against these opponents. At the very moment shots were loosed off by Station Reinforcement Middle 2, five men from the same group jumped up to the Feldherrnhalle and returned fire against Hitlerite guards who were firing from a kneeling position behind the lions at the chapel door of the Residenz. After a timespan of thirty seconds at most, the Hitlerites turned to disorderly flight.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>E. Deuerlein (198-199) <u>Der Aufsteig der NSDAP</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh04LhM9aRCt74WpXOV1AgAt-T_p7HHjg-yAyOyyKbvVBIFzfBs7YHnSB4PLwWECoJuK8mSSXhrnAIUkNMBYNDwkoIOQCO6nmAaLd4OHuPbYeMhwCw47g6eBgHV9-thOahiPBWAHCisk7Yr/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="München Neueste Nachrichten from November 14, 1923." border="0" height="320" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5710823588351913746" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh04LhM9aRCt74WpXOV1AgAt-T_p7HHjg-yAyOyyKbvVBIFzfBs7YHnSB4PLwWECoJuK8mSSXhrnAIUkNMBYNDwkoIOQCO6nmAaLd4OHuPbYeMhwCw47g6eBgHV9-thOahiPBWAHCisk7Yr/w224-h320/Untitled-1.jpg" title="München Neueste Nachrichten from November 14, 1923." width="224" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><img alt="München Neueste Nachrichten from November 14, 1923." border="0" height="320" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5710822616712562866" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUTtZ87sNBWxf9Q-0zAie_AKTCccc8LNa3Q-zHSmAYsalfgX5x7ykcB2YAq3Eaur-niojifA1XyjpFWEq-to8J0vFhK23oLScme21f3fJn7OZKeYfvNNPgXpf7bjGZu4avhf8i2sYPkIDm/w239-h320/Untitled-1.jpg" title="München Neueste Nachrichten from November 14, 1923." width="239" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>I'm excited to share a newspaper that was saved by the great-grandfather of a student of mine, shown me by the mother- the </span></span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><a href="http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=23&t=173407#p1541194">München Neueste Nachrichten from November 14, 1923</a><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
This is the obituary page of those who died during the Munich putsch
which had taken place a mere five days earlier. What I find
particularly striking is the name of one of them listed as dead- <span style="font-weight: bold;">H. Gohring.</span> Apparently it was listed to give Goering enough time to flee to Sweden. </span></span><a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=EDuCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT125&lpg=PT125&dq=%22Goering+had+two+bullets+in+the+groin%22&source=bl&ots=q6XIWPBIme&sig=ACfU3U2bMRDRpVu22Bm5TrgmuWaf_Y9fdg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip9amKndPwAhVPg_0HHZ_-CeIQ6AEwDHoECA8QAw">According to Ernst Hanfstaengl</a>, to whose house Hitler fled after the putsch and where he was arrested, "Goering
had two bullets in the groin" as he tried to drag himself behind one of
<span>the stone lions in front of the Residenz palace. David King in his
outstanding <i>The Trial of Adolf Hitler</i> has <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=Yh5DDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT103&lpg=PT103&dq=%22Abendzeitung+asking+if+the+famous+flier+had+been%22&source=bl&ots=Ca8EJddszm&sig=ACfU3U08uJ9mRlHO3ijtEiM04_NQrQozqA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikhuCjndPwAhW6hv0HHeGODLgQ6AEwAXoECAIQAw">recently confirmed my suspicions</a>:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img alt="Goering at the site of Munich beer hall putsch" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvaSECxM1H9UIPxW3vCbpgzM3V27CsB2uSFZL_you4nYcdVy_g264gqjVEGWiytlkN4g0jmnpc9oe-Q_tMtj9Hqa7AhFi770pYxvLPREhtHocIRW_N3nY5gh4gTC_Dr2Ih6AZHVkK72rUg/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="422" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvaSECxM1H9UIPxW3vCbpgzM3V27CsB2uSFZL_you4nYcdVy_g264gqjVEGWiytlkN4g0jmnpc9oe-Q_tMtj9Hqa7AhFi770pYxvLPREhtHocIRW_N3nY5gh4gTC_Dr2Ih6AZHVkK72rUg/w400-h331/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Goering at the site of Munich beer hall putsch" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Goering at the site of his wounding and me with my bike</span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Lieutenant
Colonel Kriebel tried to help Göring by placing his name on the list of
the dead, which was published in <i>Münchner Neueste Nachrichten</i>. Other
popular dailies picked up the story, with München-Augsburger
Abendzeitung asking if the famous flier had been "the twentieth
casualty."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://epdf.pub/goering-a-biography.html">Irving (76-77)</a> further adds how two obituary lists were produced including the name of “Göring” to draw the heat off him. This was after </span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>A police marksman’s bullet had pierced his groin, only millimetres from an artery. Some of </span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Goering Hitler Nazis at the site of Munich beer hall putsch" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9cDe82KGMjo4oseYvOAFV36CVvp2JBqYRi8GYNYziHB8qYNkQ9EWhGos5Li2LlwcJUaO8EEYsO4j3Qn7XoV5rgC1i26Pbsk0VeoQ-8t12cSkkJpJg5IbCVa627MtdSRQjW-e8ra05Sz26/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252819%2529.gif" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="352" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9cDe82KGMjo4oseYvOAFV36CVvp2JBqYRi8GYNYziHB8qYNkQ9EWhGos5Li2LlwcJUaO8EEYsO4j3Qn7XoV5rgC1i26Pbsk0VeoQ-8t12cSkkJpJg5IbCVa627MtdSRQjW-e8ra05Sz26/w319-h320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252819%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Goering Hitler Nazis at the site of Munich beer hall putsch" width="319" /></span></span>his own men found him and carried him to the first door showing a doctor’s nameplate in the nearby Residenz Strasse. Years later his adjutant Karl Bodenschatz would reveal, “The people on the ground floor threw him out, but there was an elderly Jewish couple upstairs, and they took him in.” Ilse Ballin, wife of a Jewish furniture dealer, gave Göring first aid, then, helped by her sister, carried him round to the clinic of a friend, Professor Alwin Ritter von Ach. He found the entry and exit wounds still foul with mud and gravel, and did what he could to ease the pain.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>[...]</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>In his personnel file is a contemporary account by the driver who tried to smuggle him across the frontier, Nazi storm trooper Franz Thanner: Around ten p.m. I drove off by car to the frontier post at Griesen with Göring, his wife, a doctor Maier of the Wiggers Sanitarium and myself as driver. . . . Checking the passports the customs men on duty drew attention to the “Göhring” one and asked if this was Captain Göring of Munich. I said I didn’t know but didn’t think so.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Indeed, David Clay Large described in his book Hitler's Munich: Rise and Fall of the Capital of the Movement (240) that Goering was one of the first to be hit, receiving a bullet into the groin area and looked for protection on all fours in the entrance gate to the residence. Later one of the putschists dragged him to a nearby house, where the wife of a Jewish furniture dealer gave him first aid. Goering's wife Carin wrote to her mother from Innsbruck four days later: "Hermann's leg was shot, the bullet went straight through, half a centimeter from the artery.” The danger of his bleeding was not over yet. </span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgunWFT8JggN4bt0M_J149Nkf_ivkkoxPy6rpjaaHpoyBFBRJHKIyeDcWSoN31iEax2a9XonLRB95Wb5uVLw0FMWh1ddUOEkQj3oXy66mZM-VKH1c64hbIT33KgJnbI_EbaAR1cBHD5QpA/s1600/6myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Odeonsplatz commemorative plaque" border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgunWFT8JggN4bt0M_J149Nkf_ivkkoxPy6rpjaaHpoyBFBRJHKIyeDcWSoN31iEax2a9XonLRB95Wb5uVLw0FMWh1ddUOEkQj3oXy66mZM-VKH1c64hbIT33KgJnbI_EbaAR1cBHD5QpA/w640-h176/6myphoto.jpeg" title="Odeonsplatz commemorative plaque" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Beside the former Odeonsplatz commemorative plaque to the four policemen who died during the shootings- Rudolf Schraut, Friedrich Fink, Nikolaus Hollweg and Max Schobert. </span><span>It read: <i>Den Mitgliedern der Bayerischen Landespolizei, die beim Einsatz gegen die Nationalsozialistischen Putschisten am 9.11.1923 Ihr Leben liessen</i>. <i>(To the members of the Bavarian Police, who gave their lives opposing the National Socialist coup on 9 November 1923). </i></span><span>For some reason Gellately seems unsure of the real number, simply stating in </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Lenin-Stalin-Hitler-Catastrophe-Vintage/dp/140003213X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D140003213X" id="link_tb1">Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><span>(115) that "three or four policemen were killed." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The authorities have mysteriously removed the memorial soon after the photo in the centre was taken with no reason offered.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj32Z-Ey5DHzGEq0pmrBtrKX5TYWUkKqJkHDHA3qjaS5ZkmYqsQGyeinssgZLEb8IMudwA2GO7Sj4X7f5g7VSe-ux0ZyXZ70701TihNJl-lYN0pKCOybBE2J49KAH_OWNyLU7eMkf78oPI3jI1LGbYoO7Rhsuc1qsB7zT2b4_RRNwD2TCEOzaYVSbuvhQ=s282" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Feldherrnhalle commemorative plaque" border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="279" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj32Z-Ey5DHzGEq0pmrBtrKX5TYWUkKqJkHDHA3qjaS5ZkmYqsQGyeinssgZLEb8IMudwA2GO7Sj4X7f5g7VSe-ux0ZyXZ70701TihNJl-lYN0pKCOybBE2J49KAH_OWNyLU7eMkf78oPI3jI1LGbYoO7Rhsuc1qsB7zT2b4_RRNwD2TCEOzaYVSbuvhQ=w396-h400" title="Feldherrnhalle commemorative plaque" width="396" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>It wasn't until March 2009 that the city authorities ultimately acquiesed to putting up any memorial following the first performance of the documentary <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1296554/reference/"><i>Hitler vor Gericht</i> </a>following negotiations between between Interior Minister Joachim Herrmann and Lord Mayor Christian Ude. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>This is in the form of a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>
new memorial that has been placed further across the road on the façade
of the Residenz which reads: "In the memory of the members of the
Bavarian police force, who were shot whilst striking down the National
Socialist putsch attempt on 9 November 1923 at the Feldherrnhalle." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Despite the difficulty the authorities showed in honouring those who stopped Nazis, the Nazis themselves honoured the four below the memorial to the 'martyrs' on the Feldherrnhalle itself, the traces of which can still be discerned as I am seen showing on the left. Then again, Munich City Councilman Karl Richter called in November 2018 on Facebook for "<a href="https://freiheit-fuer-ursula.de/">Freedom for Ursula Haverbeck</a>," describing the 90-year-old a "disident in the supposedly freest state in German history" and who is currently sitting in prison for denying the Holocaust.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsdmlMwzviyMA3v08az7bLZ6zz6ttJHsU9XqlStsjcQ9-8aiit1txzw_WzqolqilZ3CaudlAqa7v9Qx3STITYPVJzkKWdmeTLLqG0V6fEVDyBLaM527hdnF3eiGcC7szV-FfH2Y9BPnIg-/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25289%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Feldherrnhalle Reinhold Elstner suicide" border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="519" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsdmlMwzviyMA3v08az7bLZ6zz6ttJHsU9XqlStsjcQ9-8aiit1txzw_WzqolqilZ3CaudlAqa7v9Qx3STITYPVJzkKWdmeTLLqG0V6fEVDyBLaM527hdnF3eiGcC7szV-FfH2Y9BPnIg-/w400-h206/ezgif.com-optimize+%25289%2529.gif" title="Feldherrnhalle that Reinhold Elstner" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The paving stone motif is still in the imperial colours. It was here on the steps of the Felsdherrnhalle that Reinhold Elstner, a German Wehrmacht veteran and chemist born in 1920 in the predominantly German inhabited Sudetenland (now in the Czech Republic), poured petrol over himself and committed suicide at about 20.00 on April 25, 1995, in protest against what he called "the ongoing official slander and demonisation of the German people and German soldiers 50 years after the end of World War II". Twelve hours later, on April 26, he died in a Munich hospital. In <a href="http://www.fpp.co.uk/online/02/03/Elstner_Letter.html">a farewell letter</a>, he wrote: "With my 75 years of age, all I can do is to set a final sign of contemplation with my death in flames. And if only one German comes to consciousness and finds his way to the truth, then my sacrifice will not have been in vain." Each year groups from various European countries try to hold a commemorative ceremony for him, which Bavarian authorities try to prevent through state and federal courts, having banned the first vigil planned to be held at the scene in 2004 by the city council. On the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch in 2018 neo-Nazis planned </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>to
set up candles in memory of the Nazis killed; an anniversary that falls on Kristallnacht. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju1S-07ILoALg1GWAujK3vRkCexW8o3GWi030t9EjUs-y6TojkQN8V4h0M7U7yU9cvu0aymGUXE1_hyphenhyphenBAbs09_rg6cXO4pPl7HYo_5jBCD5dJCOe6_aGIh0l0dgMgxj6p4_RXOQu9DvZYc/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25288%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler speaking from the Feldherrnhalle in 1935" border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="675" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju1S-07ILoALg1GWAujK3vRkCexW8o3GWi030t9EjUs-y6TojkQN8V4h0M7U7yU9cvu0aymGUXE1_hyphenhyphenBAbs09_rg6cXO4pPl7HYo_5jBCD5dJCOe6_aGIh0l0dgMgxj6p4_RXOQu9DvZYc/w640-h188/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25288%2529.gif" title="Hitler speaking from the Feldherrnhalle in 1935" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler speaking from the Feldherrnhalle in 1935 and me today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Tauranga International School in Munich" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMBDEiRoMMnGcPzNzflv5iZ1FAHACAAIk6WQGrH7-slf3l5PhE6gyz8HMaINg9OKEsyU_Jd3qDG37_9obIkKByhl-jrfsrbN8J0WCzS9rxcM3T3bHuhPYnfhQTV3auAB8Zm7oddH-Aqk/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="634" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMBDEiRoMMnGcPzNzflv5iZ1FAHACAAIk6WQGrH7-slf3l5PhE6gyz8HMaINg9OKEsyU_Jd3qDG37_9obIkKByhl-jrfsrbN8J0WCzS9rxcM3T3bHuhPYnfhQTV3auAB8Zm7oddH-Aqk/w640-h311/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Tauranga International School feldherrnhalle munich" width="640" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>D</span></span></span></span></span></span>uring a tour given for the<i> <a href="http://www.taurangainternational.school.nz/">Tauranga International School</a></i><a href="http://www.taurangainternational.school.nz/"> </a>from New Zealand</span></span></span></span></span></span> with my rare surviving example of the <a href="https://imperialflags.blogspot.com/search/label/Australia">1899 prototype of the New Zealand flag </a>on the left and American-made military honour flag on the right.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4ApcjU9otbVIhx0J5erWqwGx3QZzUtPIKi1_zcl1QLw8zfDXZg08WiMvqOug5xy6XtAM9VpuJvT5tMfMYaMXEB73RKRMYaWQIidflXDzE9Fw_a1Np7rkokJp-MjkRW56qjk57CsHeKmvr/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252874%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Recruits being sworn in front of the Feldherrnhalle for the first time on November 7, 1935." border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="640" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4ApcjU9otbVIhx0J5erWqwGx3QZzUtPIKi1_zcl1QLw8zfDXZg08WiMvqOug5xy6XtAM9VpuJvT5tMfMYaMXEB73RKRMYaWQIidflXDzE9Fw_a1Np7rkokJp-MjkRW56qjk57CsHeKmvr/w400-h156/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252874%2529.gif" title="Recruits being sworn in front of the Feldherrnhalle for the first time on November 7, 1935." width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Recruits
being sworn in front of the Feldherrnhalle for the first time on
November 7, 1935. Every year troops swore an oath of loyalty to Hitler
personally. As </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Kristin Semmens writes in</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Seeing-Hitlers-Germany-Tourism-Third/dp/1403939144/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1292149993&sr=1-1"> Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich</a> (53), t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>he
Feldherrnhalle </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-7S4foNpuIrAANC2aGfu2EtSQDZIOaZB36lYl9DoKD4aO4iOvXh63WhnVEYM2T1w4eht8Y1kwiqvcwD4gfLSYuqvhJ7u9eLq362SNk7zEa1KnpmbNkyxyajYLIy3PKOwQA39NLf3ySVw/s1600/9myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Nazi-era stamps commemorating the Beer Hall Putsch" border="0" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-7S4foNpuIrAANC2aGfu2EtSQDZIOaZB36lYl9DoKD4aO4iOvXh63WhnVEYM2T1w4eht8Y1kwiqvcwD4gfLSYuqvhJ7u9eLq362SNk7zEa1KnpmbNkyxyajYLIy3PKOwQA39NLf3ySVw/w400-h101/9myphoto.jpeg" title="Nazi-era stamps commemorating the Beer Hall Putsch" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nazi-era stamps commemorating the Beer Hall Putsch </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>had hardly been invisible before 1933, but it certainly took on new significance after the Nazis came to power. A monument to those who died during the Beer Hall Putsch transformed it into one of the holy places of Nazism. The plaque, often quoted in guides to the city, read: 'The Feldherrnhalle is bound for all times with the names of the men who gave their lives on 9 November 1923 for the movement and the rebirth of Germany.’ Two ϟϟ men stood on constant guard in front; pedestrians were required to give the Nazi salute as they went by. One British visitor recalled how Germans’ arms 'shot up as though in reflex to an electric beam’ when they passed. The Feldherrnhalle appeared in all post-1933 guidebook itineraries, often meriting a photograph. Along with the Feldherrnhalle, the new Temples of Honour on the Königsplatz, built to house the sixteen copper coffins of Putsch victims, also attracted many visitors. Postcards contributed to this process of canonization, whereby Nazi shrines became top tourist attractions.</blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxJoTCvKRJzpPCA6-PHmuO2FEgoYDxoFoi1W8Jz_j7rB89b8cgNuPdiXa39Hbraf-3bUHZN_JWgAmhDBnvYP42VNiniFZWcqsIxEli92bwkC3kVA3kfHbH1Ukg1RNZDWCDgpFP-HDfOZX1/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" data-original-height="181" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxJoTCvKRJzpPCA6-PHmuO2FEgoYDxoFoi1W8Jz_j7rB89b8cgNuPdiXa39Hbraf-3bUHZN_JWgAmhDBnvYP42VNiniFZWcqsIxEli92bwkC3kVA3kfHbH1Ukg1RNZDWCDgpFP-HDfOZX1/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 135px; width: 480px;" /><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Rudolf Hess feldherrnhalle" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYqmjTnxGSnMA6yPdjCMnFmfucTISBZJjOFAk_Ip1e3mNPSVj4zwboBNZqVPDc9tRhGGzP55mcWymHXmSaHetsbXxDlXv6oyK_Yhjq3CzGajB0ABOyQG3flB0JvWy2ampEnHCKP0hvSrM/s320/IMG_1049.JPG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYqmjTnxGSnMA6yPdjCMnFmfucTISBZJjOFAk_Ip1e3mNPSVj4zwboBNZqVPDc9tRhGGzP55mcWymHXmSaHetsbXxDlXv6oyK_Yhjq3CzGajB0ABOyQG3flB0JvWy2ampEnHCKP0hvSrM/s16000/IMG_1049.JPG" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 135px; width: 180px;" title="Rudolf Hess feldherrnhalle" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0nGKM7fXYkA3N_FlsyCGUgE16rP1TI6Atu5zfhzCigV9jf0Ue0sTJ-sjRcBwr4avxxXDTQ6wa2aQ-6hMl_k-8g3IJzGeVEXkTRF7cn98KWrruIMpiphQ2NvApER1zG3bMKkpItZSlosg/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><span><span><span>During the Weimar Republic</span><span>, during the Nazi regime, and more recently- young Munich students holding a torchlight demonstration in honour of Rudolf Hess the day after his death in Spandau prison August 17, 1987.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Feldherrnhalle is clearly modelled on the Loggia della Signoria in Florence. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>One Tuesday morning on August 7, 2018 a 54-year-old man stood at the Feldherrnhalle and gave the Hitler salute for about ten seconds, consciously seeking eye contact with a police patrol who was currently at Odeonsplatz. He was subsequently arrested by the police. This followed an earlier incident three years earlier at a Pegida demonstration involving eight neo-Nazis known to the police, including Karl-Heinz Statzberger, who had prepared the attempted bombing of the laying of the foundation stone for the Jewish Centre in Munich. One of them apparently raised his right arm with a clenched fist without any action taken.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilHh3Qht_U9NTl62N9LMq4R4y8pFQgqYLK7zMPCzpbvBB5im8UTZ-WKfeBGYbhlHkh_geeAzU4lsc4ecy78i9F6xyrFp95qstn9_yFCWjzD24b45McNQ1RbRWpTrz_V5_Yu7LflLEGT8jLNO9RQDu8wo_9Eein-OCREVIZ2B8IJKKKpvNZnKZtGrWj7g/s320/Screenshot%202023-02-25%20at%2009.06.53.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilHh3Qht_U9NTl62N9LMq4R4y8pFQgqYLK7zMPCzpbvBB5im8UTZ-WKfeBGYbhlHkh_geeAzU4lsc4ecy78i9F6xyrFp95qstn9_yFCWjzD24b45McNQ1RbRWpTrz_V5_Yu7LflLEGT8jLNO9RQDu8wo_9Eein-OCREVIZ2B8IJKKKpvNZnKZtGrWj7g/s320/Screenshot%202023-02-25%20at%2009.06.53.png" style="height: 230px; width: 346px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiobshqgwNBXoQFaGNQOCW4cB4E7rfIXSKxH41uYp0Vw_plFp0JzhXPxiqrdHfphUnXptbiakA3I2h7bilXAH_9VLSKe5T-00lX1SqHSxAsR_GUQKcNrbjOvQjifNYwg7WMMANuxbB8wlwH_6qj7sB41yw_6rr72exP7LxEi5A3ktM5eLvAz76zBSWy5g/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(11).gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiobshqgwNBXoQFaGNQOCW4cB4E7rfIXSKxH41uYp0Vw_plFp0JzhXPxiqrdHfphUnXptbiakA3I2h7bilXAH_9VLSKe5T-00lX1SqHSxAsR_GUQKcNrbjOvQjifNYwg7WMMANuxbB8wlwH_6qj7sB41yw_6rr72exP7LxEi5A3ktM5eLvAz76zBSWy5g/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(11).gif" style="height: 230px; width: 299px;" /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> <span>Purported drawing and 19.0 cm by 13.5 cm 1914 painting by Hitler himself. I couldn't match the perspective depicted in the former painting whilst the latter is the closest I could manage when trying to match the sizes and locations of the Feldherrnhalle and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Theatinerkirche</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBd3rF_-o-IANIAZHkrYanYUwtFgw5QQZ_3n6I2twEBqavembpA0Mv5unvrDNTh3xrrPDCoLnds2GIjvVJUw-ixmutsKLI72OFgQjmoAx9McwJvgjl-U-RDXpcU7RUx0VF6hhtS-AaE58PakzUbcZOmUsFm7W1c1opa_kQjzYu2R1NoJqFWPqz17ZQZQ/s359/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(24).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Erich Mercker Feldherrhalle" border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="359" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBd3rF_-o-IANIAZHkrYanYUwtFgw5QQZ_3n6I2twEBqavembpA0Mv5unvrDNTh3xrrPDCoLnds2GIjvVJUw-ixmutsKLI72OFgQjmoAx9McwJvgjl-U-RDXpcU7RUx0VF6hhtS-AaE58PakzUbcZOmUsFm7W1c1opa_kQjzYu2R1NoJqFWPqz17ZQZQ/w400-h326/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(24).gif" title="Erich Mercker Feldherrhalle" width="400" /></a></div><br />Erich Mercker's 115 x 95 centimetre <i>Feldherrhalle</i> painted from the same vantge point depicted with the Bavarian flag flying from the poles and from one of my tours with members of <a href="http://www.eurofighter.com/">Eurofighter</a> Jagdflugzeug GmbH from Hallbergmoos. After the Nazis took power in Bavaria on March 9, 1933, the Bavarian Flag was changed for the Nazi flag. This painting is currently in the possession of the individual who runs the <a href="https://germanartgallery.eu">Germany Art Gallery</a> and who probably owns the largest private collection of Third Reich-era art on earth; <a href="https://germanartgallery.eu/erich-mercker-feldherrnhalle/">he's offering the painting for € 6.000</a> as well as a similar painting by Mercker, ‘Die Statte des 9. November’ which shows the rear of the Feldhernnhalle with Nazi flag and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-guards, was displayed at the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Großen Deutschen Kunstausstellungen in</span></span> 1939. This work was bought for 2,000 Reichmarks by Adolf Wagner, Minister of the Interior and of Cultural Affairs of Bavaria. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLeCnrSOTsQO_lZd-hBTuCvVVJRXeSSM1QPLWWyRPx8FsBNDXd96fz9NbojX1A2GqAF9AG8BjPTsGndqwyLcAbCb-zAIP4Nvi39s6OaXhvPI-9sdNSUXnO2ENOYjDWqhTyGC5rBBh9S2a5/s1600/ezgif.com-crop.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler Odeonsplatz feldherrnhalle August 2, 1914" border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="417" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLeCnrSOTsQO_lZd-hBTuCvVVJRXeSSM1QPLWWyRPx8FsBNDXd96fz9NbojX1A2GqAF9AG8BjPTsGndqwyLcAbCb-zAIP4Nvi39s6OaXhvPI-9sdNSUXnO2ENOYjDWqhTyGC5rBBh9S2a5/w400-h312/ezgif.com-crop.gif" title="Hitler Odeonsplatz feldherrnhalle August 2, 1914" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Remarkable photo by Hoffmann of Hitler attending a rally in the Munich Odeonsplatz to celebrate the declaration of war August 2, 1914 and, thanks to the Wuhan Coronavirus 'flu, my bike alone at the site today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span>In his 1955 book <i>Hitler Was My Friend</i>, Hoffmann recounted how Hitler visited him in a café in Munich. When Hoffmann showed Hitler his portfolio containing images of the large crowd on the Odeonsplatz in 1914 Hitler remarked that he had been there that day. <span><span><span><span><span><span>Hoffmann claimed that </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>only after Hitler had visited the his studio in 1929 and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>told Hoffmann that he had been there, did he then
search the glass negative of the image until he found Hitler. He had initially scrutinised the five plates he had from the rally without locating
Hitler in any of them until weeks later a
sixth plate surfaced showing Hitler, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>never subsequently located</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The
photograph was then published in the March 12, 1932 issue of the
<a href="https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter"><i>Illustrierte Beobachter</i></a>. Two years earlier the same paper featured a photo of the rally that did not contain Hitler. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hoffmann
then studied the photographs for hours before finally finding Hitler in
the last photo. In fact, Hoffmann wrote in this book the time he spent
working for a photographer where he learned to create doctored
photographs. This particular photo is shown in the book on page 17 with
just the short caption “When I told Hitler of the vast Munich crowd, I
photographed on the declaration of war in 1914, he exclaimed, ‘I was in
that crowd.’ After meticulous search we picked him out.” No further
reference to the photo or the conversation with Hitler that led to its
discovery is mentioned. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">By simple random fortune, Heinrich Hoffmann, who was one day to become Hitler’s private photographer, snapped a picture of a large crowd in Munich’s Odenplatz [sic]. Its members were listening to a reading of the war declaration. Following the announcement, they cheered wildly. Hitler told Hoffman years later that he had been near the front rank of that crowd. A microscopic search revealed the young Hitler, standing enraptured, displaying a broad smile. As Richard Hanser has written, this Hoffman picture “freezes forever the precise instant at which the career of Adolf Hitler becomes possible."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Otis C. Mitchell (35) </span><span><span id="btAsinTitle"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Stormtroopers-Attack-Republic-1919-1933/dp/0786439122">Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='400' height='300' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dw3jYAzWTVl5EgmVONNhQaQDqhDwlFqZ1-4SF5IB5ofK1pyxaJVuYY4e1S9aVw0-gkFTCE42XUvgaOA9e_KQA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Apparently the video on the left shows footage from the time with Hitler pointed out, but there is no evidence that that footage is actually from 1914. Thomas Weber from Aberdeen University, has studied film footage of the rally concluding that Hitler may well have been there, but that nonetheless Hoffmann retouched the photo in question to put Hitler in a more prominent spot. A man somewhat resembling Hitler can indeed be spotted on the film, but closer to the Theatinerkirche than on the published picture. Some claim to see a 1963 corvette driving in the background! Nor does the man purported to be Hitler convincing. Slightly better film footage can be viewed in this<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPvV4WPwlyg"> youtube clip</a> from the documentary "The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler". Look for the scene at 4:36 of the clip. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAQl0MQchgG-JrwkaeTdI-RZkXvtNMVKhNs2WOwQ-PzUSeVMUwQVG3G1Edg9lheqf078SvlerLqB3LlUVxq0-PmVx7Q8mMhwdFOiwWP026bTSNGYIe4KruRMg_WESQCsbdU3P9V-43SwtA/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler Nazis painting Feldherrnhalle november 9" border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="242" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAQl0MQchgG-JrwkaeTdI-RZkXvtNMVKhNs2WOwQ-PzUSeVMUwQVG3G1Edg9lheqf078SvlerLqB3LlUVxq0-PmVx7Q8mMhwdFOiwWP026bTSNGYIe4KruRMg_WESQCsbdU3P9V-43SwtA/w276-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" title="Hitler Nazis painting Feldherrnhalle november 9" width="276" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Historian
Gerd Krumeich, chair of Modern History at the Heinrich Heine University in </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dusseldorf from
1997 to 2010 and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>who had written his doctoral thesis in this field, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>and apparently <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/famous-hitler-photograph-declared-a-fake-20101019-16sfv.html">recognised as Germany's greatest authority on World War I</a>, studied the picture and its history and concluded in
2010 that Hitler was superimposed into the picture to promote the image
of the Nazi leader as a patriot and a man of the people after </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler's
patriotism was questioned because he escaped from Vienna to Munich to
avoid military service in Austria-Hungary. Krumeich examined other
images of the rally and was unable to find Hitler in the place where the
photograph placed him. In fact, different versions of Hoffman's photo
in the Bavarian State Archives show Hitler appearing differently from
the published image. Hitler's hair looked different in different
versions of the photo, leading Krumeich to assume that at least some
parts of the pictures were retouched. Other pictures taken on that day
on Odeonsplatz didn't have Hitler in any of them, including those
covering the area where Hitler was shown to stand. Others argue that
Hitler's moustache is not the same style seen in photos of Hitler whilst
serving during the war which he had apparently only trimmed whilst serving so it would fit under a gas mask, and that Hitler made no mention in Mein Kampf
of having been at Odeonsplatz on August 2 but does make reference to the following day, when he petitioned the King of Bavaria to allow him, an Austrian, to fight for Germany. As a result of such doubt raised, the
curators of a 2010 Berlin exhibition about the Hitler cult inserted a
notice saying that they could not vouch for the image's authenticity. As researcher <a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/bearbeitete-geschichte-weltkriegsjubler-hitler-1.2071039">Elizabeth Angermair, who had been asked to prove the provenance of the photo</a>, said, ‘[i]ts authenticity is based solely on the testimony of Hitler. In the city archive of Munich there are several shots of the crowd in the Odeonsplatz, but the man with the famous moustache is not in any of them." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0nGKM7fXYkA3N_FlsyCGUgE16rP1TI6Atu5zfhzCigV9jf0Ue0sTJ-sjRcBwr4avxxXDTQ6wa2aQ-6hMl_k-8g3IJzGeVEXkTRF7cn98KWrruIMpiphQ2NvApER1zG3bMKkpItZSlosg/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Hitler, Hess and others in front of Feldherrnhalle1934." border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="540" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0nGKM7fXYkA3N_FlsyCGUgE16rP1TI6Atu5zfhzCigV9jf0Ue0sTJ-sjRcBwr4avxxXDTQ6wa2aQ-6hMl_k-8g3IJzGeVEXkTRF7cn98KWrruIMpiphQ2NvApER1zG3bMKkpItZSlosg/w400-h237/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Hitler, Hess and others in front of the Feldherrnhalle November, 1934" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span>Hitler, Hess and others in front of the Feldherrnhalle November, 1934 marking the second annual celebration in memory of the failed putsch of 1923 at a time when the June 30 Night of the Long Knives massacre of June 30 continued to cast a sombre shadow over the festivities and </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>meetings of the Alte Kämpfer</span></span></span></span>, implied in his speech quoted below. Hitler had thus cancelled the annual commemorative march to the Feldherrnhalle that year, decreeing that the institution of an "Endowment for the Martrys of the Movement" be established. In a speech the previous night at the Bürgerbräukeller, he alluded not only to the victims of November 9, 1923, but also to those of June 30, 1934 in which those slain were indirectly accorded the status of having been “martyrs” for the Movement, for they had also died for Hitler, their blood shed having “become the baptismal water of the Third Reich.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_wbCYSg_5T-ICLzsNneJ0wv4R_5obxBd-rsOQl7DaYQ9Jon1Lb9MVweYGl4uqFw1cN8KsaW8wXYWJrlgl3ibY89vA-o-LfHhST7SzuF1WM0hyphenhyphenFXT0mCHtdHp-oSG3RIarihTxh2zKmeM/s1600/Webp.net-gifmaker.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler on November 9 1934, speaking at the Feldherrnhalle" border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="247" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_wbCYSg_5T-ICLzsNneJ0wv4R_5obxBd-rsOQl7DaYQ9Jon1Lb9MVweYGl4uqFw1cN8KsaW8wXYWJrlgl3ibY89vA-o-LfHhST7SzuF1WM0hyphenhyphenFXT0mCHtdHp-oSG3RIarihTxh2zKmeM/w290-h400/Webp.net-gifmaker.gif" title="Hitler on November 9 1934, speaking at the Feldherrnhalle" width="290" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler speaking at the Feldherrnhalle that day to newly-admitted members of the Hitlerjugend in place of the commemorative march to the Feldherrnhalle. Hitler <a href="https://archive.org/stream/AdolfHitlerCollectionOfSpeeches19221945/Adolf%20Hitler%20-%20Collection%20of%20Speeches%201922-1945_djvu.txt">delivered the following speech</a>: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>"National Socialists! Deeply stirred, we stand again here today on this square. It is a reminder of our Movement’s first dead, and it is a symbolic act that the swearing-in of the Party’s recruits takes place on this square. This square of death thus becomes a place for swearing oaths in life. And we could conduct no fairer commemoration celebration at this site at which our comrades once gave their lives than the swearing-in of those who once again dedicate themselves to their work as the youth of Germany. You shall, I know, be just as loyal, just as brave as our old comrades! And you will have to be fighters! For there are still many, many opponents of our Movement in Germany. They do not want Germany to be strong. They do not want our Volk to be united. They do not want our Volk to defend its honour. They do not want our Volk to be free. They might not want it, but we want it, and our will will defeat them! And your will shall be with us, and you shall contribute to preserving and immortalising the will of that earlier time. We shall make even these last few bend under this will. We shall ensure that the times which once required these sacrifices will never again, within human power, return in Germany! </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrZMZxT2qHuMMe3mPPNF0FKcNLZyvkq33zAS7TyIjK0nwuTZYjAufk53TkmE-RmYfKzQbErbVZRW_d2ccyQU16dl57U7GzUuBH_guPiPCHYT4AT5FvPUGsAt9pF-AyeDh8SjTQ-Qo2Ck4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler on November 9 1934, speaking at the Feldherrnhalle" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="525" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrZMZxT2qHuMMe3mPPNF0FKcNLZyvkq33zAS7TyIjK0nwuTZYjAufk53TkmE-RmYfKzQbErbVZRW_d2ccyQU16dl57U7GzUuBH_guPiPCHYT4AT5FvPUGsAt9pF-AyeDh8SjTQ-Qo2Ck4/w400-h227/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Hitler on November 9 1934, speaking at the Feldherrnhalle" width="400" /></a> <span><span><span>Today the Party is by no means at the end of its mission, but at the very beginning! It is now in its youth. And thus you, my German youth, are not entering something foreign; rather, youth is joining the Movement of youth, and this movement of youth thus welcomes you as one of its own. You have the task of doing your share to fulfil what your elders once hoped for. I am confident in you, confident that you who have already grown up and come into being in the spirit of the new Germany will fulfil this task, and that you will bear in mind our old principle: that it is not important that a single one of us lives, but vital that Germany lives!"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler’s striking observation that there were “many, many opponents” stemmed perhaps from the pessimistic mood he was in throughout the months of November and December. His apparent depression might also have been a cause for the rumours of an assassination plot circulating at the time.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Hitler Youth flag ceremony on the "Tag der deutsche Jugend" in 1933" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPZSk_OUjBKOol_FMqC8OzvhDiuFX5SVFeyHXD-XOl8JMlxQ12o8vOjonJ-NRuzHhHp91tUR_qSMc_tqygzXFnXNrNa4gaQj7V3UfdY0FR019WfDJBkKPNGvuCHu2Kj4KXJzicU8RwM4s/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252880%2529.gif" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="517" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPZSk_OUjBKOol_FMqC8OzvhDiuFX5SVFeyHXD-XOl8JMlxQ12o8vOjonJ-NRuzHhHp91tUR_qSMc_tqygzXFnXNrNa4gaQj7V3UfdY0FR019WfDJBkKPNGvuCHu2Kj4KXJzicU8RwM4s/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252880%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 438px;" title="Hitler Youth flag ceremony on the "Tag der deutsche Jugend" in 1933. feldherrnhalle" /><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Hungarian Levente-Jugend in formation in front of the Feldherrnhalle on July 9, 1934." data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIMUyF6QTR8lCzAPzWFiAMnZMbmiHQNyXvWqHR5n-inKO37QY0fNHaOPgeaj4-F-O3a64FsrOlE4nYDb3r_R5qg7mG4F00YFnmk5NfD17I_fl-3555l4x7QEkbQCt4diM5cwhS7xAs7Nk/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIMUyF6QTR8lCzAPzWFiAMnZMbmiHQNyXvWqHR5n-inKO37QY0fNHaOPgeaj4-F-O3a64FsrOlE4nYDb3r_R5qg7mG4F00YFnmk5NfD17I_fl-3555l4x7QEkbQCt4diM5cwhS7xAs7Nk/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 196px;" title="Hungarian Levente-Jugend in formation in front of the Feldherrnhalle on July 9, 1934." /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler Youth flag ceremony on the <a href="https://www.nsdoku.de/muenchner-zeitgeschichten">"Tag der deutsche Jugend" in 1933</a>. No apparent attempt was made to explain the significance of the tree in front of the war memorial at the site today.<span><span> The GIF on the right shows Hungarian Levente-Jugend in formation in front of the Feldherrnhalle on July 9, 1934. </span></span><span><span>Hitler
Youth leader Baldur von Schirach formed an international exchange with
other such nationalist and fascist youth organisations. As early as 1933
the Hungarian counterparts to the Hitler Youth had visited Germany in
an official capacity.</span></span><span><span><span><span> The Levente-Jugend was a paramilitary youth organisation in Hungary in the interwar period
and during the war established in 1921 with the
declared purpose of physical and health training but by the mid-1930s became an attempt to circumvent the ban for
conscription imposed by the Treaty of Trianon. Over time it had
openly become a pre-military organisation and </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>is usually compared to Hitler Jugend and Opera Nazionale Balilla of Italy although the L</span></span></span></span>evente was neither openly fascist nor particularly politicised.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="GIF: Hitler being driven past the Feldherrnhalle" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_JaxFShN4bKWeLF2xR4EOBg-N3IQMOhzTNxwgczyaot5ewW5MO0xvVm_1i3fG77TMiownkkvTJGuEj8YHNXgzgSwiBV4RBL8oZQ-3YN5XJjVhHBxKO97poJaqFiB73q3TSijjYaWR6S8/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_JaxFShN4bKWeLF2xR4EOBg-N3IQMOhzTNxwgczyaot5ewW5MO0xvVm_1i3fG77TMiownkkvTJGuEj8YHNXgzgSwiBV4RBL8oZQ-3YN5XJjVhHBxKO97poJaqFiB73q3TSijjYaWR6S8/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 180px; width: 120px;" title="" /></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Hitler being driven past the Feldherrnhalle during his triumphal tour through Munich after returning from the occupation of Memel on March 26, 1939" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4974gFSSOVaE-S3Nhn90_hBiRFSLrfd3ASazJ-fpYaMJ1CtOlTbWh5xtz9zBOFMit0PBjClVRHMJTvFpfRHuhOAHmXtLobujYwdKF9Bovl7VwVMElCfA-9ISjsk3MKB0n-mCyZSZStOA3/s320/ezgif.com-resize.gif" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4974gFSSOVaE-S3Nhn90_hBiRFSLrfd3ASazJ-fpYaMJ1CtOlTbWh5xtz9zBOFMit0PBjClVRHMJTvFpfRHuhOAHmXtLobujYwdKF9Bovl7VwVMElCfA-9ISjsk3MKB0n-mCyZSZStOA3/s320/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 180px; width: 264px;" title="Hitler being driven past the Feldherrnhalle during his triumphal tour through Munich after returning from the occupation of Memel on March 26, 1939" /> <img alt="Hitler being driven down Ludwigstraße" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaSKRv2rbAO6jAQ0kXxKpTknAnAiSjDdmS7AjPymiRBrJ1i2q4COY8sjpeW__SdNYJlQ6dN6JRNq6f4X5zWqums9h0gTUBCUEAYn6yKUxs2h0fXnpVvyysUw-rVCzFp4qlEEiffVXOlmTp/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaSKRv2rbAO6jAQ0kXxKpTknAnAiSjDdmS7AjPymiRBrJ1i2q4COY8sjpeW__SdNYJlQ6dN6JRNq6f4X5zWqums9h0gTUBCUEAYn6yKUxs2h0fXnpVvyysUw-rVCzFp4qlEEiffVXOlmTp/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 180px; width: 263px;" title="Hitler being driven down Ludwigstraße during his triumphal tour through Munich after returning from the occupation of Memel on March 26, 1939" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler being driven past the Feldherrnhalle and down </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Ludwigstraße </span></span></span>during his triumphal tour through Munich after returning from the occupation of Memel on March 26, 1939 in one of Hugo Jaeger's colour photographs.</span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbv8TcGNlL_FknBHhEAr9jy-vxjQeJIi0T-lphdb_Msxie7gkhIcIK_bQv7ohsC5S1Xu_QbaY7jKt8HqgVhp_bO6X0ay1g-gApDD5ZgqUVQFAg6knIhiV12eG6vuTnSmw6yxMVtKm-ktYj/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252823%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Himmler at the funeral of Adolf Huenlein Ludwigstrasse" border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbv8TcGNlL_FknBHhEAr9jy-vxjQeJIi0T-lphdb_Msxie7gkhIcIK_bQv7ohsC5S1Xu_QbaY7jKt8HqgVhp_bO6X0ay1g-gApDD5ZgqUVQFAg6knIhiV12eG6vuTnSmw6yxMVtKm-ktYj/w640-h378/ezgif.com-optimize%252823%2529.gif" title="Himmler (centre) at the funeral of NSKK (National Socialist Motor Corps) leader Adolf Huenlein on May 21, 1942" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Himmler (centre) at the funeral of NSKK (National Socialist Motor Corps) leader Adolf Huenlein on May 21, 1942 who was<a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/b36fdaa0-2b0e-0ace-e040-e00a180637ac"> posthumously awarded the Party's highest decoration</a>, the German Order on June 22, 1942.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjK5uaF9c3rycRsk0-zGmGFxN3dYhfkI_0IGuwaUojMvaZtsNWECSusUDOAG7Qd8FF_i_9geJWYSygWn5Shcrl0akUCGU6lVJ844cV5isXENDKK4oAgMK8gh9K845ejncdyW1CgXPw0XfLiKBGl1OcDlBQdnbXcu7B5gogfx_rVFyrIke0wEgW3xRrRjg=s340" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="During the annual midnight swearing-in of ϟϟ-men Odeonsplatz Munich feldherrnhalle" border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="340" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjK5uaF9c3rycRsk0-zGmGFxN3dYhfkI_0IGuwaUojMvaZtsNWECSusUDOAG7Qd8FF_i_9geJWYSygWn5Shcrl0akUCGU6lVJ844cV5isXENDKK4oAgMK8gh9K845ejncdyW1CgXPw0XfLiKBGl1OcDlBQdnbXcu7B5gogfx_rVFyrIke0wEgW3xRrRjg=w400-h305" title="During the annual midnight swearing-in of ϟϟ-men Odeonsplatz Munich feldherrnhalle" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>During the annual midnight swearing-in of<span> ϟϟ</span>-men and me at the site today. The </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> loyalty oath was as follows: “I vow to you, Adolf Hitler, as Führer and chancellor of the German Reich, loyalty and bravery. I vow to you and to the leaders that you set for me, absolute allegiance until death. So help me God”. The </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> differed from the Wehrmacht in its fanatical loyalty to Hitler and to Nazi racial and political values.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Another distinguishing feature of the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> was its racial composition. Himmler imagined the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> not only as an elite military force but also the embodiment of racial purity. He ordered that all recruits be subject to strict physical requirements and “genealogical investigation” before acceptance. Those in the Leibstandarte, Hitler’s own personal bodyguard regiment had to be <a href="https://www.startpage.com/sp/search#:~:text=The%20Schutzstaffel%20(SS)%20%2D%20Alpha%20History">between 23 and 35 years of age, 5’11″ in height, of <i>Deutsche Blut</i> and with no history of criminal behaviour or alcoholism</a>. The racial requirements for </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> officers was even more stringent; officer candidates had to provide certified evidence of Aryan heritage, dating back to the 1750s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7PwjdCHZBPE95ZwuYYqTSxGriXWNLkfuJy4PJTv5DSH2Q07kBoHMaYbhaqcOk3gjQjgH1ALu8TBvJh-6iA6iMDGxFJ0IbH0sD4V9gAotUNUQK3POKuO_n22GqY4I2EwePsH8AoYyjMfmB/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25286%2529.gif" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7PwjdCHZBPE95ZwuYYqTSxGriXWNLkfuJy4PJTv5DSH2Q07kBoHMaYbhaqcOk3gjQjgH1ALu8TBvJh-6iA6iMDGxFJ0IbH0sD4V9gAotUNUQK3POKuO_n22GqY4I2EwePsH8AoYyjMfmB/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25286%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 270px; width: 207px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRWUMl-4PwCmQIlL5wW_ND6FwabTZqtJUMF2PB9SIHGnjQvSb6y_eVNdmhyphenhyphenugRR0GllGgYPaEZ4lO79dcrXwgtzK5HLBeZ5Ltw3IpHC0GTRob1SfXNe7V1hVqLBZcFSSf4m8Xkmp-UhS5P/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252897%2529.gif" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRWUMl-4PwCmQIlL5wW_ND6FwabTZqtJUMF2PB9SIHGnjQvSb6y_eVNdmhyphenhyphenugRR0GllGgYPaEZ4lO79dcrXwgtzK5HLBeZ5Ltw3IpHC0GTRob1SfXNe7V1hVqLBZcFSSf4m8Xkmp-UhS5P/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252897%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 270px; width: 408px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Standing in front</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDRA5OLcqt0hTh_M_653uzmvOsAfWaRSIxWnHeTwl0Fdvqhn3ZXwNAkOJYA4Ravocqn9oOmVi5loxZ-sHoJuNS-J0EdXjynOp1cxPOtUzxjX-ysazy7rlQ4HjdgVFnZwxUupKnWTWMbjk/s1600/5myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Paul Hermann's Und Ihr habt doch gesiegt (1942), makes a number of appearances in the video game Return to Castle Wolfenstein." border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDRA5OLcqt0hTh_M_653uzmvOsAfWaRSIxWnHeTwl0Fdvqhn3ZXwNAkOJYA4Ravocqn9oOmVi5loxZ-sHoJuNS-J0EdXjynOp1cxPOtUzxjX-ysazy7rlQ4HjdgVFnZwxUupKnWTWMbjk/w640-h284/5myphoto.jpeg" title="Paul Hermann's Und Ihr habt doch gesiegt (1942), makes a number of appearances in the video game Return to Castle Wolfenstein." width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Paul Hermann's <span style="font-style: italic;">Und Ihr habt doch gesiegt </span>(1942)<span>, makes a number of appearances in the video game<span style="font-style: italic;"> Return to Castle Wolfenstein</span></span><span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Ht9aDrofCpSI3uxnpKiwrmF-oGZQT9t_ZNZ9vDLW-PgS4CazzR17QMc5aU7KNPf1EIMeZ_l3LsO1i7JZQzWmnKOjPOkStfW47zGDGAI0zWyPB1Fx_LdT9WjbymGR6T8JoFi4jrgLgT-P/s320/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Ht9aDrofCpSI3uxnpKiwrmF-oGZQT9t_ZNZ9vDLW-PgS4CazzR17QMc5aU7KNPf1EIMeZ_l3LsO1i7JZQzWmnKOjPOkStfW47zGDGAI0zWyPB1Fx_LdT9WjbymGR6T8JoFi4jrgLgT-P/s400/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="303" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The event which Hitler and the party leadership celebrated each year on November 9 was the notorious Munich Beer-hall Putsch of 1923. Throughout the Kampfzeit Hitler met with his old guard to remember and honour the sixteen party members who had lost their lives as a result of this abortive coup. With the Nazis' accession to power however, a radical reinterpretation of the coup was inevitable, since according to the party ideologues, National Socialism could not countenance the notion of even temporary defeat. Nor could it be admitted that early event connected with the name of the Fuhrer or the party could have been a costly blunder. Thus the defeat of 1923 was turned into the 'pre-requisite for the victory of 1933'.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Naturally the mystification of events surrounding the Beer Hall Putsch did not take place overnight. Even during the <i>Kampfzeit</i> many aspects of the 'victorious ' interpretation found their way into the annual ceremony which Hitler and the party leadership performed in Munich's Konigsplatz. But on November 9, 1935 a ceremony took place which illustrates the extent to which the Nazis had woven a mystical web around the coup, and which also serves to illustrate the inter-relationship of mythos, symbol and ritual which was the hallmark of National Socialism's ideological style. It was the ceremony of the Resurrection of the Dead. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMFvHIyhoIQks5Cc4FLnGc9Oc-XSt60eez3AyHSYq70Vl4dk0jciAGEOM2ow8JJLFYJ_Arh3M0NbWOBbZdlqxQFpGzVOZjAHJuhHdGz_iysRjeCGwae_bIRNvMc8t44eLW0tqvat-bIOBb/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="345" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMFvHIyhoIQks5Cc4FLnGc9Oc-XSt60eez3AyHSYq70Vl4dk0jciAGEOM2ow8JJLFYJ_Arh3M0NbWOBbZdlqxQFpGzVOZjAHJuhHdGz_iysRjeCGwae_bIRNvMc8t44eLW0tqvat-bIOBb/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="276" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Standing at the site</span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Late in the morning of November 9, 1935 Hitler and his entourage left the Burgerbraukeller to march to the Feldherrnhalle, along the route used by the putschists some twelve years previously. At the head of the procession was carried the Bloodflag which had been carried by the original conspirators, and was 'stained with the blood of the sixteen martyrs'. Hitler ordered a 'Blood Order' to be created, to whom the surviving putschists belonged, and it was their privilege to march with Hitler and the Bloodflag at the head of the procession. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The route to the Feldherrnhalle was marked by 240 pylons, each bearing the name of one of the movement's 'fallen heroes'. The name was read out as the head of the column marched past the pylon in question. Throughout military bands played the Horst Wessel march. When the Feldherrnhalle was reached, the service of the resurrection of the sixteen 'Blood-witnesses', present in their recently exhumed state, began. The <a href="https://anno.onb.ac.at/info/vob_info.htm"><i>Volkischer Beobachter</i></a> described the scene:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='400' height='300' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzyiUOOH1nOsg6KbrYH7GWLHiYkHXHJbZTAibQ7jnid5JsnWhBX7c5eOyFhCbkIi13XGARoGBpF1oQ1CB2AMA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The dead of the 9th of November do not lie in dark graves with sad salutes, but in a beautiful building, in a well-lit hall, under God's free heaven, in brass sarcophagi, in which beat the heart of our revolution... We believe that these dead have found new life in us, and that they will live for ever. The belief that our flag is holy: the belief that the Creator has given us and them the strength for work and for victory, and the belief in our sacred mission to which these everlasting hours are dedicated, shows Germany her way forward. We know that out of the inner experience of our movement . . . we have gained eternal life because of the struggle and the sacrifice of the fallen for Germany . . . How few marched off in the beginning? Today there are millions represented in the flags and standards who are witness to this celebration. How few had from the first a clear understanding of this German belief? Yet the way to victory was ever clear to our soldiers in those lonely quiet hours . . . We old and young National Socialists thank Adolf Hitler for this unforgettable day. We praise him and this holy symbol of the resurrection of Germany, for which we have him and the flag of our struggle to thank. We go forward with open eyes and believing hearts under his direction. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler Feldherrnhalle" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQp3Det9_7tg98S_pYi9EtnZVHRAkvrFVUB1fntNDe5QDJC89wvnXOS-ffqREanWZsOniJWIo2nFOzc2DxBA5LXoustTHcZqz4FWm-aRE06hMGhyCoty56Y7DBdITHAtx5urRCFPSL-5y5/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252820%2529.gif" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="433" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQp3Det9_7tg98S_pYi9EtnZVHRAkvrFVUB1fntNDe5QDJC89wvnXOS-ffqREanWZsOniJWIo2nFOzc2DxBA5LXoustTHcZqz4FWm-aRE06hMGhyCoty56Y7DBdITHAtx5urRCFPSL-5y5/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize+%252820%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Hitler Feldherrnhalle" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The centrepiece of the ceremony at the Feldherrnhalle was the admittance of the coffins into the sarcophagen, where the sixteen 'martyrs' were to lie as an 'Eternal Watch' for Germany. As the bodies were removed from the gun-carriages, Hitler called out their names one by one, to be answered each time by the thousands of assembled Hitler Youth and party members with the response 'Here!' The Völkischer Beobachter explained the significance of the ritual:<br />Again and again the thousands roar 'Here!' . . . the testament of these first Blood-witnesses is thus raised up to our entire Movement, whilst their spirit lives and works for Germany as its Eternal Watch.... Each of the dead thus greets the assembled thousands, who are themselves the reflection and the carriers of their will to victory.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Then Hitler, flanked by his deputies and the comrades of the Blood Order, entered the temple and walked alone to 'greet his former true followers'. Having placed wreaths on each of the coffins, <a href="https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1492&context=etd">Hitler spoke to the assembly </a>of the significance of the ceremony:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler Feldherrnhalle" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFhSL-TBzLqrAjTHYWoTeb-wxypBduauk6fY2YwGGDe0WQqXieIlmlkQ0R-I1Q-K3g95oeKc4r62Ukc3AT_XwtHKAQM-K5fkZFRlXtX1l4tEqvNAdLr7tDzH0R60MkRoDwUieLXNHiIfmx/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252821%2529.gif" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="391" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFhSL-TBzLqrAjTHYWoTeb-wxypBduauk6fY2YwGGDe0WQqXieIlmlkQ0R-I1Q-K3g95oeKc4r62Ukc3AT_XwtHKAQM-K5fkZFRlXtX1l4tEqvNAdLr7tDzH0R60MkRoDwUieLXNHiIfmx/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize+%252821%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Hitler Feldherrnhalle" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>These sixteen men, who twelve years ago gave their lives as a sacrifice for their people (Volk) and their Fuhrer, are today raised from the grave. Who does not feel the truth of this resurrection? Who does not see the glint of their eyes in the newly-raised-up Wehrmacht? And the Reich, which is itself built around this consecrated ground, is it not their kingdom? The kingdom of their 'will' and victory?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>For many historians, the annual Memorial Day for the Fallen of November 9 represents the height (or rather, the depths) of Nazi religiosity. In 1935 the sixteen Nazis who had been killed in the putsch were reinterred in two purpose-built "Temples of Honour" outside the Party headquarters on the Königsplatz. The ceremony was a Nazi Passion Play of redemptive national sacrifice. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_OXf5gJN4wEG29SNBcq-57d1JV-bTrq8VOWDO-nF93j69k20r4aZdOSgFqoc-zyQYmliGqgRs8345TYuPpjoYDAYCq9921EPM4Vmgdfx3sV13hXDacSOezrJ_iRCyQOi_hAKAxTvADbXM/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_OXf5gJN4wEG29SNBcq-57d1JV-bTrq8VOWDO-nF93j69k20r4aZdOSgFqoc-zyQYmliGqgRs8345TYuPpjoYDAYCq9921EPM4Vmgdfx3sV13hXDacSOezrJ_iRCyQOi_hAKAxTvADbXM/w400-h250/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 320px;" width="400" /></span>On the evening of November 8 the bodies were solemnly carried on caissons to the Field Marshal's Hall accompanied by the recognised veterans of the putsch, decorated with their “Blood Order' medals. Once the dead were laid in state on the monument, Hitler mounted the steps alone to greet each of the fallen in turn. The following day the march from the beer hall was re-enacted, now a sombre drummed procession behind the Blood Flag, moving between 240 oil-burning pylons, each bearing the name of one of those killed in the party's service since 1919. At the Field Marshal's Hall, sixteen artillery shells were fired before the caskets joined the procession to the Königsplatz, accompanied now by an up-tempo national anthem to signify the move from mourning to celebration. At the Ehrentempel the names of the martyrs—whose blood Hitler had described as the 'baptismal water of the Reich—were roll-called with the putsch veterans and Hitler Youth replying, 'Present!' </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwEcQeMa_PX-9Agy8sfoqbu69uSa_uoAgEy-g-6ZbXex3gTWXNXnR4XmmnkIn-oMvnUxU9H-ZUcDgV0Q6w5j-WaLx46XxXDu2ZQgDuwImn6gZM7zD_LuJ4JCmVeTDVncXHpMvLM_o6bXL8/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252869%2529.gif" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="513" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwEcQeMa_PX-9Agy8sfoqbu69uSa_uoAgEy-g-6ZbXex3gTWXNXnR4XmmnkIn-oMvnUxU9H-ZUcDgV0Q6w5j-WaLx46XxXDu2ZQgDuwImn6gZM7zD_LuJ4JCmVeTDVncXHpMvLM_o6bXL8/w400-h247/ezgif.com-optimize+%252869%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 405px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>To the strains of the <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Die_Fahne_hoch_version_4.mid">Horst Wessel anthem</a>, the sarcophagi were laid in the temples: colonnaded mausoleums left open to the elements that the dead may watch over the Völk, their symbolic honour guard mirrored in the physical one now taken up permanently at the Ehrentempel by the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Finally, in a ceremony mirroring the flag consecrations, 1,800 new members of the Hitler Youth took their oath of loyalty, symbolising the transfer of the spirit of Nazism from its fallen heroes to its new vanguard. The GIF on the left shows </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler Jugend serving as an honour guard during the night of November 8, 1936</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Michael Burleigh notes that from the 'Last Supper' held on the first evening in the beer hall, to his striding into the Ehrentempel to lay wreaths and silently commune with the martyrs, Hitler acted as saviour, the putsch veterans as his apostles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhreBCjt5s3XudA8tbiKhJNLYSjWbPX6YzfIPb0UldiZ0-gFJ3t19M8Sj97RN3Vp-TKOL1nhhiBxtaGwffCjAJhJIjs-C0l9rR6I9teWf-tSlJ88PCCeqVmIaZqIcJXnR3bSzf135T2bX50/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252896%2529.gif" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="335" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhreBCjt5s3XudA8tbiKhJNLYSjWbPX6YzfIPb0UldiZ0-gFJ3t19M8Sj97RN3Vp-TKOL1nhhiBxtaGwffCjAJhJIjs-C0l9rR6I9teWf-tSlJ88PCCeqVmIaZqIcJXnR3bSzf135T2bX50/w291-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252896%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 350px; width: 255px;" width="291" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A
memorial to the fallen putschists was erected on the east side of the
Feldherrnhalle, opposite the spot in the street where the dead had
fallen and the putsch had been halted. The memorial was guarded
perpetually by ϟϟ guards shown on the right.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The question for historians is how should all this be interpreted? Many argue that the Nazis appropriated religious forms only for their demagogic value, cynically repackaging their secular ideology within a set of aggrandising rituals and symbols. The cultic aspects of Nazism were a seductive charade: an authoritarian 'method of government' in the age of mass politics. But for political religion theorists, such arguments fail to understand that Nazi aesthetics expressed a genuine sense of transcendent higher purpose and the melding of politics with Providence. Here, they argue, Nazism responded to a popular need for the sacred, but understood the political to be the sphere in which absolute meaning would be found and sacrality genuinely experienced. Its ritual sought not merely to create a politics served by mystical sensation and emotion, but, in offering the national community as the means of immersion in a higher reality, created a politics of mystical sensation and emotion. Undoubtedly, Nazism was an experiment in control and subjection, the state making new total claims over both body and mind. But it was also an expression of an all-encompassing faith, shared by leaders and led, in the existential primacy of race and nation, and in the state as the site of its transformatory and redemptive power.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nathan Johnstone (102) <a href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783319894553"><i>The New Atheism, Myth, and History: The Black Legends of Contemporary Anti-Religion</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMbSwvmGpvkCzj_lV75fmx16xAxXa42dDR4BrLCXZZkeDrRSuBG6v42SfD-RlaVFYVyp1WALQwtOzpawP9zyctRL6ywMf6e8scJiARQ1S79eq4Fw3mHCkzYD66KpiVLVV8IaKfWMfqxVQPp6kWtMFNKXhyRJ2p56pfY3qpwv4PycopBRXnba-a_hjGNg/s408/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T233953.314.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students site of Erich Mercker's 1939 painting "Die Stätte des 9. November"" border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="408" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMbSwvmGpvkCzj_lV75fmx16xAxXa42dDR4BrLCXZZkeDrRSuBG6v42SfD-RlaVFYVyp1WALQwtOzpawP9zyctRL6ywMf6e8scJiARQ1S79eq4Fw3mHCkzYD66KpiVLVV8IaKfWMfqxVQPp6kWtMFNKXhyRJ2p56pfY3qpwv4PycopBRXnba-a_hjGNg/w400-h272/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T233953.314.gif" title="Bavarian International School students site of Erich Mercker's 1939 painting "Die Stätte des 9. November"" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"> During a tour for my <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_International_School">Bavarian International School</a> history students at the end of 2002 and from the same vantage point from <a href="https://schmidt-auktionen.de/auktionen/auktion_34/pdf/catalogue.pdf">Erich Mercker's 1939 painting "Die Stätte des 9. November"</a> which had been exhibited during that year's Großen Deutschen Kunstausstellungen. It was purchased for 2,000 RM by Adolf Wagner, Minister of the Interior and of Cultural Affairs of Bavaria. Wagner was also the one responsible for organising the ceremonies for the annual commemorations of the Beer Hall Putsch every November 9th in Munich. In fact, between 1936 to 1940, the Nazi regime purchased </span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;">seventeen of his paintings </span></span>for more than 97,000 Reichsmarks for Hitler’s Chancellery in Berlin. Interestingly, Mercker was also a gifted speed skater, being the German champion in 1912, winning the the Eberhardt-Streich-Wanderpreis as well as being the runner-up the following year. </span></span><br /></span><p></p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdCVI-3aWEB2hEjZgiDFxIugDIxojpUXdIHQWrg3kQZk1_5h4wbhHyCOou0FqVK1ZyfqKnJYM4LzPibWG6gASNAT5tYWaepCXbzmyzkDNhvdns7vn3jow6Og7bfZJhHTJZyMwjbJU1LJdb/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252824%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdCVI-3aWEB2hEjZgiDFxIugDIxojpUXdIHQWrg3kQZk1_5h4wbhHyCOou0FqVK1ZyfqKnJYM4LzPibWG6gASNAT5tYWaepCXbzmyzkDNhvdns7vn3jow6Og7bfZJhHTJZyMwjbJU1LJdb/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252824%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 367px;" /></span><span><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTylbhzptU3VMAbEoSROa2ijxcHx8jd4YtymlM6zDPHlng-eGdmEPNZixn_wysXG6hA0Dvh0qJ8E3Z6k_hRB6fCZLbNL72NjroUXDLFFAaxOpEfTaHl-HETRiTZdBVl3b5FxjUS2ZLSCEC/s640/2" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5580329484710357554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTylbhzptU3VMAbEoSROa2ijxcHx8jd4YtymlM6zDPHlng-eGdmEPNZixn_wysXG6hA0Dvh0qJ8E3Z6k_hRB6fCZLbNL72NjroUXDLFFAaxOpEfTaHl-HETRiTZdBVl3b5FxjUS2ZLSCEC/s640/2" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 270px; width: 261px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img alt="Memorial of the Blood Order being prepared for the November 9, 1938" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_5CXFiD_DcZYZr8T96Gc9NPSH81OxE7jPAQ83B2_LcEvvvnqI9PcyE8BxZYd3iAoqFRWiWRmEF710vvliKNuHq6xL8W3TeMbIy6mJ1daguN_CwBMD7m0MdtgbxNo-5xrnv4oxefE6setf/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252881%2529.gif" data-original-height="493" data-original-width="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_5CXFiD_DcZYZr8T96Gc9NPSH81OxE7jPAQ83B2_LcEvvvnqI9PcyE8BxZYd3iAoqFRWiWRmEF710vvliKNuHq6xL8W3TeMbIy6mJ1daguN_CwBMD7m0MdtgbxNo-5xrnv4oxefE6setf/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252881%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 213px;" title="Memorial of the Blood Order being prepared for the November 9, 1938" /> <img alt="Memorial of the Blood Order being prepared for the November 9, 1938" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPytYG1Y5KdNZPDmyId8RvkPVTiOzvJhiAXOxV-zbrQc4nT7QmcRPfMfyMs2F0zKyQkLrQteCXIa8yQmPH5sZ4qE7-RjMqjIz2BKa4gFpIo1LEsrcfXjyrtTOFxHRsYxfsDcizE_dwtJPe/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252873%2529.gif" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPytYG1Y5KdNZPDmyId8RvkPVTiOzvJhiAXOxV-zbrQc4nT7QmcRPfMfyMs2F0zKyQkLrQteCXIa8yQmPH5sZ4qE7-RjMqjIz2BKa4gFpIo1LEsrcfXjyrtTOFxHRsYxfsDcizE_dwtJPe/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252873%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 427px;" title="Memorial of the Blood Order being prepared for the November 9, 1938" /><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Memorial of the Blood Order being prepared for the November 9, 1938 ceremony from atop the Feldherrnhalle and </span></span><span>from behind, looking towards the Residenz. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFCAbLdyO0wBRaBJZnrzjn-tf7gfXzVcgBAMp5BbCbb9ZtIl9i_j5UIRowOlmp1Rt53kTU463NtBJ7deCPW9co4M-5yJMU9xGuhS5SURypAj3T3NICftvWhO1hXPBByfsDxrmSyX9Of00/s1600/sht.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Americans with Memorial of the Blood Order June 1945" border="0" data-original-height="473" data-original-width="932" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFCAbLdyO0wBRaBJZnrzjn-tf7gfXzVcgBAMp5BbCbb9ZtIl9i_j5UIRowOlmp1Rt53kTU463NtBJ7deCPW9co4M-5yJMU9xGuhS5SURypAj3T3NICftvWhO1hXPBByfsDxrmSyX9Of00/w640-h324/sht.jpg" title="Americans with Memorial of the Blood Order June 1945" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>American
GIs now replacing the guard immediately after the war and the cenotaph
in June 1945. After being dismantled by the American military government
the memorial was removed and melted down to be used for the restoration
of the Residenz.</span></span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Shirker's Alley </span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Drückeberger Gaßl)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLSHnSuJE7a9h3GA3CM52vbXKTxUmDbFZOBITYR_MC7-7ZLyURfFiu6LTbA4r8cd5QjwKixBHywCYm56kOFerO5ZdDbLc5t-cHMSIDq2x82qmdtJDhe_4D1xGwGbCATcWurmjk7iLtBBI/s1600-h/1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler salute Shirker's Alley (Drückeberger Gaßl)" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5447931483039809154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLSHnSuJE7a9h3GA3CM52vbXKTxUmDbFZOBITYR_MC7-7ZLyURfFiu6LTbA4r8cd5QjwKixBHywCYm56kOFerO5ZdDbLc5t-cHMSIDq2x82qmdtJDhe_4D1xGwGbCATcWurmjk7iLtBBI/s16000/1.jpg" style="height: 166px; width: 254px;" title="Hitler salute Shirker's Alley (Drückeberger Gaßl)" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> All who passed the memorial had to give the Nazi salute. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">To avoid having to do this, people would walk down a path behind the monument on <span style="font-style: italic;">Viscardigasse</span>, an alley that people used to avoid having to salute the monuments, hence the nickname</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span> 'Shirker's Alley.' </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>In his testimony at his t<span>rial in 1924, Hitler spoke of this street:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div face="Georgia" style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Another
shot was fired, out of the little street to the rear of the Preysing
Palace. Around me there were bodies. In front of us were State Police,
rifles cocked. Farther in the rear there were armoured cars. My men
were 70 to 80 metres in back of me. A big gentleman in a black overcoat
was lying half covered on the ground, soiled with blood. I was
convinced that he was Ludendorff. There were a few more shots fired from
inside the Royal Residence and from the little street near the
Preysing Palace and maybe also a few wild shots fired by our men. From
the circle near the Rentenamt, I drove out of town. I intended to be
driven back the same night.</span></span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Stackelberg and Winkle<span style="font-size: small;">, <span class="sr" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000SJYR2K/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_sr_1?pf_rd_p=1278548962&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0415222141&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=1M3J6CXND81G9XB1XZKE">The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts</a></span> (86)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimXCQsH48__cG2SAPCx-3G-mezlxjWw2A3Iahi_pALkYBvwf7PfH9_6Gs6reri9uFZzgVrsZ8MkpvVg206Qqaq1Mf31Gf8O6XUnR_Bkei7tVP4XppTfgYwdfXLJ8eTbI7V_6e7cObggx8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-07-01+at+07.35.37.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="649" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimXCQsH48__cG2SAPCx-3G-mezlxjWw2A3Iahi_pALkYBvwf7PfH9_6Gs6reri9uFZzgVrsZ8MkpvVg206Qqaq1Mf31Gf8O6XUnR_Bkei7tVP4XppTfgYwdfXLJ8eTbI7V_6e7cObggx8/s400/Screen+Shot+2017-07-01+at+07.35.37.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>In 1998 bronze stones were placed to commemorate this 18 metres in length and 30 cm in width, designed by Bruno Wank. </span>As
with most memorials in Munich, there is no public notice explaining the
significance of the bronze trail and the role of the Viscardigasse
during the Nazi era. Whilst the Munich city authorities are happy to promote something that serves to highlight its citizens' resistance to the Nazi regime, it refuses to allow any <i>stolpertstein</i>- a brass plaque commemorating a victim of the regime usually sited in front of the victim's house or business found in nearly every German town, <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2007/01/darmstadt-university-of-technology.html" target="_blank">including my own</a>. Top right shows Gunter Demnig laying the first three at Mauerkircherstrasse 13 on May 25, 2004 before being summarily and unceremoniously removed. Ironically, inside are the only examples of <i>stolperstein</i> allowed in
Munich,<a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-reich-press-office.html" target="_blank"> in a building commissioned by Hitler</a> and which is closed more
often than not (as when I gave a tour for members of the Israeli
consulate).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img alt=""Dachau - Velden - Buchenwald (Ich schäm)e mich, dass ich ein Deutscher bin - I am ashamed to be a German" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVLSE-a3MqAYOzFIlJnMWrxq8rHC5xrYGMZwpusjd_sO6y3nl2OxkKTm7Y3i8b-bsXRtYgyqyBmmvNIPOOlFsOkm4KJKAiFSuJYQx9jXkGKsUsQpPCsEgR6gxkywJOree0X_Tt0XPawfg1/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="493" data-original-width="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVLSE-a3MqAYOzFIlJnMWrxq8rHC5xrYGMZwpusjd_sO6y3nl2OxkKTm7Y3i8b-bsXRtYgyqyBmmvNIPOOlFsOkm4KJKAiFSuJYQx9jXkGKsUsQpPCsEgR6gxkywJOree0X_Tt0XPawfg1/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 224px;" title=""Dachau - Velden - Buchenwald (Ich schäm)e mich, dass ich ein Deutscher bin - I am ashamed to be a German" /> <img alt="“Goethe, Diesel, Haydn, Rob. Koch. Ich bin stolz, eine Deutscher zu sein!" (I am proud to be a German!)" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVm4fyEk8FU8j-kiBL18wd-lMHC5QOEL8ZAsydcnogTqYHf46jMFmVE3iaNTZb8xFWXhGVjKgmU9iSk8i9VaY8i7ZDvl31o_LF-pNPq3v4i7BZs3Duv9C5s1G2S3_EBAvdfH75KDDScVbo/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVm4fyEk8FU8j-kiBL18wd-lMHC5QOEL8ZAsydcnogTqYHf46jMFmVE3iaNTZb8xFWXhGVjKgmU9iSk8i9VaY8i7ZDvl31o_LF-pNPq3v4i7BZs3Duv9C5s1G2S3_EBAvdfH75KDDScVbo/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 406px;" title="“Goethe, Diesel, Haydn, Rob. Koch. Ich bin stolz, eine Deutscher zu sein!" (I am proud to be a German!)" /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On Monday, May 28 1945 the following was scrawled in the front of the Feldherrnhalle in large white letters:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dachau - Velden - Buchenwald</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Ich schäme mich, dass ich ein Deutscher bin - (I am ashamed to be a German)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Later on the corner of the monument facing the Residence was written“Keine Scham, nur Vergeltung! – Hakenkreuz – Schandkreuz" (No shame, only resistance - Swastika = Cross of Shame) and again days later under it: “Goethe, Diesel, Haydn, Rob. Koch. Ich bin stolz, eine Deutscher zu sein!" (I am proud to be a German!)</div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWq85-YaTP-b8BWcIkes5PcX9qMqyEvTzRLgs_uQMcV6Sw8JbOSxVuTxEfbUopK1r2-vkuvAsd1Q1Pz3UQJb8g9MRdRm9M1rNMHKwxhC-0dBobIqZV0CAIHMHvQ8LUhGN1e8ZeAEuGt-maT455tBKrbLjIVThL0DH5MlM6pC1z1v4a-j9K_mJ1VetUEzqk/s405/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-27T210356.251.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: georgia; font-size: large; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="405" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWq85-YaTP-b8BWcIkes5PcX9qMqyEvTzRLgs_uQMcV6Sw8JbOSxVuTxEfbUopK1r2-vkuvAsd1Q1Pz3UQJb8g9MRdRm9M1rNMHKwxhC-0dBobIqZV0CAIHMHvQ8LUhGN1e8ZeAEuGt-maT455tBKrbLjIVThL0DH5MlM6pC1z1v4a-j9K_mJ1VetUEzqk/w400-h291/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-27T210356.251.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The footage on the left comes from part of the <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20140903120623/http://motionvideo.com/videos/sfp186.html?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp">Special Film Project 186</a> dating f</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">rom March to mid-July 1945 as </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">cameramen from the United States Army Air Forces first filmed the advance of American troops in Germany and then the immediate post-war period in Europe. </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">They were equipped with 16 mm film cameras and Kodachrome colour films, which were new at the time. They documented the performance of the American Air Force in low-level aircraft attacks and bombings but also included the Buchenwald and Dachau concentration camps as well as Munich and</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: center;">Berlin </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">directly after the war, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: center;">American and Soviet troops meeting for the first time on the Elbe o</span><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: center;">n April 25, 1945, victory celebrations in London, Göring in August having been placed into captivity on May 6, 1945 and so on. The recordings comprise a total of sixty hours of silent colour footage on over 260 reels. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglzxzUBCYTfFthC4Sxer0mjSubqrAG3I1MBU5oh1Lnq3FyjxUOkymjpU_tdEkOSAodTLdnJpoHTJFF_glDyIxCm165yBj0wU_k5CYYY1dE4uOXps8uvuY91MRrahcZF2L1Rn_UYSYbHQ4/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Palais Preysing then and now" border="0" height="274" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5780554438648936850" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglzxzUBCYTfFthC4Sxer0mjSubqrAG3I1MBU5oh1Lnq3FyjxUOkymjpU_tdEkOSAodTLdnJpoHTJFF_glDyIxCm165yBj0wU_k5CYYY1dE4uOXps8uvuY91MRrahcZF2L1Rn_UYSYbHQ4/w400-h274/Untitled-1.jpg" title="Palais Preysing then and now" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The rear of the Feldherrnhalle after the war and as it appears today.</span><span> The building attached to the rear of the Feldherrnhalle is the Palais Preysing, built between 1723 to 1728 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>by
Joseph Effner for Count Johann Maximilian von Preysing, one of the
highest ranking nobles at the court of Electors Karl Albrecht and
Maximilian III </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>of Preysing and Munich's first rococo-style palace. The walls on the outside were embellished with stucco. However as can be seen by the photo on the left, what is seen by tourists today is little more than a reconstruction which few sites seem to mention. The façade facing Theatinerstraße behind me represents the rear façade, the main façade located on the Residenzstraße to the east shown above. Only large parts of the main façade, parts of the south façade on the Viscardigasse and the walls of the staircase remained standing. The west façade to the Theatinerstraße here however had to be blown up after the war for structural reasons and was reconstructed down to the smallest detail by architect Erwin Schleich together with the remaining missing parts of the other two façades, representing one of the best rebuilding achievements in postwar Munich, along with the rebuilding of the residence. Schleich had been involved in almost all of the historically significant reconstruction work in Munich and his book <a href="https://www.zvab.com/buch-suchen/titel/zweite-zerst%F6rung-m%FCnchens-bilder/autor/erwin-schleich/"><i>Die 2. Zerstörung Münchens</i></a> is worth a read. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img alt="Theatinerstraße Nazi flags" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBv04_zbanHTnyYZ0WDq7ipLWEpVsIzwaxgBExeTbRPnQfGbcCPc69ERavYN9rLrzJPeiKo-xFJqyb1s1ceKUXKyB8MnQiPeTxNEljVoVFpWEtFxTQO3euajenagz1QilwKOiXFZo0hmYO/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252887%2529.gif" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBv04_zbanHTnyYZ0WDq7ipLWEpVsIzwaxgBExeTbRPnQfGbcCPc69ERavYN9rLrzJPeiKo-xFJqyb1s1ceKUXKyB8MnQiPeTxNEljVoVFpWEtFxTQO3euajenagz1QilwKOiXFZo0hmYO/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252887%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 330px; width: 380px;" title="Theatinerstraße Nazi flags" /><span><span><span><span><span><span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHRKl00UKPBkLFfzpGaotioOLaGmG5hKEdNMdmsCvktstj0pr3wJCuGvYC6HfQvKs1xoN6rFsou5fHSz4o5VI8KfytOvMQF11uT3Iqpv7Lbb-6ML4_Hn7_h9tFfi7wdPCEk5WPTmJYg-hR/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252813%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHRKl00UKPBkLFfzpGaotioOLaGmG5hKEdNMdmsCvktstj0pr3wJCuGvYC6HfQvKs1xoN6rFsou5fHSz4o5VI8KfytOvMQF11uT3Iqpv7Lbb-6ML4_Hn7_h9tFfi7wdPCEk5WPTmJYg-hR/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252813%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 330px; width: 248px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Theatinerstraße looking towards Odeonsplatz</span><span> showing the rear of the Feldherrnhalle where the marchers were shot at on the 15th anniversary and the </span>Theatinerkirche beside the Feldherrnhalle during the 1930s (with Nazi flag flying atop) and today.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBp-e6NpYUV_dRrZnnhGRd1mS19AefsaP4lAyfPRXy0VHkTLHOgoBWFSOs0AXwkC9_sjyQCkUPg7DNqgByjT93newuJLI6HhzV5_6tSZ_T5ri_IfF0qIIGFu6Oy8OdskqVJqyoc1JloEM/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Hitler in front of the Theatinerkirche November 9, 1934" border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="435" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBp-e6NpYUV_dRrZnnhGRd1mS19AefsaP4lAyfPRXy0VHkTLHOgoBWFSOs0AXwkC9_sjyQCkUPg7DNqgByjT93newuJLI6HhzV5_6tSZ_T5ri_IfF0qIIGFu6Oy8OdskqVJqyoc1JloEM/w400-h308/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Hitler in front of the Theatinerkirche November 9, 1934" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler in front of the </span><span><span>Theatinerkirche during the November 9, 1934 commemoration. The previous year some 830 men were mustered, facing the Theatinerkirche. The streetlights were extinguished and the square lit solely by torches. In a Wagnerian touch, at midnight, after the last strike of the bell from the Theatinerkirche, Hitler arrived, accompanied by Himmler; General Werner von Blomberg, the Minister of Defence; and Gruppenfiihrer Sepp Dietrich, who presented his life guard for swearing in. First came a paraphrase of the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> oath, spoken by Heinrich Himmler: 'We swear to you, Adolf Hitler, loyalty and bravery. We promise this to you and will be obedient until death.' Then, from the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> men came recital of the full oath: I swear to you, Adolf Hitler, as Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor, loyalty and bravery. I vow to you, and those you have named to command me, obedience unto death. So help me God.' To at least one </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> observer, Emil Helfferich, it was a moment of ecstasy. Helfferich referred to 'splendid young men, serious of face, exemplary in bearing and turnout. An elite. Tears came to my eyes when, by the light of torches, thousands of voices repeated the oath in chorus. It was like a prayer.' From that year on, newly enrolled members of the Leibstandarte who had yet to take their oath were sent to Munich for the annual ceremony held in front of the Feldhermhalle. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Butler (12) <a href="https://archive.org/stream/SpellmountSSLiebstandarte/Spellmount%20-%20SS-Liebstandarte_djvu.txt">SS Leibstandarte: The History of the First SS Division, 1933–45</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRpYueSi1FQ4lMzX1szUmNEFoSpjM-LMG58tcVTn_J2hd2Xr_Y1qHNyi435kE5w6bM_86QZnc4W6_Pq_6tETEFeZCIHFTVqsAog2yLEFPW9xorredGjcu6RHkjwPFuulgoc8FSJkPi8Qc/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Hitler addressing families of the 'martyrs' in front of the Residenz" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="529" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRpYueSi1FQ4lMzX1szUmNEFoSpjM-LMG58tcVTn_J2hd2Xr_Y1qHNyi435kE5w6bM_86QZnc4W6_Pq_6tETEFeZCIHFTVqsAog2yLEFPW9xorredGjcu6RHkjwPFuulgoc8FSJkPi8Qc/w400-h300/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Hitler addressing families of those killed two days earlier at the Bürgerbräukeller at a ceremony on November 11, 1939 with the Residenz in the background." width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler
addressing families of those killed two days earlier at the
Bürgerbräukeller at a ceremony on November 11, 1939 with the Residenz in
the background. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The state ceremony was
held for the seven people who were killed in the
assassination attempt. Laid out in front of the Feldherrnhalle, they
were transformed into "seven new martyrs" for propaganda purposes. The
explosion destroyed the Bürgerbräukeller so badly that Hitler's
traditional commemorative speech has since been moved to the
Löwenbräukeller. In November 1943, the part of the celebration planned
for the Königsplatz was canceled altogether; the square rather disappeared behind
camouflage against Allied air raids. In 1944 a mere "proclamation" read by Himmler in Munich </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>took the place of the
festivities</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Hitler had
not appeared in Munich since February 1942 for the annual "party
founding ceremony." <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAS2rxLOZ7IJ3CHqnf8qOoI2dT6rZdPn0n0PSJP-gvxztYx591AMGiZmYVZf-V_NVuJ_fT2msjv4kWiQOHu9qdkafdCiaeTw5OsykkOyFD_GaU8m4Hqv8l92FHBAcBo0bloSqc6g5IWdN4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252811%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Antiquarium Munich Residenz" border="0" data-original-height="226" data-original-width="320" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAS2rxLOZ7IJ3CHqnf8qOoI2dT6rZdPn0n0PSJP-gvxztYx591AMGiZmYVZf-V_NVuJ_fT2msjv4kWiQOHu9qdkafdCiaeTw5OsykkOyFD_GaU8m4Hqv8l92FHBAcBo0bloSqc6g5IWdN4/w400-h283/ezgif.com-optimize+%252811%2529.gif" title="Antiquarium Munich Residenz" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A
couple of examples of the extensive reconstruction of the Residenz that has taken
place since it was destroyed in the March 18, 1944 bombing- here Drake Winston is in the Antiquarium and as it appeared after the RAF launched 958 tonnes of explosive and
incendiary bombs on Munich. The National Theatre was completely
destroyed; even the iron stage construction melted in the heat and by
the next morning only the perimeter walls remained. Richard
Strauss, who saw the premiere of his last opera "Capriccio" here,
described after looking at the heap of rubble how "it was the biggest
disaster that has ever broken into my life; there is no comfort." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Residenz had </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>become
the possession of ϟϟ Brigade Commander Christian Weber,
described by Otto Strasser as an "ape-like creature" and "the most
despicable of Hitler's underlings". </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqDzdqYZuKOemu2o6nmYd5tjvF0gabVwEi1-94OQfXR5yMHGMpEQNpu8B7_b6VjgujHBhYwd1fBZ7ZjcHPwtIau6j9D2LKs-6YCAXvGhjPXZzALBM446Ne_2fwDDH6Asp6vn-Jr-Cwrqk6/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="216" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqDzdqYZuKOemu2o6nmYd5tjvF0gabVwEi1-94OQfXR5yMHGMpEQNpu8B7_b6VjgujHBhYwd1fBZ7ZjcHPwtIau6j9D2LKs-6YCAXvGhjPXZzALBM446Ne_2fwDDH6Asp6vn-Jr-Cwrqk6/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" /><img border="0" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2cDvA3lt3VCPFxKSyax4-Rtb2izJO9DMqHzyuVuNI7iILEP3V3fCKhwN-ize3wYTcbbKHyYUcnuiL7IqKCy4j8NWhhpWX-iBpfbgYPd3nmwWej4d33BMBpMlbbuQv7y0SdENz_O99slEY/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252810%2529.gif" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="274" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2cDvA3lt3VCPFxKSyax4-Rtb2izJO9DMqHzyuVuNI7iILEP3V3fCKhwN-ize3wYTcbbKHyYUcnuiL7IqKCy4j8NWhhpWX-iBpfbgYPd3nmwWej4d33BMBpMlbbuQv7y0SdENz_O99slEY/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252810%2529.gif" /><br /></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A city councilman, Weber had been
effectively the leader of the city following the Nazi seizure of power
in 1933, becoming a hated figure in the city, particularly amongst the
middle classes, as exemplifying Nazi corruption given that this former
hotel bellboy had come to own a number of hotels, villas, petrol
stations, a brewery, the city's racecourse (which he kept open during
the war against the strenuous objections of Gauleiter Paul Giesler) and
bus service as well as a home in the Residenz. In 1934 during the Night
of the Long Knives, Weber was amongst the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
men who travelled to Bad Wiessee to purge the SA leadership. Hitler
personally rewarded him for his involvement by promoting him to the rank
of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-Oberführer. From 1936 to 1939, Weber organised the notorious "<a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Nymphenburg">Night of the Amazons</a>"
carnivals at schloß Nymphenburg, which featured parades of topless
variety show girls dressed only in skin-coloured panties. On
Kristallnacht he took a group of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
men, including Hitler's future brother-in-law Hermann Fegelein, to
Planegg where they ransacked the estate of Jewish nobleman Baron Rudolf
Hirsch which Weber then took over for himself. He would eventually die
under mysterious circumstances in 1945 after being arrested by the
United States army near Starnberg. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img alt="GIF: SA men marching on the corner of Ludwigstraße and Galeriestraße onto Odeonsplatz." data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKRo83RyfMgXf6DvKqF0Wo4c6IuvT8C_xEZAVfM3Yt0SCVJQrcynEtcU0GvAAJVB1AOiSO8AaHXbrz_0YbSl-CsgW7xhWH3QKmtSzuzXyGK-3bGtAgFgKjh9h98edEnfDvknNd8qbE63CO/s320/ezgif.com-crop+%252810%2529.gif" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKRo83RyfMgXf6DvKqF0Wo4c6IuvT8C_xEZAVfM3Yt0SCVJQrcynEtcU0GvAAJVB1AOiSO8AaHXbrz_0YbSl-CsgW7xhWH3QKmtSzuzXyGK-3bGtAgFgKjh9h98edEnfDvknNd8qbE63CO/s320/ezgif.com-crop+%252810%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 348px;" title="SA men marching on the corner of Ludwigstraße and Galeriestraße onto Odeonsplatz. It was here that Hitler spent most of his time before taking power of Germany in 1933." /><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxtL71K32jCTmuA6BSbXLuxzWiyFDnRyMApRqs_spScOIyQ-Ugck__fIkOiUKdumkAHHQ1OGngWHNJsN6SiwFXJzxJ3kKa-oEJGurR2aIgrKKp1tFbRPJZtjnml3G4_DfQ5z9uneNWHEij/s640/3weba.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxtL71K32jCTmuA6BSbXLuxzWiyFDnRyMApRqs_spScOIyQ-Ugck__fIkOiUKdumkAHHQ1OGngWHNJsN6SiwFXJzxJ3kKa-oEJGurR2aIgrKKp1tFbRPJZtjnml3G4_DfQ5z9uneNWHEij/s640/3weba.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 289px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">SA men marching on the corner of Ludwigstraße and Galeriestraße onto Odeonsplatz. It was here that Hitler spent most of his time before taking power of Germany in 1933.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2005/05/resistance-in-munich.html" target="_blank"><b>Click here to continue down Ludwigstraße to other Nazi-related sites</b></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 0.5%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler putsch Attempted coup by the NSDAP against the Bavarian government in 1923 Community-generated content on this topic is also available automatic translation Contribute The Hitler Putsch (also called Hitler-Ludendorff Putsch , Bürgerbräu Putsch , March on the Feldherrnhalle and Bierkeller Putsch ) was a failed coup attempt by the NSDAP under Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff on November 8th and 9th , 1923 . With expected help from the right-wing conservative Bavarian state government and administration, the Reich government in Berlin was to be overthrown following the example of Mussolini . The aim of the attempted coup was to eliminate parliamentary democracy and establish a National Socialist dictatorship . [1] Odeonsplatz after the attempted coup on November 9, 1923 Report from the Bozner Nachrichten on November 10, 1923: The Hitler Putsch collapsed miserably Table of contents background The “patriotic and nationalist” groups responded to the socialist Bavarian government Eisner and the Munich Soviet Republic with an increasingly radical desire for “order” and with significantly increased anti-democratic tendencies. Munich developed into a right-wing stronghold ; Added to this were separatist efforts. The Bavarian People's Party (BVP) , founded in 1918 as a successor organization to the Bavarian Center , reserved the right to separate Bavaria from the Reich as early as 1919 . Inflation , hardship and the Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr increased discontent. The conflict broke out when the new Chancellor Gustav Stresemann broke off the “ passive resistance ” of the government of the previous Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno against the occupation of the Ruhr in September 1923. The Bavarian government under BVP Prime Minister Eugen Ritter von Knilling took this “betrayal” as an opportunity to work from the “Bavarian order cell ” towards a “national dictatorship” in Berlin and to take action against French policy on the Rhine and Ruhr. To this end, on September 26th, the Bavarian state government appointed former Prime Minister Gustav Ritter von Kahr as dictatorial State Commissioner General : He immediately declared a state of emergency, suspended basic rights and took command of Bavarian Reichswehr troops. In response to this unconstitutional act, Reich President Friedrich Ebert declared a state of emergency over the entire Reich on the same day. He transferred executive power to Reichswehr Minister Otto Geßler , [2] who further delegated it to the military district commanders . In Military District VII (Munich) this was Lieutenant General Otto von Lossow , who was also the Bavarian regional commander of the Reichswehr . Gustav von Kahr, together with Lossow and Hans von Seißer , the commander of the Bavarian state police , tried to tackle his anti-republican plans. Kahrs' deputy, Hubert von und zu Aufseß , expressed these intentions on October 20, 1923 in the following words: “For us it doesn’t mean: Get rid of Berlin! We are not separatists. For us it means: Off to Berlin! We have been lied to in an outrageous way by Berlin for two months. This is no different to be expected from this Jewish government, headed by a mattress engineer [note: this meant Reich President Friedrich Ebert]. I said at the time: Everything in Berlin is spoiled and messed up, and I still maintain that today.” – Hubert Friedrich Karl von und zu Aufseß [3] Meanwhile, Kahr was competing with Adolf Hitler for the leadership role in Bavaria's right-wing camp. On September 25, 1923, he was elected leader of the German Combat League , the new umbrella organization of the Fatherland Associations . On September 29, Kahr suspended the implementation of the Republic Protection Act and, starting in mid-October, had several hundred Jewish families who had immigrated from Eastern Europe decades ago (so-called Eastern Jews ) expelled from Bavaria. With these measures he wanted to consolidate his support among the extreme right and Hitler's supporters. [4] The scandal broke out on October 20th. After an insulting article against Reich Chancellor Stresemann and Hans von Seeckt , the head of the army command, Reichswehr Minister Geßler ordered the NSDAP mouthpiece Völkischer Observer to be banned . Otto von Lossow was given the task of enforcing this ban. However, he refused to carry out the order and was removed from office. The Bavarian General State Commissioner, however, ordered that Lossow should remain state commander and entrusted him “with the leadership of the Bavarian part of the Imperial Army”. On October 22nd, Kahr had the 7th Reichswehr Division sworn in Bavaria and his government. This marked an open break with the Weimar Republic . However, Reichswehr Minister Geßler considered imposing the Reich execution against Bavaria as hopeless: the Reichswehr under Seeckt would not have been prepared to carry it out - in keeping with the motto “Troops do not shoot at troops”. [5] The coup NSDAP-Versammlung im Bürgerbräukeller, ca. 1923 Hitler hatte den Putsch bereits für den 29. September 1923 geplant,[6] wartete dann aber die turbulenten Entwicklungen in Bayern ab. Er wollte die neue Situation nutzen und die bayerische Regierung zum Sturz der Reichsregierung veranlassen. Am 30. Oktober 1923 rief er – ergebnislos – im Münchner Zirkus Krone zum Aufstand auf. Eine passende Gelegenheit bot sich, als Gustav von Kahr in Anwesenheit von Lossows, Seißers, Knillings, zweier weiterer Mitglieder des bayerischen Kabinetts und zahlreicher Prominenter aus verschiedenen nationalistischen Lagern im Bürgerbräukeller am 8. November 1923 über die Ziele seiner Politik sprechen wollte. Kahr begann in dem vollbesetzten Bürgerbräukeller um etwa 20 Uhr mit seiner Rede. Ludendorff hatte dem Kampfbund und den Offizieren der Infanterieschule den 8. November 20 Uhr 30 als „X-Zeit“ des Losschlagens angegeben.[7] Etwa 30 Minuten nach Beginn betrat Hitler in Begleitung des SA-Kommandeurs Hermann Göring sowie weiterer Nationalsozialisten vom Vestibül aus den Saal, stieg auf einen Stuhl,[8] feuerte mit einer Pistole in die Decke, erlangte Aufmerksamkeit, warnte, das Versammlungslokal sei von der SA umstellt, und verkündete, die „nationale Revolution“ sei ausgebrochen. Er bat das Triumvirat – Kahr, Lossow, Seißer – und den mittlerweile herbeigeholten General der Infanterie und ehemaligen Ersten Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff in einen Nebenraum, während Göring eine Rede hielt. Unterdessen brachte Hitler Kahr, Lossow und Seißer – nach späteren Aussagen mittels Erpressung – auf seine Seite. Die Putschisten setzten die beiden übrigen im Bürgerbräukeller anwesenden Mitglieder des Kabinetts währenddessen im Saal fest. Hitlers Ziel war ein sofortiger Aufstand, wozu das Triumvirat ihm seine Unterstützung zusagte. Zurück im Saal, baten die drei die Anwesenden, Hitlers Staatsstreich zu unterstützen. Ein von Hermann Esser entworfenes Flugblatt der Putschisten erklärte: „Proklamation an das deutsche Volk! Die Regierung der Novemberverbrecher in Berlin ist heute für abgesetzt erklärt worden. Eine provisorische deutsche Nationalregierung ist gebildet worden, diese besteht aus General Ludendorff, Adolf Hitler, General von Lossow, Oberst von Seißer.“[9] Nach dem Vorbild des „Marschs auf Rom“ der italienischen Faschisten um Benito Mussolini sollten die in Bayern stehenden Reichswehrverbände zusammen mit antidemokratischen Wehrverbänden nach Berlin marschieren („Marsch auf Berlin“) und dort die Macht im Deutschen Reich übernehmen. Ministerpräsident Eugen von Knilling, Justizminister Franz Gürtner, Innenminister Franz Schweyer, Landwirtschaftsminister Johannes Wutzlhofer, der Münchner Polizeipräsident Karl Mantel und weitere hochrangige Politiker wurden von 30 bewaffneten SA-Männern unter der Leitung von Rudolf Heß als Geiseln genommen und über Nacht im Privathaus des NS-Unterstützers Julius Friedrich Lehmann im Süden der Stadt festgehalten. Als am Abend des 8. November der Putsch im Bürgerbräukeller in München bekannt wurde, formierten sich in anderen Münchner Gaststätten Antisemiten und Putschistenbefürworter, die zum Bavariaring zogen, um in dem dortigen Wohnviertel Juden ausfindig zu machen. Bei Geschäften und in der Münchner Hauptsynagoge wurden am selben Abend Scheiben eingeschlagen.[10] Inzwischen besetzte nach 22 Uhr Ernst Röhm, vom Löwenbräukeller kommend, mit einem Sonderkommando das Wehrkreiskommando VII, den Amtssitz Lossows in der Schönfeldstraße. Die dortige Wache leistete keinen Widerstand, als Röhm erklärte, er habe den Auftrag, eine Ehrenwache für Ludendorff und Lossow bereitzustellen. Im Wehrkreiskommando fanden sich allmählich zusammen: Hitler, Ludendorff, Röhm, Ernst Pöhner, Hermann Kriebel und Friedrich Weber. Von Otto von Lossow nahmen die Verschwörer an, dass er in der Kaserne des 19. (Bayerisches) Infanterie-Regiment (Reichswehr) (Hitlers Einheit bei der Reichswehr, Loth-/Infantriestraße) sei und dorthin seine Befehlsstelle des Wehrkreiskommandos verlegt habe. Lossow war in der Telegrafenstelle im selben Gebäude mit den Verschwörern und beorderte regierungstreue Truppen nach München.[11] Der inzwischen von dem Putsch benachrichtigte stellvertretende Ministerpräsident Franz Matt setzte sich noch am Abend mit einem Rumpfkabinett vorsorglich nach Regensburg ab, um die legitime Regierungsgewalt zu sichern. Noch in München erließ er einen an die Bevölkerung gerichteten Aufruf gegen den „Preußen Ludendorff“. Dieser Aufruf soll nach damaligen Zeitungsberichten wesentlich zur Überwindung des Putschversuches beigetragen haben.[12] Die diskreditierende Behauptung der Nationalsozialisten, Matt habe vom Hitlerputsch während eines Abendessens mit Kardinal Michael von Faulhaber und dem Apostolischen Nuntius Eugenio Pacelli, dem späteren Papst Pius XII., erfahren, wurde von ihm selbst umgehend dementiert. In Regensburg angekommen, erteilte Matt für den Fall einer gewaltsamen Weiterung des Putsches allen regierungstreuen Einheiten der Polizei den Schießbefehl.[13] Um 2:55 Uhr nachts widerrief Gustav von Kahr, inzwischen in Kenntnis von der Abreise Franz Matts, im Rundfunk seine Zusage. Er erklärte die ihm, Lossow und Seißer „mit vorgehaltener Pistole abgepreßten Erklärungen“ für null und nichtig sowie die NSDAP und die Bünde Oberland und Reichskriegsflagge für aufgelöst. Oberamtmann Wilhelm Frick wurde als Erster festgenommen. Reichspräsident Ebert übertrug noch in der Nacht vom 8. zum 9. November 1923 die vollziehende Gewalt im Reich von Reichswehrminister Geßler auf den Chef der Heeresleitung General von Seeckt – ersetzte also den „zivilen“ durch einen militärischen Ausnahmezustand.[2][14] The March Stoßtrupp Hitlers (mit Hakenkreuz-Armbinden) mit festgenommenen sozialistischen Stadträten Dennoch verkündeten am Freitagmorgen, dem 9. November 1923, in München zahlreiche Plakate und Redner wie Julius Streicher und Helmuth Klotz den Sieg ihrer Bewegung. Selbst am Neuen Rathaus hing am Balkon eine riesige schwarz-weiß-rote Flagge. Julius Schaub nahm mit einem Stoßtrupp neun sozialistische Stadträte als Geiseln gefangen. Sie wurden, wie auch etwa zwei dutzend jüdische Männer, die zuvor in Lehel oder Bogenhausen von Putschisten an ihren Haustüren aufgegriffen wurden,[10] am Morgen in den Bürgerbräukeller gesperrt. Während Putschisten vorschlugen die Gefangenen als menschliche Schutzschilde beim Marsch mitzuführen, drohte SA-Führer Hermann Göring gegenüber der Bayerischen Landespolizei mit der Erschießung der Geiseln, sollten Putschisten beim Marsch durch die Münchner Innenstadt zu Tode kommen. Dessen ungeachtet rückten mit Panzerwagen verstärkte Verbände der Reichswehr und der Landespolizei gegen das Wehrkreiskommando vor, das Röhm mit 400 Putschisten vom Bund Reichskriegsflagge besetzt hatte. Bei einem Schusswechsel wurden zwei Soldaten der Reichswehr verwundet; Martin Faust und Theodor Casella starben dabei (als erste Putschisten). Vermittler versuchten Röhm zur Kapitulation zu bewegen; er stimmte aber erst um 11.45 Uhr einem Waffenstillstand und nur für zwei Stunden zu. Um die Bevölkerung auf ihre Seite zu ziehen und damit Polizei und Reichswehr doch noch dazu zu bewegen, die Putschisten zu unterstützen, schlug Ludendorff vor, einen Propagandazug vom Bürgerbräukeller durch die Münchner Innenstadt zum Wehrkreiskommando zu unternehmen.[15] Unter seiner und Hitlers Führung, beide trugen Zivil, marschierten ihre Anhänger, darunter auch der spätere Bundesminister Theodor Oberländer, gegen 12 Uhr los. Rechts von Ludendorff, der das Kommando übernommen hatte, ging Göring, zu seiner Linken Hitler und neben diesem Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter.[16][17][18] Unruhen auf dem Münchner Marienplatz während des Putsches. Der Redner ist Julius Streicher. Ludendorff führte die Putschisten vom Bürgerbräukeller über die Ludwigsbrücke. Dort entwaffneten sie eine 30 Mann starke Abteilung der Landespolizei und marschierten weiter zum Marienplatz. Anschließend bog die Kolonne in die Weinstraße ein und zog dann durch die Theatinerstraße in Richtung Odeonsplatz. Nördlich vom Odeonsplatz lag das Wehrkreiskommando, wo sich Röhm verschanzt hatte. Der Kommandant der Landespolizei in der Residenz, Michael Freiherr von Godin, erhielt auf eine telefonische Anfrage durch Seißer den Befehl, das Heraustreten der Hitlertruppen auf den Odeonsplatz müsse mit allen Machtmitteln gestoppt werden. Godin riegelte daraufhin mit seinen 130 Mann, die mit einer Kanone und Maschinengewehren bewaffnet waren, den Odeonsplatz ab. Daraufhin ließ Ludendorff die Marschierer rechts in die kurze Perusastraße einschwenken und gleich danach links in die Residenzstraße abbiegen. In Zehner- bis Sechzehnerreihen bewegten sich die Putschisten, Die Wacht am Rhein und O Deutschland hoch in Ehren singend, voran in Richtung Feldherrnhalle und durchbrachen eine Absperrkette der Polizei in der Residenzstraße. Die Feldherrnhalle – letzte Station des Putschversuchs Um 12.45 Uhr starben, von Schüssen getroffen, der Polizeikommandant Hauptmann Rudolf Schraut, sowie der Polizei-Oberwachtmeister Friedrich Fink, Polizei-Unterwachtmeister Nikolaus Hollweg und Polizei-Hilfswachtmeister Max Schoberth. Das Feuer der Polizisten tötete daraufhin Scheubner-Richter, der den eingehakten Hitler mit sich zu Boden riss. Der Leibwächter Ulrich Graf stellte sich vor ihn und fiel, von elf Kugeln getroffen, auf Hitler und Scheubner-Richter. Göring wurde in den Schenkel und in die Lende getroffen. Die Putschisten warfen sich zu Boden, während die zahlreichen Zuschauer flüchteten. Die ganze Aktion dauerte weniger als eine Minute. Bei der Schießerei wurden vier Polizisten der Bayerischen Landespolizei, dreizehn Putschisten sowie ein Schaulustiger getötet. Später starben bei der Erstürmung des besetzten Wehrkreiskommandos in der Schönfeldstraße durch die Bayerische Landespolizei noch zwei weitere Putschisten. Unter den Getöteten waren folgende Berufsgruppen vertreten: vier Polizisten, vier Kaufleute (darunter Klaus von Pape und Oskar Körner), drei Bankbeamte, ein Hutmacher, ein Oberkellner, ein Schlosser, ein Versicherungskaufmann, ein Diener (Kurt Neubauer), ein Rittmeister, ein Oberstlandesgerichtsrat (Theodor von der Pfordten), ein Ingenieur sowie der Diplomat und Mitinitiator Scheubner-Richter. Der Pater Rupert Mayer gab den Sterbenden auf dem Odeonsplatz die letzten Sakramente und sprach mit den Verwundeten. Zahlreiche Schwerverwundete wurden in die Universitätsklinik eingeliefert, wo sie unter der Leitung von Ferdinand Sauerbruch operiert wurden. Ludendorff, der unverletzt geblieben war, wurde am gleichen Tag festgenommen und nach einer Befragung von fünf Stunden und zwanzig Minuten um 22.20 Uhr gegen Ehrenwort wieder auf freien Fuß gesetzt. Die Geiseln im Bürgerbräukeller waren in der Zwischenzeit, bereits gegen Mittag, von der bayerischen Landespolizei befreit worden.[10] Hitler entkam durch Flucht mit Hilfe eines Sanitätsautos; „die wenige Jahre später von ihm selbst verbreitete Legende, er habe ein hilfloses Kind aus dem Feuer getragen, ist schon vom Ludendorff-Kreis widerlegt worden, ehe er selbst davon Abstand nahm“.[19] Bei dem Kind handelte es sich um den zehnjährigen Knaben Gottfried Mayr, der eine Schusswunde am Oberarm erhalten hatte und dem Hitlers Gefolgsmann Walter Schultze Erste Hilfe leistete. Hitler versteckte sich in Uffing am Staffelsee im Landhaus von Ernst Hanfstaengl, wurde jedoch am 11. November 1923 ebenfalls in Haft genommen.[20] Die NSDAP wurde im ganzen Deutschen Reich verboten. Getötete bayerische Polizisten Friedrich Fink Nikolaus Hollweg Max Schoberth Rudolf Schraut Getöteter Schaulustiger Karl Kuhn war ein unbeteiligter Oberkellner, der nicht am Putsch teilgenommen hatte, sondern aus Neugier aus seinem Café gekommen war. Er wurde von einer Kugel tödlich getroffen.[21] Getötete Putschisten Die getöteten Putschisten wurden zwischen 1933 und 1945 als „Blutzeugen der Bewegung“ geehrt und zugleich von der NS-Propaganda instrumentalisiert.[22] Felix Allfarth Andreas Bauriedl Theodor Casella Wilhelm Ehrlich Martin Faust Anton Hechenberger Oskar Körner Karl Laforce Kurt Neubauer Klaus von Pape Theodor von der Pfordten Johann Rickmers Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter Lorenz Ritter von Stransky-Griffenfeld Wilhelm Wolf Trial and verdict → Hauptartikel: Hitler-Prozess Hitler, rechts neben Ludendorff (Bildmitte), posiert mit weiteren Teilnehmern des Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsches vor dem Gerichtsgebäude, 1924 Justizvollzugsanstalt Landsberg am Lech Hitler stand ab Frühjahr 1924 unter Hochverratsanklage vor dem Volksgericht in München. Obwohl für den Fall eigentlich das Reichsgericht in Leipzig zuständig gewesen wäre, hatte die bayerische Regierung den Fall an sich gezogen, um zu verhindern, dass die Machenschaften von Kahr, Lossow und Seißer ans Licht kamen, was dann im Prozessverlauf auch tatsächlich gewährleistet werden konnte. Hitler konnte sich im Laufe des nun folgenden „Hitler-Prozesses“ aufgrund seiner rhetorischen Fähigkeiten vom Angeklagten zum Ankläger hochstilisieren. Dabei deutete er unter anderem das Ereignis und Gedenken der Kriegsniederlage zum „eigentlichen Hochverrat“ um und instrumentalisierte es in seinem Sinn als „Aufruf zum Putsch und Auflehnung gegen die Landesverräter“.[23] In einem Gutachten äußerte der Münchner Vize-Polizeipräsident Friedrich Tenner die prophetische Einschätzung: „Hitler […] ist heute die Seele der ganzen völkischen Bewegung. Er wird große Massen […] seiner Idee der NSDAP zuführen.“ Mit der Begründung, dass bei einem Mann, „der so deutsch denkt und fühlt wie Hitler“ und der sich durch „rein vaterländischen Geist und edelsten Willen“ auszeichne, das Motiv des Verrats nicht aufrechterhalten werden könne, wurde es vom Gericht ausdrücklich abgelehnt, Hitler als verurteilten Ausländer nach Verbüßung seiner Haftstrafe aus Deutschland auszuweisen, wie es § 9 des Republikschutzgesetzes zwingend vorsah. Hitler wurde zu fünf Jahren Festungshaft verurteilt, mit der Möglichkeit der vorzeitigen Entlassung schon nach sechs Monaten. Ludendorff stand ebenfalls in München vor Gericht, wurde jedoch „aufgrund seiner Verdienste im Weltkrieg“ freigesprochen. In der Festung Landsberg diktierte Hitler seinen damaligen Mithäftlingen Emil Maurice und Rudolf Heß Teile des ersten Bandes seines Buches Mein Kampf. Nach neun Monaten wurde Hitler Ende 1924 „wegen guter Führung“ vorzeitig unter Auflagen aus der Haft entlassen. Committee of Inquiry Am 31. Juli 1924 setzte der Bayerische Landtag einen Untersuchungsausschuss zur „Untersuchung der Vorgänge vom 1. Mai 1923 in München und der gegen Reichs- und Landesverfassung gerichteten Bestrebungen in Bayern vom 26. September (Einsetzung des Generalstaatskommissars Gustav von Kahr bis 9. November 1923)“ ein, welcher am 27. April 1928 seinen Abschlussbericht vorlegte.[24] Memorial day for the movement Obwohl Hitlers Versuch, die Macht im Staat zu erobern, kläglich gescheitert war, sollte sich der Novemberputsch für ihn und die NSDAP bezahlt machen. Hitlers Bekanntheitsgrad war dadurch enorm gestiegen, und ihm wurde durch den nachfolgenden Prozess erhöhte mediale Aufmerksamkeit zuteil. Obwohl führende Vertreter der bayerischen Staatsregierung, der bewaffneten Kräfte sowie der vaterländischen Verbände und völkisch-nationalistischen Wehrverbände auf einen Putsch gegen die Republik und die Errichtung einer nationalen Diktatur hingearbeitet hatten, wurde nach dem Scheitern des Putschs seitens der bayerischen Politik alles versucht, um die eigene Verstrickung zu vertuschen, was es Hitler, dem ebenso wie der NSDAP in diesem Plan eher eine Nebenrolle zugedacht war, ermöglichte, sich als wahren Revolutionär und treuen, aber verratenen Patrioten zu präsentieren. Zudem ließ sich der Putsch später mythologisch verklären.[25] Die Umdeutung des Putschversuches in eine heroische Niederlage und die Glorifizierung der dabei umgekommenen 16 Nationalsozialisten, die in der Folgezeit zu „Gefallenen“ und „Opfern“ für das Vaterland sowie „Blutzeugen der Bewegung“ verklärt wurden, setzte bereits mit dem ersten Band von Hitlers Mein Kampf ein, wo sie namentlich im Vorwort aufgelistet wurden. Bereits nach seiner Haftentlassung hatte Hitler in einem „Aufruf an die ehemaligen Angehörigen“ der NSDAP davon gesprochen, dass diese 16 Männer „durch ihren Märtyrertod zu Blutzeugen“ des „politischen Glaubens und Wollens“ des Nationalsozialismus geworden seien.[26] In seiner Rede am 2. März 1925 sprach er davon, dass die nationalsozialistische Bewegung durch den Putsch „die Bluttaufe empfangen“ habe.[27] Der Putsch wurde auf diese Weise „zum Symbol einer das Letzte gebenden Einsatzbereitschaft, an der in Zukunft jedes Parteimitglied gemessen wurde. Die Todesbereitschaft wurde zum Orientierungsmaß.“[28] Noch im selben Jahr erhielt der auf diese Weise begründete Kult um die beim Putsch getöteten Nationalsozialisten durch eine Anordnung Hitlers vom 4. November 1925 einen weiteren Impuls: Künftig wurde es allen NS-Ortsgruppen zur Pflicht gemacht, alljährlich am 9. November Gedenkfeiern abzuhalten, in die auch die Getöteten des Ersten Weltkrieges einbezogen werden mussten, womit suggeriert wurde, dass die Putschisten im Grunde für dieselbe Sache gestorben seien wie die im Weltkrieg Gefallenen: für das Vaterland.[29] Seine volle Ausprägung erhielt der Kult um den 9. November nach der Machtergreifung 1933. In aufwändig inszenierten jährlichen Totenfeiern wurde dabei der in München getöteten Putschisten und der anderen während der Kampfzeit ums Leben gekommenen Nationalsozialisten gedacht. Anlässlich des zehnten Jahrestages des Novemberputsches stiftete Hitler den so genannten „Blutorden“, der allen damals Beteiligten verliehen wurde und zum Zeitpunkt der Stiftung die höchste Parteiauszeichnung der NSDAP war. Die so genannte Blutfahne wurde ab 1926 auf den Parteitagen zur mythisch überhöhten „Weihe“ der Parteifahnen und SS-Standarten verwendet. Nachdem Hitler am 1. März 1939 den 9. November als Gedenktag für die Bewegung zum staatlichen Feiertag erklärt hatte, resümierte er in seiner Gedenkrede am 8. November desselben Jahres: „Dieser Entschluss (d. h. zur Revolte vom 8./9. November 1923) ist damals scheinbar misslungen, allein, aus den Opfern ist doch erst recht die Rettung Deutschlands gekommen.“ – Adolf Hitler: Rede vom 8. November 1939 im Bürgerbräukeller[30] In der Feldherrnhalle wurde 1933 eine Tafel aufgestellt, vor der ständig ein SS-Doppelposten Ehrenwache hielt und die von den Passanten mit dem Hitlergruß zu ehren war (siehe auch: Drückebergergasse). Am Münchner Königsplatz wurden nach 1933 zwei Ehrentempel für die 16 getöteten Putschisten errichtet und deren sterbliche Überreste dorthin umgebettet. Im Rahmen der Gedenkfeiern kam es zu zwei Attentatsversuchen auf Hitler: am 9. November 1938 durch den Schweizer Maurice Bavaud beim Gedenkmarsch zur Feldherrnhalle und am 8. November 1939 durch den Handwerker Georg Elser im Bürgerbräukeller. Bereits seit 1939 fand jedoch der traditionelle Marsch zur Feldherrnhalle und zu den Ehrentempeln nicht mehr statt – auch wegen der zunehmenden Gefahr alliierter Luftangriffe –, sondern es wurden Kranzniederlegungen inszeniert. Als einziges Element der Feierlichkeiten in München blieb (bis einschließlich 1943) der Abend des 8. November unverändert, die Veranstaltung mit den „Alten Kämpfern“, auf der Hitler eine Rede hielt. Die Ehrentempel am Königsplatz wurden 1945 von der US Army gesprengt; heute sind nur noch die Sockel übrig. Die Tafel in der Feldherrnhalle wurde am 3. Juni 1945 von Münchner Bürgern gestürzt, anschließend auf Betreiben der amerikanischen Militärregierung eingeschmolzen und zum Wiederaufbau der Münchner Residenz verwendet. Im Gedenken an die vier getöteten Polizisten ließ die Stadt München 1994 in das Pflaster vor der Feldherrnhalle eine Bodenplatte einbauen. Am 9. November 2010 enthüllten der Münchner Oberbürgermeister Christian Ude und der Bayerische Innenminister Joachim Herrmann eine Gedenktafel an der Münchner Residenz, woraufhin die Bodenplatte im Februar 2011 entfernt und dem Stadtmuseum übergeben wurde.[31] Ehrentafel in der Feldherrnhalle, 1933 Ehrentempel auf dem Münchner Königsplatz, 1936 Bodenplatte zum Gedenken an die getöteten Polizisten (bis Februar 2011) Gedenktafel an der Residenz, zum Gedenken an die getöteten Polizisten, enthüllt am 9. November 2010 literature Zeitgenössische Zeitungsberichte Hitler geflohen, Ludendorff vor der Gefangennahme. In: Neues 8-Uhr-Blatt, 9. November 1923, S. 1 (online bei ANNO). Ein Hitler-Putsch in München. In: Reichspost, 9. November 1923, S. 1 (online bei ANNO). Der Münchner Putsch gescheitert. In: Die Neue Zeitung, 10. November 1923, S. 1 (online bei ANNO). Das Ende des Bürgerbräu-Putsches in München. In: Reichspost, 10. November 1923, S. 1 (online bei ANNO). Missglückter Staatsstreich Ludendorff-Hitler. In: Prager Tagblatt, 10. November 1923, S. 1 (online bei ANNO). Der Hitler-Putsch in München. In: Wiener Bilder, 18. November 1923, S. 5 (online bei ANNO). Quellensammlungen Karl Dietrich Bracher (Hrsg.): Das Krisenjahr 1923: Militär und Innenpolitik 1922–1924. Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien. Bearbeitet von Heinz Hürten, Droste, Düsseldorf 1980, ISBN 3-7700-5110-6. Matthias Bischel: Generalstaatskommissar Gustav von Kahr und der Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch. Dokumente zu den Ereignissen am 8./9. November 1923 (Schriftenreihe zur bayerischen Landesgeschichte 178), München 2023, ISBN 978-3-406-10793-1. Literarische Verarbeitungen Kapitel In der Redaktion der Patrioten, in: Paula Schlier: Petras Aufzeichnungen oder Konzept einer Jugend nach dem Diktat der Zeit. Herausgegeben, kommentiert und mit einem Nachwort versehen von Annette Steinsiek und Ursula A. Schneider im Auftrag des Forschungsinstitut Brenner-Archiv. Salzburg: Otto Müller 2018 (Erstausgabe: Innsbruck: Brenner-Verlag 1926) Sekundärliteratur Ernst Deuerlein: Der Hitler-Putsch. Bayerische Dokumente zum 8./9. November 1923. Eingeleitet u. hrsg. von Ernst Deuerlein. Quellen und Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte. Band 9. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1962. John Dornberg: Der Hitlerputsch – 9. November 1923. 2. Auflage. Langen Müller, München 1998, ISBN 3-7844-2713-8. Joachim C. Fest: Hitler. Eine Biographie. Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main 1973, ISBN 3-548-26514-6, S. 276–299. Harold J. Gordon Jr.: Hitlerputsch 1923. Machtkampf in Bayern 1923–1924. Bernard & Graefe, München 1978, ISBN 3-7637-5108-4. Otto Gritschneder: Bewährungsfrist für den Terroristen Adolf Hitler. Der Hitler-Putsch und die bayerische Justiz. C. H. Beck, München 1990, ISBN 3-406-34511-5. Hanns Hubert Hofmann: Der Hitlerputsch. Krisenjahre deutscher Geschichte 1920–1924. Nymphenburger, München 1961. Hans Mommsen: Adolf Hitler und der 9. November 1923. In: Johannes Willms (Hrsg.): Der 9. November. Fünf Essays zur deutschen Geschichte. 2. Auflage. C. H. Beck, München 1995, ISBN 3-406-37447-6, S. 33–48. Christof Dipper: Der Hitler-Putsch und die Rolle des italienischen Faschismus. In: Nicolai Hannig (Hrsg.): Krise! Wie 1923 die Welt erschütterte. wbg, Darmstadt 2022, ISBN 978-3-534-27521-2, S. 30–43. Ernst Nolte: Die Weimarer Republik. Demokratie zwischen Lenin und Hitler. Herbig, München 2006, ISBN 3-7766-2491-4. Reinhard Sturm für die Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 23. November 2011: Kampf um die Republik 1919–1923, (Abschnitt Hitlerputsch). Wolfgang Niess: Der Hitlerputsch 1923. Geschichte eines Hochverrats. C. H. Beck, München 2023, ISBN 978-3-406-79917-4. Peter Tauber: Der Hitlerputsch 1923. Kriege der Moderne. Reclam Verlag, Ditzingen 2023, ISBN 978-3-15-011457-5. Sven Felix Kellerhoff: Der Putsch: Hitlers erster Griff nach der Macht. 1. Auflage. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2023, ISBN 978-3-608-98188-9. Web links Commons: Hitlerputsch – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien Walter Ziegler: Hitlerputsch, 8./9. November 1923. In dem Onlinelexikon: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. Jan Vermeiren: Der „Hitler-Putsch“ 1923. In: Shoa.de. Burkhard Asmuss: Der Hitler-Putsch im LeMO (DHM und HdG). Manfred Deiler: Hitlers Festungshaft in Landsberg. In: landsberger-zeitgeschichte.de, 2005. Peter Claus Hartmann (Paris): Der Hitlerputsch (1923) im Urteil der französischen Gesandtschafts- und Botschaftsberichte. In: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Francia – Forschungen zur westeuropäischen Geschichte. Individual evidence Walter Ziegler: Hitlerputsch, 8./9. November 1923. In: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, dem Online-Lexikon zur Geschichte Bayerns. Martin H. Geyer: Grenzüberschreitungen. Vom Belagerungszustand zum Ausnahmezustand In: Niels Werber u. a.: Erster Weltkrieg. Kulturwissenschaftliches Handbuch. J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart/Weimar 2014, S. 362. Zitiert nach: Ernst Deuerlein: Der Aufstieg der NSDAP in Augenzeugenberichten. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1980, S. 187. Heinrich August Winkler: Weimar 1918–1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie. 3. Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München 1998, S. 223. Heinrich August Winkler: Weimar 1918–1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie. 3. Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München 1998, S. 211. Die Londoner Times vom 6. Dezember 1923. Akten des Reichsarchivs, Kabinett Stresemann, S. 1056; Kahr an Knilling, 12. Dezember 1923, in: Ernst Deuerlein, Der Hitler-Putsch. Bayerische Dokumente zum 8./9. November 1923, Stuttgart 1962, S. 498. Volker Hentschel: Hitler und seine Bezwinger: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin und De Gaulle ; Weltgeschichte in Biographien, Teil 1. LIT Verlag Münster, 2013, ISBN 978-3-643-12124-0, S. 137 (eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche). Erklärung der Hitler-Ludendorff-Putschisten. Flugblatt, München, 11. November 1923. Abbildung auf vulture-bookz.de. Jan Friedmann: Hitlerputsch vor 100 Jahren: Die Geiseln vom Bürgerbräukeller. In: Der Spiegel. 8. November 2023, abgerufen am 9. November 2023. Katrin Himmler: The Himmler Brothers. Pan Macmillan, 2012, ISBN 978-0-330-47599-0, S. 95 (englisch, eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche). Frankfurter Zeitung vom 5. August 1929. Lydia Schmidt: Kultusminister Franz Matt (1920–1926): Schul-, Kirchen- und Kunstpolitik in Bayern nach dem Umbruch von 1918. In: Schriftenreihe zur bayerischen Landesgeschichte, C. H. Beck, München 2000, ISBN 3-406-10707-9; S. 74 ff. Eberhard Kolb, Dirk Schumann: Die Weimarer Republik. 8. Auflage, Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2013, S. 55. Wolfgang Niess: Der Hitlerputsch 1923. Geschichte eines Hochverrats. C. H. Beck, München 2023, S. 305 Edwin Palmer Hoyt: Goering’s War. Hale, London 1990, ISBN 0-7090-3928-X, S. 44 (englisch). Hilmar Kaiser: Historical Introduction. In: Paul Leverkuehn: A German Officer During the Armenian Genocide. A Biography of Max von Scheubner-Richter. Taderon, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-903656-81-5, S. XII (englisch). Ian Kershaw: Hitler. 1889–1936. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-421-05131-3, S. 266. Joachim Fest: Hitler – Eine Biographie. Spiegel-Edition 2006/2007, ISBN 978-3-87763-031-0, S. 311. Anna Sigmund: Als Hitler auf der Flucht war. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung, Nr. 260, 8./9. November 2008; S. 21. Pappert, Lars: Der Hitlerputsch und seine Mythologisierung im Dritten Reich, Ars Una, Neuried 2001, ISBN 3-89391-128-6. Schreibweise der Namen in weitgehender Anlehnung an Mein Kampf, 1933, o. S. In der dort aufgeführten, alphabetisch geordneten Liste steht der Familienname vor dem Vornamen, zwei Vornamen sind abgekürzt. Vgl. Martyn Housden: Hitler. Study of a Revolutionary? Routledge, London 2000, ISBN 0-415-16359-5, S. 56 f (englisch). Karl-Ulrich Gelberg: Untersuchungsausschuss zum Hitler-Ludendorff-Prozess, 1924–1928. In: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, 12. August 2009. Wolfgang Niess: Der Hitlerputsch 1923. Geschichte eines Hochverrats. C. H. Beck, München 2023, S. 300 ff. Zitiert nach Ludolf Herbst: Hitlers Charisma. Die Erfindung eines deutschen Messias. Frankfurt 2010, S. 212. Abgedruckt wurde dieser Aufruf im Völkischen Beobachter vom 26. Februar 1925. Zitiert nach Herbst (2010), S. 212. Herbst (2010), S. 177. Herbst (2010), S. 212. Zitiert nach Philipp Bouhler: Der großdeutsche Freiheitskampf – Reden Adolf Hitlers vom 1. September 1939 bis 10. März 1940. Zentral-Verlag der NSDAP, München 1940. Sabine Brantl: ThemenGeschichtsPfad. Orte des Erinnerns und Gedenkens. 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</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comOdeonspl., München, Germany48.1433895 11.57752419999997148.1407405 11.572481699999971 48.146038499999996 11.582566699999971tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-3092352020385590862012-09-17T22:16:00.180-07:002024-02-29T03:30:11.573-08:00Das Parteizentrum der NSDAP<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Königsplatz</b></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyhsWfgkVfRV4OFalgZNDab2WKwOO6Di_fUp_AQCKxSKCuMporAKOJU130cpPmk7svrg8-Jj-OaIH3vc29RBaj64XF5kG00Cvd_wwCypI0CABuRv50SvEQKR--V3Sq59nutuWKfpvtOXl_U7O3WsrEFPHn5eoTBSmnS3zjLwwVspeM7_eZn11hk6yjhg/s542/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(7).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="542" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyhsWfgkVfRV4OFalgZNDab2WKwOO6Di_fUp_AQCKxSKCuMporAKOJU130cpPmk7svrg8-Jj-OaIH3vc29RBaj64XF5kG00Cvd_wwCypI0CABuRv50SvEQKR--V3Sq59nutuWKfpvtOXl_U7O3WsrEFPHn5eoTBSmnS3zjLwwVspeM7_eZn11hk6yjhg/w437-h302/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(7).gif" style="cursor: move;" width="437" /></a></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><i>Königlicher Platz</i><span> </span>by Josef Eglseder (1938), showing the Führerbau where the Munich Agreement was signed, Braunes Haus, Ehrentempel, and Verwaltungsbau der NSDAP with<span> </span><a href="https://www.thirdreichruins.com/munich3.htm">Albert Speer's lampposts</a><span> </span>in the foreground from the steps of the Glyptothek, and from the same position in 2023. In 1948 trees were planted along the Arcisstrasse to screen the Nazi buildings from Klenze's nineteenth-century Königsplatz as can be seen here. In the mid 1930s the square was closed by a screen of four buildings running along the east side of the Arcisstrasse. The Nazi party's headquarters lay just behind the new huge buildings: the Führerbau, which housed Hitler's Munich office and apartments, and the<span> </span><i>Verwaltungsbau der NSDAP</i><span> </span>which, identical on the outside, are distinguished by their massive size, their elongated proportions (275-foot façade length and sixty feet in height, and their lack of elaborate ornament. The inner pair, comprising the identical Ehrentempel, were square structures of the Doric order, with a three-step podium and six square, fluted piers on each side. These piers supported a simple, classicising architrave instead of a full roof. Each temple had a square central well, filled with the bronze sarcophagi of the sixteen men killed in the failed 1923 Munich putsch, the first Nazi attempt to seize power.</span></span></span><br /><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler at Königsplatz" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb91_7Pfn3ypDaKye_EN8BN40AAOivr_uP7Ljqg4B3j15yIVaFVmst-evKHLXjUcJv4a3f4KU_g0L2xyj4ElX3RrdHuRhdtgydgj1-R06qDDMDOQRpcPQ63qvC6YLHrBffiVG2Z0fdI5E/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252860%2529.gif" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb91_7Pfn3ypDaKye_EN8BN40AAOivr_uP7Ljqg4B3j15yIVaFVmst-evKHLXjUcJv4a3f4KU_g0L2xyj4ElX3RrdHuRhdtgydgj1-R06qDDMDOQRpcPQ63qvC6YLHrBffiVG2Z0fdI5E/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize+%252860%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move;" title="in front of the Propyläen is Hitler directing the construction of these buildings with Troost and Gall." /></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Munich was officially designated by Hitler as the "<a href="http://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/muenchen-als-hauptstadt-der-bewegung/">Hauptstadt der Bewegung</a>" (Capital of the Movement), and no spot in Munich was more central than the Konigsplatz. Hitler dedicated<span> </span><i>Mein Kampf<span> </span></i>to those killed in the putsch (whom he termed "blood witnesses of our movement") and noted that they had been denied common burial. In 1935 he arranged for their bodies to be moved to the Temples of Honour. According to a contemporary guidebook, this transformed the structures into "the national shrine of the German people." The temples were also known as the Ewige Wache, the dead serving as "eternal sentries" for the Third Reich. Each sarcophagus was inscribed with Der letzte Appell (the last roll call) and<span> </span><i>hier</i>, the imagined response of the dead to that call. Each year the November 9 anniversary of the putsch was commemorated. The march from the Bürgerbräukeller to the Feldherrnhalle was reenacted and thence to the Königsplatz, where a large crowd gathered. The names of the dead from 1923 were read; after each name the crowd shouted, "Hier." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Both the<span> </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Verwaltungsbau</span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>and Führerbau were built according to plans by<span> </span><a href="https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/imperia/md/content/fakultaeten/phil/zegk/iek/dokoranden/nuesslein.pdf">Hitler's favourite architect</a><span> </span>Paul Ludwig Troost who never lived to see their completion in 1935 or of the entire building complex at Königsplatz which was completed by 1937. When he died his widow Gerdy, at only thirty years of age, continued his projects in cooperation with<span> </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>her late husband's long-time colleague Leonard Gall</span></span></span>, focussing especially on the interior finish of the Führerbau. Her efforts were rewarded by Hitler with the title of Professor in 1937. Above right in front of<span> </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>the Propyläen</span></span></span><span> </span>is Hitler directing the construction of these buildings with Troost and Gall. Through them the place originally dedicated to the arts was converted into the "Teatrum sacrum" of the movement. and served as a stage for the pseudo-religious cult.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9v908nDsJkDf7yXT_68U6bEHqjkCJgxJojbFLScoUv-FhaZ4axpUicLzHmq9ETtmOda2GqVFEt_O8Mpz85TBw5LEIgPNrQ60_tqQwahyiQ7Vs5CBauBnbbxwBQYq8k-S2ZfmYfzv0ZzZb/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252826%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Leibstandarte-ϟϟ Adolf Hitler" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9v908nDsJkDf7yXT_68U6bEHqjkCJgxJojbFLScoUv-FhaZ4axpUicLzHmq9ETtmOda2GqVFEt_O8Mpz85TBw5LEIgPNrQ60_tqQwahyiQ7Vs5CBauBnbbxwBQYq8k-S2ZfmYfzv0ZzZb/w400-h300/ezgif.com-optimize%252826%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Leibstandarte-ϟϟ Adolf Hitler marching past the Propyläen" width="400" /></a></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Showing the<span> </span><a href="https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1914">Leibstandarte-ϟϟ<span> </span></a></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1914">Adolf Hitler<span> </span></a>marching past the Propyläen. No other place in Munich is so closely connected with the Nazi movement and its public shows of power as Königsplatz. Its grand classicist ambience made the square the ideal back</span>drop for staging Nazi spectacles. In 1935 the square’s appearance was altered considerably as it was turned into a parade ground alongside two Temples of Honour built, along with other new buildings, on its eastern perimeter. By virtue of its size and central location, Königsplatz had already become a gathering point for political meetings during the 1920s, and even before 1933 the Nazis showed an interest in this public space sited so near its Brown House;<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">the Nazis had already bought the Palais Barlow building near Königsplatz in 1930 and subsequently had it refurbished as the party headquarters.</span></span></span></span></span><span> </span>The distinctive neo-classical architecture of Königsplatz fitted perfectly with the Nazi leadership’s need for a grand setting for its activities. After 1933 a number of other key offices of the Nazi bureaucracy were housed in the area around Königsplatz. Making society conform with Nazi ideals and achieving the bureaucratic centralisation, documentation and control of all areas of life by means of a powerful and all-pervasive state and party apparatus – these were the goals of the Nazi leadership’s domestic policy. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSWO2WR6suz0W_Mj96BOMdGY0w0Cj4PPWtRj8W4hWSjJNyN1Rsm9TPU-SQZG0ucrRIp81feWGN_t0cOXzIqeIFKBwMUoNYazUowKSfYhMCDhRbknV7VCz-jzhO-5ph9bpQJOGgmio91Ts/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252882%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Röhm handing over the flag of the Freicorps Rossbach to the SA on November 8, 1933 at the Königsplatz." border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="532" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSWO2WR6suz0W_Mj96BOMdGY0w0Cj4PPWtRj8W4hWSjJNyN1Rsm9TPU-SQZG0ucrRIp81feWGN_t0cOXzIqeIFKBwMUoNYazUowKSfYhMCDhRbknV7VCz-jzhO-5ph9bpQJOGgmio91Ts/w400-h256/ezgif.com-optimize+%252882%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Ernst Röhm, Hitler's chief of staff, after ceremonially handing over the flag of the Freicorps Rossbach to the SA on November 8, 1933 at the Königsplatz." width="400" /></a><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Showing Captain Ernst Röhm, Hitler's chief of staff, after <a href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Sturmabteilung_(SA),_1921-1923/1925-1945">ceremonially handing over the flag of the Freicorps Rossbach to the SA</a><span> </span>on November 8, 1933 at the Königsplatz. Although after 1933 the Nazi centre of power was moved to Berlin, key offices of the Nazi Party and its associated organisations remained in the area around Munich's Königsplatz which became the central party quarter, where many Nazi offices and organisations were housed in over fifty buildings – from national offices responsible for the whole Reich down to regional branches. Sometimes as many as six thousand people were employed here. Alongside the party administration itself – such as, for example, the Reich Leadership of the NSDAP on Brienner Straße (the “Brown House”) – the head offices of many Nazi organisations were located here, including the Reich Youth Leadership, the Reich Treasury Department of the National Socialist Women’s Organisation, the Reich Leadership of the National Socialist German Students’ Association, the Reich Leadership of the<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span> </span>(administrative offices and the ϟϟ court), the Supreme SA Leadership and central party institutions, such as the Reich Central Propaganda Office or the Reich Press Office. These institutions and authorities were tightly organised and centrally controlled, generally structured along the same lines as regional and district Nazi organisations which used them as highly effective instruments for bringing people into line ideologically and keeping them under surveillance and controlling their private lives.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img alt="Hitler's painting of the Propyläen" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieSKnVW4YvKXzvpKLjRXF6W4lqYaruKoqIXG89tD2oRh1WdMdXZFsl26u_zFMDMfxuTLpUm1bz_rBkSBNdSHw-MehPxJsgNDj4TWgDSQttnlGw6wOAndE-Nr_gwQjARCbWJPD6sMUTcYo/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="334" data-original-width="396" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieSKnVW4YvKXzvpKLjRXF6W4lqYaruKoqIXG89tD2oRh1WdMdXZFsl26u_zFMDMfxuTLpUm1bz_rBkSBNdSHw-MehPxJsgNDj4TWgDSQttnlGw6wOAndE-Nr_gwQjARCbWJPD6sMUTcYo/w315-h266/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; font-style: normal; height: 250px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; width: 296px; word-spacing: 0px;" title="Hitler's painting of the Propyläen" width="315" /><span> </span><img alt="Hitler's painting of the Propyläen" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhco92hhFnKwfBOM6lD3kQyioLssldONiOVJBiY7NweAUSEhiRthQzxtDEVGNgrIAFB3-WLDOrq8JdMDxSKcM7UGgmMQY4PQqZBHjt7uJg1bKMUEmLNIzJyP4g8-ZmpAkaIQ2c0GMGZx6Sz/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25282%2529.gif" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="444" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhco92hhFnKwfBOM6lD3kQyioLssldONiOVJBiY7NweAUSEhiRthQzxtDEVGNgrIAFB3-WLDOrq8JdMDxSKcM7UGgmMQY4PQqZBHjt7uJg1bKMUEmLNIzJyP4g8-ZmpAkaIQ2c0GMGZx6Sz/w358-h250/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 250px; width: 325px;" title="Hitler's painting of the Propyläen munich" width="358" /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler's painting of the Propyläen taken from the<span> </span><a href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/frauenwarte?&ui_lang=eng" target="_blank">NS Frauenwarte</a><span> </span>(Paper of the National Socialist Women's League), 1937 and on the right,<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>a<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>16.5 x 24.5 centim</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>etre watercolour on textured paper</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span> </span>taken from the side of the Staatliche Antikensammlungen and signed "A Hitler" in brownish ink at the bottom right and labelled "München Propyläen" on the left. Under glass, framed. On the back is an handwritten owner's label reading "Herrn Generalmajor a.D. Schenk - Solln b. München - Terlanerstr. 19"- Schenk had been the head of the department for invalids' pensions and Landtag commissioner in Bavaria's War Ministry. He was promoted to Oberst and Commander of the 18th Bavarian I.R. in 1901 and would go on to become a respected military author, writing "The Bavarian Army over three centuries, 1618 – 1914." It had been given to him as a gift from Ernst Röhm at Königsplatz itself shortly before the official ceremony for the Citizens' Defence in 1920. Schenk's son Walter was a friend of Ernst Röhm's and held an important post in the Organisation Escherich.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1934 Propyläen swastika Goering then now" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpBFUr6SbzHer9J5pOcs26BUqmUXxgwmgt1rnPyOdHoahstKoaju4evX2V18cxnPxkdOEfUbWCwJSRdaPVAb4BfULoe_qqHf_IvTUI294J7soy8MlJCvCecRh9BWE-CDgq5P_lP49L0qAm/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25287%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpBFUr6SbzHer9J5pOcs26BUqmUXxgwmgt1rnPyOdHoahstKoaju4evX2V18cxnPxkdOEfUbWCwJSRdaPVAb4BfULoe_qqHf_IvTUI294J7soy8MlJCvCecRh9BWE-CDgq5P_lP49L0qAm/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize%25287%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 235px; width: 355px;" title="1934 Propyläen swastika Goering then now" /></span><span><span><span><span>In 1934 for an appearance by Hermann Goering for which the site is adorned with an illuminated swastika and a banner reading "With Adolf Hitler for Germany." In Mein Kampf Hitler wrote how "[t] he geo-political significance of a focal centre for a movement cannot be overemphasised. Only the presence of such a place, exerting the magic spell of a Mecca or a Rome, can in the long run give the movement a force which is based on inner unity." Munich, officially designated by Hitler as the "Hauptstadt der Bewegung", was that central place for the Nazis.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Joshua Hagen notes that, in the example of Munich's Königsplatz, the Nazi redesign presented a clash of ideological considerations. Whilst the plans to maintain that space fulfilled the desire for balance and harmony with the planned additional structures, its muted scale was in opposition to the equally strong desire for monumentalism. As a test project for further urban redesigns, including Berlin, the Munich Königsplatz was still envisioned to function within Nazi temporality: the space was designed with temples dedicated to the regime, in which heroes to the movement were interred, making Königsplatz, “an integral component of future commemoration."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Konigsplatz then now" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFPBTrtu8KX9MNgJrVx8bh7hwD0LpQqhVYWr6NfyUumK9IcG3sxrdmeT3gsrgnmYPLF7hkQcGD8g93rRPnA9mgroXoaQyINf8aMKaNLcHB1CYNPKP9ZCiS6BNXu4nYVEWhyWXCMNxfrITd/s1600/output_9imcXx.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFPBTrtu8KX9MNgJrVx8bh7hwD0LpQqhVYWr6NfyUumK9IcG3sxrdmeT3gsrgnmYPLF7hkQcGD8g93rRPnA9mgroXoaQyINf8aMKaNLcHB1CYNPKP9ZCiS6BNXu4nYVEWhyWXCMNxfrITd/s16000/output_9imcXx.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 215px; width: 331px;" title="Konigsplatz then now" /></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> </span><img alt="Nazi Konigsplatz then now" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWXQjyVZ7cbQOnXgLDtLbts6tYRDtFGynVWJY9q7lLd8duTtxiIub-hVu5_pPY9ctTtLRU2UOrGU0_rjYJXFbaajdzXz2_Rz-5a2pHOJBejtPYEKIwMT6M6l8QvGqPfE8AMx0rBvrmMn3P/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252849%2529.gif" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWXQjyVZ7cbQOnXgLDtLbts6tYRDtFGynVWJY9q7lLd8duTtxiIub-hVu5_pPY9ctTtLRU2UOrGU0_rjYJXFbaajdzXz2_Rz-5a2pHOJBejtPYEKIwMT6M6l8QvGqPfE8AMx0rBvrmMn3P/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252849%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 215px; width: 316px;" title="Nazi Konigsplatz then now" /><span> </span> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The end of the 1980s saw the start of efforts in Munich to further neutralise or rather obliterate the architectural traces of the Nazis as when,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span>in 1987-88, the Nazis'<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>granite slabs were removed from Königsplatz, the largest Nazi construction element in terms of area in Munich, with the declared aim of getting rid of the architectural reminder of the Nazi era. Plans were also drawn up to build museums in the place of the plinths of the Nazi ‘Temples of Honour’. However, these plans to dispose of Nazi history were withdrawn after they met stiff resistance from many residents and in the following decade the confrontation with the city’s Nazi past shifted to the level of exhibitions, conferences, and publications. </span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW9ozBoXSiYk2_e3NfK-e2y6-LBpWoO48uZn1H-7ykSZU7X6pido0_3qiUUMebAF_FA6NOHtll9gayuASjqr4lJ-8Sg6hQ7tADtniJBMJy5s1hQX1H2OfYivLaoXrdDmlzbzYwU4AfxvM/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="751" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW9ozBoXSiYk2_e3NfK-e2y6-LBpWoO48uZn1H-7ykSZU7X6pido0_3qiUUMebAF_FA6NOHtll9gayuASjqr4lJ-8Sg6hQ7tADtniJBMJy5s1hQX1H2OfYivLaoXrdDmlzbzYwU4AfxvM/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="cursor: move;" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy8SOTuDsyrlnpyNvoEKZxL5fba1qjW6cm3z9PMe0O517Oc0BQ37HC3im39fbtdStpxt6UwwqfyI7DfT9Mxge48su6p0cKP7KDehRgEa_W0x7XTqP6BnoqsmlAB8FRJmWBdkPD3qdQ-Bc/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="American 45th Infantry Division marching through Königsplatz on May 17, 1945." border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="596" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy8SOTuDsyrlnpyNvoEKZxL5fba1qjW6cm3z9PMe0O517Oc0BQ37HC3im39fbtdStpxt6UwwqfyI7DfT9Mxge48su6p0cKP7KDehRgEa_W0x7XTqP6BnoqsmlAB8FRJmWBdkPD3qdQ-Bc/w640-h252/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="American 45th Infantry Division marching through Königsplatz on May 17, 1945." width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The American 45th Infantry Division marching through Königsplatz on May 17, 1945. Ironically enough,the division's original shoulder sleeve insignia, approved in August 1924, featured a swastika, a common Native American symbol, as a tribute to the Southwestern United States region which had a large population of Native Americans. However, with the rise of the Nazis in Germany with its infamous swastika symbol, the 45th Division stopped using the insignia. After a long process of reviewing design submissions, a design by Woody Big Bow, a Kiowa artist from Carnegie, Oklahoma, was chosen for the new shoulder sleeve insignia which featured the Thunderbird, another Native American symbol, and was approved in 1939. The division crossed the Danube River on April 27 and liberated 32,000 captives of the Dachau concentration camp two days later,<span> </span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/dachau.html">accused of indiscriminately massacring surrendering German prisoners</a><span> </span>in retaliation for the scenes of horror they encountered. The division captured Munich during the next two days, occupying the city until V-E Day and the surrender of Germany. During the next month, the division remained in Munich and set up collection points and camps for the massive numbers of surrendering troops of the German armies. The number of PoWs taken by the 45th Division during its almost two years of fighting totalled 124,840 men.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="float: left; margin: 0px 0px 5px 10px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='450' height='350' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwB4WYCYBALAI9C_IsNjM75ElpN8pJ-sHT3jfYu97M1s56aLv8LP8VMKCgiydeAefBiasS5xYuaVDA2Y1wrTg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Original colour footage of the area.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Königsplatz was the centre of the Nazi-government. The whole area was occupied by various Nazi organisations. It was<span> </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;">the site of the May 10, 1933 book burning<span> </span></span>by the German Students’ Association, one of the first major public demonstrations of power. During this nationally organised book-burning, works by Erich Kästner, Heinrich Mann, Karl Marx, Erich Maria Remarque, Kurt Tucholsky, Theodor Wolff and many others were burned here. In 1935 twenty thousand granite paving slabs were laid on the square like Tiananmen Square after the 1989 massacre to better run over people with tanks, and had eighteen street lamps and two flag poles and it was equipped with a modern electrical system capable of providing theatrical lighting for public events.<span> </span></span></span></span><span><span><span>In Arcisstraße two Temples of Honour and two monumental party buildings flanked the whole ensemble. The square was thus turned into the central parade ground for mass rallies in Munich. The granite was removed in 1988 and grassed over. Every year since 1995 the artist<span> </span><a href="https://www.bfg-muenchen.de/portal/article/m%C3%BCnchen-liest-%E2%80%93-aus-verbrannten-b%C3%BCchern-0">Wolfram P. Kastner has singed a patch of grass in front of the Antikensammlung</a><span> </span>as a token of remembrance of the public book-burning. Kastner’s symbolic action is accompanied each year by public readings from the “burnt books”. The first reading – staged by Brecht’s daughter, the actress Hanne Hiob, and pupils of the Luisengymnasium grammar school – took place in 1995 and is now a regular fixture in the city’s culture of remembrance.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivgqDi9Zif8it_7IY9yi5qvw8W1-qEGUmi4zEYA0Bo2b3t7vgKuGXp3OkAeK6kUvdV7QNIQARAKSdrouYpbdNsWQog6b9SxZD0TxZF8TVB7e60b7dstr_F9x7dzh7CfdkTE7GIaDnkJSV9/s1600/ezgif.com-crop%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Nazi Königsplatz then now" border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="346" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivgqDi9Zif8it_7IY9yi5qvw8W1-qEGUmi4zEYA0Bo2b3t7vgKuGXp3OkAeK6kUvdV7QNIQARAKSdrouYpbdNsWQog6b9SxZD0TxZF8TVB7e60b7dstr_F9x7dzh7CfdkTE7GIaDnkJSV9/w400-h236/ezgif.com-crop%25281%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Nazi Königsplatz einst jetzt" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span>Königsplatz is the most significant square in Munich and is known as the<span> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Athens on the Isar</span><span> </span>with the Propyläen, Glyptothek and Antikensammlung on its three sides built in classical style, conceived by Ludwig I and built in 1817 by Klenze. Troost designed the square to make it a colossal parade ground with 22,000 slabs of concrete, the temples of honour, Führer building and the Nazi Party central office.<span> </span><span style="font-size: normal;">Unlike Berlin with its<span> </span><a href="http://http//tracesofevil.blogspot.com/2010/01/reich-aviation-ministry-and-gestapo.html"><span style="font-style: italic;">Topography of Terror</span></a>, Munich has managed to avoid building a memorial to the past. Today, the only thing that signifies the role of the Königsplatz square during the Third Reich is a paltry plaque displayed on the stone foundation of one of the former “Temples of Honour.” The former “capital of the Nazi movement” now claims itself the “Weltstadt mit Herz” (world city with a heart).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: right; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="text" style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Propylaea Konigsplatz" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeXtT5S8MZP5jaCY06Ef_ZzmBA67Tl9tvuN-zx3urft_rJAWjw-tHsfnBNtJ8s12WDkSiwWEJ_4BOjtcKAlmBVBX1Pt_fNAhptn504CouCjV9_tfvj5UrQ9Q_ZUsQ2KbT4vjQX-7IuGyY/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="417" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeXtT5S8MZP5jaCY06Ef_ZzmBA67Tl9tvuN-zx3urft_rJAWjw-tHsfnBNtJ8s12WDkSiwWEJ_4BOjtcKAlmBVBX1Pt_fNAhptn504CouCjV9_tfvj5UrQ9Q_ZUsQ2KbT4vjQX-7IuGyY/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 250px; width: 291px;" title="Propylaea Konigsplatz" /><span> </span><img alt="Nazi Haus Freundlich" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrT6skfnht4CObRjyG8RAur9gaqYBZzC-VI1HiNiss8MQNyqAP0Y-2nsEDmgOnEBauPiw0nYTEdj77FrIOIxjOSanr_m6FsiNftGlmZbfF2P4R_CKXuQ59HKXLXLAK57oZH1WCBa8ab8fK/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="483" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrT6skfnht4CObRjyG8RAur9gaqYBZzC-VI1HiNiss8MQNyqAP0Y-2nsEDmgOnEBauPiw0nYTEdj77FrIOIxjOSanr_m6FsiNftGlmZbfF2P4R_CKXuQ59HKXLXLAK57oZH1WCBa8ab8fK/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 250px; width: 343px;" title="Nazi Hitler Haus Freundlich" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>During a commemoration marking the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch attempt from the Propylaea and from behind, showing what had been Haus Freundlich.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="GIF: Königsplatz 1936 and today" border="0" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh68-0WMh9qe9Y0GiJXs_zjQAsZfATAZ3cb2bO_YR1HGwlcnWW9Hs1Jycb4ycokNCetgX3PprR0sQishJ6_ztnFlRQfKcskiaWdGxw4gCyonQbbPVcZXq5Ukf9Ex8SIYIw4AmkOGkbtEwuI/w739-h462/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Königsplatz 1936 and today" width="739" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div face="georgia" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1936 and today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div face="georgia" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Bavarian International School at the Glyptothek, Munich" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQMcT1kW0nglDqlTPPIuhKS-ZWyn9esl3Qx8FgMf4NBqPksNRTl_bS0vPuZtlVsSiTb0PBEJjK8kaQwozk1nesphX55TnU8Lxanho1LC98tDAsepRWvKEcYi12RNLYtI7CmhpSZKbZrNJl/s320/output_2XKV91.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQMcT1kW0nglDqlTPPIuhKS-ZWyn9esl3Qx8FgMf4NBqPksNRTl_bS0vPuZtlVsSiTb0PBEJjK8kaQwozk1nesphX55TnU8Lxanho1LC98tDAsepRWvKEcYi12RNLYtI7CmhpSZKbZrNJl/s16000/output_2XKV91.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 310px; width: 419px;" title="Bavarian International School at Staatliche Antikensammlungen before the war and today" /><span> </span><img alt="Swastikas on the Staatliche Antikensammlungen facade" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXEPXKkzbvp2P5JIx7HLnJL8GhpQpCvpwlZv9_QYCdgkP9RFax_FdnEerOhrs7bfYrhK0Yf3oaTCgCZ9ZxrNNM6CQbPY_chQ85ugGGsdtGKU5v5LdXNl5YXPyBep_NJ7SFdyBc6LX5JKE/s1600/IMG_3500.JPG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXEPXKkzbvp2P5JIx7HLnJL8GhpQpCvpwlZv9_QYCdgkP9RFax_FdnEerOhrs7bfYrhK0Yf3oaTCgCZ9ZxrNNM6CQbPY_chQ85ugGGsdtGKU5v5LdXNl5YXPyBep_NJ7SFdyBc6LX5JKE/s16000/IMG_3500.JPG" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 310px; width: 233px;" title="Swastikas on the Staatliche Antikensammlungen facade" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The<span> </span><i><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/1994/09/drakes-tour-of-ancient-world-in-munich.html" target="_blank">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a><span> </span></i>before the war and today with my students from the<span> </span><a href="https://www.bis-school.com/">Bavarian International School</a>; the swastika motif alongside the entrance remains, seen behind Drake Winston. During the war the museum fought to protect its collection of Etruscan pottery in particular, which had been stored in the bombed Neue Pinakothek. <br /><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Königsplatz 1936 and today" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1MJlCX0MDwNq_UKAlb6wOYXnJsiLCHLeG6M9Z3MZo8tZRAZ6tKr6lSBgz0R_9ltnFJ6BLCmWSQoi9HzgTWVRZ5wiRwKKNhidCF1x2qEqTJTKI_DLz5ixKnH6uvWTFbnTgWjBrfKFiRqeT/s640/output_ALmq6m.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1MJlCX0MDwNq_UKAlb6wOYXnJsiLCHLeG6M9Z3MZo8tZRAZ6tKr6lSBgz0R_9ltnFJ6BLCmWSQoi9HzgTWVRZ5wiRwKKNhidCF1x2qEqTJTKI_DLz5ixKnH6uvWTFbnTgWjBrfKFiRqeT/s16000/output_ALmq6m.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 227px; width: 345px;" title="Königsplatz 1936 and today" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">During the annual commemorative march and today.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The ceremonies on the square blended 1923 with the present of the late 1930s, implying that the men in the sarcophagi were still "here" and suggesting that both the dead and those present in the square were sentries answering the same roll call. But the Nazi Königsplatz went further, not only blending 1923 with the 1930s and 1940s, but also obscuring the line between the Nazi here and now and two other pasts that are the stock in trade of the Glyptothek: classical antiquity and Ludwig I's Munich.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Instead of Fischer's residential buildings, two so-called honorary temples were built as a common burial site for those who died during the Hitler-Ludendorff putschBuilt by the Nazis who died in 1923. Their bodies were transferred there and reburied in iron sarcophagi. A cult was staged around these dead, referred to as “ martyrs of the movement ” which was supposed to portray them as martyrs.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">At the eastern end, the Führerbau was erected north of Brienner Strasse and, symmetrically to the south, the administration building of the NSDAP.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The conversion significantly increased the width of the Königsplatz. By removing the green, the Königsplatz was able to expand in the direction of the Troost buildings and focus on the temple of honour like a funnel. This reversed the viewing direction by 180°. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTOwgmEaIt61cr42xgsbYisTh-ql3zXY-bosktNJEGxYPob2UtccHHshU1poy-3dGFlPk1hy8TGgasLR6BQLywMdUBtZ1x_JIAVyZZ3W58qEHJOPIki_L5jUj5eCiWMYKmqAjPBKs1qmYccw4KrzIO1VJiRo5quORvK5gsNQn86aYXCajWEr7TCf8-Gove/s409/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-26T205213.873.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="409" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTOwgmEaIt61cr42xgsbYisTh-ql3zXY-bosktNJEGxYPob2UtccHHshU1poy-3dGFlPk1hy8TGgasLR6BQLywMdUBtZ1x_JIAVyZZ3W58qEHJOPIki_L5jUj5eCiWMYKmqAjPBKs1qmYccw4KrzIO1VJiRo5quORvK5gsNQn86aYXCajWEr7TCf8-Gove/w459-h349/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-26T205213.873.gif" style="cursor: move;" width="459" /></a>At the same time, the square was paved with 20,000 granite slabs deliberately sourced from all parts of Nazi Germany. The completely level, one square metre slabs made both the museum buildings and the Propylaea look very out of place. It was Troost's intention that the historic buildings should no longer dominate the square, but appear equal or subordinate to the new buildings. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Through this, Nazi Germany was to show in the monumentally reduced architectural style developed by Troost in particular that it is derived from the old order, architecturally from the classicist style of Ludwig I, but represented its own new order that relativised everything. Since then, Königsplatz had been used for Nazi parades and rallies.<span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span>A 1936 guidebook to Munich went so far as to claim that the hardness of the granite paving</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span>stones laid by the Nazis on the Königsplatz was a mirror of the spirit of the dead buried there. Goebbels summed up the square's exceptional symbolic importance in a lapidary 1935 diary entry:<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">“Here the Führer wrote his will in stone." Such hyperbolic claims meant that the significance of the Königsplatz was overdetermined; not surprisingly, then, the square kept its meaning long after the defeat of the Nazis in 1945.<span> </span><a href="https://www.academia.edu/7771214/The_Politics_of_Derestoration_The_Aegina_Pediments_and_the_German_Confrontation_with_the_Past">According to Winfried Nerdinger</a>, “[o]n the Königsplatz, old residents of Munich still hear thousands of voices shouting 'Here.'"<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">After the massive remodeling with granite slabs that did not allow rainwater to drain well, others derisively dubbed Königsplatz<span> </span><a href="https://www.thirdreichruins.com/munich3.htm">'Lake Plattensee'</a><span> </span>given the water that accumulated over the blocks given the lack of drainage. <span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghRDLSTb5R0yTvN6NOaTuK24fha1OCONG6ZSkXO-zBA8eyQARXk0A2hME1N9EP6GeOYYMvnba7gjdQmRGfE9kNbUj45QzFnEzgvD7xmYO1UFEtuJDYj00NPlqaoFihJ5yTVYQTEZIOfmzMJO0IvOAiPHjhRu9-r86WzGyBv1s-ZrrDvRhguAvKRfn8LX_a/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-26T211659.918.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghRDLSTb5R0yTvN6NOaTuK24fha1OCONG6ZSkXO-zBA8eyQARXk0A2hME1N9EP6GeOYYMvnba7gjdQmRGfE9kNbUj45QzFnEzgvD7xmYO1UFEtuJDYj00NPlqaoFihJ5yTVYQTEZIOfmzMJO0IvOAiPHjhRu9-r86WzGyBv1s-ZrrDvRhguAvKRfn8LX_a/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-26T211659.918.gif" style="height: 250px; width: 327px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3MU8A7Kn4DUBFTBpX370WO_uPflnmC5mW2X0GlhARSuxObaV161R5NLXBRqg9ZRlktYHBppUrE1AY17Y0rfGFUXJqnHdKGLpeEmJSIOp8VMJhTPP-EBFNj0cGSzyOHxwMygJikcfijPj6xHoQXfyIVYJSqTV6E0Sbk219vDEOXOoKpLM1xGeIgnj6PWjG/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-26T212401.735.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3MU8A7Kn4DUBFTBpX370WO_uPflnmC5mW2X0GlhARSuxObaV161R5NLXBRqg9ZRlktYHBppUrE1AY17Y0rfGFUXJqnHdKGLpeEmJSIOp8VMJhTPP-EBFNj0cGSzyOHxwMygJikcfijPj6xHoQXfyIVYJSqTV6E0Sbk219vDEOXOoKpLM1xGeIgnj6PWjG/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-26T212401.735.gif" style="height: 250px; width: 304px;" /></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfTGUOVpAeHm1gidCa3WIYh6fQ2zbd5E_ib-L36oIeNkMv-zIpzdovagTYC_BH9vka5AYA40XVgY-ItxQIznFR_oZ8PDbm0Gbky5lcSZEdPQv9LRwBThc0Y1KpIgk-t0BSkkbKFp2BdbpLtZ9NrHhbK24gtycp3O840NgHcqHqLF1N64gSdSi18RsdHylr/s381/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-26T203441.358.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="333" height="415" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfTGUOVpAeHm1gidCa3WIYh6fQ2zbd5E_ib-L36oIeNkMv-zIpzdovagTYC_BH9vka5AYA40XVgY-ItxQIznFR_oZ8PDbm0Gbky5lcSZEdPQv9LRwBThc0Y1KpIgk-t0BSkkbKFp2BdbpLtZ9NrHhbK24gtycp3O840NgHcqHqLF1N64gSdSi18RsdHylr/w363-h415/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-26T203441.358.gif" style="cursor: move;" width="363" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>Hitler at the Propylaeon during the November 9, 1938 Beer Hall Putsch commemoration, only weeks after the Munich Agreement had been signed at the other end of the square. Along with Goering and Rosenberg. For the first time, Keitel and Brauchitsch, occupied the places of the fired generals Blomberg and Fritsch with Raeder and Milch also participating in the march here from the Feldherrnhalle. In a few hours In a French hospital, the legation counsellor Ernst Eduard vom Rathwould die at 16.30 of the various injuries he had sustained in an attack by Herschel Grynszpan, a German Jewish emigré, who had apparently wanted to protest and draw attention to the denial of rights to Jewish people in Germany as his parents remained in no man's land on the border of Germany and Poland, having been expelled from the former and denied entry into the latter. Regardless of the background, it would lead that night to Kristallnacht and the systematic targeting of Jews nationwide by the German state.</span></span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">During the war, Königsplatz was a prominent orientation point for the approaching pilots during air raids because of its large and bright open space. For this reason, a dense development was simulated on the square by laying out large tarpaulins and directly painting the panels. During the air raids on Munich during the war, the classical buildings in particular were badly damaged. However, since the Nazi buildings on the Königsplatz were not damaged by the bombing that devastated Munich and which virtually destroyed the Glyptothek, the problem of how to de-Nazify the Königsplatz arose after the war.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>The slabs on the square, however, were preserved; the Nazis' "royal square" became the "royal parking lot," popularly dubbed "Lake Balaton".<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>After initial proposals to remove the battered, broken and patched plates by the 1972 Olympic Games, the original condition was not reconstructed until 1988. The square is therefore representative of the reconstruction of Munich, in which most of the traces of Nazism and the war were erased through extensive reconstructions. As a result of the restoration, Königsplatz lost its role as a procurer of the old and a warning against new abuse.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig1JXqrqrd8pHDctWwbeRY2srhcgnkjMOLyAB9K-ZLH9HlbZ2bLpvKfdiSHjlln2YBBQtZMJ5GkWJDsEOTOr3g9jxyem0LNhAzlumG8SSGDwPnZZac2PmjrjPryzJV7VQbMqYemoe43Sgh/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker-8.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Munich Propylaea in 1937 and with Drake Winston today." border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="435" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig1JXqrqrd8pHDctWwbeRY2srhcgnkjMOLyAB9K-ZLH9HlbZ2bLpvKfdiSHjlln2YBBQtZMJ5GkWJDsEOTOr3g9jxyem0LNhAzlumG8SSGDwPnZZac2PmjrjPryzJV7VQbMqYemoe43Sgh/w400-h252/ezgif.com-gif-maker-8.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Munich Propylaea in 1937 and with Drake Winston today." width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Seen from the Propylaea in 1937 from where Hitler stood above, and with Drake Winston today. The building itself </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote class="tr_bq"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">was the brainchild of Ludwig, whose love of classical art had been stimulated by the Grand Tour. One of the great collectors of Europe, Ludwig commissioned his favorite architect, Leo von Klenze, to design a museum worthy of his collection. Both the museum and its holdings were shrines to neoclassical taste. The Munich Glyptothek was also the first public classical archaeology museum. The Aegina marbles were its centerpiece, but agents of Ludwig like Wagner and Friedrich Thiersch purchased widely on the international art market, and in 1841 Ludwig laid the foundations there of what became one of the great European vase collections by acquiring choice examples of Greek vases from Lucien Bonaparte, the prince of Canino, who owned the site of Etruscan Vulci and was actively mining it for artifacts. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Dyson (135)<i><span> </span><a href="https://yale.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.12987/yale/9780300110975.001.0001/upso-9780300110975-chapter-5">In Pursuit of Ancient Pasts</a></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxuOusgDv-6OHmAgNg-hft6RJ0QlFruACXwMhZxcfPZP7P5hDKTgpWXvqd0RHuf8-zSoQ0_vk6nnget0BUmvu9aG-zFPjtYv0slpfU6sAWZBlbqcZ3TonMprmk_8Dd-R1GoBzvWCj7DIIb/s1600/ezgif.com-resize+%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Glyptothek after the war with Drake Winston in front today." border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="418" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxuOusgDv-6OHmAgNg-hft6RJ0QlFruACXwMhZxcfPZP7P5hDKTgpWXvqd0RHuf8-zSoQ0_vk6nnget0BUmvu9aG-zFPjtYv0slpfU6sAWZBlbqcZ3TonMprmk_8Dd-R1GoBzvWCj7DIIb/w431-h298/ezgif.com-resize+%25283%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Glyptothek after the war with Drake Winston in front today." width="431" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The remains of the Glyptothek after the war with Drake Winston in front today. At the beginning of the war, the museum was closed and the ancient sculptures outsourced which was fortunate given that, whilst the neighbouring Nazi party buildings survived the war almost unscathed, the museums on Königsplatz were badly damaged by air raids.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span>After the war, serious damage caused further damage. The destroyed roof of the Glyptothek was not restored, and the valuable wall and ceiling paintings that were preserved fell victim to the weather.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Debates arose over whether the building should be restored to its original state, with its splendid neo-rococo decorations, or rebuilt in a more stark manner that reflected modernist sensibilities and the desire to highlight the original sculptures. The latter mode was selected in<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">which the decoration, some of which was still preserved, was removed and the brick shell exposed, thus removing some problems. The conception of the sculptures had changed significantly compared to the pre-war state: the Egyptian and Assyrian monuments were now shown in the Residenz where the Egyptians now had two rooms. However, since the building ornamentation was based on the exhibited statues and reliefs, there would be no connection between the reconstructed interior and the exhibition. In the event of a reconstruction, the restoration of the Cornelius frescoes would also be complicated: although there are sketches and black-and-white photos, there were no coloured representations of the frescoes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu8hILXuJhnSi_3WxwzKK4fMubrYj8PShy-r8BkmF2AE-uxfI4gvw1bmuCJIEvCnMn1cHIh_RHZv3NzPv0o5Up4ijJZuV1uiG5jDNwVMQ_x4gax3OHhWS4hNU_XvjtrNWjW3Hf9TUkHGxCY04-TSvWa1RrMQ79l7-lwEInJ4W0S-PZ_uDByrH1OoBkAQ/s388/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(13).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Trojanischer Saal then now" border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="388" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu8hILXuJhnSi_3WxwzKK4fMubrYj8PShy-r8BkmF2AE-uxfI4gvw1bmuCJIEvCnMn1cHIh_RHZv3NzPv0o5Up4ijJZuV1uiG5jDNwVMQ_x4gax3OHhWS4hNU_XvjtrNWjW3Hf9TUkHGxCY04-TSvWa1RrMQ79l7-lwEInJ4W0S-PZ_uDByrH1OoBkAQ/w332-h242/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(13).gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Trojanischer Saal then now" width="332" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Trojanischer Saal as it appeared before the war and today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">
After the building's destruction during the air raids on Munich in the
Second World War reconstruction was finally begun in 1947 with the
reopening taking place in 1972. The frescoes executed by Peter Cornelius
between 1820 and 1830 such as<span> </span><a href="https://www.smb.museum/ausstellungen/detail/peter-cornelius-die-goetter-griechenlands/"><i>Die Götter Griechenlands<span> </span></i></a>had
been destroyed and were not restored, but rather isolated fragments
were preserved and are held in the National Gallery in Berlin. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Hitler and his followers were fascinated with antiquity (hence the classical style of Troost's party buildings). The Königsplatz was called<span> </span><a href="http://www.rijo.homepage.t-online.de/pdf/DE_MU_TO_m28.pdf">Acropolis Germaniae</a><span> </span>in a reminder of Ludwig's Athens on the Isar, and Hitler claimed, "[n]ever has mankind been nearer to antiquity in appearance and sensibility than today." This last point was made visually in Hans W. Fischer's 1935 book<span> </span><i>Menschenschönheit</i>, which juxtaposed works of art with photographs of contemporary people, mainly athletes. In one two-page spread, a warrior from the east pediment at Aegina was juxtaposed with a modern javelin thrower.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0icnL4iUuCrWgkVJHTdB_lTYJIZ8YxFYfCsyymkXSaA88CR9pDwFNyrD4h1c6mBLVQJwzMlC58RmlayzzgyF8ajXCPI52yf_EfbKfxzdp8yuG7VgYFKyGTLkm6MF-RAEgsZ5SpJW1ODwR-_1K--PvYfisTWJa4fj1zJX3uYdkMsGF8tK-Q2-dJpcCcg/w320-h196/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(2).gif" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0icnL4iUuCrWgkVJHTdB_lTYJIZ8YxFYfCsyymkXSaA88CR9pDwFNyrD4h1c6mBLVQJwzMlC58RmlayzzgyF8ajXCPI52yf_EfbKfxzdp8yuG7VgYFKyGTLkm6MF-RAEgsZ5SpJW1ODwR-_1K--PvYfisTWJa4fj1zJX3uYdkMsGF8tK-Q2-dJpcCcg/w329-h235/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(2).gif" style="height: 235px; width: 295px;" width="329" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMIEWCPIEoGKVvQ5mcsZumzqN5TEF7blZ352jwQCpfgdVF5PoW3D1mj2hhFg7JWzG-xLa0ADISiEnMXHhKOCrjHb18iktsMJ7yXJgVNnH5iPAJ6zvPItbXNX-31yt9oURD5BwsG4xhQoQOy7Dt5VDE7lFr2ionY_8ir2RUsGXt7zVejsgwsGzMDTTzwLnd/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(50).gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMIEWCPIEoGKVvQ5mcsZumzqN5TEF7blZ352jwQCpfgdVF5PoW3D1mj2hhFg7JWzG-xLa0ADISiEnMXHhKOCrjHb18iktsMJ7yXJgVNnH5iPAJ6zvPItbXNX-31yt9oURD5BwsG4xhQoQOy7Dt5VDE7lFr2ionY_8ir2RUsGXt7zVejsgwsGzMDTTzwLnd/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(50).gif" style="height: 235px; width: 363px;" /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>As it appeared in the opening of Leni Riefenstahl's<span> </span><i>Olympia </i>and being </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">removed for safety from the bombing, b</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>eing transferred to the Zentralministerium's Luftschutzkeller on<span> </span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2005/05/resistance-in-munich.html" target="_blank">Ludwigstrasse</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMfDX4E4Snfquw-Gs5C7l25Qs5OPbcztNbY4FZwmIG_xbhaOXIVmrOZ-aA65czo94n8qzMh7QQnN7374D_LWr7YwleTjpfQdeqqODPRAk0BRlUycsBK1eKtTQ_F8XEjC2OAMTmPcHgUOY/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-01-14+at+08.22.32.png" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="403" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMfDX4E4Snfquw-Gs5C7l25Qs5OPbcztNbY4FZwmIG_xbhaOXIVmrOZ-aA65czo94n8qzMh7QQnN7374D_LWr7YwleTjpfQdeqqODPRAk0BRlUycsBK1eKtTQ_F8XEjC2OAMTmPcHgUOY/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-01-14+at+08.22.32.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="headline" style="font-size: normal;">One of Hitler's first acts on attaining the Chancellorship was to order the construction of a massive stone Temple of Honour in Munich's Konigsplatz. Its construction lasted over two years, and the Celebration of November 9. 1935 was the event by which it was consecrated.</span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span>Hitler commemorated the sixteen dead as “Heroes of the Movement” as soon as he took power by having twin Temples of Honour built on Königsplatz between the two main Nazi Party buildings. Twenty fluted columns towering 23 feet above the ground were arranged on two 70-foot-wide limestone pedestals and which supported an open roof of steel and concrete with etched glass mosaics decorating the underside.</span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span>In a two-day ceremony, Hitler brought the dead to their final resting place. On November 7, 1935, twelve years after the attempted putsch, the bodies of Ehrlich and others were exhumed and taken to the<span> </span><a href="http://tracesofevil.blogspot.com/2008/01/munich-feldherrnhalle.html">Feldherrnhalle</a>, escorted by SA storm troops. After the pallbearers ceremoniously carried the caskets up the massive steps, the crowd sang the Horst Wessel song. Soon after, Hitler appeared and individually saluted the dead men before pausing in front of each casket.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaPzw5HJ4b_yasuJAt1QO5bf5ABOA7xU-7UobzGeZJ_onW7uDp4Le4gSSBFEUy49xu8YMdlbtnUutbx0O2M_iYWqqq3zcFsi_JTlC9i6C48rx6n0_wkCfUpqpXwaJT6ViDMDADGA7g9RU/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaPzw5HJ4b_yasuJAt1QO5bf5ABOA7xU-7UobzGeZJ_onW7uDp4Le4gSSBFEUy49xu8YMdlbtnUutbx0O2M_iYWqqq3zcFsi_JTlC9i6C48rx6n0_wkCfUpqpXwaJT6ViDMDADGA7g9RU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div class="text" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The next morning began with a 16-gun salute. The old comrades assembled around the “Bürgerbräukeller” and, commemorating the infamous march of 1923, silently retraced their steps to the<span> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Feldherrnhalle</span><span> </span>led by Julius Streicher behind whom were three men bearing the<span> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Blutfahne</span>. Hitler was flanked by veteran fighters followed by members of the “Blutorden”, SA and ϟϟ troops, Hitler Youth, and paramilitary troops. A crowd of tens of thousands stood along the parade route lined by a cordon of SA soldiers. Accompanied by marching drummers, the Horst Wessel song blared from gigantic loudspeakers. Black smoke wafted from 400 blazing pylons along the route, each bearing the name of one of the “martyrs” of the movement in gold letters. Flag-bearing delegations from the Nazi administrative districts stood nearby. As Hitler passed each pylon, the immortalised name of each “martyr” was announced over the loudspeakers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOKrRg1DtAygZFsRyN4nalXZjof84RxYK_RGwnlNS6u4QdPx2bs05zsuT9lTANLR3YqVg2jEi5ljeYPDBA4SqoSMuaVv_y4bxpXmyzuTHQndqkKEH6l8GRwn8RIFcIpA8rZ7E_KA3humvX8SBh1ar87OJdUWYKrKMrtHTtpv1d3bscLl7rh7UWqq7H9rIo/s878/Screenshot%202023-07-27%20at%2010.20.09.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="878" data-original-width="642" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOKrRg1DtAygZFsRyN4nalXZjof84RxYK_RGwnlNS6u4QdPx2bs05zsuT9lTANLR3YqVg2jEi5ljeYPDBA4SqoSMuaVv_y4bxpXmyzuTHQndqkKEH6l8GRwn8RIFcIpA8rZ7E_KA3humvX8SBh1ar87OJdUWYKrKMrtHTtpv1d3bscLl7rh7UWqq7H9rIo/s320/Screenshot%202023-07-27%20at%2010.20.09.png" width="234" /></a></div>The caskets were then taken on carriages to Königsplatz square. The moment the first carriage arrived on the square, a shot was fired and the flags of the movement and of the Wehrmacht were lowered. Veteran fighters placed the caskets on the podium. Two large swastika banners were then raised in unison. The<span> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Völkischer Beobachter<span> </span></span>reported that Königsplatz had thus been transformed into “a mighty forum for the movement.” The heroes were now resting in the Nazi Party’s “holy sanctuary.” Hitler proclaimed: “Just as they marched fearlessly, so too shall they lie in the wind and weather, in the storms and rain, in the snow and ice, and in the sun, under the heavens. They will lie here in open as an eternal symbol of the German nation. For us they are not dead.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">It was in 1935 that the remains of the sixteen putschists were brought here on the anniversary. This had followed the purge of the SA during the Night of the Long Knives the year before. The bodies were exhumed from their graves and taken to the Feldherrnhalle where they were placed beneath sixteen large pylons bearing their names. The next day, after Hitler had solemnly walked from one to the next, they were taken down the monument’s steps and taken on carts, draped in flags to Paul Ludwig Troost’s new<span> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Ehrentempel<span> </span></span>monuments at the Konigsplatz, through streets lined with spectators bustling between 400 columns with eternal flames atop. Flags were lowered as veterans slowly and orderly placed the heavy sarcophagi into place. In each of the structures eight of the martyrs were interred in a sarcophagus bearing their name. In fact, it is believed that the sixteenth person to be honoured at the celebrations was not a National Socialist, but</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/467/Bernhard_Bleeker_Bd_1.pdf"><span> </span>an uninvolved waiter from the nearby Café Annast, Karl Kulm, who was killed by a ricochet.</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Each temple held the sarcophagi of eight 'martyrs' with two ϟϟ honour guards keeping vigil.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6paOr5lNImwCvOdhWuGHHeuXQiEFN01k_H5zdMu2tJcCIvJJrBmx0GpdEandYzPWuc-i7WQOuyQAbeurgYvi5EKzyc3M98jkqxmkgWWcELgPyw0-vno5Zbwxn7T_Sjkuk7V31jIte3zA/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="720" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6paOr5lNImwCvOdhWuGHHeuXQiEFN01k_H5zdMu2tJcCIvJJrBmx0GpdEandYzPWuc-i7WQOuyQAbeurgYvi5EKzyc3M98jkqxmkgWWcELgPyw0-vno5Zbwxn7T_Sjkuk7V31jIte3zA/w764-h243/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="The Ehrentempel then and today" width="764" /></a></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The 'martyrs of the movement' were placed within heavy black sarcophagi in such a way as to be exposed to the elements from the open roof. Here</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> they're shown as they appeared and today, the city of Munich deciding to just cover the site up with vegetation and ignore its existence. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Designed by Professor Heinlein, the sarcophagi originally cast at the Wasseralfingen steel works in Baden-Württemberg and the eight columns weighing over 21 tonnes were recycled to make brake shoes for municipal buses. Weighing nearly 2,900 pounds, the metal caskets were converted to repair rail ties and electrical lines.</span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span>Munich had discreetly rid itself of its former Nazi “heroes.” The bronze eagles designed by party member Kurt Schmidt-Ehmen were removed and the former Nazi buildings on Königsplatz are now used by music students and cultural institutions. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">At
the temples visitors were required to be silent, not wear hats and keep
children from running over the centre of the temples. The<span> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Ehrentempel<span> </span></span>was
made of limestone except for its roof which was made of steel and
concrete with etched glass mosaics. The pedestals of the temples, which
are the only parts remaining, are seventy feet wide. The columns of the
structures each extended twenty-three feet. The combined weight of the
sarcophagi was over 2,900 pounds.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqOd_XqlG1X7c5X6oRvKwd6zgGKCwnRZ7ZSJrp0FiBDc2wA7dS8-N7JcDd7kX6UgNt05YYYyRaJXlL-Erih0RELyT6hWswRTGYxTwTT57a6FeJUINPu-oA4pDRgBTFBnsjGI5ZxSE1i1U/s1600/bmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqOd_XqlG1X7c5X6oRvKwd6zgGKCwnRZ7ZSJrp0FiBDc2wA7dS8-N7JcDd7kX6UgNt05YYYyRaJXlL-Erih0RELyT6hWswRTGYxTwTT57a6FeJUINPu-oA4pDRgBTFBnsjGI5ZxSE1i1U/w742-h232/bmyphoto.jpeg" style="cursor: move;" width="742" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler and Mussolini beside one temple</span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span>with the</span><span style="font-size: normal; font-style: italic;"><span> </span>Braune Haus</span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span>behind. </span></span></span></span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCehgm7fOWFAgDbmQU9dP7XIlnI9Jy5jc12fs1dODRrkcBVAAPYP_tOGMWChKvDVEQuTy7OwnuTCqgtr45OLg6JmSz-4n8htvS8kaHJhBFPq6_jnAcbUtHj_lL0Nox_Csk0p8qxXzAAfKr/s320/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.gif" data-original-height="242" data-original-width="372" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCehgm7fOWFAgDbmQU9dP7XIlnI9Jy5jc12fs1dODRrkcBVAAPYP_tOGMWChKvDVEQuTy7OwnuTCqgtr45OLg6JmSz-4n8htvS8kaHJhBFPq6_jnAcbUtHj_lL0Nox_Csk0p8qxXzAAfKr/w350-h227/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 215px; width: 331px;" width="350" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif6D_ZAarsn_qRwRPlG8Suu5JGChWntHpxwTTlWZZ5XzO93BNnLHRxDttg0PFIV5gB5_Q3Pd4vQ6RlGVyXMfYA9DYqluyJjMPKP0STubyCAUGVF3fGLeqj0zNI4I-wBhuqaojwuESeAIfg/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25287%2529.gif" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="407" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif6D_ZAarsn_qRwRPlG8Suu5JGChWntHpxwTTlWZZ5XzO93BNnLHRxDttg0PFIV5gB5_Q3Pd4vQ6RlGVyXMfYA9DYqluyJjMPKP0STubyCAUGVF3fGLeqj0zNI4I-wBhuqaojwuESeAIfg/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25287%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 215px; width: 300px;" /><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">During the state funeral of Munich Gauleiter Adolf Wagner on April 27, 1944.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">When<span> </span>Wagner died from a stroke in 1944 he was interred metres away from the north temple in the adjacent grass mound in between the two temples </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>until after the war when it had been disinterred and reburied elsewhere. The funeral ceremony was shown in<span> </span><a href="https://www.net-film.eu/film-55398/">Die Deutsche Wochenschau 1944 № 713</a>.<br /></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgagBQlgXGzAyuTzQQgdi6Obl0wU876xhok9J-fyNOQiO5hcmwcY2uqJUylvW3-1rncykkSfuzPhMA6DTbVF5e0Xdp6DOjpNZhWRRXfmoijvQn96Rvyyf9ERhcureSZdjL0K8Xepc_cnI4/s1600/cmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgagBQlgXGzAyuTzQQgdi6Obl0wU876xhok9J-fyNOQiO5hcmwcY2uqJUylvW3-1rncykkSfuzPhMA6DTbVF5e0Xdp6DOjpNZhWRRXfmoijvQn96Rvyyf9ERhcureSZdjL0K8Xepc_cnI4/s640/cmyphoto.jpeg" style="cursor: move;" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Standing in front of and atop the ruins of the<span> </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ehrentempel</span>s.<span> </span></span><span class="Normal-C3" style="font-size: normal;">Only the foundations are visible today after the temples had been<span> </span><a href="https://www.thirdreichruins.com/munich3.htm">blown up in January 1947</a>; trees and bushes are growing on top.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCEaj3WkJItR0-eywdQstKrxNTCINHmWLtCmix4_GQV52uohMkfIQlyQ3J-jK7QAOldsrVJoOTJucimAMxUa0WiwCZbECWSkKEYnMgKLF08-Ab-wnwExuzleTHHLK-AhmjlFy4imRNvUl/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCEaj3WkJItR0-eywdQstKrxNTCINHmWLtCmix4_GQV52uohMkfIQlyQ3J-jK7QAOldsrVJoOTJucimAMxUa0WiwCZbECWSkKEYnMgKLF08-Ab-wnwExuzleTHHLK-AhmjlFy4imRNvUl/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 290px; width: 220px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNBUPk2c4k-8hALKWqG8Cl_ThV8S_vfqjLm2AznMZtJctOiE3QuTQpBZAuASoQOGicSeJ4XROjUgGvxEOZ0rAmCMMVeZDvh9dVtqQSfFAhja8DLk0XkaoDfyZewpbHduPRvGvSXztbKSE/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-08-03+at+17.44.15.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNBUPk2c4k-8hALKWqG8Cl_ThV8S_vfqjLm2AznMZtJctOiE3QuTQpBZAuASoQOGicSeJ4XROjUgGvxEOZ0rAmCMMVeZDvh9dVtqQSfFAhja8DLk0XkaoDfyZewpbHduPRvGvSXztbKSE/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-08-03+at+17.44.15.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 290px; width: 425px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="text-align: center;">The </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;">Führerbau </span><span style="text-align: center;">behind one of the "temples of honour". </span>The sunken area for the sarcophagi became a pool of water after the war.<span> </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=44&t=130341&start=165">In a thread on Axis History Forum</a>,<span> </span><a href="http://forum.axishistory.com/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=6394">pionier44</a><span> </span>provided several photos of the area around Konigsplatz, including a few on top the Ehrentempels. In a couple are shown small holes which he suggests could have been used for drainage; indeed, he later asks "the only visible thing up top is some open stand pipes. Were these for the eternal flames?"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuksSvn_wwiIKHHl-9443hKwu4aPIV0ft2R7S5SuvEbAOaqShlpKvvcdxTMMqGuVDK0GrRm4ZQCrqXvu_qtEui6HXVyZGu2fN-nxPXMSjk2sCUITqFGQnh6Yu3f-u9q_EvpL8arhq2fTc/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="480" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuksSvn_wwiIKHHl-9443hKwu4aPIV0ft2R7S5SuvEbAOaqShlpKvvcdxTMMqGuVDK0GrRm4ZQCrqXvu_qtEui6HXVyZGu2fN-nxPXMSjk2sCUITqFGQnh6Yu3f-u9q_EvpL8arhq2fTc/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">According to the Munich tourist board, the “Ehrentempeln” – or Temples of Honour – on Munich’s Königsplatz were “National shrines of the German people.” Millions of Hitler Youth and Nazi party members regarded the men buried there as role models of self-sacrifice. Ehrlich and the others had become National Socialist heroes. In 1945, Munich officials decided to eradicate this former Nazi shrine. Even Karl Meitinger, head of the city planning department under the Nazis, was busy thinking about the future.<span> </span><a href="http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=359">Speaking at the city council’s first postwar meeting</a><span> </span>in August 1945, he said: “We must strive to salvage the form and appearance of the old city centre at all costs.” He expressed the hope that, within a few decades, “our beloved Munich” would be restored to what it once was. The city would then be the focus of a new era of tourism, and its reputation as Germany’s city of the arts could once again flourish. To this end, he said that the Königsplatz would be “de-Nazified,” the Temples of Honour torn down. The bodies of Ehrlich and the other Nazi “martyrs” would have to be removed as discreetly as possible.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">I had revisited the site on March 11, 2011 and found a glass candle holder and a bone (!) placed on top a stone:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ0RvbPrvQnABdU2qbXMO3SQL5q6JcfDWy8fbIDXORGhX2MjmC04euKAhclthAR_JPjguZaEkESYk-LfFg4kDErjH4to94CZefhl0lExvpl40b6BQWyoySWLRwrPGz4KQKnVNo_HkEYrX4/s1600/IMG_3418.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582914405359628642" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ0RvbPrvQnABdU2qbXMO3SQL5q6JcfDWy8fbIDXORGhX2MjmC04euKAhclthAR_JPjguZaEkESYk-LfFg4kDErjH4to94CZefhl0lExvpl40b6BQWyoySWLRwrPGz4KQKnVNo_HkEYrX4/s400/IMG_3418.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 194px; width: 145px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2_rbR0xoStk95MYp1e_VxdGK5wNafeHB-QTGUIXvJcSVSqg62q-SS3rrMVZ1hW59ZucnsIKHQcWOTCfiCU4NzA0bUqfHOoHQtP_ppvwAcVolXVXq51AHzE4-YPi9gsdMjk1gZ_Qa08YDm/s1600/IMG_3421.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582914413531772242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2_rbR0xoStk95MYp1e_VxdGK5wNafeHB-QTGUIXvJcSVSqg62q-SS3rrMVZ1hW59ZucnsIKHQcWOTCfiCU4NzA0bUqfHOoHQtP_ppvwAcVolXVXq51AHzE4-YPi9gsdMjk1gZ_Qa08YDm/s400/IMG_3421.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 196px; width: 261px;" /></a><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='235' height='196' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxDby2gBRXAW8_J91HZtsCoOuK31aPOYHWxsFb_hrshYbf2KRjQi2grCj3SnrEOvfrrVHQRdksfhPK0JFSl7g' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>From atop the other ehrentempel remains beside the Fuehrerbau, January 2012</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTHoO8q4c9NM_jhZu3w8B6uno3SJpbC8_Jn7SxHfz78e6OA-llsNXP_TWT6YNIoSyahhgClhDZhglzsEuOiOtu0rHf95UL_o0mztQ_WJ_Kezr5SaojscGslDvNdkXc5s1coyS4hvZpvT0v/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252848%2529.gif" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTHoO8q4c9NM_jhZu3w8B6uno3SJpbC8_Jn7SxHfz78e6OA-llsNXP_TWT6YNIoSyahhgClhDZhglzsEuOiOtu0rHf95UL_o0mztQ_WJ_Kezr5SaojscGslDvNdkXc5s1coyS4hvZpvT0v/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252848%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 210px; width: 367px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwflrSBeVtf_zw4xRXRtVJH3SgW9slxRMgNotz3pUb06dAk2z7C1h2q57DJ-yURRJM8mHvARuO2F4DkYJEoqzln0NjA3nyFNap6hnDDe6MufIsJ2_4R2NMz_k1HupJR03HMxURRoSbruCL/s320/Screen+Shot+2019-05-05+at+11.19.03.png" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="762" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwflrSBeVtf_zw4xRXRtVJH3SgW9slxRMgNotz3pUb06dAk2z7C1h2q57DJ-yURRJM8mHvARuO2F4DkYJEoqzln0NjA3nyFNap6hnDDe6MufIsJ2_4R2NMz_k1HupJR03HMxURRoSbruCL/s320/Screen+Shot+2019-05-05+at+11.19.03.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: default; height: 210px; text-align: center; width: 278px;" /><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>As they appeared May 17, 1945, still intact.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcvenPH9IvlyxJZHuy-t3H6KJHA56q2SOSuCo0pkucF-jHfU2fYkelVFJrFjFfi2_X0YjP3soO_v1uyTtQjIOaj33ldrSSeUeEtH6_oqNlm_gqpxJ-fytTCTxDhfLkqHH1jC8Psf4_Qys/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-07-26+at+12.56.15.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="251" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcvenPH9IvlyxJZHuy-t3H6KJHA56q2SOSuCo0pkucF-jHfU2fYkelVFJrFjFfi2_X0YjP3soO_v1uyTtQjIOaj33ldrSSeUeEtH6_oqNlm_gqpxJ-fytTCTxDhfLkqHH1jC8Psf4_Qys/s200/Screen+Shot+2017-07-26+at+12.56.15.png" style="cursor: move;" width="190" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>On the night of July 5, 1945, the sixteen “martyrs” from the Temples of Honour were removed and quickly buried elsewhere.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Beside the grave of Andreas Bauriedl whose blood had supposedly consecrated the so-called<span> </span><i>blutfahne</i>, and whose remains were relocated to the cemetery at<span> </span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2005/11/nazi-graves-in-munich.html">Nordfriedhof</a>. The remains of Johann Rickmers were sent to the city crematorium but, as domestic mail services had been suspended by the Allies forces, his ashes couldn't be sent to their final resting place in Westphalia. All these burials were lonely affairs. On June 27, 1945, Mayor Karl Scharnagl, appointed by the American occupying forces, published the following decree: “Any public participation during the burials, or any kind of outward display whatsoever, must be avoided.” On July 12, the director of Munich’s municipal cemeteries submitted his report to the mayor: “On July 5, 1945, the bodies, or the remains thereof, were removed from the temples on Königsplatz square without incident. The bodies were placed in family gravesites or buried in common graves. This was carried out at a time of day when the cemetery was closed to the public.” The sarcophagi themselves were melted down and given to the Munich tram service which used it for soldering material to repair rail and electrical lines damaged by the war.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhek6joe8WBtDK2NHjLdKRrMHUTMIvMiu42bB2H5Evwo52lfrsu-GfFVoLbnVuCz0UHHnYX6EbGJj3jhGIr2NLlwtGXlqXZmvHxSjpPDagAXoEFp79h8vS-aMpKf7b-G-zbeTysbEuY82k/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="449" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhek6joe8WBtDK2NHjLdKRrMHUTMIvMiu42bB2H5Evwo52lfrsu-GfFVoLbnVuCz0UHHnYX6EbGJj3jhGIr2NLlwtGXlqXZmvHxSjpPDagAXoEFp79h8vS-aMpKf7b-G-zbeTysbEuY82k/w382-h263/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 220px; width: 320px;" width="382" /></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">On January 9, 1947 the upper parts of the structures were blown up. The central portion was subsequently partially filled in but often filled with rain water which created a natural memorial. When Germany was finally reunited plans were made for a biergarten, restaurant or café on the site of the<span> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Ehrentempel<span> </span></span>but these were derailed by the growth of rare biotope vegetation on the site. As a result of this the temples were spared complete destruction and the foundation bases of the monuments remain intersecting on the corner of<span> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Briennerstrasse<span> </span></span>and<span> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Arcisstrasse</span>. In the intermittent period of the 1947 destruction and 1990 handover basements (hitherto unknown to the Americans) were uncovered beneath the structures.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>The almost two-metre tall, 21 by 21 metre pedestals remained standing. At first, they were hidden behind a fence, and then in 1956, in light of the 800th anniversary of the city of Munich, they were covered over with plants. Grass grew over them and the pedestals disappeared from view – a veritable symbol of the repression and ‘politics of the past’ (Vergangenheitspolitik) of the early Federal Republic. In the conflicted post-war society of West Germany, the few opponents of the Nazi regime and its many accomplices and followers joined together in a sort of truce in order to reconstruct the destroyed nation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b><span>Führerbau<span> </span><span style="font-size: normal;">(site of the Munich Agreement)</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTzM-tuKj7qbIGPfLtUqMTGPveH25tAjt36SRVaSJCubwQNdVvS_T5_6anYrg8LxYrw5i6aPSUWaE62itRgjvI7Le2c2gfZf5Dy6s9GuGDwCZbGnwNyaLaSvczAaQ5yA-tA4qW_VK3zpj-r9p9Aha-4zVf4k7a3-MmKBvlwBX9VbzIRFlk9Joq8KHvRg/s339/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="On the Führer balcony" border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="339" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTzM-tuKj7qbIGPfLtUqMTGPveH25tAjt36SRVaSJCubwQNdVvS_T5_6anYrg8LxYrw5i6aPSUWaE62itRgjvI7Le2c2gfZf5Dy6s9GuGDwCZbGnwNyaLaSvczAaQ5yA-tA4qW_VK3zpj-r9p9Aha-4zVf4k7a3-MmKBvlwBX9VbzIRFlk9Joq8KHvRg/w320-h306/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="On the Führer balcony" width="320" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On top of the Führer balcony and in 1937 wth Hitler inspecting the completion of the building. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The former Führerbau was built between 1933 and 1937 according to the plans of the architect Paul Ludwig Troost in Arcisstraße 12 in Munich for Hitler. The first plans for the construction date back to 1931 and was completed three years after Troost's death by Leonhard Gall. During the Nazi era, the Führerbau served as a representative building. The building, along with the administration building of the Nazi Party, closed the Königsplatz in an urbanised direction eastwards. In 1938, the Munich Agreement was signed here. In the air-raid shelter of the Führerbau from 1943 about 650 mostly looted paintings were stored for the proposed Führermuseum in Linz. Shortly before the invasion of American troops on the night of April 29-30, 1945 the cellar was plundered; more than 600 paintings, including many works from the Dutch Masters, disappeared. From 1945 onwards the former Führerbau was used by the American military government together with the administration building as a Central Collecting Point for the booty exploited by the Nazis throughout Europe during the war, including Göring's art collection. From this point on, identified works of art were restored to the countries of origin. Today the building serves the University of Music and Theatre Munich. In 1954, the congress hall was converted into a concert hall (it today claims to be exorcising the dæmons of the past with music). The building is nevertheless in poor structural condition and needs a general renovation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Hitler and Mussolini on the reviewing stand beside a temple of honour with the Führerbau behind during the latter's September 1937 state visit." data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyFtoY3tEqTqlBSV3S705er96Mfzi3IcmmKugVJgfxa5gMxdeRXAIt7smRdLXx6FX7ITEWkwo526ESrjQ6aRgH61asdU6kuSEw3k9G0Rnv9SGk6wFUz6duqqRuqqZRkaBop8PXdF8aJ0X-/s640/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252832%2529.gif" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyFtoY3tEqTqlBSV3S705er96Mfzi3IcmmKugVJgfxa5gMxdeRXAIt7smRdLXx6FX7ITEWkwo526ESrjQ6aRgH61asdU6kuSEw3k9G0Rnv9SGk6wFUz6duqqRuqqZRkaBop8PXdF8aJ0X-/w427-h213/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252832%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 213px; width: 408px;" title="Hitler and Mussolini on the reviewing stand beside a temple of honour with the Führerbau behind during the latter's September 1937 state visit. Munich" width="427" /></span></span><span> </span><img alt="Hitler and Mussolini on the reviewing stand beside a temple of honour with the Führerbau behind during the latter's September 1937 state visit. Munich" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcFSfRphkzmaLPF_Q4wmo0dVpeC6tY2-NRqH6KPLYHbAPk88V6qsKsiN79web1lNg2y4G57fkvbSbjz3nh8M9N-z8zbd_GrjEgGI1rlO1Pcp8JlaxbFZ_KvmLoxawjAZY3a51fM_JETZol/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25282%2529.gif" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcFSfRphkzmaLPF_Q4wmo0dVpeC6tY2-NRqH6KPLYHbAPk88V6qsKsiN79web1lNg2y4G57fkvbSbjz3nh8M9N-z8zbd_GrjEgGI1rlO1Pcp8JlaxbFZ_KvmLoxawjAZY3a51fM_JETZol/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 213px; width: 245px;" title="Hitler and Mussolini on the reviewing stand beside a temple of honour with the Führerbau behind during the latter's September 1937 state visit. Munich" /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler and Mussolini on the reviewing stand beside a temple of honour with the Führerbau behind during the latter's September 1937 state visit.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUVXYZlUdiV1J90tQo1VhtzDAuxhjS4j_GnCD706OKqMNfQsmYN-Jbqe8WEFPbTn6IRdo00V9ydfy6hFgYxnlOB_M9PPUFGXO9yQ4mkTsbITuSzC15Jkm48jIFFsD2rJaatciHa_MhG4Hq/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-05-05+at+13.27.50.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Robert Harris Munich" border="0" data-original-height="237" data-original-width="543" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUVXYZlUdiV1J90tQo1VhtzDAuxhjS4j_GnCD706OKqMNfQsmYN-Jbqe8WEFPbTn6IRdo00V9ydfy6hFgYxnlOB_M9PPUFGXO9yQ4mkTsbITuSzC15Jkm48jIFFsD2rJaatciHa_MhG4Hq/w431-h278/Screen+Shot+2019-05-05+at+13.27.50.png" style="cursor: move;" title="Robert Harris Munich" width="431" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span> </span>With Robert Harris at the very site which provided the setting for his bestseller<span> </span><i>Munich</i> which later was adapted for the underwhelming Netflix adaptation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote class="tr_bq"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The Führerbau was barely a year old, the work of Hitler's favourite architect, the late Professor Troost- so brand new that the white stone seemed to sparkle in the morning light. On either side of the twin porticoes hung giant flags; the German and the Italian flanked the southern entrance, the British and the French the northern. Above the doors were bronze eagles, wings outstretched, swastikas in their talons. Red carpets had been run out from both sets of doors, down the steps and across the pavement to the kerb. Only the northern entrance was in use. Here an eighteen-man honour guard stood with their rifles presented, alongside a drummer and a bugler...</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Its function was not entirely clear. It was not a government building, or a Party headquarters. Rather, it was a kind of monarch's court, for the enlightenment and entertainment of the emperor's guests. The interior was clad entirely in marble- a dull plum colour for the floors and the two grand staircases, greyish-white for the walls and pillars, although on the upper level the effect of the lighting was to make the stone glow golden. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Hitler and Mussolini on the Führer balcony with me managing to sneak on top for a pic with the flags of the four participating countries at the 1938 Munich Conference hanging from the balconies." data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2UJeeCzn9-CvBy5RfM2FC6V5wMF4FMY5Kl-CtijuCZgiTN5ByksFzYm_bQqwcBhSbVUaLpFmO2qQ9vJ0yi9c3qRM7flFW-2X32VWpNAi-dpkJOYjlZRvxtX1vP-2irm3_vNodL10TR7n_TZmPC1Iv8HXMd94vJyxpZ4Kd3KJDxmnJoTFq8o10DIHkCQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(10).gif" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2UJeeCzn9-CvBy5RfM2FC6V5wMF4FMY5Kl-CtijuCZgiTN5ByksFzYm_bQqwcBhSbVUaLpFmO2qQ9vJ0yi9c3qRM7flFW-2X32VWpNAi-dpkJOYjlZRvxtX1vP-2irm3_vNodL10TR7n_TZmPC1Iv8HXMd94vJyxpZ4Kd3KJDxmnJoTFq8o10DIHkCQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(10).gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 390px; width: 318px;" title="Hitler and Mussolini on the Führer balcony with me managing to sneak on top for a pic with the flags of the four participating countries at the 1938 Munich Conference hanging from the balconies." /><span> </span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgihgdricen0IowA6ciwVx2D54mlIjX-hA4NVwxP7b__s_frOlrsWcclq98-e_VSn_cBBg1wCZqmFn2MtAMPlYK38H954HL4vWlnOqF5VAz2E8KKZfbjsixWUXSlGxmVEL1Mk_Nn-HzxsiTtD_WA6yExFCErqg13ux9hVGscfNc-ryVM73-0sQBi74mVg/w353-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(17).gif" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgihgdricen0IowA6ciwVx2D54mlIjX-hA4NVwxP7b__s_frOlrsWcclq98-e_VSn_cBBg1wCZqmFn2MtAMPlYK38H954HL4vWlnOqF5VAz2E8KKZfbjsixWUXSlGxmVEL1Mk_Nn-HzxsiTtD_WA6yExFCErqg13ux9hVGscfNc-ryVM73-0sQBi74mVg/w353-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(17).gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 390px; width: 344px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler and Mussolini on the Führer balcony with me managing to sneak on top for a pic with the flags of the four participating countries at the 1938 Munich Conference hanging from the balconies.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span center="" text-align:=""><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkOiOj-AwOUrivGfJTIcN98pqf6frqle1Ff2I8N9fADBysI8iqoyhDrqYkUv7HAS_physAqFy2dGElNesWVGjp00EdEg_Nvv1ebiaQZSS5ylargSBO8rLPa_Hx0iMu41c0k91bAv07u1ynH1TIb_v09MVCVWjEm-4fzegN9_mSLn6jLFEBYw_KIMP2Cw/s428/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(3).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's office today where the Munich agreement was signed, showing from the left Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Italian Foreign Minister Count Galeazzo Ciano" border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="428" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkOiOj-AwOUrivGfJTIcN98pqf6frqle1Ff2I8N9fADBysI8iqoyhDrqYkUv7HAS_physAqFy2dGElNesWVGjp00EdEg_Nvv1ebiaQZSS5ylargSBO8rLPa_Hx0iMu41c0k91bAv07u1ynH1TIb_v09MVCVWjEm-4fzegN9_mSLn6jLFEBYw_KIMP2Cw/w400-h276/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(3).gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Site of the Munich Agreement today" width="400" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>In Hitler's office today where the Munich agreement was signed, showing from the left<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Italian Foreign Minister Count Galeazzo Ciano, pictured before signing the Munich Agreement. In the background between Hitler and Mussolini are Ribbentrop and Weizsäcker with Saint-John Perseon the right.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span> </span>As<span> </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span center="" text-align:=""><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Kershaw puts it in<span> </span><i>Hitler</i>:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><blockquote class="tr_bq"><div span="" style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>[T]he small, quiet, dapper premier of France, together with Ribbentrop, Weizsäcker, Ciano, Wilson, and Alexis Léger, State Secretary in the French Foreign Office, took their seats around a table in the newly constructed Führerbau amid the complex of party buildings centred around the Brown House – the large and imposing party headquarters – in Munich. There they proceeded to carve up Czechoslovakia. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="table upon which Munich agreement was signed" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0pQ8zawMaeLPKFNW_mop_fqiCvaXLXUFSICrp4qhtAGBFlxMoTIJcwKVmn6Y90NL65as59tUSS2IIt0ZJuoH37iNTtpKMnoTeDgOEBxkOb8EKR8soaNQLKK01ozDXwPrcUx84FM-MLQop/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-07-03+at+09.26.19.png" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="320" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0pQ8zawMaeLPKFNW_mop_fqiCvaXLXUFSICrp4qhtAGBFlxMoTIJcwKVmn6Y90NL65as59tUSS2IIt0ZJuoH37iNTtpKMnoTeDgOEBxkOb8EKR8soaNQLKK01ozDXwPrcUx84FM-MLQop/w400-h264/Screen+Shot+2017-07-03+at+09.26.19.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: default; height: 275px; width: 417px;" width="400" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Standing beside the actual desk where the agreement was signed at the Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span> </span>Although four statesmen took part in the conference, Hitler and Chamberlain dominated it, leaving Mussolini and Daladier in the background. The negotiations, with several interruptions, continued until dusk. Most of the discussion concerned technical aspects of subjects such as the various phases of the Czechoslovakian evacuation, the determination of the zones,<span> </span><i>et cet</i>. Hitler and Chamberlain differed on the question of property rights, but, as in other questions, the issue was resolved through acquiescence to Hitler’s demands. Shortly before midnight, the Four-Power Agreement was signed in the Führerbau, crushing any hopes Hitler may have still entertained that an international agreement could be avoided. The contractual settlement was similar to the resolution applied to the Saar in 1935. Again international commissions were set up and plebiscites held under international supervision. The Saar experience, which had infuriated Hitler, showed that he despised such measures. His dilemma was that he had no option other than to sign. He had ventured too far by playing along with the conference to retreat now. Hitler was the first to put his signature beneath the agreement, followed by Chamberlain, Daladier, and Mussolini.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYiahuXCxDGVhYMEf7Hh0UGIa8YHOriN1bGpf7L3EBoBuFCm1ucRpWRrE9Yivw6-k02E85UtnbBs5v5HKowgZSqraCMDEadfHsqdI07nHkfY8c9V5p4itMUd4IVGYG5HZBNTDU4q5kz_3Y3XGxHl-O2XCbFpo2gB303OSfrINAPb6swGuDQT5I7LMa2A/s365/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(11).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Site of the Munich Agreement today" border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="273" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYiahuXCxDGVhYMEf7Hh0UGIa8YHOriN1bGpf7L3EBoBuFCm1ucRpWRrE9Yivw6-k02E85UtnbBs5v5HKowgZSqraCMDEadfHsqdI07nHkfY8c9V5p4itMUd4IVGYG5HZBNTDU4q5kz_3Y3XGxHl-O2XCbFpo2gB303OSfrINAPb6swGuDQT5I7LMa2A/w299-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(11).gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Site of the Munich Agreement today" width="299" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Standing in front of the grand staircase at the entrance. At 1.00 a.m. on September 30, Hitler concluded the meeting with a short address in which he expressed his appreciation for the foreign statesmen’s endeavours. The occasion was distinctly reminiscent of the first day of March 1935, when Hitler had to thank the three members of the League of Nations’s commission in Saarbrücken. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> News of the signature of the agreement led to great rejoicing among the inhabitants of Munich. That night and the following day, they cheered Chamberlain far more than they did Hitler, knowing that it had been Chamberlain’s effort alone that had averted the outbreak of war. They hoped that now the Western Powers would stand firm to prevent Hitler from carrying through his imperialist designs. For Bavaria, the September events had signalled the second mobilisation order since March. Hitler’s plans for war were transparent. After all, the citizens of Munich knew only too well what a discrepancy there was between his saccharine words and his deeds. Earlier than others in Germany, they developed an intense dislike of Hitler, and did little to mask their feelings. With the ability to do so, they would have long ago treated Hitler as they had King Louis II of Bavaria, by placing him under guardianship. The public display of sympathy for Chamberlain in 1938 was indicative of these proclivities.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVImWYvQuHclNdcF_oCNwFU16eZuFlvX2XBhfmuO6OwoCjbHigDNaiRhverW3A7a7Ez-SLscIImIraIl0y_QPXz2S5hC4F6XxgsLfOm3U6sxthjKWCvatW0Yh2cGPIen7jGDMRZsn1RLapfrhUqxxuxSl815YnRQw_hfBAwTwptA50a2q6bEhK5cLkvA/s434/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(4).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Site of the Munich Agreement today" border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="434" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVImWYvQuHclNdcF_oCNwFU16eZuFlvX2XBhfmuO6OwoCjbHigDNaiRhverW3A7a7Ez-SLscIImIraIl0y_QPXz2S5hC4F6XxgsLfOm3U6sxthjKWCvatW0Yh2cGPIen7jGDMRZsn1RLapfrhUqxxuxSl815YnRQw_hfBAwTwptA50a2q6bEhK5cLkvA/w400-h265/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(4).gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Site of the Munich Agreement today" width="400" /></a></span></span></span>In the eyes of the world public at large, Hitler appeared to have scored an overwhelming success. Without firing a shot, he had gained huge territories and an additional 3.5 million people. The prostrate Czechoslovakia was placed at his mercy. The Western Powers had lost prestige, particularly in the smaller states of southeastern Europe. There was yet another victor to emerge from the Munich Conference whose importance would become evident within a few months- Chamberlain. He had succeeded in securing Hitler’s signature on an international document that forced Hitler’s hand. Either the dictator was to abide by what he had signed, meaning that he would have to abandon his gluttonous appetite for annexation, or if he did break with the terms of the treaty, he would be discredited as the aggressor in front of the entire world. Ironically, Hitler himself was among the few who realized at the time that Chamberlain was indeed the true victor of Munich. After he bade Mussolini farewell at the train station at 1:50 a.m. and had returned home himself, it must have struck him to what extent he had let himself be trapped. He had invested a great deal of time and energy in evading the restraints of international agreements and conjuring up endless excuses so that his freedom of action would not be restricted by any means. Now he had allowed himself to be manipulated into signing an international agreement whose exigencies he could not possibly keep—lest he abandon all his dreams of conquest to the East to build the new Germanic- Reich. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span msonormal="" style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDqPCw7vvCxUeC9MudzJyybqYqArBlPvhd4AM9lbo1h_DgkxMQu1osG5DZ2Jhq8P_yUAfSPiBMvD9PmfwHk1UEqcdWHYu-LB92WxZ9236kZcDDcRUP8xT_ak_O6Eb3kKh9To2OSGRXbsTcaxktd6DAuCVOAR0iQJRvlKaM5geFMXWRYVo-sSqH3BMWpw/s415/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(6).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's office today where the Munich agreement was signed with Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini" border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="415" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDqPCw7vvCxUeC9MudzJyybqYqArBlPvhd4AM9lbo1h_DgkxMQu1osG5DZ2Jhq8P_yUAfSPiBMvD9PmfwHk1UEqcdWHYu-LB92WxZ9236kZcDDcRUP8xT_ak_O6Eb3kKh9To2OSGRXbsTcaxktd6DAuCVOAR0iQJRvlKaM5geFMXWRYVo-sSqH3BMWpw/w400-h293/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(6).gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Site of the Munich Agreement today" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span>Mussolini, Hitler, interpreter Paul Otto G. Schmidt, and Chamberlain on the right. On the morning of September 30, the Czechoslovak government was informed of the results by the German side. The Czechoslovak government felt isolated and feared that in the event of a refusal, Germany, with the support of Hungary and probably Poland as well, would attack immediately, whilst help from the West could no longer be counted on. Their hope was therefore that by accepting the agreement as a whole with the next international commission, further demands would be averted. President Edward Benes came to the conclusion that in the event of a rejection there would be an honourable war "in which we not only lose our self-determination, but the people will be murdered". The decision therefore boiled down to saving at least the core of the Czechoslovak state.<span> </span><a href="http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa5576%200x003b0548.pdf">Czech Foreign Minister Kamil Krofta told</a><span> </span>the British, French and Italian envoys on September 30 "[o]n behalf of the President of the Republic and my government, I declare that we submit to the decisions made in Munich without us and against us. [...] I don't want to criticise, but for us this is a catastrophe that we didn't deserve. We submit and will strive to secure a peaceful life for our people. I do not know whether your countries will benefit from this decision taken in Munich. Alone, we are not the last, others will be affected after us.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7r4DYaAkJwLM1bpCwBaDJotpu6lPuF0ClNxi9cUBiL-m8Wm3v1r4aJ4I4L2YHIPpQ61UsyyJiNOa75F3Dg9X7FV3bTLXi1jKWcXms0hSv05jXw5vGbDwvzToD0Ur-A5HKWnjNoiTlEFrmlELhcNQYsNJ0Ouva7-VjJ3C_RUl9A5sMRHY6KYS0V7srfQ/s412/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(8).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Site of the Munich Agreement today" border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="412" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7r4DYaAkJwLM1bpCwBaDJotpu6lPuF0ClNxi9cUBiL-m8Wm3v1r4aJ4I4L2YHIPpQ61UsyyJiNOa75F3Dg9X7FV3bTLXi1jKWcXms0hSv05jXw5vGbDwvzToD0Ur-A5HKWnjNoiTlEFrmlELhcNQYsNJ0Ouva7-VjJ3C_RUl9A5sMRHY6KYS0V7srfQ/w400-h289/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(8).gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Site of the Munich Agreement today" width="400" /></a></span></span></span><span>There is no doubt that Hitler did not want a major war in 1938. "Führer wants no war", noted his army adjutant in his diary on the 28th. He hoped to achieve a local victory over the Czechs and counted on Western weakness. Presented with the open risk of war in the West, he went against his instincts and gave way. ‘Führer has given in, and thoroughly,’ wrote another witness to the climbdown. At Munich he was irritable and unsmiling. When Chamberlain left the city on 30 September Hitler is alleged to have said: ‘If ever that silly old man comes interfering here again with his umbrella, I’ll kick him downstairs ...’ If Munich was a public defeat it was a private gain. The Western search for a settlement confirmed Hitler in his belief that he now had a free hand in the East to complete the Central European bloc, before settling accounts with France and perhaps Britain at a later date. Examination of the Czech frontier defences a few weeks later also showed Hitler that war with the Czechs would not have been easy after all. Without the defences the rump Czech state was powerless. ‘What a marvellous starting position we have now,’ he told Speer. ‘We are over the mountains and already in the valleys of Bohemia.’ </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span center="" text-align:=""><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Overy (56-57)<span> </span><i><a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/1999/03/essays-on-corfu-and-bulgarian-incidents.html">Road to War</a></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI9-cbzycnquiahPHzkkDevVcjyRT3kyJT_axAi6TYYwlzkrH1oH8tzAn0IBLo-PEyuNt54EMXnP2Poa7DC6sXpqMSwikmCv2p4_Ic2pq0-CtTqFiaSgO4cL8YZ7Nlepl3P7Wzkp5UCB4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252852%2529.gif" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="661" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI9-cbzycnquiahPHzkkDevVcjyRT3kyJT_axAi6TYYwlzkrH1oH8tzAn0IBLo-PEyuNt54EMXnP2Poa7DC6sXpqMSwikmCv2p4_Ic2pq0-CtTqFiaSgO4cL8YZ7Nlepl3P7Wzkp5UCB4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252852%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 185px; width: 408px;" /><span> </span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv89mf1ZC229myRVI9oJUs_K-AjMARYVQwNBdLwyx8hQNpjLVvheSMg4m9Jgt23-deENnVO-8afzT2YUmPoKC7M8UjSNVHuuVGs4wdiyGa3xdrzQVfk8nkeKO7qyOCSCA6si179RH8Se4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252851%2529.gif" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="459" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv89mf1ZC229myRVI9oJUs_K-AjMARYVQwNBdLwyx8hQNpjLVvheSMg4m9Jgt23-deENnVO-8afzT2YUmPoKC7M8UjSNVHuuVGs4wdiyGa3xdrzQVfk8nkeKO7qyOCSCA6si179RH8Se4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252851%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 185px; width: 245px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span> <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler and Mussolini walking past from stills captured from archival footage of the conference. On the right shows me standing at the door to Hitler's office where the conference concluded with the signing of the Munich agreement</span><span style="font-size: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span center="" text-align:=""><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAROGTVi18ohvtdbyT3eTpaZls7O7n-GoBVJ2tUhuhPh_3HkX8WKO6XWAhY54bB4cc9Gk7lC8HuL-ZQ-df77stT449mJEvQ0llbLlYbqEY-2oZd63g9H0WHOE2QD8tGJTl7D9Rx5mLBfnWD7ORGsPoxvA04JmSTCcefOQSyx4kf9AWA85C-zMeEts4pQ/s409/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(5).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Site of the Munich Agreement today" border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="409" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAROGTVi18ohvtdbyT3eTpaZls7O7n-GoBVJ2tUhuhPh_3HkX8WKO6XWAhY54bB4cc9Gk7lC8HuL-ZQ-df77stT449mJEvQ0llbLlYbqEY-2oZd63g9H0WHOE2QD8tGJTl7D9Rx5mLBfnWD7ORGsPoxvA04JmSTCcefOQSyx4kf9AWA85C-zMeEts4pQ/w400-h297/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(5).gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Site of the Munich Agreement today" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The painting above the fireplace is of Otto von<span> </span><a href="https://www.thirdreichruins.com/munich3.htm">Bismarck by Lenbach</a>. Hitler’s fury at the Munich Agreement could not be stemmed by the flood of congratulatory telegrams from abroad and from across the country Reich, which conveyed appreciation of the settlements arrived at in the treaty. In contrast to Hitler’s mood of September 30 and October 1, Germans were most happy and relieved now that the threat of war had apparently receded. Overall the Munich Agreement was regarded, even within the Party, as an astonishing victory for Hitler. By securing the favourable terms of the agreement, the German media and propaganda campaign had played a crucial role, forcing the Western Powers to capitulate at the expense of Czechoslovakia. The Commander in Chief of the Army, Colonel General von Brauchitsch, made the following revealing statement in Berlin as he congratulated Goebbels: “Our weapons were not allowed to speak. Your weapons [press and propaganda] have won!” The assertion made by Stalin at the Potsdam Conference on July 18, 1945 that after the Munich Agreement Czechs were expelled on a large scale from the Sudeten-German border areas into the interior of the country has since been disproved in academic research. In Moscow in 1943, during the war, Beneš obtained approval for a large “population transfer” in a personal conversation with Stalin. The agreement resulted in a number of advantages for the further war plans of Nazi Germany according to Churchill. The Czechoslovakian border fortifications did not have to be overcome. Most of these fortifications were located in the Sudetenland. After the war, Chief of Staff Franz<span> </span><a href="http://militera.lib.ru/db/0/pdf/halder_eng6.pdf">Halder even claimed</a><span> </span>that the Czechoslovak system of fortifications was “impregnable and insurmountable”.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span 1940.="" a="" and="" bene="" between="" czechoslovak="" exile="" founded="" german="" government="" in="" nationality="" of="" on="" options="" president="" questions="" reich="" republic="" resigned="" span="" the="" treaty=""><span b="" blogger.googleusercontent.com="" ezgif.com-gif-maker="" gif="" https:="" img="" s364="" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" vxsehaeb8ih075ietq_35r_cc5yuhjidtkignoif4f4wwuhulg-vook4t6lrbgnmcscuzyis9kioalzpae2yfvlzxhfnsad416cg8ijdsai8dn40_gh4qqnmozu-9govwg52kcz13wavlowgszmwojhfrjqewxq7eokve953sa3vumognaffgzx2xighdhzq="" vz2xl=""><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="364" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaeb8IH075ietq_35r_cC5yUHJiDTkiGNoif4f4WWuhUlG-voOk4t6lrbGnmCScuzYiS9KiOAlzpae2YfVLzxhFNsAd416Cg8IjdsAi8Dn40_GH4qQNMozu-9GOVwg52kcz13waVlOWgsZmwoJHfrJQewxq7EoKVE953sA3VumoGNaFFgzX2XIgHdhzQ/w400-h299/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(2).gif" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span>A military solution might have decisively changed the course of history. In 1938 was the Wehrmacht still under construction and would (after Churchill) have suffered serious losses. At that time, the Czechoslovak army was one of the strongest and best-equipped armies in Central Europe.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span center="" text-align:=""><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>On March 15, 1939, the "rest of the Czech Republic", as it was called during the Nazi era, was occupied by the German Wehrmacht in violation of international law, which was a breach of the Munich Agreement. After this de facto annexation of Czechoslovakia, the protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , which was under German territorial sovereignty, was established. Slovakia, now a clerical-fascist “protective state”, was recognised by the Germans on March 14, 1939; the founding "protection treaty" was concluded a few days later on March 23. Complete control of what was formerly Czechoslovakia was important to Hitler for strategic reasons, especially since this long strip of land stretched right into the middle of the Greater German Reich.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>After the occupation of the Sudeten German territories, Germany benefited from commodity trading contracts and foreign exchange earnings from the former Czechoslovakia, which, unlike Germany, benefited from the most-favoured-nation clause. The Czechs, who repossessed the Sudetenland in 1945, after the re-establishment of Czechoslovakia, regarded the local population of German nationality – just as the Slovaks regarded the population of Hungarian nationality – as enemies; also people who had acted against the Nazis. It wasn't until the end of the communist era in 1989 that private property was returned to Czech citizens, and expellees were compensated by Germany. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><img alt="Hitler stepping out of the Fiihrerbau after the first meeting, behind him Reichsfuhrer ϟϟ Himmler and ϟϟ Gruppenfuhrer Schaub." data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_7-2cryBRoEW9N0zzpHfhszl1xZSnari5S34ZrYe5NG-ULzzHXdWZt2JUhiFiP4JLBv9l-hrPs9hGFOCd10Cd4bGOUDJD5nCNlZwLYJgdIRYBxXkOsgNeFDhS-VclqqqXau0LpmPM9bY/w333-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252829%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_7-2cryBRoEW9N0zzpHfhszl1xZSnari5S34ZrYe5NG-ULzzHXdWZt2JUhiFiP4JLBv9l-hrPs9hGFOCd10Cd4bGOUDJD5nCNlZwLYJgdIRYBxXkOsgNeFDhS-VclqqqXau0LpmPM9bY/w333-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252829%2529.gif" style="height: 415px; width: 346px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiex6wzN-lklP74a_41cqQCk1WjVsiiVeHUHkJBpbzLTnOF2p5D9rSmuh2n3vBRqRgh_LvBGeMj78L5p6MPUlGKgQH1wHAUKVQCCoQAhyzObbNZrbD2GVycpzZpmoFBMCiIX5pzNUjwQDcT/w348-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252828%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiex6wzN-lklP74a_41cqQCk1WjVsiiVeHUHkJBpbzLTnOF2p5D9rSmuh2n3vBRqRgh_LvBGeMj78L5p6MPUlGKgQH1wHAUKVQCCoQAhyzObbNZrbD2GVycpzZpmoFBMCiIX5pzNUjwQDcT/w348-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252828%2529.gif" style="height: 415px; width: 361px;" /></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler stepping out of the Führerbau after the first meeting, behind him Reichsführer<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span> </span>Himmler and<span> </span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span> </span>Gruppenfuhrer Schaub.</span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="The reichsadler being removed and dismantled on the Führer balcony after the war and its empty plinth today" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO24UCxFg4VSpzr3mVGC7gqJJ5hwhKq5LQR0pIiq-lVmyyZ7CVFVxr5y56rloY17-4ILG3M5wgil-8_ntSKu9olgvGtlg5rR7Zqf3LM0Y8Q-JNqhXL5kiZf61jSswNh9spl8gjnUQCENEJc9DwYqDIr4qGhUXJ6ygVrKoXxj5pDvIJppseRW9xCy19xw/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(7).gif" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO24UCxFg4VSpzr3mVGC7gqJJ5hwhKq5LQR0pIiq-lVmyyZ7CVFVxr5y56rloY17-4ILG3M5wgil-8_ntSKu9olgvGtlg5rR7Zqf3LM0Y8Q-JNqhXL5kiZf61jSswNh9spl8gjnUQCENEJc9DwYqDIr4qGhUXJ6ygVrKoXxj5pDvIJppseRW9xCy19xw/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(7).gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 300px; width: 305px;" title="The reichsadler being removed and dismantled on the Führer balcony after the war and its empty plinth today" /><span><span><span><span> </span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO30gGJp4quk6atH0lT3_blXf3CcjYHETdwYvC7oI6jLRuXt4SPa15rtzI1_KvM2f7gmHUiLolWQAxWZdXUf8KGq4vOf7P5Zr0Vq4KIdU-TeGthZe1WkT9GyOLH5FRXkinqJdAK_P61NU/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-06-07+at+13.09.45.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO30gGJp4quk6atH0lT3_blXf3CcjYHETdwYvC7oI6jLRuXt4SPa15rtzI1_KvM2f7gmHUiLolWQAxWZdXUf8KGq4vOf7P5Zr0Vq4KIdU-TeGthZe1WkT9GyOLH5FRXkinqJdAK_P61NU/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-06-07+at+13.09.45.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 300px; width: 329px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> The reichsadler being removed and dismantled on the Führer balcony after the war and its empty plinth today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTQLtu73Bjay8S0_JojlNRDAEUKxmimbVd9vf4W8Y-prJCxrL-9c_gvv7rs4xHOM8pFnHizv37seXAtM-RiDCrWMvXeK8162-zukyzFUgMfpumgYDjsHbthp6gfuKGynXiTIdZ-0Pkkib/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252835%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's entourage, including Göring, Mussolini and Ciano, leaving after signing the Munich agreement in the early hours of September 30." border="0" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="416" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTQLtu73Bjay8S0_JojlNRDAEUKxmimbVd9vf4W8Y-prJCxrL-9c_gvv7rs4xHOM8pFnHizv37seXAtM-RiDCrWMvXeK8162-zukyzFUgMfpumgYDjsHbthp6gfuKGynXiTIdZ-0Pkkib/w400-h330/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252835%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Hitler's entourage, including Göring, Mussolini and Ciano, leaving after signing the Munich agreement in the early hours of September 30." width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler's entourage, including Göring, Mussolini and Ciano, leaving after signing the agreement in the early hours of September 30. In the eyes of the world public at large, Hitler appeared to have scored an overwhelming success. Without firing a shot, he had gained huge territories and an additional 3.5 millions of people. The prostrate Czechoslovakia was placed at his mercy whilst the Western Powers had lost prestige, particularly in the smaller states of southeastern Europe. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>While others thought of the Munich agreement of 1938 as a sign of German triumph and as a symbol of weak-kneed acquiescence in aggression, Hitler looked on it as a terrible disappointment then and as the greatest error of his career later. He had been cheated of war and, after destroying what was left of Czechoslovakia anyway, he would move toward war in a manner calculated to preclude what he considered the disappointing outcome of 1938.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://epdf.pub/a-world-at-arms-a-global-history-of-world-war-ii526dc417d2fb5339b1cf52a018ba6be973926.html"><span>Weinberg (28)<span style="font-style: italic;"><span> </span>A World at Arms</span></span></a></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL1sfSftKAbUEHpYi9P-B4Pp2JHM9p2yFwZtm2Ny0OTEE9hDKzu5Z7KFtwcfQVg5EtNL3YyE_wmPFDa_4Sy1jUURw_jrHSq4AxTGPMbOr0LZ0fmUfdhOa93ztf9yBtQRm6wvmeuVXWWik/s1600/tmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8yHvDRFxsxFaKDRsHvU9PaFb2Dtl39tyjY3_WKZ7WZOGFN0bRR-FSRb7Y_LK7blD984gnWCp-2Z7Etnh9LFupSe_nDAOyh5JKN43kvU9Betk2NyWI0nixJT5zc8f3u9mj1PaCqFbBpf9x/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Chamberlain Hitler's 770K Großer-Mercedes open touring parade car in the foreground- note his personal standard with my red ensign-decked bike behind today. Kempka is the driver as Hitler's personal bodyguard ϟϟ Karl Wilhelm Kraus" border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="366" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8yHvDRFxsxFaKDRsHvU9PaFb2Dtl39tyjY3_WKZ7WZOGFN0bRR-FSRb7Y_LK7blD984gnWCp-2Z7Etnh9LFupSe_nDAOyh5JKN43kvU9Betk2NyWI0nixJT5zc8f3u9mj1PaCqFbBpf9x/w400-h282/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Chamberlain Hitler's 770K Großer-Mercedes open touring parade car in the foreground- note his personal standard with my red ensign-decked bike behind today. Kempka is the driver as Hitler's personal bodyguard ϟϟ Karl Wilhelm Kraus" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler's 770K Großer-Mercedes open touring parade car in the foreground- note his personal standard with my red ensign-decked bike behind today. Kempka is the driver as Hitler's personal bodyguard<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Karl Wilhelm Krause sits directly behind Hitler in the mid-carright hand side jump seat. An LSSAH Honour Guard is drawn up in front, with a grossly distorted Union Jack hanging in the background.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span><span><span><span><span> The GIF below shows<span> </span><span><span><span><span>Hitler meeting with the Romanian head of government, General Ion Antonescu, at the Führerbau<span> </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>on the morning of June 12, 1941 just ten days before the launch of Operation Barbarossa</span></span></span>. Before the meeting, Antonescu had laid wreaths at the monument on the Königlicher Platz. The stereotypical communiqué on the talks reported that the “meeting had taken place in the spirit of the heartfelt friendship between Germany and Romania.” Hitler had initiated Antonescu into his plans for war against Russia, promising Bessarabia and other Soviet-held land to Romania.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Antonescu</span></span></span><span> </span>was delighted:</span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtlipmzVPfuoXF7KQKSjIBcgY4JcSUZ3ymz1xlQnOKd0N-snlMUUkwg8LjvCA9XzMzd2mleocAqwSpXuFa0GnSgTL2mdICiNaAXL-gHaeNHfN3mTACjSbEQJnJmx4ZPguFvVMsrPPdrTNC/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252827%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Antonescu Hitler" border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="284" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtlipmzVPfuoXF7KQKSjIBcgY4JcSUZ3ymz1xlQnOKd0N-snlMUUkwg8LjvCA9XzMzd2mleocAqwSpXuFa0GnSgTL2mdICiNaAXL-gHaeNHfN3mTACjSbEQJnJmx4ZPguFvVMsrPPdrTNC/w243-h320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252827%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Antonescu Hitler" width="243" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>“Of course, I will be there from day one. If you go against the Slavs, you can always count on Romania.” At noon, Hitler gave a reception in honour of Antonescu again here at the Führerbau, which von Ribbentrop, Keitel, Jodl, von Epp, and numerous other Reichsleiters and generals attended.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Antonescu outlined his strategic goals at his third meeting with the Führer in Munich on 12 June 1941. He repeated his declaration, made at previous meetings between the two leaders, that the Romanian people were ready to march unto death alongside the Axis since they had absolute faith in the Führer’s sense of justice. The Romanian people had bound its fate to that of Germany because the two peoples complemented each other both economically and politically, and they had a common danger to confront. This was the Slav danger, which had to be ended once and for all. It was Antonescu’s opinion that a postponement of the conflict with Russia would prejudice the chances of an Axis victory. The Romanian people, he continued, wanted the moment of reckoning with Russia to come as soon as possible so that they could take revenge for all that they had suffered at the hands of the Russians. Ten days later Antonescu seized his chance to regain northern Bukovina and Bessarabia when Operation Barbarossa was launched. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Stahel (66-67)<span> </span><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/joining-hitlers-crusade/national-armies/7AE82691B6FD1062120C1CD99A4457E6/core-reader">Joining Hitler’s Crusade</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Nazi eagle replaced by the American bald eagle" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYofBd2piAF7tOclxDLc6Zi8OB0vjIiIUm4BBU8KS0VJ4BvJy_Rg7zjsjSg6p1nlUaIWyTiug1UJp6W5gg-bN0UlpVdB0S3p96O4JAuB55JUYGDLPDJ_bmvxEaxe1FiEQM3zqAAxJHEuo/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252878%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYofBd2piAF7tOclxDLc6Zi8OB0vjIiIUm4BBU8KS0VJ4BvJy_Rg7zjsjSg6p1nlUaIWyTiug1UJp6W5gg-bN0UlpVdB0S3p96O4JAuB55JUYGDLPDJ_bmvxEaxe1FiEQM3zqAAxJHEuo/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252878%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 440px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ikSXJic5ph1DnpLIcVRtr2JeoaXY0kPIQVw412Xentt5YyXBNfqvTccIq1xI4eDYVMfQ3o8W_iCCu5d2zwZ3HHImHrmla86MBbzZd-Q_0_eKLFuRt3T7NZBVZbi706c7IWB5jNRVjHo/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252879%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ikSXJic5ph1DnpLIcVRtr2JeoaXY0kPIQVw412Xentt5YyXBNfqvTccIq1xI4eDYVMfQ3o8W_iCCu5d2zwZ3HHImHrmla86MBbzZd-Q_0_eKLFuRt3T7NZBVZbi706c7IWB5jNRVjHo/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252879%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 196px;" /></div><div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
Nazi eagle was later replaced by the American bald eagle as members of
the American military are shown paying their respects as they enter the
building.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6PNybL09hpqZn8nfVk9qaiokiqtgJ_R4P2EaGxo8vDrZTwuimmonh98728RX86WauKCtklHGYk-E4xhhVRlIuwJkXrM-7EcHERzA-zmmTy3dOVSkh0vwyztMRKEZIijf0dgjKTcrhQwb3kR6w72Y7OKv43nF_sW38owJnh56xrna2uc7NRciIrNdDYQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-09-07T094351.436.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6PNybL09hpqZn8nfVk9qaiokiqtgJ_R4P2EaGxo8vDrZTwuimmonh98728RX86WauKCtklHGYk-E4xhhVRlIuwJkXrM-7EcHERzA-zmmTy3dOVSkh0vwyztMRKEZIijf0dgjKTcrhQwb3kR6w72Y7OKv43nF_sW38owJnh56xrna2uc7NRciIrNdDYQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-09-07T094351.436.gif" style="cursor: move; height: 235px; width: 311px;" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Inside
the former the Great Hall which has now been converted into a concert
hall; I enjoyed complete access to the building to take the photos shown
here as a student trains as a classical pianist here. Despite claiming </span></span></span></span></span>to simply be using music to exorcise the daemons of the past to justify their use of this historic space, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>shockingly
on September 29, 2012 this room in the Musikhochschule was allowed
to be decorated in slightly-defaced Nazi flags as part of an event
entitled "<a href="http://www.klassenkampf-statt-weltkrieg.de/2013/index.html">Klassenkampf statt Weltkrieg</a> (Class Warfare instead of World War) shown below on the right. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span>After the war three strategies were pursued to de-Nazify the buildings that made up the Parteizentrum der NSDAP, involving transformative adaptation, oblivion, and destruction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span> </span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjigsogyCf2ChG1-CE7rNSCdihp5wsuURr9VvQBOUNitbqo9sp-MMrXoIQFyhV6bvbVdE1RO9qWnfA4SnJWutjV2FfCh7GwS6OtAzCy8DdUzs_K-8eL-PGwVXsNuuOqJB6mbz3kelalKGUtq-fUx0zUnKk_AJlDOI3tY4-Wy9JizZHYVsFCoJRYQO8ccw/s320/Screenshot%202022-09-07%20at%2009.40.43.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjigsogyCf2ChG1-CE7rNSCdihp5wsuURr9VvQBOUNitbqo9sp-MMrXoIQFyhV6bvbVdE1RO9qWnfA4SnJWutjV2FfCh7GwS6OtAzCy8DdUzs_K-8eL-PGwVXsNuuOqJB6mbz3kelalKGUtq-fUx0zUnKk_AJlDOI3tY4-Wy9JizZHYVsFCoJRYQO8ccw/s320/Screenshot%202022-09-07%20at%2009.40.43.png" style="cursor: move; height: 235px; width: 313px;" /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The most complex of the three is transformative adaptation. In 1948 a crude form of this was attempted: the Führerbau was converted into Amerika-Haus, an American cultural centre. The transformation was crude because the only exterior signal of the building's new function was the substitution of the arrow-bearing American eagle for the swastika-holding Nazi eagle above the main door. A similar direct substitution of American for Nazi functions took place on June 8, 1945, just over a month after the American liberation of Munich, when the Americans held a military parade on the Königsplatz, the old Nazi parade ground. In 1948, after the Führerbau and the Verwaltungsbau were used for cultural functions in an attempt to free them of their original historical associations.<br />Thus, the Führerbau housed the reading room of the destroyed Bavarian State Library, and the Verwaltungsbau was the home for the Central Art Collecting Point, which attempted to repatriate works of art stolen by the Nazis. This strategy of “artistic reeducation" (to quote Nerdinger) continues to this day: the Führerbau houses the Hochschule für Musik; the Verwaltungsbau, the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte, the Graphische Sammlung, and the archaeological institute of the University. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://www.academia.edu/7771214/The_Politics_of_Derestoration_The_Aegina_Pediments_and_the_German_Confrontation_with_the_Past">William J. Diebold,<span> </span><i>The Politics of Derestoration: The Aegina Pediments and the German Confrontation with the Past</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJgbvxzus24Ta0vc3lZ-WUZHhS_rGYPlc9cauGvapGrxvxnZBY0krteHwbt0gcqdAWL9X1xXcJDcyJJpmvbqe-mTmG8ob3JbFM7f5pFgsYEYA3dtKzSaclpVKVSt5qA6MZETIqQOfpqQDR/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252811%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Das Braune Haus behind the Temples of Honour with part of the Führerbau, now replaced by the Nazi Documentation centre" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="650" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJgbvxzus24Ta0vc3lZ-WUZHhS_rGYPlc9cauGvapGrxvxnZBY0krteHwbt0gcqdAWL9X1xXcJDcyJJpmvbqe-mTmG8ob3JbFM7f5pFgsYEYA3dtKzSaclpVKVSt5qA6MZETIqQOfpqQDR/w682-h294/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252811%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Das Braune Haus behind the Temples of Honour with part of the Führerbau, now replaced by the Nazi Documentation centre" width="682" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0"><span style="font-style: italic;">Das Braune Haus</span><span> </span>behind the Temples of Honour with part of the<span> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Führerbau</span>, now replaced by the Nazi Documentation centre, opened 2015.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span><span> </span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Verwaltungsbau</b> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Museum für Abgüsse Klassischer Bildwerke München (Haus der Kulturinstitute)" border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="503" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyLl0o2WkN5sTooeRcs2eVRrISpEEAAbtNirUqxg9WBidwoPmoZFB2POewvZ1tS_lkoumWl0i2r_a-eNSkgzrq6VzBw8vk8vXVeQVgu3GYj7OKa7T0InH3rx22xE_A0VF_nbv0Uf0ug6Q/w400-h257/ezgif.com-optimize+%252825%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Museum für Abgüsse Klassischer Bildwerke München (Haus der Kulturinstitute)" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>On Meiserstrasse 10 (across from the offices of the Fuehrer's deputy) was the Nazi Party's Central Office, now the<span> </span><a href="http://www.abgussmuseum.de/">Museum für Abgüsse Klassischer Bildwerke München</a><span> </span>(Haus der Kulturinstitute); the remains of a 'temple of honour' now overgrown with vegetation. The two large blue banners above the entrances commemorate the building's 7oth anniversary. Identical to the Fuehrerbau to which it is linked by a 105 metre tunnel, this was the office of the Reich treasurer and where filing cabinets held the information for 8.5 million party members which would later prove crucial for the Americans' denazification process. It later held much of the stolen art eventually recovered. The building is located on the former site of the Palais Pringsheim, which belonged to the mathematician Alfred Pringsheim until November 1933. Pringsheim, a German Jew and father-in-law of Thomas Mann, was<span> </span><a href="https://www.hss.de/news/detail/gesichter-unseres-landes-alfred-pringsheim-news7994/">forced to sell his property</a><span> </span>after the Nazi seizure of power which then demolished his property to build in its place this neoclassical building near the Königsplatz by architect Paul Ludwig Troost. It served as a representative of the Nazis' administration building. Located on three floors, the offices were grouped around two courtyards. On the ground floor in the centre of the building was a library extending to the second floor which still serves its original purpose today. </span></span></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij6yOQFB8j2pO4GUTLVuen_7VjfcFuNGLS4jH-m8AKA3NjzAz6po2ZxqFRXIurrifGCKWlSbBLh6SV87fHj5ilWNezwp-HBC9QnlOqW2pQ03H3SJ0KWrBt0BMboscPx6jiLwZkiuijnRQFqg-MQzXwVKMGMPPazn1RVT4WFdZkWlmVcc-1QwehEIfFYg/s320/20170627_192752.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="180" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij6yOQFB8j2pO4GUTLVuen_7VjfcFuNGLS4jH-m8AKA3NjzAz6po2ZxqFRXIurrifGCKWlSbBLh6SV87fHj5ilWNezwp-HBC9QnlOqW2pQ03H3SJ0KWrBt0BMboscPx6jiLwZkiuijnRQFqg-MQzXwVKMGMPPazn1RVT4WFdZkWlmVcc-1QwehEIfFYg/w233-h320/20170627_192752.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="233" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Even the bronze light fixtures and foyer table remain<span> </span><i>in situ,<span> </span></i><a href="https://www.thirdreichruins.com/munich3.htm">the only two period furnishings that remain</a><span> </span>today. Much had been looted on the evening of April 29, 1945<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>and for the next several days and nights,<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>when dozens of people from Munich and the surrounding area<span> </span><a href="https://pilot-demo.jdcrp.org/essays/fate-of-the-schloss-collection/">converged here and at the Führerbau</a><span> </span>looking for food and alcohol, finding instead furniture, administrative files and the hundreds of paintings stored throughout the building. 262 paintings were still in the air raid shelters. Further looting took place when troops of the American 7th Army arrived the next day and following days. As Edgar Breitenbach, an Art Intelligence Officer from the CCP München,<span> </span><a href="https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.7767/9783205201564-005?download=true">related in 1949</a>:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><blockquote>During the night preceding the occupation of Munich, after the SS guards protecting the Party building had fled, the people from the neighbourhood, joined by DP’s [sic] began to loot the Nazi buildings around the Koenigsplatz. When all the food and liquor and much of the furniture had been carted off, the crowd stormed the air raid cellar of the Fuehrerbau, where about 500 paintings were stored, disregarding the piles of the Panzerfaust grenades over which they had to climb. By the end of the second day, when the looting was finally stopped, all the pictures were gone.</blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span> <span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQKtowKPfUWSf4v2-CMs1tfkEwRpesOH1IXNIJhu5vFt_QJ7-H37uHJiejlxikTybOZ1A2xTL7Sl5zvPwqJ4LmwE8F3XEHxpDUe9FwTlHYIsKs12I6IoTcVpqZTZZn1GFS3Ko56x6HXsDFfszYeVEDdrk0O29Q6UK5MRUq8qZSfe7Yop86WV_3Ss8ECw/s360/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-24T171058.851.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi Christmas" border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="360" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQKtowKPfUWSf4v2-CMs1tfkEwRpesOH1IXNIJhu5vFt_QJ7-H37uHJiejlxikTybOZ1A2xTL7Sl5zvPwqJ4LmwE8F3XEHxpDUe9FwTlHYIsKs12I6IoTcVpqZTZZn1GFS3Ko56x6HXsDFfszYeVEDdrk0O29Q6UK5MRUq8qZSfe7Yop86WV_3Ss8ECw/w400-h297/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-24T171058.851.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Nazi Christmas" width="400" /></a>Christmas 1937 and today- the building remains completely unchanged.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">As part of the progressive sacralisation of Nazi ideology, the Christian character of<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Christmas<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>was to be<span> </span><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20141153">celebrated instead as the winter solstice</a><span> </span>and "confessional celebration for the people and leaders". This was seen in the vocabulary used through terms such as "confession", "holy", "light of faith"<span> </span><i>et cet</i>. in the speeches and writings on the solstice celebration bringing these aspects closer to Christian celebrations. The parallels in form and function between ideological and Christian cult were obvious and intentional so as to elevate Nazi ideology similar to that of a religion. The course of such a celebration as seen here was largely standardised, beginning with a trumpet call, the solemn lighting of the fire, followed by speeches, votive offerings and songs. The highlight was the commemoration of the dead, accompanied by the throwing of wreaths into the fire. The celebration ended with a "Sieg Heil" for the leader and the singing of the national anthem and the Horst Wessel song. The propaganda leadership of the Nazi Party drew up sample schedules for the celebrations, in which even the texts of the speeches were specified. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-eLQmGzfkAaFZvfHpUDXSZFhyjJtts7_i2QtXFT21oz-LjIBq_Wfw6DgbZJlmRPOhRyKBeYEhheJJtKSk1P_Fx1Jcn7WhQJNhDLt2eIgs7L0gr0hVS_fNBs9QFFZMbXJFdKI0lyjHHeub/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-eLQmGzfkAaFZvfHpUDXSZFhyjJtts7_i2QtXFT21oz-LjIBq_Wfw6DgbZJlmRPOhRyKBeYEhheJJtKSk1P_Fx1Jcn7WhQJNhDLt2eIgs7L0gr0hVS_fNBs9QFFZMbXJFdKI0lyjHHeub/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" width="300" /></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>After the war the building served the American army as a central repository for works of art that had been confiscated or stolen by the Nazis after which it continued to serve a cultural use. Therefore, six cultural institutions are now housed in the building. It is the Department of Egyptology, the Institute of Classical Archaeology, the Central Institute for Art History, the administrations of the National Print Room, the National Antiquities Collections & Glyptothek Munich and the State Museum of Egyptian Art. Its furnishings and décor for the most part remain unchanged to this day.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Probably my favourite place to visit in Munich given the vast number of casts and classical replicas throughout, the collection had originally stored 379 casts at the Münzkabinett in the former Jesuitenkolleg near St. Michael before obtaining rooms in the northern court squares of the Residenz. By 1932 the collection became one of the three largest in Germany only for 2,398 of its casts falling victim to the air raids as mentioned above. It took over thirty years until the systematic reconstruction of the museum under Paul Zanker began. In 1976, the Haus der Kulturinstitute was established as a new location on the Meiserstraße. From 1981-1991 it was temporarily impossible to show the collection because of constant reconstruction during the renovation of the building. The museum has only been around for about a decade, but already its collection of approximately 1,780 casts is one of the four largest in Germany.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9SosyHJKn_p4btbJXMlO3i_ziHtgG0zRDRP8c63rAxLIAY7V1rYPeiNrCZIK6vSZ_dg55PMpHZ2rDHK33xZ9WoxoHt6spaGc8rCrPIeeT7UWZuC8jYZzhg11eq2l6gf1ztBf05efdorNjXa6ST9fH4T6bD5tb5AUahd1JCoUi1fYfU0wxr_c_2-6KkMMR/s403/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(100).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="403" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9SosyHJKn_p4btbJXMlO3i_ziHtgG0zRDRP8c63rAxLIAY7V1rYPeiNrCZIK6vSZ_dg55PMpHZ2rDHK33xZ9WoxoHt6spaGc8rCrPIeeT7UWZuC8jYZzhg11eq2l6gf1ztBf05efdorNjXa6ST9fH4T6bD5tb5AUahd1JCoUi1fYfU0wxr_c_2-6KkMMR/w391-h257/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(100).gif" style="cursor: move;" width="391" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Under the basement there was another level where, among other things, a bunker system was found.<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The library then, during a speech by<i><span> </span>Reichsschatzmeister</i><span> </span>Franz Xaver Schwarz on February 9, 1942, and today as the Bibliothekssaal des Zentralinstituts für Kunstgeschichte. As “Reich Treasurer of the Nazi Party” and SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer, Schwarz was one of the most important functionaries of the party. Schwarz had met Hitler for the first time in 1922, in whom he immediately claims to have recognised the "man of destiny". That year he joined the Nazi Party for the first time. On March 21, 1925, Hitler gave him the office of Reich Treasurer, making him the chief administrator of party finances and party membership. This full-time job, which had previously been held by Max Amann, he practiced for almost twenty years despite his advanced age, until the end of the Nazi regime in May 1945. Through this Schwarz had full control of all matters related to Nazi Party finances and property. In 1932, together with Paul Schulz, Schwarz founded a secret Femeleitung (secret party tribunal) of the party. Captured by the Americans after the war, Schwarz died in December 1947 as a prisoner in the Regensburg camp. He was posthumously classified as a 'Hauptschuldiger' and his entire fortune, with the exception of 3,000 Reichsmarks which was left to his widow, was confiscated.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG0j117pny2jlVN2yGW-RlXI2PJ4iQggEsLCmUEWNaJdBRBZIW5bJ4_2LZmZXr9s8l9JybBiFqlTCEwjTOtkULbIXbzRaOYg1CoomGaDIb9AvaY1ocKGxmOsoDm5RyrGZgZjfjG8s6pMK-/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252834%2529.gif" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="289" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG0j117pny2jlVN2yGW-RlXI2PJ4iQggEsLCmUEWNaJdBRBZIW5bJ4_2LZmZXr9s8l9JybBiFqlTCEwjTOtkULbIXbzRaOYg1CoomGaDIb9AvaY1ocKGxmOsoDm5RyrGZgZjfjG8s6pMK-/w368-h311/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252834%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: default; height: 245px; width: 290px;" width="368" /></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The<span> </span><i>Karteisaal</i><span> </span>in 1935 with cabinets containing the Nazi member card index in the basement.<span style="font-size: normal;"> According to<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=44&p=1525525"><span style="font-size: normal;">Geoff Walden</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">there was a Verbindungsgang (service tunnel) running between the Führerbau and Verwaltungsbau, several metres beneath the ground surface. There was also a parallel tunnel for heating pipes running beneath both buildings and on to the main heating system beneath the building just to the south of the Verwaltungsbau.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Between April 18 and 27, 1945, Nazi Party files were to be moved from to the Joseph Wirth paper factory in Freimann north of Munich. Hanns Huber, the manager of the factory, resisted the order to destroy the files and <a href="https://www-zispotlight-de.translate.goog/iris-lauterbach-ueber-die-auslagerung-und-auffindung-der-nsdap-kartei-vor-75-jahren/?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp">saved this extensive evidence from destruction</a>, handing it over to the American military government thus saving this core documentary stock, which the prosecution in the Nuremberg war crimes trials and the post-war denazification tribunals were able to use. Today the NSDAP file is part of the Federal Archives in Berlin. </span><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg078e841v8WaJ0kX67YQq46QYMCESyn7w1B3UnmibR-nhrRDM6M-8PiPMLL2Gm8A-iqDJ_3C-Q_nN_szg5c_F58MVvNhK_3C2zsgc6EiYsUQmqPnASXtVNwpVi_4IXfskXin1D9zd8rkXPBoijShykBq66CNh4ZGMETxf6_qtxHXSrr2y-uwXTp0aGT3xm/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(47)%20(1).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="320" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg078e841v8WaJ0kX67YQq46QYMCESyn7w1B3UnmibR-nhrRDM6M-8PiPMLL2Gm8A-iqDJ_3C-Q_nN_szg5c_F58MVvNhK_3C2zsgc6EiYsUQmqPnASXtVNwpVi_4IXfskXin1D9zd8rkXPBoijShykBq66CNh4ZGMETxf6_qtxHXSrr2y-uwXTp0aGT3xm/w400-h231/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(47)%20(1).gif" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">After the war the building served as the Central Collecting Point in Munich as seen on the right, designated to primarily hold ERR loot, Hitler and Goering’s collections, and other works found in the Altaussee salt mine. It served the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Section (MFAA), a department of the American Army for the protection of art objects during and after the war, existing from 1943 to 1946 and which was subordinate to the Civil Affairs and Military Government Sections. The art protection officers working there were known as the Monuments Men. Today, the department is particularly well-known for the rescue of Nazi- looted art, organised by the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Task Force (ERR). During the war, art objects of all kinds, books, documents and church treasures) had been evacuated from the cities to mines like that at Altaussee, castles such as Neuschwanstein, remote mansions and also barns. Numerous important works of art from the countries occupied by the Wehrmacht had been deported to Germany or to unknown storage locations. After the war therefore, the Momuments Men had the onerous task of locating these stocks and restoring the artworks to their owners, beginning what's been described as "the greatest treasure hunt in history" according to Robert M. Edsel. The Anglo-Americans, searched for some of the depots in a targeted manner and discovered them by chance, and their contents were secured in so-called “central collecting points,” primarily here, Wiesbaden, Marburg and Offenbach. The unit's exemplary work was featured in the 2014 film Monuments Men and several portraits of British Monuments Men are in the permanent collection of National Portrait Gallery in London.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuyQFnt7GuAaHDQ1LAHy9XDT7zwYpv5T6SfW8CX5WplBREQ5fMFckOIkkskLXR3UWth5TiBpQ240HjDOkEOmDvlbMqVu1k2xauaiE35joytIStLm7P7KJyv-8Fbb2UUmS9UDlkA1TdYe9j/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252830%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Monuments Men Munich" border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="456" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuyQFnt7GuAaHDQ1LAHy9XDT7zwYpv5T6SfW8CX5WplBREQ5fMFckOIkkskLXR3UWth5TiBpQ240HjDOkEOmDvlbMqVu1k2xauaiE35joytIStLm7P7KJyv-8Fbb2UUmS9UDlkA1TdYe9j/w373-h306/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252830%2529.gif" style="cursor: move;" title="Monuments Men Munich" width="373" /></a></span>Monuments Men creating an inventory of looted art in the Central Collecting Point in Munich in 1945. By early May that year<span> </span><a href="https://text-message.blogs.archives.gov/tag/lt-col-geoffrey-webb/">Lt. Col. Geoffrey Webb,</a><span> </span>British MFAA chief at Eisenhower’s headquarters, proposed that Allied forces quickly prepare buildings in Germany in order to receive large shipments of artworks and other cultural property found in the numerous repositories. Eisenhower directed his subordinates to immediately begin preparing such buildings, ordering that art objects were to be handled only by MFAA personnel. Suitable locations with little damage and adequate storage space were difficult to find which led by July to American forces establishing two central collecting points within the American zone in Germany, Wiesbaden and here. Here at the Munich Central Collecting Point Lt. Craig Hugh Smyth established the MCP in July 1945 converting the site into a functional art depot complete with photography studios and conservation labs. This facility primarily housed art stolen by the ERR from private collections and Hitler’s collection found at Altaussee. Once an object arrived at a collecting point, it was recorded, photographed, studied, and sometimes conserved so that it could be returned to its country of origin as soon as possible. Whilst some objects were easily identifiable and could be quickly returned, others, such as unmarked paintings or library collections, were much more difficult to process.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOQUndJHaseuyXc8KHtv3SA7f0VW_6dNldeVlxZbaevkRqJlnVnCdaJyIKxLp3pIobgA9lO8Lda6D52cwBSaX7KQJkVJ4DcABIJDrkJxfwpwY0JrRTPJA0bhR-TMDefEQ57oxbgRF9M6ro20aS-0I85Gop9stRo3h20RGZx1BPHZtDMfXPlhZlKnEdPNms/s403/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-27T092021.493.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="403" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOQUndJHaseuyXc8KHtv3SA7f0VW_6dNldeVlxZbaevkRqJlnVnCdaJyIKxLp3pIobgA9lO8Lda6D52cwBSaX7KQJkVJ4DcABIJDrkJxfwpwY0JrRTPJA0bhR-TMDefEQ57oxbgRF9M6ro20aS-0I85Gop9stRo3h20RGZx1BPHZtDMfXPlhZlKnEdPNms/w400-h264/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-27T092021.493.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The GIF on the right shows a delivery of works of art from the Nazi collections at the Central Collecting Point. In his detailed critique of the work of the Monuments Men, <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44211677">Jonathan Petropoulos describes</a> times when the Allies were the victim of fraud such as in the case of the Yugoslav Ante Topić Mimara who deceived the Americans and stole 148 works here from the Munich Central Collecting Point in 1947. Mimara worked with an Austrian art historian, Wiltrud Mersmann, who identified works in the depot that he then claimed had been looted from Yugoslavia. Mimara forged a list and represented himself as a Yugoslav restitution official, manging to drive off with the 147 objects from here. It wasn't until actual Yugoslav restitution authorities appeared weeks later at the CCP that </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">the Americans discovered the plot by which time </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Mimara had escaped with his loot, eventually marrying Mersmann. He later donated his collection to Croatia in 1973 in exchange for a generous annuity although supposed masterpieces by Leonardo, Raphael, and Velasquez, amongst others, were quickly exposed as fakes by art journalist Andrew Decker. Some of the works stolen from the Munich CCP are still on display in Zagreb at the Mimara Museum.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEBB_FcuiRWLv28CmhU7eBcScU1_eoq4Q0c7Nuv5nIKOGdoML3056i4yQyCWpdoOEqNFeS0wS90Qy06lIf2xa1pV-fTUotms37qNK1UmERFngmYqnVVtqwoFXTnXF3vsGBUqjvUhAMnYMqCBBAU6RWsaxEnqh4S3XM2-cDheGMzFNOjzhN712urHoPOw/s360/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(8).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="360" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEBB_FcuiRWLv28CmhU7eBcScU1_eoq4Q0c7Nuv5nIKOGdoML3056i4yQyCWpdoOEqNFeS0wS90Qy06lIf2xa1pV-fTUotms37qNK1UmERFngmYqnVVtqwoFXTnXF3vsGBUqjvUhAMnYMqCBBAU6RWsaxEnqh4S3XM2-cDheGMzFNOjzhN712urHoPOw/w354-h319/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(8).gif" style="cursor: move;" width="354" /></a></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Rodin's<span> </span><i>Burghers of Calais</i><span> </span>at the site after the war beside the building with the former Vatican consulate- the Black House- now gone. The bronze sculpture had been abandoned by the Nazis in the snow-covered forest surrounding Neuschwanstein, apparently because it was too unwieldy to manœuver up the mountain.<span> </span><a href="https://magazine.williams.edu/2013/fall/feature/a-monumental-achievement/">According to Charles Parkhurst</a>, who been involved in directing the transportation of 49 freight cars of art from the key Nazi repository at Neuschwanstein Castle for the Americans, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">I was heading for a remote castle in some woods, but I couldn’t get to it with the Jeep because it was perched high on a rock. So I got out and started walking through the forest. Soon I spotted some woodsmen who looked as though they were taking a break, standing around in a group talking. As I got nearer, it occurred to me they were standing quite close together and looked rather dejected … and they weren’t moving much. And if they were talking, they certainly were being quiet about it. Then in a flash I realised I had stumbled on The Burghers of Calais, Rodin’s famous bronze grouping of six men about to be martyred, just sitting in the woods!</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOyjqetWnBbNeYtm3KmWy4wmZ6x-1ewKxP7sXzyUmSVyMVERzWc4kaUR03pueQ3ljmt2s5wFpdsD5IYqPdL_C2o77Yv-GB_oybMhhohSghnN0sLu-bP4wfoq6kX4caAltPKNmTmPTnGF_8EXJ5T3VsA05cot5vN-OtLQCyNenxMbqLYULQyMsf8vvamA/s422/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-08-15T205341.187.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="345" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOyjqetWnBbNeYtm3KmWy4wmZ6x-1ewKxP7sXzyUmSVyMVERzWc4kaUR03pueQ3ljmt2s5wFpdsD5IYqPdL_C2o77Yv-GB_oybMhhohSghnN0sLu-bP4wfoq6kX4caAltPKNmTmPTnGF_8EXJ5T3VsA05cot5vN-OtLQCyNenxMbqLYULQyMsf8vvamA/w286-h349/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-08-15T205341.187.gif" style="cursor: move;" width="286" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Fittingly the building today serves as a museum for classical replicas.<span> </span></span>The collection shows casts from different eras and styles: Roman, Hellenistic, Archaic and Classical. Drake Winston is shown inside the so-called Gartensaal in front of one which survived the war of the Augustus of Prima Porta. Until 1877 the casts were housed in the coin cabinet in the former Jesuit college. At that time, the collection consisted of 379 pieces. Gradually, the collection moved to the northern courtyard arcades of the Residenz, but it was not until 1932 that it was given appropriate exhibition space to become one of the three largest collections in Germany. In 1944,<span> </span><a href="https://arachne.dainst.org/project/abguesseMuenchen">2,398 casts fell victim</a><span> </span>to a bomb attack. Indeed, only fifteen casts survived the war undamaged and were transferred to a new inventory system when, after the war, a slow reconstruction began. Under Paul Zanker, the collection was systematically expanded. Some objects were left in their damaged state, whilst others were restored as they were. Examples of both approaches can be found in the museum. Since 1976, the museum has been located in the former Nazi Party administration building, today's House of Cultural Institutes. From 1981 onwards it was only temporarily possible to show the collection publicly due to the renovation of the house, since 1991 it has been permanently accessible. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvrhJboW4e_d7jDZh1G06k41MSNXNqi3LGvwJgkd2-llicOFUT7_7qsk8etfbIgOKW5lfzlbWspur5IY11-5AbUSddEC8ru9__UL6h5JOnMERojJqfF-yypZDUR1FzB1Jn7I87qwEIpJAZ/s1600/myphoto.jpeg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5670506228651790034" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvrhJboW4e_d7jDZh1G06k41MSNXNqi3LGvwJgkd2-llicOFUT7_7qsk8etfbIgOKW5lfzlbWspur5IY11-5AbUSddEC8ru9__UL6h5JOnMERojJqfF-yypZDUR1FzB1Jn7I87qwEIpJAZ/s400/myphoto.jpeg" style="cursor: move; height: 182px; width: 705px;" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The site today, with the square remains of the<span> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">ehrentempels</span><span> </span>clearly remaining</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Zentrale</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil9GUsqekYfcVaUYvRVrBGIcalw0hFMW9OwoO1CK_Y7APnBL5kkvL1OPppUB_uidMZhlqxdQpm5x5sMMUVVOh1UMazhTdl_tANC56yeKBtjqmbCCQZGWLfY0JTuUiivh3cyyU-ojRrWyw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-07-05+at+11.58.25.png" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil9GUsqekYfcVaUYvRVrBGIcalw0hFMW9OwoO1CK_Y7APnBL5kkvL1OPppUB_uidMZhlqxdQpm5x5sMMUVVOh1UMazhTdl_tANC56yeKBtjqmbCCQZGWLfY0JTuUiivh3cyyU-ojRrWyw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-07-05+at+11.58.25.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil9GUsqekYfcVaUYvRVrBGIcalw0hFMW9OwoO1CK_Y7APnBL5kkvL1OPppUB_uidMZhlqxdQpm5x5sMMUVVOh1UMazhTdl_tANC56yeKBtjqmbCCQZGWLfY0JTuUiivh3cyyU-ojRrWyw/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-07-05+at+11.58.25.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil9GUsqekYfcVaUYvRVrBGIcalw0hFMW9OwoO1CK_Y7APnBL5kkvL1OPppUB_uidMZhlqxdQpm5x5sMMUVVOh1UMazhTdl_tANC56yeKBtjqmbCCQZGWLfY0JTuUiivh3cyyU-ojRrWyw/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-07-05+at+11.58.25.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; height: 210px; width: 304px;" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span><span> <span> </span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeD760bOveGMs6BpjQLH6l2AxdanzkjFtMLOHvJrh_BY3lMNVPwfDL6ZyqnkpUnhb6RAeUd7pg8QxAYnZ9YrOfxio67iENujXimBxp8RYxJ7rLXoh0mLwpYjzSLMO8fLY3haVSWJWhyBY/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-07-05+at+11.58.46.png" height="73" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeD760bOveGMs6BpjQLH6l2AxdanzkjFtMLOHvJrh_BY3lMNVPwfDL6ZyqnkpUnhb6RAeUd7pg8QxAYnZ9YrOfxio67iENujXimBxp8RYxJ7rLXoh0mLwpYjzSLMO8fLY3haVSWJWhyBY/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-07-05+at+11.58.46.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: move;" width="320" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>In 1934 the Nazis bought this property on Meiserstraße 6-8 and erected new buildings which served as the<span> </span><i>Zentraleinlaufamt und Zentralauslaufamt der Reichsleitung der NSDAP.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Again according to<span> </span><a href="http://www.thirdreichruins.com/">Geoff Walden</a>,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">That building was a combination of new construction and remodelling done in 1934, and housed some of the main Nazi administration offices for the Party, that were not in either the Braunes Haus or the Verwaltungsbau. These offices included the Materialamt der Reichsleitung der NSDAP, Amtsartz der Reischsleitung der NSDAP, Hausinspektion der Reichsleitung der NSDAP, Postamt der NSDAP, and the Dienstwohngebäude der NSDAP - offices and living areas for the the sort of hands-on bureaucrats that actually got all the work done. The building also housed (and still does) the heating system for the surrounding complex, and associated things like tool rooms. There was a large air raid shelter beneath the front wing of the building.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote></div></div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> The bust above the vehicle entrance is very similar to those found in the rear of the Park Cafe, designed at the same time in 1934.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNxQ-Zg4OEmUz9dmCSrg7q77ELQtB7e24ocpJNdI-Vs60FePNHIGiI4hKBxhBgCACVcsDN1xNrNjmStGitisvyaXiA9sf46lKhAxVigQ6xdNpM9r12_l5SaeFawrM-lj-gw_bpYgMWbaKsRf3sc9x4uukcDGEx7LLpr-bz4d0MBvH3caIpRcSJstNcAg/s378/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(25).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="378" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNxQ-Zg4OEmUz9dmCSrg7q77ELQtB7e24ocpJNdI-Vs60FePNHIGiI4hKBxhBgCACVcsDN1xNrNjmStGitisvyaXiA9sf46lKhAxVigQ6xdNpM9r12_l5SaeFawrM-lj-gw_bpYgMWbaKsRf3sc9x4uukcDGEx7LLpr-bz4d0MBvH3caIpRcSJstNcAg/w424-h324/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(25).gif" style="cursor: move;" width="424" /></a></span></div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The Verwaltungsbau is located on what was until very recently Meiserstrasse</span><span> </span>(now renamed Katharina-von-Bora-Straße given Bishop Hans Meiser's alleged anti-Semitism). Directly across was the headquarters of the Bavarian Protestant Church; Meiser is shown saluting from the balcony October 1934. In the Protestant Church Hans Meiser, the Bishop of Bavaria, who came to office in May 1933, was initially close to the regime. Not only did the Protestant Church “bring itself into line” and agree to follow the Führer, Meiser also showed sympathy for the “German Christians” (Deutsche Christen), a group with ties to the regime. Although Meiser distanced himself from this position in 1933–34 and went over to supporting the “Confessing Church”, which was critical of the Nazis, he professed to Hitler that he belonged to his “most loyal opposition”. Moreover, there was no official protest by the Protestant Church against the injustices of the Nazi regime. he remained Bishop of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Bavaria up until May 1, 1955. After the war he had been one of the signatories of the<span> </span><a href="https://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/projects/niem/StuttgartDeclaration.htm"><i>Declaration of Guilt by Evangelical Christians in Germany</i></a><span> </span>and received numerous honours.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI-3VcauX9ribDyPwoRZq4B8Vx1KVS-XRZsOymRagx_adBfftinebB4yVEeQGgSc5qH-bVq51IX7ss9JrW34VdbtCdnRo5koOKxvgRwiEgNkoc5qCdy5cPMW_nR5pJBK0W1Z4tfNQ3m9w7EMd5UFiJvKMonN-kRL_RWRu5GflB7ly3IgQIQKJ8zVSB-QRr/s1390/Screenshot%202023-07-22%20at%2020.32.58.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="1390" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI-3VcauX9ribDyPwoRZq4B8Vx1KVS-XRZsOymRagx_adBfftinebB4yVEeQGgSc5qH-bVq51IX7ss9JrW34VdbtCdnRo5koOKxvgRwiEgNkoc5qCdy5cPMW_nR5pJBK0W1Z4tfNQ3m9w7EMd5UFiJvKMonN-kRL_RWRu5GflB7ly3IgQIQKJ8zVSB-QRr/w490-h249/Screenshot%202023-07-22%20at%2020.32.58.png" style="cursor: move;" width="490" /></a></span></div><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Beside it<span> </span><span style="font-size: normal;">is the former<span> </span><span style="font-size: normal;">Palais Moy<span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;">on 11 Katharina-von-Bora-Straße, bought in 1936 to serve as the offices of Rudolf Hess (</span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i>Kanzlei des Stellvertreters des Führers</i>), in charge of security for the Braune Haus. The Führer’s deputy (from 1941 onwards the Party Chancellery) was in charge of control and leadership functions vis-à-vis the party and the state – for instance, in racial and personnel policy. The huge bureaucracy headed by the Reich Treasurer (which at times employed more than 3,200 people) was not only responsible for managing and increasing the Nazis’ enormous assets, but</span><span> </span>also supervised the party’s membership, which at the end of the war numbered around eight million. Today it's apparently owned by<span> </span><span style="font-size: normal;">the<span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><i>evangelisch-lutherischen Landeskirche</i></span><span style="font-size: normal;">.<span> </span></span>Beside it in turn is the building which had served as the Reich Central Office for the Implementation of the Four Year Plan (<i>Reichzentrale für die Durchführung des Vierjahresplanes bei der NSDAP</i>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><br /><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Other Munich Pages</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-feldherrnhalle.html"><span>Odeonsplatz</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-hofbrauhaus.html">Various sites in central Munich (1)</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-war-memorial.html">Sites around central Munich (2)</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-reich-press-office.html">Sites around Munich (3)</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2011/03/sites-around-munich-4.html">Sites around Munich (4)</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/sites-around-munich-5.html">Sites around Munich (5)</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span><span><span> <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/dachau.html">Around Dachau</a></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 0.5%;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: black;"> Königsplatz (München) Königsplatz is a square in the Munich district of Maxvorstadt , which is part of the overall ensemble of Brienner Straße , the first boulevard in Munich. The square in the style of European classicism is a center of cultural life and is considered one of the main works of the Ludovician “Isar Athens”. Königsplatz place in Munich Königsplatz Basic data Location Munich district Maxvorstadt Created 1806 Newly designed 1935, 1987 Leading streets Brienner Straße , Arcisstraße, Katharina-von-Bora-Straße, Luisenstraße Structures Propylaea , State Collections of Antiquities , Glyptothek use User groups Pedestrian traffic , cycling , private transport , public transport Description Edit position Edit Königsplatz is located in the third quarter of Brienner Straße in the south of Maxvorstadt. He is fourth and last in the overall Brienner Straße ensemble. In the east it separates Katharina-von-Bora-Straße from Arcisstraße , in the west Königsplatz is bordered by Luisenstraße. story Edit Propylaea of Athens , model for Munich (reconstruction drawing) Propylaea on the west side of Königsplatz Glyptothek on the north side of Königsplatz State antiques collections on the south side of Königsplatz Royal square with the Führer's building (top left), temples of honor (top middle) and administrative building (top right) during the Nazi era Started by Karl von Fischer Edit The history of Königsplatz is closely linked to that of Brienner Straße. Karl von Fischer , who, on behalf of the then Crown Prince and later King Ludwig I, together with Friedrich Ludwig Sckell, expanded the former Fürstenweg from the Munich Residence to Nymphenburg Palace into the magnificent main street Brienner Straße, tried to break up the rigid grid plan of Maxvorstadt with squares, which he planned at places where cross-cutting streets ran towards Fürstenweg. Karl von Fischer designed the Königsplatz based on the model of the Acropolis in Athens . Classical austerity was to be embedded in living green and thus correspond to the urban planning ideas of Ludwig I, who wanted to see cultural life, civic ideals, Catholic Christianity, royal administration and the military embedded together in green. In this respect, the Königsplatz belongs to an ensemble that begins with the Abbey of St. Boniface and runs across the Königsplatz to the Pinakotheken , where his body regiment grew into a unit in the Turkish barracks . In order to create a square surrounded by temples, Karl von Fischer expanded Brienner Straße. No street cross was the basis for the square; Fischer moved the intersecting streets to the edges of the square, thereby delimiting it and making the space independent. Fischer's concept envisaged two approximately 200 meter long temple buildings on the long sides, directly on the edges of the residential development. The lawn and trees were intended to eliminate the rigid symmetry. However, this concept was only partially realized. Completion by Leo von Klenze Edit After Leo von Klenze received the commission to build the Königsplatz, he retained Karl von Fischer's basic concept. His Glyptothek corresponds to the collection of antiquities designed by Georg Friedrich Ziebland . At the intersection of Brienner Strasse and what was then Arcisstrasse, Karl von Fischer had already built small residential buildings that architecturally corresponded to the palace-oriented development on Brienner Strasse with free-standing, square-looking buildings on the eastern end of Königsplatz. Finally, Leo von Klenze built the Propylaea in the west , which in terms of theme follows the Propylon , the gate building of the Athenian Acropolis. The monument is dedicated to the Greek struggle for freedom. Klenze also realized his own canon of forms on the Munich Propylaea within the framework of classicism , which also has Egyptian influences. The gable decoration focuses on the Greek struggle for freedom (1821–1829), and plaques in the building bear the names of Greek freedom fighters. The Propyläen deprive Brienner Straße of its continuous character, similar to Karolinenplatz . Since the surrounding area was still open land at the time of construction, the Propylaea also took on the (symbolic) function of a city gate. The Königplatz thus became an oasis of urban peace. The inclination of the square is essential for the effect of the buildings and their interaction. It slopes slightly from the buildings across the lawns to the central street. This slight incline is enough to create the impression of ancient temple complexes, which were always built on hills and hills. The Königsplatz was not intended to serve any specific purpose or serve as a display of power, but rather to emulate antiquity with its aesthetics and ideals, as Ludwig I understood them. time of the nationalsocialism Edit After the NSDAP came to power, a book burning took place on Königsplatz on May 10, 1933, largely organized by the National Socialist German Student Association . [1] A year later, the transformation of Munich into the “ capital of the movement ” began. The Königsplatz, which was renamed Königlicher Platz by the National Socialist rulers , was redesigned by Paul Ludwig Troost in such a way that Karl von Fischer's concept was reversed. All greenery has been removed. At the eastern end, the Führerbau was built north of Brienner Strasse and the NSDAP administration building was built symmetrically to the south . In place of Fischer's houses, two so-called temples of honor were built as a common grave complex for the National Socialists who died during the Hitler-Ludendorff Putsch in 1923. Their bodies were transferred there and reburied in iron sarcophagi [2] . A cult was staged around these dead, referred to as “ martyrs of the movement ,” to portray them as martyrs . The renovation significantly expanded the width of the Königsplatz. By removing the green, the Königsplatz was able to expand towards the Troost buildings and focus like a funnel towards the temples of honor. This reversed the viewing direction by 180°. At the same time, the square was paved with 20,000 granite slabs, which deliberately came from all parts of Nazi Germany . The completely flat, one-square-meter slabs made both the museum buildings and the Propylaea appear very out of place. That was Troost's intention. The historical buildings should no longer dominate the square, but should appear equal or subordinate to the new buildings. At the same time, National Socialist Germany was supposed to show in the monumental, reduced architectural style developed by Troost in particular that it was derived from the old order, architecturally from the classicist style of Ludwig I, but represented its own new order that relativized everything and classified everything behind itself. Since then, Königsplatz has been used for NSDAP marches and rallies. After the massive redesign with granite slabs that did not allow rainwater to drain away well, the people of Munich gave it the nickname “Lake Balaton”. During the Second World War , Königsplatz was a prominent landmark for approaching pilots during air raids because of its large (and bright) open space. Therefore, to camouflage the square, large tarpaulins were laid out and the panels were painted directly to simulate a dense development. [3] During the air raids on Munich during the war, the classicist buildings in particular were badly damaged. post war period Edit After the end of the war, the Troost temples of honor were still preserved and there was a proposal to convert one into an exhibition hall and the other into a café . [4] However, the American military government ordered the demolition of the National Socialist monument as part of denazification : On January 16, 1947, the temple of honor was blown up by the US Army . It was not until 1987/1988 that the slabs covering Königsplatz were removed and the original condition from the beginning of the 19th century was restored as much as possible. Some granite slabs were reused as paving for pedestrian paths in the municipality of Gräfelfing . The comparison once again made the difference between the National Socialist urban planning concept and that of Ludwig I clear. Only Karl von Fischer's residential buildings are still missing to restore the original impression. The overgrown bases of Troost's temple of honor still stood in their place. A reconstruction of Fischer's buildings is periodically called for, but has not yet been seriously discussed. At the end of the 1990s, the Propylaea, the antiquities collections and the Glyptothek were repaired. The gable figure groups were replaced by copies, and some were exhibited on the platform of the Königsplatz subway station. The Glyptothek was renovated from the beginning of 2019 to the end of 2021. [5] Structures Edit Aerial view of Königsplatz Building Edit On the west side of Königsplatz rise the Propylaea , which were built between 1848 and 1862 according to plans by Leo von Klenze, with gable figures by Ludwig von Schwanthaler (1862). On the north side is the Glyptothek , which was also built between 1816 and 1830 according to Klenze's plans, with gable figures by Johann Martin von Wagner (1818). On the south side is the former art and industrial exhibition building , which was built between 1838 and 1845 based on designs by Georg Friedrich Ziebland and has housed thestate collections of antiquities since 1967, with figures on the gable end of Ludwig von Schwanthaler. Behind it lies the Benedictine Abbey of St. Boniface . architecture Edit After the Greek Revolution, Ludwig's son Otto was appointed ruler of the newly created Kingdom of Greece at the London Conference of 1832 . Ludwig I hoped that this would establish a permanent Wittelsbach dynasty in Greece . Ludwig's Philhellenism had already been expressed in his new buildings, even before this and intensified by this development. The Königsplatz was intended to architecturally symbolize the connection between the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Greece . The Doric Propylaea were intended to represent this connection and at the same time be the entrance gate to the future. The Ionian Glyptothek was intended to be the highlight of cultural creation in the form of a temple building. The building in the south of the square, designed according to the Corinthian order, which today houses thestate collections of antiquities , was called the art and industrial exhibition building for the promotion of art and industry in Ludwig's time and was intended to bring this development into the present with the Fischer buildings in the exit show. When Ludwig I passed through the completed Propylaea in 1862, this symbolism had already become history: Ludwig had abdicated the throne in 1848 in favor of his son Maximilian II; Otto had to abdicate in 1862, followed by George I from the German-Danish House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg . use Edit View from Königsplatz through the axis of Brienner Straße to Karolinenplatz Art campaign with poppies to commemorate the dead of the First World War traffic Edit In terms of private transport , Königsplatz has no other function than that of an extension of Brienner Straße. At the same time, traffic is directed to Luisenstrasse, which creates a connection to the main train station . By public transport, Königsplatz is connected to the U2 line by the Königsplatz subway station . Events Edit TUNIX (festival of the TU - AStA , since 1981) Topless Open Air ( Kreisjugendring festival, since 1998) Königsplatz Open Air (concert with the BR Symphony Orchestra, since 1993; irregularly since 2000) Open air cinema Munich reads - from burned books in memory of the book burning on May 10, 1933 Munich Sports Festival (sports event organized by the Department for Education and Sport of the State Capital of Munich) Munich Marathon (race in October, course over Königsplatz) Facilities Edit At Königsplatz: State Antiquities Collections (Königsplatz 1) Glyptothek (Königsplatz 3) Close: University of Music and Theater (Arcisstraße 12) NS Documentation Center (Max-Mannheimer-Platz 1) State Graphic Collection (Katharina-von-Bora-Straße 10) Museum for Casts of Classical Statues (Katharina-von-Bora-Straße 10) Central Institute for Art History (Katharina-von-Bora-Straße 10) Paul Heyse Villa (Luisenstrasse 22) Municipal Gallery in the Lenbachhaus (Luisenstraße 33) University of Politics (Richard-Wagner-Str. 1) Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Geology (Richard-Wagner-Str. 10) Miscellaneous Edit The television series Raumpatrouille used Königsplatz as a backdrop for the landing site of the spaceship Orion in deep-sea base 104. In 1995, the artist Wolfram Kastner created a circular burn mark on Königsplatz to commemorate the burning of books by the National Socialists so that “no grass will grow over history.” The action was approved by the city council after initial resistance. A renewal of the burn mark requested by Kastner was subsequently rejected. It was only in 2013, on the 80th anniversary of the book burning, that the city council allowed the artist to recreate the burn mark. [6] [7] [8] In November 2018, Königsplatz was the site of a large art installation by performance artist Walter Kuhn . To mark the 100th anniversary of the end of the First World War, around 3,500 large red poppies made of artificial silk were placed on the four central green areas of the square in memory of the victims of this and all other wars of the past and today. At the same time, the artist also saw his action as an attempt to remember the importance of the square during the time of National Socialism and its crimes. [9] [10] On May 6, 2021, the memorial “The Black List” by the American artist Arnold Dreyblatt was opened in memory of the book burning in 1933 on the gravel area in front of the State Antiquities Collections. [11] In August 2022, Königsplatz was the venue for the beach volleyball and climbing European championships as part of the 2nd European Championships . [12] [13] literature Edit Adrian von Buttlar : Leo von Klenze. Life – work – vision. CH Beck publishing house, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-45315-5 . Peter Köpf: Der Königsplatz in München. Ein deutscher Ort. Ch. Links, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-86153-372-3. Web links Edit muenchen.de: Königsplatz Königsplatz im Dritten Reich Historisches Lexikon Bayerns: Klaus Altenbuchner, Königsplatz, München Fundstück Königsplatz Königsplatz Einst und Jetzt Individual evidence Edit ↑ Homepage der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: München (1933). 5. Oktober 2018 ↑ Iris Lauterbach, Julian Rosefeldt, Piero Steinle: Bürokratie und Kult. Das Parteizentrum der NSDAP am Königsplatz in München: Geschichte und Rezeption. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München 1995, ISBN 3-422-06164-9. ↑ Richard Bauer: Fliegeralarm. Heinrich Hugendubel Verlag, München 1987, ISBN 3-88034-351-9, S. 53 /Abb. 86. ↑ Christoph Hackelsberger: Die aufgeschobene Moderne. München 1985, S. 35. ↑ https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/glyptothek-muenchen-sanierung-nach-drei-jahren-beendet,Ss24pBv ↑ Helga Pfoertner: Mit der Geschichte leben. Bd. 1, Literareron, München 2001, ISBN 3-89675-859-4, S. 27–30 (PDF; 1,1 MB (Memento vom 28. April 2014 im Internet Archive)) ↑ Beschluss der Vollversammlung des Stadtrats vom 19. März 2003 (PDF; 73 kB) ↑ Erinnerung an die Bücherverbrennung. In: abendzeitung-muenchen.de. 10. Mai 2013, abgerufen am 10. Oktober 2013. ↑ Das Projekt. Ehemals im Original (nicht mehr online verfügbar); abgerufen am 22. November 2019. (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar. Suche in Webarchiven) ↑ 3200 rote Mohnblumen auf dem Königsplatz. In: sueddeutsche.de. 1. November 2018, abgerufen am 22. November 2019. ↑ The Blacklist / Die Schwarze Liste NS-Dokumentationszentrum München, abgerufen am 13. Mai 2021. ↑ Beachvolleyball - European Championships Munich 2022. Archiviert vom Original am 29. Juni 2021; abgerufen am 1. Juli 2021. ↑ Klettern - European Championships Munich 2022. </span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-13572274499168720842010-01-02T02:16:00.093-08:002024-02-29T00:25:37.692-08:00Wilhelmstraße<div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://tracesofevil.blogspot.com/2009/10/site-of-hitlers-bunker-fuhrerbunker.html">Hitler's Bunker and Chancellery</a> has its separate entry<br />
</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnVavOiKQXst6L7EXL_ogTo58vwj8J0AvlkPt7iq9oJa9SWVXiIxx-splL8xso5ZtNT1a1ZIU-6rUUzcUJhIE5C7uLFuvCoTGdYCgWUYyUbiQZOPYvtfpTaXGaSHx0Bp_lNg-OTgW7p2k9/s559/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252820%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße as depicted in the final days of the war in the film Der Untergang and during my Bavarian International School class trip in 2020" border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="559" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnVavOiKQXst6L7EXL_ogTo58vwj8J0AvlkPt7iq9oJa9SWVXiIxx-splL8xso5ZtNT1a1ZIU-6rUUzcUJhIE5C7uLFuvCoTGdYCgWUYyUbiQZOPYvtfpTaXGaSHx0Bp_lNg-OTgW7p2k9/w883-h346/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252820%2529.gif" title="Wilhelmstraße as depicted in the final days of the war in the film Der Untergang and during my Bavarian International School class trip in 2020" width="883" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>Wilhelmstraße as depicted in the final days of the war in the film <i>Der Untergang </i>and during my <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_International_School"><i>Bavarian International School</i> </a>class trip in 2020</span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnzNmf65oUcIu2Yym9X7Vf_Sc-3nGg_hFToZBGrfwW1zS4HcYxKEA9ZCCHd0mm2P0lT_N_TDjuIZ1JtYLfIeghTL7wpDCGESdd2ivXo1BuGOMjxq7wYPrcIQ3D0QaKxrszBxFRJ_J_wuCKfiywJOAlbOWGpaVx6otY8I378qImRwapfs2BaPzAT6paig=s437" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße and the same spot during the Nazi era, with Hitler's Chancellery seen in the background." border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="437" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnzNmf65oUcIu2Yym9X7Vf_Sc-3nGg_hFToZBGrfwW1zS4HcYxKEA9ZCCHd0mm2P0lT_N_TDjuIZ1JtYLfIeghTL7wpDCGESdd2ivXo1BuGOMjxq7wYPrcIQ3D0QaKxrszBxFRJ_J_wuCKfiywJOAlbOWGpaVx6otY8I378qImRwapfs2BaPzAT6paig=w400-h255" title="Wilhelmstraße and the same spot during the Nazi era, with Hitler's Chancellery seen in the background." width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Walking down Wilhelmstraße and the same spot during the Nazi era, with Hitler's Chancellery seen in the background. Site of the Third Reich's most important ministries and embassies, until 1945, the rhetorical expression </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße</span></span></span> was a metonym for
the German Reich government, similar to Downing Street. Apart
from the Air Ministry, all the major public buildings along </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße</span></span></span> were destroyed by Allied bombing during 1944 and early
1945. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Despite
such severe destruction by the Anglo-American air raids and the
Battle of Berlin, numerous historic buildings on </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße</span></span></span> have
been preserved; the Berlin monument list names <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/cgi-bin/drucken3.cgi%3F/cgi-bin/hidaweb/query.pl%3FDEF%3D%252Fopt%252Fwww%252Fhtdocs%252Fdaten%252FMidas%3BDATEN%3D%252Fopt%252Fwww%252Fhtdocs%252Fdaten%252Fdaten%3BTHE%3D%252Fopt%252Fwww%252Fhtdocs%252Fdaten%252Fidx%3BPIC%3D8540%3BKBPICTYP%3Djpg%3BPICDIR%3D..%252Fmfpic%3BBAG%3D21%3BPOS%3D0%3BFCT%3Dq%3BLIST_TPL%3Dlda_list.tpl%3BDOK_TPL%3Dlda_doc.tpl%3BUSER%3Dtest123%3BAnzCol%3D4%3BN_5000%3D7%3BN_5104%3D0%3BN_5110%3D8%3BN_5116%3D1%3BN_5117%3D2%3BN_9456%3D3%3BN_5230%3D4%3BN_5064%3D5%3BN_3100%3D6%3BR_5000%3D%253D%3BR_5104%3D%253D%3BR_5110%3D%253D%3BR_5116%3D%253D%3BO_5116%3Dand%3B%3Bi5116%3DWilhelmstra%25DFe%3Bi5000%3D%26de&usg=ALkJrhgetT1ITluvJcEWE2XVUdi73kgVoA" target="_blank">nineteen sites worthy of protection</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraß</span></span></span>e as far south as Zimmerstrasse was in the Soviet Zone of
occupation, and apart from clearing the rubble from the street little
was done to reconstruct the area until the founding of the DDR in 1949
when </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>a large part of the area was built
over with prefabricated buildings. </span></span></span></span></span></span>The East German regime regarded the former government precinct as a
relic of Prussian and Nazi militarism and imperialism, and had all the
ruins of the government buildings demolished in the early 1950s. In the
late 1950s there were almost no buildings at all along the </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> from Unter den Linden to the Leipziger Strasse. In the
1980s, apartment blocks were built along this section of the street.</span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>On
the area of the former Prinz-Albrecht-Palais is the new building of
the Topographie des Terrors Foundation which opened in 2010 and tries to
present the street with its historical references under the heading of
the Wilhelmstraße History Mile. On the initiative of the Berlin House of
Representatives, a permanent street exhibition with glass information
boards has been erected to show the locations of earlier institutions
since the early 1990s. Several new buildings are planned on </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> including the “Palais an den Ministergärten” along
Cora-Berliner-Strasse, for which several temporary snack bars are being
demolished.</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße 62: </span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reichskolonialamt</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBDwGScJyOYxyHGsaC5Wj-9CVwDMSPAI14XP-gCgsYLyE93KEk4MbXIa2khoEkdO7DeR6F88Zc2zqPovBe_D_GQwn3nC01QZh30TtAduXBAYWvKbJKdr9Zb8heK96YKlATpae_Qr03IKM/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße 62: Reichskolonialamt" border="0" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBDwGScJyOYxyHGsaC5Wj-9CVwDMSPAI14XP-gCgsYLyE93KEk4MbXIa2khoEkdO7DeR6F88Zc2zqPovBe_D_GQwn3nC01QZh30TtAduXBAYWvKbJKdr9Zb8heK96YKlATpae_Qr03IKM/w400-h273/1myphoto.jpeg" title="Wilhelmstraße 62: Reichskolonialamt" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Site of the former headquarters of the Reich Colonial office</span><span>, set up to reclaim the colonies lost through the treaty of Versailles. It was originally created by decree by Kaiser Wilhelm II on May 17, 1907 as a central authority in its own right, managed by a cabinet-level Secretary of State. It had then been physically relocated to this site near Wilhelmplatz, where the Colonial Department of the Foreign Office had resided since 1905. This legislation had represented a complete reorganisation and was a direct response to the nationwide so-called "Hottentot election", after allegations of colonial malfeasance, corruption and brutality as a result of the Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>surfaced
in the German media and culminated in the dissolution of the
Reichstag parliament. The shake-up subsequently involved extensive and
wide-ranging personnel changes in civil service positions in the
colonies. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXJ7z5iyidK55MAhMDsUzCxoHOi5M1YEe65OhGdBI6vGhVka6r7Eg4Hj0qmZbmKUUCVuNuO0KoedK0Wdklv3HyZc15yBqnhnLdz0DDOqszC0Y9i6hbyUAB-hilXkMB973bMECveLl3ZIkf/s918/Screenshot+2020-10-22+at+19.17.25.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="BIS Bavarian International School Heath's history class" border="0" data-original-height="762" data-original-width="918" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXJ7z5iyidK55MAhMDsUzCxoHOi5M1YEe65OhGdBI6vGhVka6r7Eg4Hj0qmZbmKUUCVuNuO0KoedK0Wdklv3HyZc15yBqnhnLdz0DDOqszC0Y9i6hbyUAB-hilXkMB973bMECveLl3ZIkf/w320-h266/Screenshot+2020-10-22+at+19.17.25.png" title="BIS Bavarian International School Heath's history class" width="320" /></a></div>Between 1893 and 1903, the Herero and Nama people's land and cattle were progressively being taken by German colonists. The Herero and Nama resisted expropriation over the years, but they were disorganised and easily defeated. In 1903, the Herero discovered that they were to be placed in reservations, leaving more room for colonists to own land and prosper. In 1904, the Herero and Nama began a great rebellion that lasted until 1907, ending with the near destruction of the Herero people. According to Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, "[t]he war against the Herero and Nama was the first in which German imperialism resorted to methods of genocide...." Roughly 80,000 Herero lived in German South West Africa at the beginning of Germany's colonial rule over the area, whilst after their revolt was defeated, they numbered approximately 15,000. According to the 1985 <a href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/section5.htm" target="_blank">UN Whitaker Report on Genocide</a>, within a period of four years, approximately 65,000 Herero people perished. This was to constitute <a href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/05/economist-explains-14" target="_blank">the first genocide of the 20th century</a>, waged by the Germans against the Ovaherero, the Nama, and the San in German South West Africa (now Namibia). The BBC documentary <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEUc1lAA1k4" target="_blank">Namibia – Genocide & the Second Reich</a> explores the Herero/Nama genocide and the circumstances surrounding it. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEUc1lAA1k4" target="_blank">A student examined this topic for his IBDP Extended Essay in History</a>, receiving an 'A'.</span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>The ministry itself was eventually dissolved after the Great War on February 20, 1919 and replaced by the Imperial Colonial Ministry (Reichskolonialministerium) of the Weimar Republic, dealing with settlements and closing-out of affairs of the occupied and lost colonies. The </span></span><span><span><span><span>building itself had been demolished in 1938; students are shown on the right during my 2020 Bavarian International School class trip beside a sign at the site mentioning the Herero, but without a word about the genocide.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße 64: </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Central Office of the Führer's Deputy<br />(Rudolf Hess's HQ)</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3zsSPQoP-bYE_3mwkzgtx-vytg5zDioj5yf4MKY606SvcXoikk5PfdtiBFZm7W8h8jyeQefDZeZSMbYNxHI918JgvHwy0oo9ppO8qQnLieQYjXuI1d11Sms1mOrXmo3Ezz9lvwuIPg8m7/s405/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252819%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Central Office of the Führer's Deputy (Rudolf Hess's HQ)" border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="405" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3zsSPQoP-bYE_3mwkzgtx-vytg5zDioj5yf4MKY606SvcXoikk5PfdtiBFZm7W8h8jyeQefDZeZSMbYNxHI918JgvHwy0oo9ppO8qQnLieQYjXuI1d11Sms1mOrXmo3Ezz9lvwuIPg8m7/w400-h243/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252819%2529.gif" title="Wilhelmstraße 64: Central Office of the Führer's Deputy (Rudolf Hess's HQ)" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>Wilhelmstraße 64 then and standing in front in 2020. Built by Carl Vohl in 1903, the building used to be the liaison office of the Prussian king and the kaiser to the government, housing the Privy Civil Cabinet of the Prussian king and German Emperor. During the Weimar Republic the building served as part of the Prussian Ministry of State. Between 1922 to 1932 Prussian Minister President Otto Braun of the Social Democrat Party lived and worked here. From 1932 to 1933 the president of the Prussian Council of State (and future West German chancellor) Konrad Adenauer, used this as his apartment whilst serving as a Centre Party politician and chief mayor of Cologne. Upon taking power, this is where Hitler put Ribbentrop's office and the Nazis' liaison office, both under the authority of deputy Fuhrer </span><span>Rudolf Hess who was made responsible for ensuring that all laws, statutes, regulations, promotions and so forth conformed to National Socialist ideology. After 1936 the Nazi leadership moved in and the street facade was simplified, in that the neo-baroque architectural decorations were knocked off. </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>After
the war the building's damage was repaired and the building was used as
a student residence. </span></span></span></span></span>During the DDR era, the "Hanns Eisler" music college used part of the building. </span></span><span><span><span><span><span>Until 1970 the East German State Secretariat for
Professional Schools was based here, followed by the East German state
publishing house until the demise of the DDR in 1990. </span></span></span>When office buildings were needed for the new federal government after the fall of the Wall, the house on Wilhelmstrasse 64 (now renumbered with no. 54) was rebuilt, with remnants of the imperial and Nazi era furnishingswere obtained. The post-war attic was reconstructed and modeled on the historical building. Since 2000 the building has been the Berlin office of today's Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture . <br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße 65:<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reichsjustizministerium</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjAg7cNGPrD4QsGjGcnjKUuqAf7uGYcKSgktZb-ftoEbqBXsfQobXZ6LNUfT0oAFxxRDWD-rEODLoRT2Q6MN0kDJtKrorFxmChUuZBxV5nr-LjgdpIg544UT8DVFsWs8bwnLlzhDrRjH8Pxsl1zf-cQgPftIb7lf-yXuP3GEIdyPev4Fw6rExDvX3LjOg=s735" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße 65: Reichsjustizministerium" border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="735" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjAg7cNGPrD4QsGjGcnjKUuqAf7uGYcKSgktZb-ftoEbqBXsfQobXZ6LNUfT0oAFxxRDWD-rEODLoRT2Q6MN0kDJtKrorFxmChUuZBxV5nr-LjgdpIg544UT8DVFsWs8bwnLlzhDrRjH8Pxsl1zf-cQgPftIb7lf-yXuP3GEIdyPev4Fw6rExDvX3LjOg=w400-h175" title="Wilhelmstraße 65: Reichsjustizministerium" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>Under the Nazis the Prussian Ministry of Justice was merged with the Reich Ministry of Justice and headed by Franz Gürtner who was responsible for coordinating jurisprudence in the Third Reich. Objecting to the illegality of the Gestapo and SA in dealing with prisoners of war, he protested unsuccessfully to Hitler, nevertheless staying on in the cabinet, hoping to reform the establishment from within. Instead, he found himself providing official sanction and legal grounds for a series of criminal actions under the Hitler administration. His successor, Otto Thierack, forwent any pretence of legality and simply began handing undesirable groups over to the ϟϟ having come to an understanding with Heinrich Himmler that certain categories of prisoners were to be, to use their words, "annihilated through work". Lengthy paperwork involved in clemency proceedings for those sentenced to death was greatly shortened and, at his personal instigation, the execution shed at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin was outfitted with eight iron hooks in December 1942 so that several people could be put to death at once by hanging. At the mass executions beginning on September7, 1943, it also happened that some prisoners were hanged "by mistake". Thierack simply covered up these mistakes and demanded that the hangings continue. During the war an air raid in December 1944 destroyed the main building except for the surrounding walls. </span></span><span><span><span><span>The
building was demolished in 1950 and </span></span>the property was initially kept free for a passage from Französische Strasse to Wilhelmstrasse. <span><span>Today the site serves as the embassy of Afghanistan. </span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße 68:<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung</span></span></span> <br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiznt9470Zt0ert-NEGuqGKse8-bgEmbgc_C4R-xwWu74pvN6_pkEKfo_I4b2EIBIiG6Iy1CRFGglNuEWLuM4tKTk4BYj90KcDeJ6n6E6upVwoJEJMWHPogmEx_HZikSL6Lh4PsZ8Xo3cs/s1600/lmyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße 68: Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung" border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiznt9470Zt0ert-NEGuqGKse8-bgEmbgc_C4R-xwWu74pvN6_pkEKfo_I4b2EIBIiG6Iy1CRFGglNuEWLuM4tKTk4BYj90KcDeJ6n6E6upVwoJEJMWHPogmEx_HZikSL6Lh4PsZ8Xo3cs/w400-h141/lmyphoto.jpeg" title="Wilhelmstraße 68: Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>The Reich Ministry of Science and Public Education in July, 1943 and the site today. After the Nazis came to power Bernhard Rust, Gauleiter of South Hanover-Braunschweig, was appointed provisionally as Prussian Minister of Education. After responsibility for arts affairs had been transferred to the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, the Rust was appointed Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education on May 1, 1934 and </span></span><span><span><span><span>tried to bring the school system into line with Nazi ideology whilst
discharging those regarded as politically or racially "undesirable" from
scientific and research work. </span></span>The Prussian Ministry of Culture served as the basis of the newly created Reich Ministry, whose officials also dealt with the affairs of the Reich. At the beginning of 1935, the name of the ministry was adapted accordingly and the authority now operated as the Reich and Prussian Ministry for Science, Education and National Education (Reich Ministry of Education or REM). On October 1, 1938, the reference to Prussia was deleted and the Ministry finally renamed the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education. During the war the building complex was destroyed with the exception of the eastern courtyard wing and parts of the connecting passage to the extension. In August 1945, some of its rooms were set aside for the German Central Authority for Public Education. In October 1949 upon the official creation of the DDR, this became the East German Ministry of Public Education. From 1963 until 1989 the ministry was headed by the wife of East Germany's last Head of State, Margot Honecker. From 1970 until the dissolution of East Germany in 1990 it housed the East German Academy of Educational Science. Today it serves as offices for members of the Bundestag.</span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><br />Wilhelmstraße 70: </span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWccD-_zFE0Yz21hDm8ukaTKQcggUfklFR47aKbLRzXRdxOVq7SWkErCDtZgXZqFfSzM4vdehV5UWZQN_syk3qYl3CUZxWMjPG4X8mTCNcX4eoofxM0tozt67p4YQl3PTgeXkufEX0UrQ/s1600/kmyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße 70: Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" border="0" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWccD-_zFE0Yz21hDm8ukaTKQcggUfklFR47aKbLRzXRdxOVq7SWkErCDtZgXZqFfSzM4vdehV5UWZQN_syk3qYl3CUZxWMjPG4X8mTCNcX4eoofxM0tozt67p4YQl3PTgeXkufEX0UrQ/w400-h324/kmyphoto.jpeg" title="Wilhelmstraße 70: Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" width="400" /></a></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>The Palais Strousberg was designed by August Orth for the railway pioneer Bethel Henry Strousberg. Subsequently the building served as British embassy until its destruction in the Second World War. Today in the growing fears of NSA intrusion, it is the subject of German fears that it serves as <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/britains-secret-listening-post-in-the-heart-of-berlin-8921548.html" target="_blank">Britain’s ‘secret listening post in the heart of Berlin.’ </a></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>After the decision in 1991 to move the German seat of government from Bonn to Berlin , the British government decided to build a new embassy building at the historic location. An architecture competition was then announced which was won by Michael Wilford & Partners. The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 29, 1998. The only street side of the building was given a large opening over two floors, which is intended to provide a symbolic light. The turquoise green roof was constructed by Michael Wilford as a Potemkin construction with a sloping roof; the house actually only has a flat roof. The new embassy building was opened on July 18, 2000 by HM Queen Elizabeth II. With the increased terrorist threat after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the entire embassy area was temporarily closed to public access. Special security controls were later introduced for all visitors. In addition, since 2001, Wilhelmstrasse between Behrenstrasse and Unter den Linden has been completely cordoned off from vehicle traffic. The British embassy building is considered the first privately financed embassy both in Germany and around the world. A German company finances the legation for thirty years with the possibility for an extension. It was discovered in 2013 that a wiretapping system for cellphone, WiFi and other communication data has been operated on the roof since 2000 allowing us to eavesdrop on communications between the Chancellery and the Reichstag. <br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQNzT1Fdfc2y2svTsLIi5sgviLpKo1YAP_RY_l6O3sDQoB19W5MtLuPiAMJLgPnXrZ-D0HIoYGbeZy1e1g1LmRWM7mXHXrqwj1y0tckHFSwjtSv05SdNsQzrdFyZ4d2kSzb8mTnEY5-nA/s1600/jmyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße 70: Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland flag" border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQNzT1Fdfc2y2svTsLIi5sgviLpKo1YAP_RY_l6O3sDQoB19W5MtLuPiAMJLgPnXrZ-D0HIoYGbeZy1e1g1LmRWM7mXHXrqwj1y0tckHFSwjtSv05SdNsQzrdFyZ4d2kSzb8mTnEY5-nA/w400-h258/jmyphoto.jpeg" title="Wilhelmstraße 70: Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland flag" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>The British Embassy remains at the same spot as it was during the years of crisis.</span><span> Photos I took for the site <a href="http://imperialflags.blogspot.com/">British Imperial Flags</a>. Dr. Lothrop Stoddard in his book <i>Into The Darkness- Nazi Germany Today</i>, published in 1940 during the war, remarked how</span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><blockquote><span style="font-size: small;">[t]he
most interesting example of Berlin‟s impassive popular mood was the
attitude toward the tightly closed British Embassy which is just around
the corner from the Adlon. There it stands, with gilded lions and
unicorns upon its portals. I had rather expected that this diplomatic
seat of the arch-enemy would attract some attention, especially on a
Sunday, when this part of town was thronged with outside visitors. Yet,
though I watched closely for some time, I never saw a soul give the
building more than a passing glance, much less point to it or
demonstrate in any way. </span></blockquote></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Between Behrenstrasse and Unter den Linden, Wilhelmstrasse has been closed to motorised through traffic since 2003 to protect the British embassy there , especially from car bombs .</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span> </span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße 72: </span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaf</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYUH2bJHA8cyEbVL7-SV_JDJKkaq7nEyrHw7XUf7gjM1BqBAmzpOhit_SHKCKwq4rCQRHEMpwAO5D-TnYG-Eif74gcd-cPA-PUD6qtYYeRHQEGhsfmuO-yD6EFtY0mBR_sbxW7MObl20s/s1600/imyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße 72: Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaf" border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYUH2bJHA8cyEbVL7-SV_JDJKkaq7nEyrHw7XUf7gjM1BqBAmzpOhit_SHKCKwq4rCQRHEMpwAO5D-TnYG-Eif74gcd-cPA-PUD6qtYYeRHQEGhsfmuO-yD6EFtY0mBR_sbxW7MObl20s/w640-h270/imyphoto.jpeg" title="Wilhelmstraße 72: Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaf" width="640" /></a></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>Originally this was the site of a palace built in 1735 and obtained by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia and had been the residence of the Hohenzollern princes until the revolution in 1918. The Reich Ministry for Food and Agriculture (RMEL) from 1919 to 1945. It had been bombed during the war, after which the office became the Federal Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests under the communist authorities. It was finally demolished in 1962 and remained vacant until the mid 1980s when the East Germans began building high-rise apartment blocks.</span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The grounds of the former palace were chosen to become part of the</span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: bold;"> <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/berlin-brandenburg-gate.html">Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe <span style="font-style: italic;">(Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas)</span></a></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="headline">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span class="photo mod" style="width: 240px;"><span class="description">Wilhelmstraße 74-76: </span></span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Foreign Office</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc4QVTMwO6vujt8gq2EUmseQki_tIUS3Wg2bU5jXq6JYM8_zCCWGpyQbc6x68D2hAmVuscYI0OdWn_lP74JiOn6tMQodHprOKpyhcBhxDAZqr-CCP-U_NdrIZniKKe5qWAmh7XRIymz4I/s1600/gmyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße 74-76: The Foreign Office nazi" border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc4QVTMwO6vujt8gq2EUmseQki_tIUS3Wg2bU5jXq6JYM8_zCCWGpyQbc6x68D2hAmVuscYI0OdWn_lP74JiOn6tMQodHprOKpyhcBhxDAZqr-CCP-U_NdrIZniKKe5qWAmh7XRIymz4I/w400-h131/gmyphoto.jpeg" title="Wilhelmstraße 74-76: The Foreign Office nazi" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span><span>The Foreign Office in 1935 and 1936. Through the Machtergreifung, the personnel policy of the German Foreign Office was subjected to Nazi policy, as was the case with all other Reich ministries. Nevertheless, resistance from the Foreign Service did admittedly emerge, for example Rudolf von Scheli, Ilse Stöbe, Adam von Trott to Solz and Ulrich von Hassell. Nevertheless, in its 2010 <span>report</span> <i>Unabhängige Historikerkommission – Auswärtiges Amt</i>, the "Independent Historical Committee - German Foreign Office" concluded that the Office's employees during the Nazi period were less victims but rather actors of national socialism: </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>The Foreign Office was [...] not a hoard of resistance. It was also no retreat of old-ministerial bureaucrats, who, under a bad government, would not abandon their country and simply continue their ministry. There was also no targeted infiltration by national socialists, which was not necessary at all. What was more characteristic of AA was the "self-equalisation. An antidemocratic and an anti-Semitic consensus prevailed among the officials in the Wilhelmstrasse and the Hitler government. The most aristocratic diplomats represented the traditional upper-class anti-Semitism, which was less radical than the genocidal anti-Semitism of the national socialists. But both wanted to overcome the "plague of peace" of Versailles and make Germany a great power again. There were only differences in the assessment of the risk of war. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHw5TQvdoUU6SNfNJTRh3uYxdIjQWyTJAyHNAM3vj71Yr5nAFI_lM08TtnJiFfbxFrV8T0iNVrtzGAfW-sUerq4Q_PllbN_QQG62xxkNnaOf0iicyB2Xa2xgn5zsrv43M3iKnt5zoex_I/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße 74-76: The Foreign Office" border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="394" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHw5TQvdoUU6SNfNJTRh3uYxdIjQWyTJAyHNAM3vj71Yr5nAFI_lM08TtnJiFfbxFrV8T0iNVrtzGAfW-sUerq4Q_PllbN_QQG62xxkNnaOf0iicyB2Xa2xgn5zsrv43M3iKnt5zoex_I/w400-h214/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Wilhelmstraße 74-76: The Foreign Office" width="400" /></a><span><span><span>Nothing is left of it today, but the Reich Aviation Ministry can be seen in the background.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>In 1939 the office issued a formal <span>state<span>ment</span></span> about the so-called Jewish question as a factor of foreign policy. Among other things, "<span>[t]</span>he reali<span>s</span>ation that Judaism in the world will always be the implacable opponent of the Third Reich forces the decision to prevent any strengthening of the Jewish position. A Jewish state [ie: <span>B<span>ritish</span></span> Palestine] would, however, bring a legal system of international law to world Jewry. " The research results published in October 2010 by the independent historian commission, convened by the then Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer in 2005, show that "after the attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Foreign Office took the initiative to solve the 'Jewish question' at European level. Eckart Conze (historian and spokesman of the commission) said in a<span> 2010</span> interview <span>that</span> <span>t</span>he Foreign Office "was actively involved in all measures of persecution, deprivation, expulsion and extermination of the Jews from the beginning... The target 'final solution' was already very early recogni<span>s</span>able." </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>After the end of the war, a number of leading members of the Office in the so-<span>c</span>alled Wilhelmstraßen process.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße 79-80/Voßstraße 96: </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reic</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">h Ministry of Transport</span> (Reichsverkehrsministerium)</span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOroRTiK3FQ0Wf9mTOob7lmUUBl6twEISzvZQfOlkQvxd_3O3XoVvLnzSqowXCqJucUcx1p1vM_dgRdubPiRAgQZ3q6FqxvzSFPno2tSsMgg_qATax4NjP8hR7D8Bcxu-7y296xYSMMQk/s1600/emyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße 79-80/Voßstraße 96: Reich Ministry of Transport (Reichsverkehrsministerium)" border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOroRTiK3FQ0Wf9mTOob7lmUUBl6twEISzvZQfOlkQvxd_3O3XoVvLnzSqowXCqJucUcx1p1vM_dgRdubPiRAgQZ3q6FqxvzSFPno2tSsMgg_qATax4NjP8hR7D8Bcxu-7y296xYSMMQk/w640-h206/emyphoto.jpeg" title="Wilhelmstraße 79-80/Voßstraße 96: Reich Ministry of Transport (Reichsverkehrsministerium)" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span> Its <span>Wilhelmstraße façade then and within the former yard today</span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi273-3apERGfHs9hVAcs_4aapfhK01eIBD41V2tejITeuxoaSVkT5Uqphn1LEVGQ-kHqqieQrCPfttFOWetILfKLnHMRcAAjoOs-B5R_IW6fqfvciBKnf3i-IEpH6o01cRc7fxOoSe6qpD/s307/ezgif.com-crop%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße 79-80/Voßstraße 96: Reich Ministry of Wilhelmstraße 79-80/Voßstraße 96: Reich Ministry of Transport (Reichsverkehrsministerium)Transport (Reichsverkehrsministerium)" border="0" data-original-height="165" data-original-width="307" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi273-3apERGfHs9hVAcs_4aapfhK01eIBD41V2tejITeuxoaSVkT5Uqphn1LEVGQ-kHqqieQrCPfttFOWetILfKLnHMRcAAjoOs-B5R_IW6fqfvciBKnf3i-IEpH6o01cRc7fxOoSe6qpD/w400-h215/ezgif.com-crop%25283%2529.gif" title="Wilhelmstraße 79-80/Voßstraße 96: Reich Ministry of Transport (Reichsverkehrsministerium)" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Then and now</span><span> as seen from</span><span> Voßstraße</span><span>. It had been built in 1884-86 by Boeckmann architects as a residential building. In 1925 the house was extended and fitted to the neighbouring German Railway Company. Today it is the only house of the old Voßstraße still existing. With the founding of the Ministry of Aviation on May 5, 1933, the Reichsverkehrsministerium lost the jurisdiction <span>over </span>the Department of Aviation. The Department of Motor Transport and Shipping was divided into two separate departments as<span> </span>Erich Klausener became head of the shipping division. After Klausener's assassination during the so-called Röhm-Putsch on June 30, 1934, the division received a new department head with Max Waldeck at the beginning of 1935. In the same year, the two railway divisions were merged after the head of the administrative department had retired. As of March 20, 1935, the Reichsverkehrsminister (Minister of Transport and Transport) was named Reich and Prussian Transport Minister after the corresponding tasks had been taken over from the Prussian Ministry of Transport. Added to this were other transport tasks from the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Agriculture. The Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft was placed under the Act for the Reorgani<span>s</span>ation of the Reichsbank and the German Reichsbahn Act on January 30, 1937, and received the name "Deutsche Reichsbahn". The Reichsbahn committees were taken over to the ministry as department head in the rank of ministerial directors.<span> </span>Until the end of the Second World War the structure changed only insignificantly. In the operational and construction department E II was the unit 21 "mass transport", which from 1940 was responsible for the organisation and timetable of the special trains for the deportation of Jews from Germany ordered by the </span></span><span>ϟϟ</span><span>. This meant that the Reichsverkehrsministerium was responsible for a substantial part of the Holocaust</span><span>.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Wilhelmplatz</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAT7FtwaW0Pm9Dli0-jBAN3tKEora7dSA-XTarAC4-rYfltFU7XW0ejRl6MftGT-gBZNajrG8cFabf5hkEJwP2mLJgRZ6dY-4itcHJQIfvr-SAzFrvUrlorT4wEmDPrbSFaZYHripr90Vt/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="western entrance to the subway station "Kaiserhof" at Berlin, Wilhelmplatz (today station "Mohrenstraße", line U2); built 1908 after a design by Alfred Grenander, destroyed in 1936." border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAT7FtwaW0Pm9Dli0-jBAN3tKEora7dSA-XTarAC4-rYfltFU7XW0ejRl6MftGT-gBZNajrG8cFabf5hkEJwP2mLJgRZ6dY-4itcHJQIfvr-SAzFrvUrlorT4wEmDPrbSFaZYHripr90Vt/w400-h265/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" title="western entrance to the subway station "Kaiserhof" at Berlin, Wilhelmplatz (today station "Mohrenstraße", line U2); built 1908 after a design by Alfred Grenander, destroyed in 1936." width="400" /></a></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>At the western entrance to the subway station "Kaiserhof" at Berlin, Wilhelmplatz (today station "Mohrenstraße", line U2); built 1908 after a design by Alfred Grenander, destroyed in 1936</span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">For some years a regular daily meeting had taken place in the Propaganda Ministry on the Wilhelmplatz in Berlin, attended by Goebbels, senior officials of the RMVP and liaison and media staff from other ministries, the Party Chancellery and the Wehrmacht. These press conferences would normally begin at 11.am (although the time could vary from 10.00 am to noon) and lasted for half an hour to forty-five minutes. Goebbels dominated proceedings and the only other regular speaker was the OKW liaison officer who would give a brief account of developments at the front(s). The ministerial conference was very much a platform for Goebbels to perform. The Minister would use the 'conference’ to provide guidelines and detailed instructions for the implementation of German propaganda. It was not intended to offer a dialogue with journalists. As Goebbels widened the scope of his brief during the war the conference expanded from twenty in attendance gradually increasing after the invasion of Russia to fifty or sixty persons.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span id="btAsinTitle"><span id="leftConn_Authorcns!81C2730497AD62BA!4816"> </span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span id="btAsinTitle">Welch (118) </span><span id="btAsinTitle"><span id="leftConn_Authorcns!81C2730497AD62BA!4816"> <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Third-Reich-Politics-Propaganda/dp/0415275083"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt3JDj9Kif0AaXLfpy2hrCw7zZUsxPhTaJ-B53zI0do3_fJg6ZGBz9xiXVFhq7MlLlFBtx8aSKyH3mgUv8oLRUs1m6indmGhyvK-3WMuDzr8fIq5DxvLxeWtgJ1MqZ9t6z5Qpm_DZMi1Y/s1600/dmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmplatz" border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt3JDj9Kif0AaXLfpy2hrCw7zZUsxPhTaJ-B53zI0do3_fJg6ZGBz9xiXVFhq7MlLlFBtx8aSKyH3mgUv8oLRUs1m6indmGhyvK-3WMuDzr8fIq5DxvLxeWtgJ1MqZ9t6z5Qpm_DZMi1Y/w640-h186/dmyphoto.jpeg" title="Wilhelmplatz" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>Wilhelmplatz was built over during the German Democratic Republic era. The Czech Embassy is visible in the foreground of the picture whilst the historic statues have since been reinstated. </span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzb-LtY82PJrsmcDD0gCC9Z995TkbYISrzJ10QYLyDNeIsOPiY6YX3J_IBbxaMGtHdbu_hu02nAe1jUT9pwBsYJN7UhSH0VGApMFhesZvecPsTV6xjYGQq4YTLI-1Z7yoJYVBHTNEr_ho/s1600/cmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmplatz" border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzb-LtY82PJrsmcDD0gCC9Z995TkbYISrzJ10QYLyDNeIsOPiY6YX3J_IBbxaMGtHdbu_hu02nAe1jUT9pwBsYJN7UhSH0VGApMFhesZvecPsTV6xjYGQq4YTLI-1Z7yoJYVBHTNEr_ho/w640-h210/cmyphoto.jpeg" title="Wilhelmplatz" width="640" /></a></span></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>A member of the Hitlerjugend on a street sign where Wilhelmstrasse intersects with Wilhelmplatz, and as it appeared after the war.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKP2PVeKchVW0SgcCrUsWcG0213PAq4X2mfc3SeUzgGo6cHc3VpOL6KgnB_Oq0YLrsqPHG2xpn0BMrYBCXG9EQ8RePl2VDe4dtDztWQLFNj5ykBB19wrFZgN984T40aW1JXVAXK7niZa95/s428/ezgif.com-gif-maker-52.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hotel Kaiserhof in 1938 and the same site today with my students during our Bavarian International School class trip in 2020. hitler nazi" border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="428" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKP2PVeKchVW0SgcCrUsWcG0213PAq4X2mfc3SeUzgGo6cHc3VpOL6KgnB_Oq0YLrsqPHG2xpn0BMrYBCXG9EQ8RePl2VDe4dtDztWQLFNj5ykBB19wrFZgN984T40aW1JXVAXK7niZa95/w400-h290/ezgif.com-gif-maker-52.gif" title="Hotel Kaiserhof in 1938 and the same site today with my students during our Bavarian International School class trip in 2020. hitler nazi" width="400" /></a>
<span><span><span><span>Taxis
lined up in front of the legendary Hotel Kaiserhof in 1938 and the same
site today with my students during our <i><a href="https://www.bis-school.com/">Bavarian International School</a> </i>
class trip in 2020. On November 22, 1943 the hotel was badly damaged by
the RAF during an air-raid on Berlin. The ruins ended up in East Berlin
after the division of the city and were later completely torn down and
in 1974 the North Korean embassy to East Germany was constructed on the
site. When in 2001 its successor state, the Federal Republic of Germany,
re-established diplomatic relations with North Korea, the latter's
embassy returned to the building. Since 2004, the annex on the south
half of the site has been leased to Cityhostel Berlin, which <a href="https://globalinvestigationsreview.com/guide/the-guide-sanctions/first-edition/article/eu-sanctions-enforcement">currently pays the North Korean regime an estimated €38,000 per month</a>. It was here
on February 26, 1932 in a ceremony that Hitler had himself appointed a
Regierungsrat in Brunswick for the period of a week, thus acquiring
German citizenship. Fest
writes how this was "for years his Berlin headquarters;" Irving adds
that "[t]his was where Hitler made his command post whenever he was in
Berlin." After having lunch "Hitler read newspapers, brought by an aide
each day from a kiosk at the nearby Kaiserhof Hotel. In earlier years he
had taken tea in the Kaiserhof: as he entered, the little orchestra
would strike up the ‘Donkey Serenade,’ his favourite Hollywood movie
tune." On the day Hitler was appointed Chancellor </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span>at
a window of the Kaiserhof, Rohm was keeping an anxious watch on the
door from which Hitler must emerge. Shortly after noon a roar went up
from the crowd: the Leader was coming. He ran down the steps to his car
and in a couple of minutes was back in the Kaiserhof, As he entered the
room his lieutenants crowded to greet him. The improbable had happened:
Adolf Hitler, the petty official's son from Austria, the down-and-out of
the Home for Men, the Meldeganger of the List Regiment, had become
Chancellor of the German Reich.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span>Bullock (250).</span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX5xdcLQUKo2jk1ZoSL8d6udw9J47_Z3y7Gs3oPN-2rKGbGTBuEhGH2-Z7P4AI1u0XIoRDiKx06siVnTde-f-nqX8_NsSBiplGmXzca2eWhlmEDP0cTYeyzs_s9mhoZ4VsYNvXPCvEMIy4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="bronze statue of Leopold I shown with my students during my 2016 Bavarian International School trip was moved in 2005 to its current location on Wilhelmplatz" border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX5xdcLQUKo2jk1ZoSL8d6udw9J47_Z3y7Gs3oPN-2rKGbGTBuEhGH2-Z7P4AI1u0XIoRDiKx06siVnTde-f-nqX8_NsSBiplGmXzca2eWhlmEDP0cTYeyzs_s9mhoZ4VsYNvXPCvEMIy4/w400-h280/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" title="bronze statue of Leopold I shown with my students during my 2016 Bavarian International School trip was moved in 2005 to its current location on Wilhelmplatz" width="400" /></a></span></span>A
few months later Goebbels would give his speech on ‘The Tasks of the
German Theatre’ at the Hotel Kaiserhof on May 8, 1933 during which he
lectured the assembled theatre actors and managers on his concept of a
militant Nazi culture.<a href="https://archive.org/stream/Irving_David_-_Goebbels_Mastermind_of_the_Third_Reich/Irving_David_-_Goebbels_Mastermind_of_the_Third_Reich_djvu.txt"> Irving records him</a> as declaring that "I want to protest at the notion that
the artist alone has the privilege of being unpolitical... The artist may not merely trail behind, he must seize the banner and march at the
head." Turning to the Jewish question, he grimly affirmed that there was
no need for special legislation to extrude the Jews from the world of
German art. "I think the German people will themselves gradually
eliminate them."</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>The bronze statue of Leopold I </span><span><span><span>shown with my students during my 2016 <i>Bavarian International School</i> trip was </span></span>moved in 2005<span>
to its current location on Wilhelmplatz on the initative of the Berlin
Schadow Society which planned to re-erect the statues of the Prussian
military near their historical locations. The bronze copies of the
Zieten and Anhalt-Dessau monuments were rebuilt in 2003 and 2005 on the
subway island on the transverse axis of the former Wilhelmplatz. The
remaining four bronze statues were moved to a new location on the
neighboring Zietenplatz in September 2009 after its reconstruction,
which began in 2005, was completed. Since 2011, the statues as a whole
have been a listed building.</span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span>The
NSDAP leader was often in Berlin, where since February 1931 he
regularly stayed in a suite at the legendary Hotel Kaiserhof at 4
Wilhelmplatz (formerly Ziethenplatz), across the street from the Reich
Chancellery. The hotel was the first luxury hotel in the city, opened in
1875 and three years later one of the showpieces of the 1878 Congress
of Berlin, which took place under the leadership of Chancellor Otto von
Bismarck. Since the early 1920s, the hotel management had sympathized
with the right‑wing nationalist forces operating against the Weimar
state, so it was no coincidence that the top floor of the hotel turned
into the NSDAP’s provisional headquarters. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.you-books.com/book/H-B-Gortemaker/Eva-Braun"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Görtemaker, <i>Eva Braun</i></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinVLJp0EKwoimxtQsPpk9E63OA0RmH-17CoAivB1MabIwRr4SzwD3QEwk6ZqJ5UhRQ0T_xpaT36vCPg2X2teYAxqOo8Xse0nDXD4QftICniK2jQQo7ht8GwGIISxVKdWsD0E2UyvcR96M/s1600/IMG_2321.JPG" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinVLJp0EKwoimxtQsPpk9E63OA0RmH-17CoAivB1MabIwRr4SzwD3QEwk6ZqJ5UhRQ0T_xpaT36vCPg2X2teYAxqOo8Xse0nDXD4QftICniK2jQQo7ht8GwGIISxVKdWsD0E2UyvcR96M/s1600/IMG_2321.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinVLJp0EKwoimxtQsPpk9E63OA0RmH-17CoAivB1MabIwRr4SzwD3QEwk6ZqJ5UhRQ0T_xpaT36vCPg2X2teYAxqOo8Xse0nDXD4QftICniK2jQQo7ht8GwGIISxVKdWsD0E2UyvcR96M/s320/IMG_2321.JPG" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinVLJp0EKwoimxtQsPpk9E63OA0RmH-17CoAivB1MabIwRr4SzwD3QEwk6ZqJ5UhRQ0T_xpaT36vCPg2X2teYAxqOo8Xse0nDXD4QftICniK2jQQo7ht8GwGIISxVKdWsD0E2UyvcR96M/s320/IMG_2321.JPG" width="222" /></a><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2DOWq9m8PH7Mv_oGKy4H8MNpVk0qzK9mLGCM9dRHYFOiFsVjR7jsdP7qZ8fWa74QncBXXWQPXK79qN40aHIispB2GAupsA39GeOdbixkuE-nZ-DDy7SznBTwIGDc5YnqiVOqV__CYKkE/s1600/IMG_2322.JPG" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2DOWq9m8PH7Mv_oGKy4H8MNpVk0qzK9mLGCM9dRHYFOiFsVjR7jsdP7qZ8fWa74QncBXXWQPXK79qN40aHIispB2GAupsA39GeOdbixkuE-nZ-DDy7SznBTwIGDc5YnqiVOqV__CYKkE/s1600/IMG_2322.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2DOWq9m8PH7Mv_oGKy4H8MNpVk0qzK9mLGCM9dRHYFOiFsVjR7jsdP7qZ8fWa74QncBXXWQPXK79qN40aHIispB2GAupsA39GeOdbixkuE-nZ-DDy7SznBTwIGDc5YnqiVOqV__CYKkE/s320/IMG_2322.JPG" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2DOWq9m8PH7Mv_oGKy4H8MNpVk0qzK9mLGCM9dRHYFOiFsVjR7jsdP7qZ8fWa74QncBXXWQPXK79qN40aHIispB2GAupsA39GeOdbixkuE-nZ-DDy7SznBTwIGDc5YnqiVOqV__CYKkE/s320/IMG_2322.JPG" width="396" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span> Directly across the street is this memorial to <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2005/05/the-resistance-in-munich.html" target="_blank">Georg Elser, who had concealed a time bomb in the Bürgerbräukeller, set to go off during Hitler's speech on 8 November</a>. The bomb exploded, killing seven people and injuring sixty-three, but Hitler escaped unharmed; he had cut his speech short and left about half an hour early. Elser was arrested, imprisoned for 5 ½ years and executed shortly before the end of the war. On November 8, 2011, this seventeen metre-long memorial was inaugurated on the corner of An der Kolonnade street in his memory.</span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><br />Wilhelmplatz 8-9:</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <span>Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhzBnkeiBPJ6gY4j5T30bUK-vnAF_f8KZE2s1pD_wuUxLlEwxRsnF_DM8wYENsJ0L9uEBXmSMz9z5G_MPTBYeDG4Y15ztgSvqr3dTj7P874fKMrMy4pN1kI-iG8uarOwj35c89pvKBz8E6yWUHDbftqPs50I-F6b0TRDoN05ed5eKJIgk3ye_tWOtcXcA=s337" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="324" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhzBnkeiBPJ6gY4j5T30bUK-vnAF_f8KZE2s1pD_wuUxLlEwxRsnF_DM8wYENsJ0L9uEBXmSMz9z5G_MPTBYeDG4Y15ztgSvqr3dTj7P874fKMrMy4pN1kI-iG8uarOwj35c89pvKBz8E6yWUHDbftqPs50I-F6b0TRDoN05ed5eKJIgk3ye_tWOtcXcA=w385-h400" width="385" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"></span> <span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>A Berlin postcard actually promoting the site of Goebbels's Propaganda Ministry and my class of 2021. Shortly after the Reichstag election in March 1933, Hitler presented his cabinet on March 11 with a draft resolution for the establishment of the ministry. Despite the skepticism of some non-Nazi ministers, he prevailed. On March 13, 1933, the Reich President Hindenburg ordered the establishment of a Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. The term “propaganda” (from Latin propagare , “further spread”) was used in a value-neutral manner at the time of its founding. The meaning of the ministry name can be understood today in the sense of "for culture, media and public relations", whereby the boundary between advertising and public relations was already fluid which Goebbels tried to differentiate. The ministry moved here into the Prinz-Karl-Palais on Wilhelmplatz 8/9 in Berlin, which was already used by the now incorporated "United Press Department of the Reich Government". From the spring of 1933, the complex was expanded extensively. </span></span><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span>Due
to the insufficient space there, architect Karl Reichle created
spacious extensions between 1934 and 1938. The rear facade of the extant
new wing on Mauerstrasse offers a good impression of Nazi state
architecture: Conservative modernism and monumental austerity are
reflected in the shell limestone facade with its uniform serial pattern. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjRicri_o-XjvPKtLyTZ_fZKqlu0cz1uBkYfPTlFy1105BAK9GfxqLuSfbwXmoyAyGaNNFH7AuoSiXSTdheSrDHCtfX6XEsMILHLA_2JSFRPnkD4WUwVUeKrIFyhAYom3POy9h4NtTHCkxgmkb1fRn8TwrRjXSobqbEEvEgnhvR-_lfEa88B_gOrVag5Q=s394" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="297" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjRicri_o-XjvPKtLyTZ_fZKqlu0cz1uBkYfPTlFy1105BAK9GfxqLuSfbwXmoyAyGaNNFH7AuoSiXSTdheSrDHCtfX6XEsMILHLA_2JSFRPnkD4WUwVUeKrIFyhAYom3POy9h4NtTHCkxgmkb1fRn8TwrRjXSobqbEEvEgnhvR-_lfEa88B_gOrVag5Q=w301-h400" width="301" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span>My 2021 cohort in front. The Ministry was created shortly after the Nazi "seizure of power"to serve as the central institution of propaganda through Goebbels, who exercised control over all German mass media and cultural workers through his department and the Reich Chamber of Culture established in autumn 1933. On March 25, 1933, Goebbels explained the future function of the Ministry of Propaganda to the directors and directors of the broadcasting companies by declaring that “[t]he ministry has the task of carrying out a spiritual mobilisation in Germany. So it is in the field of the spirit what the Ministry of Defecse is in the field of the guard. [...] the spiritual mobilisation is just as necessary, perhaps even more necessary than the material mobilisation of the people."</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span>From the spring of 1933, the complex was expanded extensively. The neighbouring American embassy in the Kleisthaus was built into the building. The tasks of the ministry are described in an ordinance by Hitler of June 30, 1933 as follows:"The Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda is responsible for all tasks of intellectual influence on the nation, advertising for the state, culture and economy, informing the domestic and foreign public about them and the administration of all institutions serving these purposes."<br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPW2D8ZAFbdaHsnCw60j_H6LBEe0poY8FdNOPSbntAhQdXwKSmaBTalkWfnFUdkg-chIyPcWCZhiYavdPaChD32hvGYZwtD8toM0NKtReJLO_Nh9ECHdo1w0yBEqA28huUTcmWQwgNPDTcIdvPuYT7D07oB1wYKqN1kgT9bDvvTaA8fdo5UiXNEtsQ3w=s380" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="325" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPW2D8ZAFbdaHsnCw60j_H6LBEe0poY8FdNOPSbntAhQdXwKSmaBTalkWfnFUdkg-chIyPcWCZhiYavdPaChD32hvGYZwtD8toM0NKtReJLO_Nh9ECHdo1w0yBEqA28huUTcmWQwgNPDTcIdvPuYT7D07oB1wYKqN1kgT9bDvvTaA8fdo5UiXNEtsQ3w=w343-h400" width="343" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span> Numerous tasks of the Propaganda Ministry overlapped with the areas of competence of other organisations, which were linked by a complex network of personnel and in some cases were also under the direction of Goebbels. As a professional organisation, the Reich Chamber of Culture controlled and monitored cultural workers in the theatre, radio, film and press, among other areas. At party level, there were also three Reichsleiter with media skills, whose areas of responsibility overlapped: the Reich Propaganda Head of the Nazi Party, Joseph Goebbels; the Reichsleiter for the Nazi Party press, Max Amann; and the Nazi Party Press Chief, Otto Dietrich who was the vice president of the Reich Press Chamber which in turn was subordinate to the President of the Reich Chamber of Culture- Joseph Goebbels. Power struggles, personal enmities and mutual dependencies sometimes led to contradicting instructions from the various agencies. At the 1936 Summer Olympics, direct responsibility lay with the Reich Ministry of the Interior , which was responsible for sport. But since Goebbels had already met with Theodor Lewald, the President of the Organising Committee, he was able to contribute accordingly at all levels. The success of the propaganda is still visible through Leni Riefenstahl's film <i>Olympia</i>. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span></span></span></span></span></span>There were violent disputes over who was responsible for foreign propaganda, for which the Reich Foreign Ministry claimed general authority. For example, influencing internal reporting in Italy remained completely in the hands of the Foreign Office; diplomatic sensitivity was required when dealing with the Axis partner. Since regulations and prohibitions were inappropriate in relation to a sovereign state, the Office flooded the Italian Ministry of Propaganda with ready-made news from around the world instead - news that was more detailed and timely than the material of the Italian correspondents, and was therefore often used by newspapers and radio. Although Hitler's order of September 8, 1939 clearly defined the leadership role of the Foreign Office in foreign propaganda, Goebbels and his ministry continued to interfere in this area until the end of the war . <br /></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEisL6t_PIVDS5TbgZFM7XkzUEN2gq5QNiZnSHAxyeJ94-ApWz6ks3Aq50uDemGJPlfZdefl1idRkSXEq18jD2FbRCiLQGkRlQ6KwJ6hZ0baAqzH6CZzNDcF4xOMK0IQ1LU2APMlabN4x7E_9nBdin5IvCH2jKUCklwOEzTazzcEPvOAUHqsqKTUh7C5dg=s208" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="134" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEisL6t_PIVDS5TbgZFM7XkzUEN2gq5QNiZnSHAxyeJ94-ApWz6ks3Aq50uDemGJPlfZdefl1idRkSXEq18jD2FbRCiLQGkRlQ6KwJ6hZ0baAqzH6CZzNDcF4xOMK0IQ1LU2APMlabN4x7E_9nBdin5IvCH2jKUCklwOEzTazzcEPvOAUHqsqKTUh7C5dg=w280-h435" width="280" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda – RMVP), was established by a presidential decree, signed on 12 March 1933 and promulgated on the following day, which defined the task of the new ministry as the dissemination of ‘enlightenment and propaganda within the population concerning the policy of the Reich Government and the national reconstruction of the German Fatherland’. In June Hitler was to define the scope of the RMVP in even more general terms, making Goebbels responsible for the ‘spiritual direction of the nation’. Not only did this vague directive provide Goebbels with room to out-manoeuvre his critics within the Party; it also put the seal of legitimacy on what was soon to be the ministry’s wholesale control of the mass-media. Nevertheless, Goebbels was constantly involved in quarrels with ministerial colleagues who resented the encroachment of this new ministry on their old domain.</span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span id="btAsinTitle">Welch (28-29) </span><span id="btAsinTitle"><span id="leftConn_Authorcns!81C2730497AD62BA!4816"> <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Third-Reich-Politics-Propaganda/dp/0415275083"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>Standing in front of the site in 2007. </span><span style="text-align: left;">Currently serving as the German Federal Ministry of Health and Social Security, this is where Goebbels was in charge of t</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span><span>he
Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (RMVP) was
responsible for the content-related control of the press, literature,
fine arts, film, theatre, music and broadcasting. After the first ministerial building here was destroyed in the war, a remnant marked by archways remained standing on Wilhelmstrasse.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>The part of the building visible here behind my students is the Marschall House, converted by Karl Reichle in 1934 to serve as the entrance area to the Ministry of Propaganda. The walled up archways and windows of today were originally passageways to the main building of the Ministry of Propaganda. The ministry was re-established shortly after the "seizure of power" by the Nazis as the central institution of Nazi propaganda. It was in the Cabinet Hitler under the direction of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, who exerted control of all German mass media and cultural workers through his ministry and the Reich Chamber of Culture built in the fall of 1933.</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>No one who lived in Germany in the Thirties, and who cared about such matters, can ever forget the sickening decline of the cultural standards of a people who had had such high ones for so long a time. This was inevitable, of course, the moment the Nazi leaders decided that the arts, literature, the press, radio and the films must serve exclusively the propaganda purposes of the new regime and its outlandish philosophy.</span></span></span></span> <br /></blockquote><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg331RXc9G1rBRedMbrEu-sGHmhr5yE82dXrqbSSiK6MFalepCsoUB27wfALmnQObRzkHD48UJR9jXP70pRBxV79jf9JJxp3HfErA43sR70K-IAXkeMkPd_kCIu6XtWvnffvguZo3aMkg8z3I6GjA0Ux-jy8_t8O95McD7bQSROC6WT81Sfe1v2NdHHGw=s481" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="481" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg331RXc9G1rBRedMbrEu-sGHmhr5yE82dXrqbSSiK6MFalepCsoUB27wfALmnQObRzkHD48UJR9jXP70pRBxV79jf9JJxp3HfErA43sR70K-IAXkeMkPd_kCIu6XtWvnffvguZo3aMkg8z3I6GjA0Ux-jy8_t8O95McD7bQSROC6WT81Sfe1v2NdHHGw=s320" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span>Not a single living German writer of any importance, with the exception of Ernst Juenger and Ernst Wiechert in the earlier years, was published in Germany during the Nazi time. Almost all of them, led by Thomas Mann, emigrated; the few who remained were silent or were silenced. Every manuscript of a book or a play had to be submitted to the Propaganda Ministry before it could be approved for publication or production.</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span>Shirer (214) </span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">In the last weeks of the war, the historic palace was destroyed by an air mine. Its ruins were torn down in 1949 whilst the parts of the building that were built during the Nazi regime were damaged but reconstructed after the war. From 1947 the National Front of the German Democratic Republic, an association of parties and mass organisations of the DDR, moved into this building. With the move of the Ministry for Media Policy into the building of the former Propaganda Ministry, the East German government ensured continuity in the use of the building. Since 1999 the building has been the seat of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Wilhelmstraße 81-85: </span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reich Aviation Ministry (<span style="font-style: italic;">Reichsluftfahrtministerium</span>)</span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiCgX_BobzTduySryd9gz8Xpo4I7aDjpKGc_DLbP1aWK8RL5tKQIW-bpY62_Q9YTzKu661gSH8s4eDX6i1j3FmScn-5QUNF47--0cL6CVoj0CHQvQ6AA9Z-zX3bMLL6yqfPlmPVlzxjjEVx8wKkH41d3Qf6IP-90VxILxF0ZnAgPp8tgJ3cukPkrxhpGw=s489" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="489" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiCgX_BobzTduySryd9gz8Xpo4I7aDjpKGc_DLbP1aWK8RL5tKQIW-bpY62_Q9YTzKu661gSH8s4eDX6i1j3FmScn-5QUNF47--0cL6CVoj0CHQvQ6AA9Z-zX3bMLL6yqfPlmPVlzxjjEVx8wKkH41d3Qf6IP-90VxILxF0ZnAgPp8tgJ3cukPkrxhpGw=w640-h352" title="Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" width="640" /></a></div><span>As it appeared in the film </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><i>Valkyrie </i>and during my 2021 school trip with my Bavarian International School history students.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span> The building also provided the backdrop to the dire </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>2007 film <span style="font-style: italic;">Mein Führer - Die wirklich wahrste Wahrheit über Adolf Hitler </span>(Mein Führer: The Truly Truest Truth About Adolf Hitler)</span><span>.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>In 1890 <span style="font-style: italic;">Das Preussische Kriegsministerium</span> at Leipzigerstrasse 5 was enlarged by the construction of an huge extension in Wilhelmstrasse. During the Weimar Republic it contained the offices of the Reich Defence Ministry. In 1933 the newly-formed Reich Aviation Ministry headed by Goering moved into it, at which point he ordered the complex destroyed and a monumental new building designed by Ernst Sagebiel constructed on the site, housing 2000 rooms. <br /></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrNRsIOQ-2mwn_An2FuSQzpznCj0D7v5GxnJjS0Zt8eWFvCHEwJTQbMR56tVTFbikGH2GmtkmnbsjBdxcs0620g2Q8PTHTSbIQWsguByAe9iiteDwm-ZZCihSL7-vFMJVB-SmTe48RisW/s300/ezgif.com-gif-maker-53.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="300" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrNRsIOQ-2mwn_An2FuSQzpznCj0D7v5GxnJjS0Zt8eWFvCHEwJTQbMR56tVTFbikGH2GmtkmnbsjBdxcs0620g2Q8PTHTSbIQWsguByAe9iiteDwm-ZZCihSL7-vFMJVB-SmTe48RisW/w320-h278/ezgif.com-gif-maker-53.gif" title="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" width="320" /></a></span></span>During its construction in 1935</span><span>, as shown in the 1936 series of Winterhilfswerk and from my 2020 school trip- Moderne Bauten stamps</span>, and <span>a guided tour of various sites, including the </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Reichsluftfahrtministerium.</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Historians have devoted considerable attention to Hitler’s plans for the rebuilding of Berlin, but they have rarely acknowledged their effect on both the face of tourist Berlin and the meaning of a visit to the capital between 1933 and 1945. Yet it is impossible to overestimate the degree to which Berlin’s new buildings – among them, the Reich Chancellery, the Reich Sport Field, the Reich Ministry of Transportation and the Reich Aviation Ministry – became key sights for visitors to the city.</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Seeing-Hitlers-Germany-Tourism-Third/dp/1403939144/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1292149993&sr=1-1">Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich</a></span><span> Kristin Semmens (46)</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVpfDPa2DsQoynPO5Yh_COVx1Z5HVMrm2F5svv5BDhvZJuohDeX35H_D5GiMVF7cRjeUPfNE1vuhTOEHUg11QreSF16WiRmdF0dRu99kqQM2S-19MKCkBFIG67PMULmaCeZdMQXq0SEUM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-06-26+at+20.46.24.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="214" data-original-width="695" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVpfDPa2DsQoynPO5Yh_COVx1Z5HVMrm2F5svv5BDhvZJuohDeX35H_D5GiMVF7cRjeUPfNE1vuhTOEHUg11QreSF16WiRmdF0dRu99kqQM2S-19MKCkBFIG67PMULmaCeZdMQXq0SEUM/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-06-26+at+20.46.24.png" width="640" /></a><span><span> </span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Model of the entire complex and site today. </span> </span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7j505P4yjbmzuS-lNgN3ffVo1x1vnjtlkAjDnmA0Rh0LR4MyqZ0S5vHZsYlbNvaK2nXAMQn81LhdeAYQb6JIdyYcL3fKruKdWjY7_zkjo6DDLH3Z1QWMA515c-iyRI1X0m-GYo84Bzp4/s1600/adler.gif" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; clear: left; float: left; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="403" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7j505P4yjbmzuS-lNgN3ffVo1x1vnjtlkAjDnmA0Rh0LR4MyqZ0S5vHZsYlbNvaK2nXAMQn81LhdeAYQb6JIdyYcL3fKruKdWjY7_zkjo6DDLH3Z1QWMA515c-iyRI1X0m-GYo84Bzp4/s400/adler.gif" width="346" /></a><span><span>In May 1933, the newly founded Reich Aviation Ministry took over the entire building complex at the corner of Leipziger Strasse Wilhelmstrasse, which had been the seat of the Prussian War Ministry until 1918 and, in the Weimar Republic, the seat of the Reichswehr Ministry and the Ministry of Labour. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>On February 2, 1933, the Ordinance on the Reichskommissar for Aviation was issued, ordering a Reichskommissar for the aviation ministry. This was a first step towards establishing an air force. In addition to the army and the navy, it would become a part of the Reichswehr. The Reichskommissar for aviation was responsible for the planning and development of aviation, directly subordinate to the Reichskanzler. To this end, he received from the Reich Ministry of Transportation and the Reich Ministry of the Interior power over all civilian aviation and air defence. To serve as Reichskommissar Hitler appointed the Jagdflieger of the First World War, Nazi politician and Prussian Minister of the Interior Hermann Goering. In January 1935, Goering laid the cornerstone of the new Air Ministry. It would occupy a four-hundred-thousand-square-foot site off the Leipziger Strasse. Hitler personally checked each façade in plaster miniature. Its central longitudinal block and side wings would house four thousand bureaucrats and officers in its twenty-eight hundred rooms. Throughout 1935 the country’s finest architects and sculptors chiselled at heroic reliefs with motifs like “Flag Company,” designed by Professor Arnold Waldschmidt of the Prussian Academy of Fine Arts. The Berliners made smug comments about this extravagance- “Pure and simple, and hang the expense!” was one; “Just humble gold” was another.</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>David Irving, </span><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Goring-Biography-David-Irving/dp/1872197205/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_3" id="wwFaceoutTitleLink3" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Goring: A Biography">Göring </a></span><span>(216-7)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>The Main Hall (Ehrensaal) inside then and now. Three days after <span style="font-style: italic;">Reichskristallnacht</span> in November 1938, Goering held a conference here (now the Euro Hall) wherein it was resolved that a thousand million Reichsmarks would be demanded from German Jews to pay for the damage caused by the pogrom.</span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span>“The swine will think twice,” he said, “before they inflict a second murder on us.” But the unthinking and needlessly destructive mode of revenge that Goebbels had selected outraged him. As his limousine made its way through the shards in Berlin the next morning, November 10 he got fighting mad and called a terse meeting of the Nazi party leaders at the Air Ministry building. Walther Darré heard Göring call the pogrom “a bloody outrage.” The field marshal lectured them all on their “lack of discipline.” He reserved his most pained language for Dr. Joseph Goebbels. “I buy most of my works of art from Jewish dealers,” he cried. Goebbels rushed yelping to the Führer’s lunch table but found little sympathy. Hitler had spent the night in Munich issuing orders to stop the outrages and sending out his adjutants to protect Jewish businesses like Bernheimer’s, the antique dealers. Himmler was also furious with Goebbels for having made free with the local SS units to stage the pogrom. </span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span>Irving (341) </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg1FQxOJIjOZq9Rd3-Iqrr4B14jsL7P0eQrgrG9EQ9E_8p97NS-a9vVFLzW9CC6nw5aZB64dfnEsY0wndSMwDfjraybvexg9gtLPcg_QAkpLiXjihHuws86_eWmS9L13HBdbXflw1OFs4s/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg1FQxOJIjOZq9Rd3-Iqrr4B14jsL7P0eQrgrG9EQ9E_8p97NS-a9vVFLzW9CC6nw5aZB64dfnEsY0wndSMwDfjraybvexg9gtLPcg_QAkpLiXjihHuws86_eWmS9L13HBdbXflw1OFs4s/w400-h233/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" title="Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>The building from the Nazi-era in 2007. </span><span><span style="text-align: left;">The Reich Aviation Ministry <span>r</span>emains the only major surviving publ<span style="text-decoration: underline;">i</span>c building in the Wilhelmstrasse from the Nazi era at </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;">Wilhelmstraße 81-85</span><span style="text-align: left;">, south of the Leipziger Strasse, a huge edifice built on the orders of Hermann Göring between 1933 and 1936 based on a design by Ernst Sagebiel, who shortly afterwards rebuilt Tempelhof Airport on a similarly gigantic scale. One writer has described it as "in the typical style of National Socialist intimidation architecture." It ran for more than 250 metres along Wilhelmstraße, partly on the site of the former Prussian War Ministry that had dated from 1819, and covered the full length of the block between Prinz-Albrecht-Straße and Leipziger Straße, even running along Leipziger Straße itself to join on to the Prussian Herrenhaus, the former Upper House of the Prussian Parliament. It comprised of a reinforced concrete skeleton with an exterior facing of limestone and travertine (a form of marble). In 1935 all the buildings in the area were demolished and the area expanded through acquisitions up to Prinz-Albrecht-Straße in the south. The gigantic new building with its usable area of 56,000 square metres and 2,100 interior rooms was completed at the end of 1936. A labyrinth of corridors with a total length of 6.8 kilometres established the connections in this gigantic ensemble.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh0MWh-JU4Ou88f4U5u3oN_fZqYcMir2b2NErEM9SCZGdevQJa5s6VinTw5_kKa87fKyQNeVOeF-ERqKL0koTnclY_QUcvThZrJExWbnMP_wOFD0Iu_-JSEm0kNE2y-G20-mPawGFaqUyWGRL1RP6qvUFJ8oxJSA26B1SV0eOzAopNQhv_Pw1GyWuhMkw=s306" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Traces of Evil Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="306" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh0MWh-JU4Ou88f4U5u3oN_fZqYcMir2b2NErEM9SCZGdevQJa5s6VinTw5_kKa87fKyQNeVOeF-ERqKL0koTnclY_QUcvThZrJExWbnMP_wOFD0Iu_-JSEm0kNE2y-G20-mPawGFaqUyWGRL1RP6qvUFJ8oxJSA26B1SV0eOzAopNQhv_Pw1GyWuhMkw=w400-h382" title="Traces of Evil Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" width="400" /></a></div> The Reich Aviation Ministry was the first large new building of the new Nazi government. The architect in charge, Prof. Ernst Sagebiel, implemented what Göring demanded when, in his speech on October 12, 1935, Göring said on the inauguration of the new building, he declared that "[w]e are taking over a good piece of Prussian-German tradition from it." Sagebiel had relief panels with German military leaders attached as facade decorations, but these took a back seat to the actual decoration with swastikas, military symbols such as the Iron Cross and the Pour le Mérite, the highest German order of merit. Göring, a fighter pilot in the First World War, had been the bearer of the Pour le Mérite. Here on the left I stand beside one of the entraces and as it appeared when the offfending symbols were removed after the war and subsequently replaced with cladding. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;">Under the Versailles Treaty of June 28, 1919, Germany had
been forbidden to rebuild its air forces and its civil aviation was severely
hindered. The new regime quickly broke this treaty, first in secret, then
publicly with the occupation of the Rhineland in March 1936 and the
attack by the Condor Legion on
the Basque city of Guernica in April 1937.</span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVFtmjnK8jYEg0s_e7_2qIaf5scHbG0VSbQTZ9VsKdn8qTU50TkItXdAlFnozXcEBEts8-K0wyLdAev7rWXpZ1BpWx07V66G9jvNqxkJdC8IAo0butA5fRpNQYjlYsgR9Id4Cy-Y-PeYAD/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252898%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="465" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVFtmjnK8jYEg0s_e7_2qIaf5scHbG0VSbQTZ9VsKdn8qTU50TkItXdAlFnozXcEBEts8-K0wyLdAev7rWXpZ1BpWx07V66G9jvNqxkJdC8IAo0butA5fRpNQYjlYsgR9Id4Cy-Y-PeYAD/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252898%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;">With its seven storeys and total floor area of 112,000 square metres, 2,800 rooms, seven kilometres of corridors, over four thousand windows, seventeen stairways, and with the stone coming from no fewer than fifty quarries, the vast building served the growing bureaucracy of the Luftwaffe, plus Germany’s civil aviation authority which was also located there. Yet it took only eighteen months to build, the army of labourers working double shifts and Sundays. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOZWyhjD8JnqZiiMlDDVQaxCoysVBYK6mRuuEaUo116NMUqh12hL8mREI3nDAglleoZrkCboIOeQQSTlDJMaeeIgy8R-uGTVa6euo1taP0QSMSROp1MqQ3v36pCmNcyFTynu62RLlfDRBISfYiUM0a4RNpN3vNjYg76zFAg4vBoETR-g390QLvc0SujA=s379" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="379" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOZWyhjD8JnqZiiMlDDVQaxCoysVBYK6mRuuEaUo116NMUqh12hL8mREI3nDAglleoZrkCboIOeQQSTlDJMaeeIgy8R-uGTVa6euo1taP0QSMSROp1MqQ3v36pCmNcyFTynu62RLlfDRBISfYiUM0a4RNpN3vNjYg76zFAg4vBoETR-g390QLvc0SujA=w320-h250" title="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span>The short construction period of the Reich Aviation Ministry was touted to the public as a "performance show" of the new system. The building complex, built partly as a reinforced concrete, partly as a steel frame structure in a functional aesthetic around several large inner courtyards, enjoyed homogeneous rows of </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;"> narrow and sharp-edged </span></span></span></span></span>windows in a strict style overlooking the smooth shell limestone facade. The first thousand rooms were handed over in October 1935 after just eight months' construction. When it had been finally completed, four thousand bureaucrats and their secretaries were employed within its walls. According to </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;">Elke Dietrich, </span></span></span></span></span>“[t]he discipline of the national community is expressed in the discipline of architecture in this building.” In this way, Göring legitimised the New Objectivity style, the application of which until then was described by the Nazis as culturally Bolshevik and soulless; “un-German”.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>The
enormous building stretches south and west from the corner of Leipziger
Strasse and Wilhelmstrasse, at the southern edge of the traditional
government quarter. Several sprawling wings, ranging from four to seven
stories high, contain two thousand rooms, among them grand halls in
which Reich Marshal Göring received, entertained, and overawed visitors.
Like Sagebiel's airport, its external appearance is modern in its stark
and massive facades but traditional in its stone construction and
monumental entrance courts. A Third Reich guidebook pronounced it a
"document in stone displaying the reawakened military will and the
reestablished military readiness of the new Germany." </span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium) Hitler" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAS7q3DbidZyH0rs98bpTzh_GRMLTs57TpiHjcgyahPIYu1KmN8cISx4FqIhOFtd5lCssGXnI9NZ85e8IlhoUSuExUD1N26s8l5LZRIBN3Qzrpx2aC2wDrAUs0KC0aK4QqWdEbl8h13_0/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252822%2529.gif" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="579" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAS7q3DbidZyH0rs98bpTzh_GRMLTs57TpiHjcgyahPIYu1KmN8cISx4FqIhOFtd5lCssGXnI9NZ85e8IlhoUSuExUD1N26s8l5LZRIBN3Qzrpx2aC2wDrAUs0KC0aK4QqWdEbl8h13_0/w400-h222/ezgif.com-optimize+%252822%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 449px;" title="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium) Hitler" /></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Hitler at the site in 1935 at the main entrance of the Reich Aviation Ministry with its forecourt is on Leipziger Strasse and my 2018 cohort. The Ehrenhof faces Wilhelmstrasse as a parade area, the entrance to which was framed by two Nazi eagles, each holding a laurel wreath with a swastika in their claws . Two inner courtyards laid out with large-format granite slabs with framed lawns and two chestnuts each, a utility courtyard and two garden courtyards with sculptures on the lawns forming the exterior of the gigantic building complex. The lobby inside was adorned with a 25 metre-long stone relief </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>by Arno Waldschmidt </span></span></span></span></span>glorifying the Wehrmacht entitled “Fahnenkompanie.” In June 1943 </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Waldschmidt </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> received the Goethe Medal for Art and Science with express reference to this relief. Waldschmidt “was also the first to bring the Führer’s ideas into the arts”. <br /></span></span></span></span></span><div><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPwngfdA86L7lK8zrSCBhZeGYm8r66_3lZ76onC4tUqxNEZSVIRESrpQKKHH70NXaxX1qEhu_JKxuRW8W44L-Dfx_JUsfwGzK58lIfy5_W83Qw2gCJntPipZ59NZYYHqf8w0cFe7a_Cv5n/s320/goerin.gif" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="483" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPwngfdA86L7lK8zrSCBhZeGYm8r66_3lZ76onC4tUqxNEZSVIRESrpQKKHH70NXaxX1qEhu_JKxuRW8W44L-Dfx_JUsfwGzK58lIfy5_W83Qw2gCJntPipZ59NZYYHqf8w0cFe7a_Cv5n/w400-h316/goerin.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 255px; width: 323px;" title="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" width="400" /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>This time it's Göring shown during the</span></span> <i>Tag der Luftwaffe</i> on March 1, 1938</span>. April 21, the anniversary of the death of Manfred von Richthofen, the <i>Red Baron</i>, was officially designated "Day of the German Air Force" in 1936. On this occasion, sixteen streets were solemnly renamed by Nazi party officials with a lot of pomp in honour of aviator heroes of the First World War. The initiator of this renaming was Göring who had replaced the Red Baron as the head of the Baron's Flying Circus. The state commissioner for the capital, Julius Lippert, praised the "... courageous commitment and the deadly fulfillment of duty" of the honored "heroes" whilst </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>the state secretary for aviation, General Milch </span></span></span></span></span>thanked the surviving aviators of the Great War who helped build the new air force, implicitly referring to Göring, Udet, Loerzer and many others. He also thanked the Hitler who had "after the disgraceful years led Germany out and returned the Wehrmacht to the German people".</span></span></span></span><br /><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
Technical Office of the RLM, which had emerged from a flight technology
department in the Heereswaffenamt that existed until 1935, was
essentially responsible for the development of new aircraft types by the
aviation industry and their production planning. In 1936 Göring
appointed the later Colonel General Ernst Udet to head this office and
entrusted him with the duties of State Secretary Erhard Milch, who
until then had been the main planner and organizer of the armament of
the Air Force. Udet was thus responsible for the development and
provision of aircraft, weapons and equipment for all parts of the air
force. Udet divided the office into thirteen departments, the overview of
their responsibilities was lost. After Udet's suicide in November 1941,
Erhard Milch took over his duties again.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRl60rT11e2IsLu0E3ojY3ESj8DViWr2PJcWPqb-EeSkg8kKvsFIwqa5m2CC3quShoxY5uTwi9poHHY5AHguLp89nKURYWv5OWxyPgAnT0uQNRKeBbo0vWXvDMtqF-YnqTMqAD_vKNyop1/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="467" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRl60rT11e2IsLu0E3ojY3ESj8DViWr2PJcWPqb-EeSkg8kKvsFIwqa5m2CC3quShoxY5uTwi9poHHY5AHguLp89nKURYWv5OWxyPgAnT0uQNRKeBbo0vWXvDMtqF-YnqTMqAD_vKNyop1/w400-h279/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 210px; width: 301px;" title="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" width="400" /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Compared to similar offices at
home and abroad, the RLM was probably no better or worse structured and
organised. The excellent personal relationships between Göring and
Hitler soon gave the RLM more influence and power than other ministries.
Göring used his position at the head of the RLM to find posts for
numerous friends or well-deserved Nazi leaders. They were less
interested in working in the RLM than in continuing or expanding their
political careers.The supply of materials to the Luftwaffe, including
aircraft production, was initially organised by the RLM itself and was
thus separate from the production of other armaments, for which the
Reich Ministry for Armaments and Ammunition , created on March 17, 1940
and led by Fritz Todt, was responsible. After Todt's accidental death,
it was managed by Albert Speer from March 1942 . In connection with the
transfer of the air armament to Speer and his ministry in June 1944, the
RLM was reorganised and tightly organised. This probably had an impact
on the Luftwaffe and the rest of the war. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOlWyqLe59XiSFGMSjx0yPN9bPvzJ4bYG8Cpdx4dxn9vQJE4p2Ervj3-lyG5YPoLEVoyspEJyrNEAnRwfhNqTALsj8-D-eJPxkN9Ir0MJYK6BH7IdwivspxyRX7Q8J-UKvv9JB9bLBt4fyPo5bRaPdbQARPLAJyy-4_lqRLc6dqFZJg0mLkcbRyaRMbQ=s343" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Traces of Evil" border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="343" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOlWyqLe59XiSFGMSjx0yPN9bPvzJ4bYG8Cpdx4dxn9vQJE4p2Ervj3-lyG5YPoLEVoyspEJyrNEAnRwfhNqTALsj8-D-eJPxkN9Ir0MJYK6BH7IdwivspxyRX7Q8J-UKvv9JB9bLBt4fyPo5bRaPdbQARPLAJyy-4_lqRLc6dqFZJg0mLkcbRyaRMbQ=w320-h300" title="Traces of Evil" width="320" /></a></div>The site immediately after the war with Nazi eagle still perched in place, and standing at the site in 2021. Despite its history, the Reich Aviation Ministry was not only a place where the inhuman orders of the Nazi regime were taken and implemented, but also recognised a place of resistance. Here Luftwaffe Lieutenant Harro Schulze-Boysen worked as an assistant officer in the Department “Foreign Air Powers,” evaluating foreign specialist literature. In 1935 he met the government councilor in the Reich Ministry of Economics, Arvid Harnack, who was a secret Communist Party member who had been recruited by the Soviet foreign intelligence service. From this point on, Schulze-Boysen's opposition circle of friends was formed, which from 1941 onwards became part of a leading German resistance fighter as a member of a Berlin anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle) by the Abwehr. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Schulze-Boysen</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> was eventually arrested and executed in 1942, as was </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Harnack and his </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>American-born wife, Mildred Harnack. She had originally been sentenced to six years in prison, but Hitler swiftly cancelled the sentence and ordered a new trial which resulted in a death sentence. She was beheaded by guillotine, and her body was released to Hermann Stieve, anatomy professor at Humboldt University, to be dissected for research. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi3TA9YXrgSSBzduU5HxRRgWDkyYFlSLNYmiaczgKKT8QpkL-IYCfAT59JEYG0mZrYYe92a3Fi3TYhidTPkKxBEBn272edXBgF9UHM1S_x0nLjzDYfUtBnrCAFIoMJbxBrKxpzxYfSYoDs5zqRLXMU6tlQMGL_7jjXxgfVrfEw-gzdeEukNbPzoCWRbqA=s443" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="443" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi3TA9YXrgSSBzduU5HxRRgWDkyYFlSLNYmiaczgKKT8QpkL-IYCfAT59JEYG0mZrYYe92a3Fi3TYhidTPkKxBEBn272edXBgF9UHM1S_x0nLjzDYfUtBnrCAFIoMJbxBrKxpzxYfSYoDs5zqRLXMU6tlQMGL_7jjXxgfVrfEw-gzdeEukNbPzoCWRbqA=w640-h338" title="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>As it appeared after the war and my 2021 Bavarian International School students<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiefFtXeO3VsEpGNAMdqKIkr8pamXAugUnVGwI-ZPq_FnFkZZLP4-A7TCDsMClQrYiVlBpRkhYmPOhVj2c5o5BWT7D7SRKKAeftEFaS81xc129P5zbqdjf5pK3htptLmRUcOVgBVb3wOtl2qF0lSyFN2QonbAV-t4YvBVVDJbVUmyGmhbNubQu2xNzkGw=s400" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="400" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiefFtXeO3VsEpGNAMdqKIkr8pamXAugUnVGwI-ZPq_FnFkZZLP4-A7TCDsMClQrYiVlBpRkhYmPOhVj2c5o5BWT7D7SRKKAeftEFaS81xc129P5zbqdjf5pK3htptLmRUcOVgBVb3wOtl2qF0lSyFN2QonbAV-t4YvBVVDJbVUmyGmhbNubQu2xNzkGw=w320-h274" title="Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" width="320" /></a></span>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;">This
building escaped major damage during the war and </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>its large size and intact state in contrast to the rest of Wilhelmstrasse made the building attractive to the new East German government. A dozen ministries were given office space there, and it was renamed the "House of Ministries," which it remained until 1990. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;">As one of the few intact
government buildings in central Berlin, it ended up being occupied by
the Council of Ministers of the new German Democratic Republic in 1949 which had been founded o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;">n October 7, 1949, in the great hall of the former Reich Aviation Ministry, and the building complex became the “House of Ministries”. On October 11th the People's Chamber, together with the Länderkammer, 'elected' Wilhelm Pieck as the first and only President of the DDR with Otto Grotewohl becoming Prime Minister. Here the specialist ministries of the various branches of industry are grouped together; In 1953 there are nine government offices and ministries; by 1989 there were sixteen. The East Germans didn't use the building complex without reflecting on its historical origin and declared its use as a symbol of a new beginning with old, negative history being overwritten by the new one that was now emerging here. According to Willi Stoph at the time, “[t]hrough the initiative of the Communist Party of Germany and in accordance with the decision of the Soviet Military Administration, this building was to be given a new purpose... From now on, people should work in the hundreds of workrooms who work for peaceful construction and for life and who do their part to overcome the serious consequences of the predatory Nazi war in our country."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="text-align: left;">Given its importance it was at the centre of the popular demonstrations during the
workers' uprising of June 17, 1953. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrBpC3R1iOY6wAs3R9GtMQvH2ULoTRPD1KsUqHYNtbPS-y1KE2BZ5SzrtW0F3A5-jn4QQIyNxC9uErlU6qJkVV-WUl632UXgA4ljFZ2iD3ABzhzJhy6frwZ5IGMzMfacP2FisaxUrpQMM2/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi flags swastikas at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrBpC3R1iOY6wAs3R9GtMQvH2ULoTRPD1KsUqHYNtbPS-y1KE2BZ5SzrtW0F3A5-jn4QQIyNxC9uErlU6qJkVV-WUl632UXgA4ljFZ2iD3ABzhzJhy6frwZ5IGMzMfacP2FisaxUrpQMM2/w400-h300/ezgif.com-resize.gif" title="Nazi flags swastikas at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)" width="400" /></a>Proposals for a plaque remembering the terror bombing planned hereof Guernica, Warsaw, Rotterdam, and Coventry have come to nothing. During the early 1990s, the building served as the headquarters of the Treuhand, the special government agency charged with liquidating East Germany's state-owned economy. (In 1992 it was renamed Detlef-Rohwedder-Haus in honour of the head of the Treuhand who was assassinated by left-wing terrorists.) As the Treuhand's actions directly or indirectly eliminated hundreds of thousands of jobs, it became a hated institution in the eyes of many East Germans. Some of them chose to see the building as the fortresslike command center of an occupying power, the West German capitalists who had supplanted the Soviet Communists. </span><span>Thus Göring's building, though denazified in the popular mind, remained a place of bureaucrats and autocrats issuing orders from behind their stone walls. For the private contractor hired to renovate the building for the Treuhand, in fact, its identity was uncomplicated. A temporary sign advertised "Berlin's largest office building." Third Reich ministries and agencies left behind many other buildings. Their construction reflected both the growth of central government authority and the desire of leading Nazis to display their power in the most visible and permanent way. After the war, hard-pressed national and municipal authorities on both sides of the Wall understandably chose to see intact buildings as office space rather than as Nazi statements in stone. </span></span></span></div></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhIjUzUfXHMPpQxExHvfyYhaCqpxf03-QfUxO5iB2JCkrzj083iRdbzH-SZzQqkjLatqsnYJhSsccP6DdiUtVP-VzuVlM0WRBiniNPZpAyCykRtjY681-dqcZOS-RpQxe1Igqeji7onLaJSPi2jzNXKJ3qGrgjSIVT5g6glDkHwTu2mJFCY8MVcGT_hYg=s383" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School" border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="383" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhIjUzUfXHMPpQxExHvfyYhaCqpxf03-QfUxO5iB2JCkrzj083iRdbzH-SZzQqkjLatqsnYJhSsccP6DdiUtVP-VzuVlM0WRBiniNPZpAyCykRtjY681-dqcZOS-RpQxe1Igqeji7onLaJSPi2jzNXKJ3qGrgjSIVT5g6glDkHwTu2mJFCY8MVcGT_hYg=w400-h283" title="BIS Bavarian International School" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>After the war and today. Ironically, this was the one building in Berlin not bombed from the air. After the war, the building housed the Soviet Military Administration, followed in turn by the National Economic Commission. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>After
the war the building, which was hardly destroyed, was used by the East German Ministry of Finance as the 'House of Ministries'. The building, which
has now been completely renovated and modernised and renamed the '
Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus ', has been the seat of the government since the
government moved to BerlinFederal Ministry of Finance. Several designs
by Arno Breker for a monumental sculpture on the forecourt to the main
entrance of the planned new building complex on Leipziger Strasse have
come down to us including a six feet high figure carrying a torch;
earlier drafts clearly show that the sculpture with its free arm guides a
model-like missile similar to a javelin thrower. </span></span></span>On October 7, 1949, the German Democratic Republic was founded in the Great Hall. Up until 1989 the building served as the East German House of the Ministries, with the complex bordering the Berlin Wall (see below). From 1991 to 1995 the building was used by T<span style="font-style: italic;">reuhand Anstalt</span>, the trustee organisation for the privatisation of former East German state enterprises. Since 1999 it has housed the German Ministry of Finance.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN4QuNxLTt4t97wzKHSjAtu8fR32WgfELl_CAFjiwfdRPb2Cuh9gC3an_pLSM28CsXVZUOjXSdkIDGKLUfBLzAlwHOzgTZAxNOk0joL630_0zubXwxT_HBSErnCkHEog6e8HI4Iru2cUL2/s389/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252818%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="founding of East Germany on October 7, 1949 Bavarian International School" border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="389" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN4QuNxLTt4t97wzKHSjAtu8fR32WgfELl_CAFjiwfdRPb2Cuh9gC3an_pLSM28CsXVZUOjXSdkIDGKLUfBLzAlwHOzgTZAxNOk0joL630_0zubXwxT_HBSErnCkHEog6e8HI4Iru2cUL2/w400-h331/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252818%2529.gif" title="founding of East Germany on October 7, 1949 Bavarian International School" width="400" /></a></div>The site during the founding of East Germany on October 7, 1949 as delegates of a people’s council gathered in the grand hall. Although badly damaged, the Ministry building was quickly identified by occupying Soviet forces as an essential resource in their postwar administrative infrastructure. By August 1945 sixty-seven offices in the building were already in use, and in the same month an order was issued to ensure that five hundred offices were made ready in the next three months. Half a million reichsmarks was earmarked for that purpose by the municipal authorities, and about eighteen hundred construction workers were employed on the site. The pragmatic adoption of the building by the Soviet authorities was accompanied by the complete erasure of the overt Nazi iconography, as bare stone replaced the nationalist and militaristic reliefs. According to atleast one prominent eyewitness, Willi Stoph, the future East German head of state, thebuilding's new administrative purpose under the German Communist Partywould in itself be sufficient to counteract its history. As he put it: "From now on the hundreds of offices will be occupied by people who are working forpeaceful reconstruction and who will be making their contribution to overcoming the grave consequences for our country of Nazi war and aggression." Identified in June 1947 as the home for the Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission, effectively the central Soviet administration for East Germany, the former Aviation Ministry and its surrounding complex of buildings emerged as the natural governmental centre for the newly formed DDR after October 1949. Responsibility for the building, now known as the House of Ministries, was passed in June 1950 to the Ministry for Reconstruction, and it was at this time that the first plans were drawn up for a more overt ideological statement to be written onto the site.<br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbgi_yb1vRcXaTo8a0-2JZvefWzc8wy6uPQEUG7rZzJbiFOrAMPLIfA-ECPS2qS4te2J04WJ6vjFASeMo8NEC6u6JYlWnJXrvF5oqvchsMukSjicy0JoQ2JyIcBnEwmYoBHKarAcQ3gjM/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbgi_yb1vRcXaTo8a0-2JZvefWzc8wy6uPQEUG7rZzJbiFOrAMPLIfA-ECPS2qS4te2J04WJ6vjFASeMo8NEC6u6JYlWnJXrvF5oqvchsMukSjicy0JoQ2JyIcBnEwmYoBHKarAcQ3gjM/s640/myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>A
mural along the building's north loggia commemorates the </span></span><span><span><span>ceremony that took place within in 1949 which officially established the German Democratic Republic. </span>The
building's importance as a centre of government also made it a centre of
attention during the East German uprising in 1953; striking workers
marched to the House of Ministries to present their demands for economic
and political reforms. Not surprisingly, the DDR chose to leave no
trace of that day. On the uprising's fortieth anniversary, therefore,
the building's new masters dedicated a commemorative plaque. The plaque
was mounted on a pillar directly in front of the DDR's mural. The
building is thus marked by competing memorials of the DDR rather than
any reference to its original use. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6cZSw0J_lct9NeN6MhUPppMPF273TNaouxvyYr0maNoNzU2ZsjsGrUF88azi-OXdg5XBj3UFG81tY9tj-9bARtxhKhCMqhol33OLtZUiN68tOqRmqZnND4ixeUFd5DwWEVD-dd8hL8wY/s1600/1044095_555448024497790_1215098061_n.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Max Lingner's three- metre by 24-metre long mural "Aufbau der Republik" (Building the Republic) is allowed to remain in situ. (Photos from my 2012 Bavarian International School class trip on the anniversary of the uprising)." border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6cZSw0J_lct9NeN6MhUPppMPF273TNaouxvyYr0maNoNzU2ZsjsGrUF88azi-OXdg5XBj3UFG81tY9tj-9bARtxhKhCMqhol33OLtZUiN68tOqRmqZnND4ixeUFd5DwWEVD-dd8hL8wY/w400-h266/1044095_555448024497790_1215098061_n.jpg" title="Max Lingner's three- metre by 24-metre long mural "Aufbau der Republik" (Building the Republic) is allowed to remain in situ. (Photos from my 2012 Bavarian International School class trip on the anniversary of the uprising)." width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>The
central Monument in memory of the 1953 Uprising in the East German
Democratic Republic is represented by a groundfloor relief, surrounded
by a low barrier, created by Wolfgang Rüppel on Leipziger Straße at the corner of Wilhelmstraße in front of the
Federal Ministry of Finance and an older wall-mounted plaque on the façade itself. Remarkably, Max
Lingner's three- metre by 24-metre long mural "Aufbau der Republik"
(Building the Republic) is allowed to remain <span style="font-style: italic;">in situ</span>. (Photos from my 2012 Bavarian International School class trip on the anniversary of the uprising). </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>Between
the years 1950 and 1953 the monumental painting portrait and landscape
painter Lingner in the northeastern pillar precinct replaced </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Waldschmidt's </span></span></span>previous large-format stone relief of marching soldiers of the Wehrmacht
with the weaving swastikas incorporating tiles from Meissner porcelain were created. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>Painter, graphic artist and resistance fighter against the Nazis, Linger painted the design in 1950, offering a vision of optimism in the young state as a family idyll, based "Il quarto stato” by Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpredo from the turn of the century. The unity of workers, peasants and intelligentsia, based on a young family, without particular emphasis on uniforms, political symbols and banners with slogans. But politicians and officials of the culture were dissatisfied with the execution and demanded improvements and the version shows, the faces as rigid, the smiles mask-like, and many of the women depicted dressed in FDJ shirts, the children with pioneer scarves, the workers firmly at work. Tiles made of Meißner porcelain - supplied by VEB Max Diestel, Meißen - which were also used on the residential building facades on Stalinallee in the 1950s, refer to the inclusion of local raw materials and traditions and are considered "Heimatkunst" in the German Democratic Republic's art policy. All these measures sought to show the DDR's desire to transform building complexes into ensembles that have a cultural and aesthetic peculiarity.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Max Lingner's three- metre by 24-metre long mural "Aufbau der Republik" (Building the Republic) is allowed to remain in situ. (Photos from my 2012 Bavarian International School class trip on the anniversary of the uprising)." data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNxk2eJ4fZscsJjLRxG1rf02NoDCSey2dAStaFaMzvkblpmYxT54takWjZ6I74bBwmkhNTOIqtdHvcsl5Vz3vrD66f5T8B8Kokdd-OtREdPGlbScrZnDTWFhxQbIPBQPGahCA9E9IYDBt3/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-06-28+at+20.44.15.png" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNxk2eJ4fZscsJjLRxG1rf02NoDCSey2dAStaFaMzvkblpmYxT54takWjZ6I74bBwmkhNTOIqtdHvcsl5Vz3vrD66f5T8B8Kokdd-OtREdPGlbScrZnDTWFhxQbIPBQPGahCA9E9IYDBt3/w400-h299/Screen+Shot+2016-06-28+at+20.44.15.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Max Lingner's three- metre by 24-metre long mural "Aufbau der Republik" (Building the Republic) is allowed to remain in situ. (Photos from my 2012 Bavarian International School class trip on the anniversary of the uprising)." width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span> The
image of a restrained new beginning after the war originally conceived
by the artist was revised several times at the request of the President
of the Council of States, Walter Ulbricht and the Prime Minister, Otto
Grotewohl, in order to present an euphoric departure of the working
class. Lingner had had to revise it no fewer than five times, so that it
ultimately bore little resemblance to the first draft. Originally based
on family scenes, the final version has a more sinister look about it, a
series of jovial set-pieces with an almost military undertone, people
in marching poise and with fixed, uniform smiles on their faces. Lingner
hated it (as well as Grotewohl's interference) and refused to look at
it when going past. With a degree of irony, the building became the
focal point a year later of the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany when,
on June 17, 1953 a demonstration took place in front of the building.
Today, the "monument to the events of the seventeenth of June nineteen
hundred fifty-three", designed by Wolfgang Rüppel serves to commemorate
the first demonstration against Soviet rule in the Eastern bloc. It was on June 17, 1953 that a protest march of 2,000 construction workers marched towards the government district to the “House of Ministries” chating Horst Schlafke's slogan “Berliners get in line, we want to be a free people!” Eventually the numbers would swell to 10,000. By the time they arrived those intended to hear their protest were not even there as Grotewohl and high-ranking state officials of the SED moved into the converted former old town house shortly beforehand. The protest turned into an uprising spreading throughout the entire republic only to be bloodily suppressed with the military aid of the Soviet occupation. In West Germany this day was commemorated as the “Day of German Unity” until reunification. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>Ten years later </span></span>a spectacular escape to the West from the roof by the Holzapfel family succeeded. From a height of 23 metres, they slid down an hundred metre long rope over the wasteland between the east and west of Berlin - under the watchful eyes of Soviet soldiers who actually believed that the State Security was smuggling an agent into West Berlin.<br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Haus der Flieger <span style="font-size: normal;">('House of the Aviators')</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7koLMFCp76TTSGXm88fwND0znxVieTKT4X6FJKmby8KKn5jmR8OtC67NJ7hgUkmDZRykOVmc-jTd65Jzv2gJF3LAbwqxdxHWZOxpSN7W_1wUciua7EVA3vljO9ApdUtTauX_1GvQjUyXN/s392/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252816%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Haus der Flieger ('House of the Aviators')" border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="392" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7koLMFCp76TTSGXm88fwND0znxVieTKT4X6FJKmby8KKn5jmR8OtC67NJ7hgUkmDZRykOVmc-jTd65Jzv2gJF3LAbwqxdxHWZOxpSN7W_1wUciua7EVA3vljO9ApdUtTauX_1GvQjUyXN/w400-h272/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252816%2529.gif" title="Haus der Flieger ('House of the Aviators')" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The </span><span style="font-size: normal; font-style: italic;">Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> is the state parliament for the German state of Berlin according to the state's constitution. The parliament is based at this building on Niederkirchnerstraße, which until 1934 was the seat of the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives), the second chamber of the Preußischer Landtag. Goering used it as an officers' club connected to the Air Force on the same block as his own Ministry.</span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">On the evening of March 11, 1938 Göring held a banquet at the Haus der Flieger. He took advantage of the intermissions between the artists’ performances to brief the British Ambassador Henderson and the Czechoslovakian Envoy Mastny on the events in Austria. He did not refrain from giving his word of honour that no like measures were being planned for Czechoslovakia. After midnight in the Chancellery, Hitler accepted the first congratulatory notes on bringing about a turn in the Austrian situation.</span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span>Max Domarus (1045) <a class="title titleHover" href="http://www.amazon.com/Complete-Hitler-Reference-Proclamations-1932-1945/dp/0865166587/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1296893737&sr=1-1" style="font-weight: bold;">The Complete Hitler</a></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCszO1Gr15m0UenHfwH-Qikg_B-aBvmaK_3RsIPYAjo50WdgVLdlKbxsqucmC6ZgPK1T_LjUQwS4AGG1UuYsUqFu3gcktJhgPIKZ3irnEa-Joe1jqV0xMQG3S_Jaz-mH3FRw-Yn6Ku33mx/s547/Screenshot+2020-10-24+at+11.03.49.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="547" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCszO1Gr15m0UenHfwH-Qikg_B-aBvmaK_3RsIPYAjo50WdgVLdlKbxsqucmC6ZgPK1T_LjUQwS4AGG1UuYsUqFu3gcktJhgPIKZ3irnEa-Joe1jqV0xMQG3S_Jaz-mH3FRw-Yn6Ku33mx/w400-h309/Screenshot+2020-10-24+at+11.03.49.png" width="400" /></a></span></div></div><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">On an empty field </span><span style="font-size: normal;">between Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse (now renamed Niederkirchnerstrasse), Wilhelmstrasse and Anhalter Strasse is the site where the Gestapo set up its offices its house gaol on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8. </span><span style="font-size: normal;">In November 1934 the 'Security Service of the Reich </span></span><span>ϟϟ</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Leader' (SD) under Heydrich moved his office here where the central institutions of Nazi persecution and terror – the Secret State Police Office with its own “house prison,” the leadership of the </span><span>ϟϟ</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> and, during the Second World War, the Reich Security Main Office – were located. Here </span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Himmler, Heydrich, Kaltenbrunner and their assistants had their desks and decided "on the persecution of political opponents, the <span style="font-style: italic;">Germanisation</span> of occupied territories in Poland and the Soviet Union, the murder of Soviet prisoners of war and the genocide of the European Jews." This is where the Einsatzgruppen had been assembled and where the Wannsee Conference was prepared. "<a href="http://www.icols.org/pages/NEWS-EVENTS/Berlinmarch/TofT_HistoricalSite/TofT_HistoricalSite.html">There is no other site where terror and murder were planned and organised on the same scale</a>."</span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnMkSHBzl_uevCP5ehVH-sI_6IIWQFm1yrnpjC1gQ6ZdExVM6mSFOG2_mTk54_fq2zU2GUbcmhKE8V8umRuzwHbjchgEoN6shF1uEP5jVLi2mNkfOR56QPqvR45HwHmO8U-VUxWArDmbI/s1600/543208_10150914609679962_1545232544_n.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnMkSHBzl_uevCP5ehVH-sI_6IIWQFm1yrnpjC1gQ6ZdExVM6mSFOG2_mTk54_fq2zU2GUbcmhKE8V8umRuzwHbjchgEoN6shF1uEP5jVLi2mNkfOR56QPqvR45HwHmO8U-VUxWArDmbI/s1600/543208_10150914609679962_1545232544_n.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnMkSHBzl_uevCP5ehVH-sI_6IIWQFm1yrnpjC1gQ6ZdExVM6mSFOG2_mTk54_fq2zU2GUbcmhKE8V8umRuzwHbjchgEoN6shF1uEP5jVLi2mNkfOR56QPqvR45HwHmO8U-VUxWArDmbI/s400/543208_10150914609679962_1545232544_n.jpg" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnMkSHBzl_uevCP5ehVH-sI_6IIWQFm1yrnpjC1gQ6ZdExVM6mSFOG2_mTk54_fq2zU2GUbcmhKE8V8umRuzwHbjchgEoN6shF1uEP5jVLi2mNkfOR56QPqvR45HwHmO8U-VUxWArDmbI/s400/543208_10150914609679962_1545232544_n.jpg" width="187" /></a></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>After
the ruins were demolished in the 1950s, the site was used as a driving
practice area and as a dump for the Kreuzberg area renovation. The first
exhibition on the topography of terror was created for the 750th
anniversary of Berlin in 1987 but the plans to erect a memorial on the
site of the former headquarters of the Gestapo went back to 1978. The
Berlin architecture critic Dieter Hoffmann-Axthelm was one of the first
to point out the importance of the former Gestapo site in essays and
reports that year. </span></span></span>The Topography of Terror is a project in Berlin that has existed since 1987 to document and come to terms with the terror caused by the Nazisy, especially from 1933 to 1945. It includes a permanent exhibition in the new building and an open-air exhibition on the site of the former Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8 (today Niederkirchnerstraße 8 ) in the Kreuzberg district. This was the sikte of the headquarters of the Secret State Police (Gestapo) in the former arts and crafts school. The Prinz-Albrecht-Palais was in the immediate vicinity of Wilhelmstrasse 102 which had been the headquarters of the </span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span> Security Service (SD) from 1934 and of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) from 1939. The documentation centre at Niederkirchnerstrasse 8 is one of the state museums in Berlin. The long-standing director of the foundation was the historian Andreas Nachama who retired at the end of November 2019 and was replaced by Andrea Riedle who was previously the deputy head of the memorial at the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJHaCAZNqP2U9XV-s4QLedIX5Qi6pngmbo-GjeNTenrfh21cSwFs_2ZLqz7183fTp5mPCs6CcqHo_Z552tO1X5s5gQ8r2pvpTM0aQ1PWqyv5JlRLcyzyTzfJBjLVR7SAXGFh73_qH2Cje/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Prinz-Albrecht-Palais Bavarian International School" border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="448" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJHaCAZNqP2U9XV-s4QLedIX5Qi6pngmbo-GjeNTenrfh21cSwFs_2ZLqz7183fTp5mPCs6CcqHo_Z552tO1X5s5gQ8r2pvpTM0aQ1PWqyv5JlRLcyzyTzfJBjLVR7SAXGFh73_qH2Cje/w400-h268/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" title="Prinz-Albrecht-Palais Bavarian International School" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>The new exhibition and documentation centre with the redesigned historic grounds were opened to the public on May 7, 2010 according to a prize-winning design by the architect Ursula Wilms (Heinle, Wischer und Partner, Berlin) </span>and the landscape architect Heinz W. Hallmann (Aachen) on the site of the GESTAPO headquarters on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse. The Reich’s Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt- RSHA) – Nazi Germany’s central authority, established on September 27, 1939, with the aim of coordinating the Nazi terror system during the war. It consisted of the former Main Security Police Office (Hauptamt der Sicherheitspolizei) and the Main SD Office (SD-Hauptamt). It brought together and controlled all the SD’s and state’s repressive bodies. Headed by Heydrich, the RSHA answered to Himmler. Following the former's death, the RSHA was run by Himmler personally until 1943 when it was taken over by E. Kaltenbrunner. The RSHA comprised seven departments: personnel, organisation and administration, security services (SD), internal and external affairs, the Gestapo, criminal police, and others. In February 1944 one of the SD departments was put in charge of Abwehr (counter-intelligence). </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-DOo2rvbSZNyrRhxxDyLsJslup5RUvzss3F9f4tJsekqmjfJwNb9RR_ZpGn90R7A1VSdsGWl2_vr0tgDLFrN6V8CN6sIOiAt37_5A3btArOgwe1oYmLmwRA6KCenQWRXd93Yu7NV_KUE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-21+at+12.30.38+PM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-DOo2rvbSZNyrRhxxDyLsJslup5RUvzss3F9f4tJsekqmjfJwNb9RR_ZpGn90R7A1VSdsGWl2_vr0tgDLFrN6V8CN6sIOiAt37_5A3btArOgwe1oYmLmwRA6KCenQWRXd93Yu7NV_KUE/w400-h156/Screen+Shot+2014-04-21+at+12.30.38+PM.png" width="400" /></a></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>Stairway and main hall within the Gestapo HQ showing on the right busts of Goering and Hitler.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>With the establishment of the Reich Security Main Office, Heinrich Himmler's advancement of the Nazi apparatus of violence since 1933 reached its climax. The competencies of state organs and branches of the Nazi Party were mixed more and more. Head of the RSHA, which in turn formed an </span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span> main office, was the head of the Security Police and the SD in the rank of </span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span>-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich . After his death on June 4, 1942 in Prague as a result of an assassination attempt , Heinrich Himmler initially acted as "Reichsführer </span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span> and Chief of the German Police" until Ernst Kaltenbrunner became the new head of the RSHA on January 30, 1943 . A close colleague of Heydrich, Walter Schellenberg , had tried in vain to become his successor. After the war, Kaltenbrunner was sentenced to death and executed in the first Nuremberg trial of the main war criminals for his crimes in this capacity. </span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-9-_Ci5iE_Tc4jFJIZ9ZR2LWTIGkNGsqqKV5RZOCCXaDJ5XOP37EHGnb479HZYzJk4MpV5AM-yTnjA3a8XzjwQXKbNrEesINo_yDC_kf6QXIRmVCsFJTQwhNoEr54nenQ82HZoetwEGk/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-21+at+12.24.54+PM.png" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-9-_Ci5iE_Tc4jFJIZ9ZR2LWTIGkNGsqqKV5RZOCCXaDJ5XOP37EHGnb479HZYzJk4MpV5AM-yTnjA3a8XzjwQXKbNrEesINo_yDC_kf6QXIRmVCsFJTQwhNoEr54nenQ82HZoetwEGk/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-21+at+12.24.54+PM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-9-_Ci5iE_Tc4jFJIZ9ZR2LWTIGkNGsqqKV5RZOCCXaDJ5XOP37EHGnb479HZYzJk4MpV5AM-yTnjA3a8XzjwQXKbNrEesINo_yDC_kf6QXIRmVCsFJTQwhNoEr54nenQ82HZoetwEGk/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-21+at+12.24.54+PM.png" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-9-_Ci5iE_Tc4jFJIZ9ZR2LWTIGkNGsqqKV5RZOCCXaDJ5XOP37EHGnb479HZYzJk4MpV5AM-yTnjA3a8XzjwQXKbNrEesINo_yDC_kf6QXIRmVCsFJTQwhNoEr54nenQ82HZoetwEGk/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-21+at+12.24.54+PM.png" width="136" /></a><span><span>The area of responsibility of the RSHA encompassed all "security policy and intelligence matters". This also included the arrests of “politically unreliable” people. The </span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span> task forces subordinate to the RSHA undertook to fight “all elements hostile to the Reich and German” in the occupied territories. Above all in Poland and later in the Soviet Union, this meant planned massacres of state and cultural representatives of these countries, in particular of Catholic priests and communist functionaries, as well as of Roma and especially of Jews. Hate propaganda was also targeted against the Jewish populationPogroms started . In the Soviet Union, the RSHA directed the so-called "purges" against Soviet communists and Jews. Over 500,000 people fell victim to these actions. In Section IV B 4 of the RSHA, </span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span>-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann organized the bureaucratic part of the “ final solution to the Jewish question ” as the personification of the desk offender . The RSHA also had extensive powers domestically and used above all “ protective custody ”, which was not subject to judicial control, to combat political and “racial” opponents (Jews, “Gypsies”). The "Meldungen aus dem Reich" provided detailed reports on the mood of the intensely spied on population.<br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswr7FkCeWbpM3GY4TyYFMiMrHfORkWM6Oi8UmzVFgE7NUduPADeI-m9H19P95UndrsrrysfHRQNmROo7ixU6up0zJszrVGH8ysX3PVBtXiOleyzL1wCRfjfyhUERiRKawIqcdeKdjf5w/s1600/2myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswr7FkCeWbpM3GY4TyYFMiMrHfORkWM6Oi8UmzVFgE7NUduPADeI-m9H19P95UndrsrrysfHRQNmROo7ixU6up0zJszrVGH8ysX3PVBtXiOleyzL1wCRfjfyhUERiRKawIqcdeKdjf5w/w400-h145/2myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>The buildings that housed the Gestapo and ϟϟ headquarters were largely destroyed by Allied bombing during early 1945 and the ruins demolished after the war. </span></span><span><span>The
wall itself was never removed from the site as seen on the left, and the section adjacent
to the Topography of Terror site is the second-longest segment still in
place (after the East Side Gallery in Friedrichshain). It is here<span style="font-size: normal;"> after the July Plot of 1944 </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">according to Shirer (966) </span></span></span>that,</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">under hideous torture
in the Gestapo dungeon in the Prinz Albrechtstrasse in Berlin Colonel von
Hofacker broke down and told of Rommel’s part in the conspiracy. "Tell the
people in Berlin they can count on me,” Hofacker quoted the Field Marshal as
assuring him. It was a phrase that stuck in Hitler’s mind when he heard of it
and which led him to decide that his favourite general, whom he knew to be the
most popular one in Germany, must die.
</span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEldxl9oF1aN0hJZs1-FRjf2nZpuNJ1aWmXBkOFRybmLz9xOZaIXzwfuiFql1x93rPPTtWKpZW7JQQXt4U4XeQnmUDWLh2dufoufdwVyqHjrRUh04PFOg8XVdyvYWhMehwWlMCv4El2b9n/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Berlin Wall ran along the south side of the street, renamed Niederkirchnerstrasse, from 1961 to 1989 shown here in 1990 and today in 2018 with my students from Bavarian International School. To their right is the Martin Gropius Bau which was a museum in 1945 and which suffered extensive damage" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="461" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEldxl9oF1aN0hJZs1-FRjf2nZpuNJ1aWmXBkOFRybmLz9xOZaIXzwfuiFql1x93rPPTtWKpZW7JQQXt4U4XeQnmUDWLh2dufoufdwVyqHjrRUh04PFOg8XVdyvYWhMehwWlMCv4El2b9n/w400-h260/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" title="Berlin Wall ran along the south side of the street, renamed Niederkirchnerstrasse, from 1961 to 1989 shown here in 1990 and today in 2018 with my students from Bavarian International School. To their right is the Martin Gropius Bau which was a museum in 1945 and which suffered extensive damage" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>The boundary between the American and Soviet zones of occupation in Berlin ran along the Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, so the street soon became a fortified boundary. The Berlin Wall ran along the south side of the street, renamed Niederkirchnerstrasse, from 1961 to 1989 shown here in 1990 and today in 2018 with my students from Bavarian International School. To their right is the Martin Gropius Bau which was a museum in 1945 and which suffered extensive damage during the battle, mainly due to its close proximity to the Gestapo building, which had a large courtyard that opened onto the side of the Bau. At dawn on April 29th 1945, Colonel Antonov’s 301st Soviet Rifle Division assaulted the Gestapo Headquarters and managed to capture it after heavy fighting, pouring thousands of rounds from the windows of the museum into the courtyard. The return fire from the </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span> defenders is clearly visible on the side wall and plasterwork of the Bau. An </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span> counter attack forced the Soviet troops to withdraw, leaving seven inmates who had survived a massacre of prisoners on April 23 still confined to their cells. The last two photos show the Bau as it was at the end of the war with the Gestapo building visible on the left and a comparison shot from 2019. The Topography of Terror exhibition now occupies the site of the Gestapo HQ.</span></span></span></span></div><div face="georgia" style="text-align: center;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlfCk-1f5GTTIE-vs-eRpJ30K3X5TMEZ9UOYlVpdPi59CT5GKBP3TiQ98mKXXAcQxG3FgYp8l0k7rYB21nWfWK9vfEM56jUL1HkFUDvNTpq4vnBKzroYhxsGssl8JzW3H0u_WUWE6Cyl5u/s1600/wall.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School gAG Berlin Wall" border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="419" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlfCk-1f5GTTIE-vs-eRpJ30K3X5TMEZ9UOYlVpdPi59CT5GKBP3TiQ98mKXXAcQxG3FgYp8l0k7rYB21nWfWK9vfEM56jUL1HkFUDvNTpq4vnBKzroYhxsGssl8JzW3H0u_WUWE6Cyl5u/w400-h336/wall.gif" title="Bavarian International School gAG Berlin Wall" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span> Above ran the Berlin wall and on top was the Airforce HQ and later the Federal Ministry of Finance.</span> On August 13, 1961 the construction of the wall began, which would eventually consist of a barrier system over 150 kilometres in length, built to stop the flood of refugees from East to West shown during its construction and during my 2011 class tour of Berlin. A mere two months earlier at an international press conference held on June 15 at the House of Ministries across the road, today serving as the Federal Ministry of Finance, Walter Ulbricht famously declared, “No one has any intention of building a wall!” By the fall of 1961, over 2.6 million people had managed to escape across the border between the two sectors. The 200 metre long remnant of the wall here at Niederkirchnerstrasse marked the border between the districts of Mitte (East) and Kreuzberg (West), separating the two sides of Niederkirchnerstrasse and Zimmerstrasse from one another along their entire length. The border strip here was only a few metres wide, and buildings like the one that now houses the Berlin House of Representatives and today’s Federal Ministry of Finance were integrated into the inner wall. </span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>The building then and what's left the site today. The buildings on the Prinz-Albrecht site were partly destroyed during the war or demolished after the war. In the 1970s, among other things, a building rubble company and an autodrome for driving license-free driving used the area. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>At the beginning of the 1980s, several initiatives were launched to build a memorial on the site. In 1987, the Museum Project Topography of Terror was created. On the premises of the former Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8, now Niederkirchnerstraße 8, the museum strives to document the Nazi terrorist apparatus. The Prinz-Albrecht-Palais was located in the immediate vicinity of Wilhelmstrasse 102, which became the headquarters of the security service (SD) of the </span><span>ϟϟ</span><span> from 1934 onwards, and from 1939 onwards also the Reichsicherheitshauptamt (RSHA). The former Hotel Prinz-Albrecht on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 9 was, from 1934 the seat of the "Reichsführung </span><span>ϟϟ</span><span>". This building ensemble is today called "Prinz-Albrecht-Gelände" and the documentation centre on Niederkirchnerstraße 8 is one of the state museums in Berlin. </span><span>Remains of the house prison in the cellar of the secret state police have been preserved and are now under monument protection. They are publicly accessible as part of the exhibition topography of the terror. Between 1933 and 1945, about 15,000 political prisoners were imprisoned and interrogated in prison cells. The prison was infamous for its torture methods and for many detainees through the station to the concentration camps.</span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKbncRmGDDKUkncFOM7bVnr3AeU0I3_cf1AsLQaGOfPxAy55XVPtESEuhdcEYwHd4rYRzxidwRXNKWJzoznlJg0Tq5RdNZ_lvo0KmLybqla8JGLsBKE8dUiXe5rf7p95QFG9WK4xKTa11z/s507/Screenshot+2020-10-24+at+10.56.29.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="157" data-original-width="507" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKbncRmGDDKUkncFOM7bVnr3AeU0I3_cf1AsLQaGOfPxAy55XVPtESEuhdcEYwHd4rYRzxidwRXNKWJzoznlJg0Tq5RdNZ_lvo0KmLybqla8JGLsBKE8dUiXe5rf7p95QFG9WK4xKTa11z/w400-h124/Screenshot+2020-10-24+at+10.56.29.png" width="400" /></a><span><span><span>The bombed out shell of the Gestapo-</span></span><span>ϟϟ</span><span> headquarters in 1945 which had been defended by Henri Fenet, the surviving 'Charlemagne' battalion commander. </span><span>On the right one can see the prison cell windows of the Gestapo gaol in the south wing of the building facing the inner cour<span style="font-size: normal;">tyard on </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;">Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8, in 1945, temporarily walled up after damage caused by bombs. </span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Colonel Antonov's 301st Rifle Division began its assault in earnest at
dawn on 29 April, not long after the newly married couple in the
Fuhrer bunker had retired. Two of his rifle regiments attacked Gestapo
headquarters on the Prinz-Albrechtstrasse, a building which had been
heavily damaged in the 3 February air raid. In the now standard tactic,
a03mm heavy howitzers were brought forward to blast open a breach at
close range. Two battalions stormed in and hoisted a red banner, but
the Soviet accounts fail to reveal the fact that after fierce fighting and
heavy casualties they were forced to withdraw that evening by a ferocious
Waffen SS counter-attack. The Russians had no idea whether any
prisoners of the Gestapo remained alive inside. In fact, there were seven
left who had been specially spared from the horrendous massacre which
had taken place on the night of 23 April. </span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span>Beevor (351)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiowGrmQm9FLpI4Pg6HMve6kCJcoTKZf5oNTXOsjbYPh3JqI1HWXiewwOSwx4TJGELLcJaGoPJCrLf2HraTpUBe_cBAXGCgSlQXZ-OgmP5T9eQeJhZ9dPeHDIXsH_AsrOOyrFSBsa7AAQA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-21+at+12.30.16+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiowGrmQm9FLpI4Pg6HMve6kCJcoTKZf5oNTXOsjbYPh3JqI1HWXiewwOSwx4TJGELLcJaGoPJCrLf2HraTpUBe_cBAXGCgSlQXZ-OgmP5T9eQeJhZ9dPeHDIXsH_AsrOOyrFSBsa7AAQA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-21+at+12.30.16+PM.png" title="" width="640" /></a><span> </span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Excavated cells from the basement of the Gestapo headquarters</span><span> in 1948 and today showing i</span><span>mages of political prisoners from the Gestapo archives</span><span>. This served as an expansion of the Gestapo "house prison" in the basement of the south wing of Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8, which was established in 1933 with twenty cells and expanded in 1936 by seventeen single cells and a community cell. Somewhat later, the prisoners' residence and waiting room located between the cells was upgraded to an air-raid-proof shelter. Speer had rejected this new development of the site, wanting instead to design the north-south axis not only as a street of ministries and administrative buildings, but to be used for private and commercial buildings. The Nazis' persecution and extermination policy was not only controlled bureaucratically from this area, but the Einsatztruppen were selected for subsequent mass murders of Jews and political opponents - here at this site interrogations and torture took place. Since the in-house prison was designed for only about fifty prisoners, the length of stay of the prisoners was limited- either they died as a result of torture and detention, or they were sent to other prisons and concentration camps.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA_CcrtjLYqyNgqlQfQzxjdgMRJM3C6JvY4SwVm6JsUSf28LTer7nb0HDVDfdcjUSW_sLMycAHN62uIdm9wsRcZ8g1kY0P47iShp9oi4Z2ysOwZjDhIUFv3UafFN95XU5L2omXg70s_8zB/s1019/Screenshot+2020-10-24+at+10.54.51.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Reichsluftfahrtministerium Topography of Terror" border="0" data-original-height="709" data-original-width="1019" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA_CcrtjLYqyNgqlQfQzxjdgMRJM3C6JvY4SwVm6JsUSf28LTer7nb0HDVDfdcjUSW_sLMycAHN62uIdm9wsRcZ8g1kY0P47iShp9oi4Z2ysOwZjDhIUFv3UafFN95XU5L2omXg70s_8zB/w400-h279/Screenshot+2020-10-24+at+10.54.51.png" title="Reichsluftfahrtministerium Topography of Terror" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></div></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span>The excavated cells behind the museum with the Reichsluftfahrtministerium in the background. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span>To the rear, the cellars of the Gestapo headquarters in the former (and now destroyed) Prinz- Albrecht-Palais have been unearthed in the last 20 years. The provisional - still! - archaeological site 'houses' the permanent and changing exhibitions of the 'Topography of Terror'. This is a fine exhibition; you do not find crowds here, but always a number of interested people, groups and individuals, who read and study the documents about the Nazi dictatorship in Germany and Europe. Very quiet, very serious. And immediately above the excavations we can see a long stretch of the Berlin Wall, the symbol of the communist dictatorship in Germany and Europe. Today the Wall is very thin because so many people have tried to take home a piece of it; some of the poor remnants have to be protected.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span>Joachim Schlör (428) Memory in Berlin: a short walk</span></span></span></div></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 0.5%;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"> de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog Wilhelmstraße (Berlin-Mitte) Autoren der Wikimedia-Projekte 24–28 minutes Wilhelmstrasse (Berlin-Mitte) Street in Berlin-Mitte and Berlin-Kreuzberg Wilhelmstrasse is located in the Berlin districts of Mitte ( Mitte District ) and Kreuzberg ( Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg District ). It was the seat of important government authorities in Prussia , the German Empire and the GDR and, in this tradition, is still an important part of political Berlin and the seat of international political institutions. Until 1945, the rhetorical expression Wilhelmstrasse was considered a metonym for the German Reich government , similar to Downing Street No. 10 stands for the British government. [1] Despite severe destruction in the Second World War caused by Allied air raids and the Battle of Berlin, numerous historical buildings on Wilhelmstrasse have been preserved; The Berlin list of monuments names 19 objects worth protecting. [2] At the end of the 1980s, a large part of the district was built over with prefabricated buildings . Wilhelmstrasse coat of arms coat of arms Street in Berlin Wilhelmstrasse Wilhelmstrasse View to the north over Wilhelmstrasse, in the front left the Federal Ministry of Finance , in the background the Großer Tiergarten and the Federal Chancellery Basic data Location Berlin district Mitte , Kreuzberg Created around 1730, renamed in 1740 Hist. names Husarenstrasse , Neue Wilhelmstrasse (1822–1964) , Otto-Grotewohl-Strasse (1964–1993) Connecting roads Luisenstraße (north) , Mehringdamm (south) Cross streets (Selection) Dorotheenstraße , Unter den Linden , Behrenstraße , Voßstraße , Leipziger Straße use User groups Pedestrian traffic , bicycle traffic , car traffic , public transport Technical data Road length around 2400 m The street, originally laid out under the name Husarenstrasse in the 1730s as part of a city expansion by King Friedrich Wilhelm I , received its current name around 1740 after his death. The area around Wilhelmstrasse was known as a government district , especially during the Empire and the Weimar Republic . Course Edit The approximately 2.4 km long road runs in a north-south direction. It begins in the north at the Reichstagufer , crosses the Unter den Linden boulevard on the east side of Pariser Platz and Leipziger Straße and ends today at Halleschen Ufer near the Halleschen Tor in Kreuzberg . Originally, its southern end ran into the roundabout ( Belle-Alliance-Platz , today: Mehringplatz ), but it was pivoted away from the square around 1970. Partial closure Edit Closed section in front of the British Embassy Between Behrenstrasse and Unter den Linden, Wilhelmstrasse has been closed to motorized traffic since 2003 to protect the British embassy there , especially from car bombs . View from Dorotheenstrasse south to Unter den Linden Boulevard In 2014, Berlin transport and security politicians and representatives from federal ministries held confidential talks about lifting the ban, as a reassessment was expected for British facilities abroad. A further argument for opening the road section is the reference to the longer journeys for emergency vehicles from the nearby Charité . Before that, however, the State Criminal Police Office must evaluate whether the security situation allows this. However, the decision to release the closed section is not the responsibility of the district, but of the federal government. As a compromise proposal, Berlin CDU MP Oliver Friederici called for two of the four lanes to be released. [3] A decision has not yet been made (as of autumn 2021), the closure currently remains in effect. Story Edit Wilhelmstrasse with a view of the Reich Chancellery (No. 77) and the Foreign Office (No. 76) on the left side of the street, August 1934 Reich Ministry of Justice at Wilhelmstrasse 65 (June 1938) British Embassy (No. 70/71) Wilhelmstrasse/At the Colonnade Palace of the Reich President (No. 73) Federal Ministry of Finance (No. 97) E-Werk (No. 43) Willy Brandt House (No. 140) Monument to Prince Leopold I on the corner of Mohrenstrasse Under the first king of Prussia , Frederick I , who gave Friedrichstrasse its name , Friedrichstadt was built in 1706 . His son, the “Soldier King” Friedrich Wilhelm I , had this significantly enlarged in the 1730s together with the construction of the Berlin customs and excise wall . The Husarenstrasse created during this expansion was renamed Wilhelmstrasse after Friedrich Wilhelm's death in 1740. An der damaligen Husarenstraße entstanden in deren nördlichem Teil viele Palais’ von Ministern und persönlichen Vertrauten des Königs, zum Beispiel das für Samuel von Marschall gebaute Palais Marschall. Drei dieser Palais bekamen durch einen Ehrenhof eine besonders repräsentative Gestaltung. Das Palais Schwerin (benannt nach Kurt Christoph von Schwerin), später Palais des Reichspräsidenten, das Palais Schulenburg, danach Reichskanzlei und das Palais Vernezobre, später umgebaut zum Prinz-Albrecht-Palais. Im südlichen Ende der Straße siedelte sich ab 1737 die aus Böhmen nach Berlin gekommene Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine an. Zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts nahmen wichtige Ministerien Preußens ihren Sitz in der Straße, mit wenigen Ausnahmen aufgrund des preußischen Sparzwangs nicht in Neubauten. Nach der Reichsgründung 1871 folgten Regierungsbehörden des Deutschen Reiches. Ausländische Botschaften bezogen repräsentative Gebäude in direkter Nähe. Nach der „Machtergreifung“ zog Anfang 1933 das Kabinett Hitler in die Schaltzentralen an der Wilhelmstraße ein. Während der NS-Zeit war an der Wilhelmstraße, in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft zur Zentrale der Gestapo in der Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8 (heute: Niederkirchnerstraße), dem Prinz-Albrecht-Palais, das SD-Hauptamt untergebracht, die oberste Führungsstelle des Sicherheitsdienstes des Reichsführers SS (SD). Das SD-Hauptamt wurde 1939 Teil des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes (RSHA), das ebenfalls im Prinz-Albrecht-Palais seinen Sitz hatte. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg zerstörten alliierte Luftangriffe und die Schlacht um Berlin viele Gebäude zu großen Teilen oder vollständig. Nach der Teilung Berlins war die Wilhelmstraße in einen nördlichen Bereich, der zu Ost-Berlin und einen südlichen Bereich, der zu West-Berlin gehörte, getrennt. Die Grenze verlief in Höhe des Straßenzuges Niederkirchner-/Zimmerstraße.[4] Im Kreuzberger Abschnitt entstanden in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren etliche Wohnneubauten, die zum Bestand der Sozialbauten gehören. Zu DDR-Zeiten ist die zum Teil erhaltene oder wiederaufbaufähige Bebauung der Westseite als Vorgelände der Sektorengrenze und nach 1961 der Berliner Mauer vollständig beseitigt worden. Gegen Ende der 1980er Jahre begann der Ost-Berliner Magistrat dort mit der Anlage eines Wohngebiets aus Plattenbauten sein letztes größeres städtebauliche Projekt zu verwirklichen. Zwischen der Behren- und der Voßstraße entstanden bis zur Wiedervereinigung Berlins Wohn- und Geschäftshäuser in Plattenbauweise. Sie erhielten relativ aufwendige Fassaden und waren ein beliebtes Domizil der DDR-Nomenklatura.[5] Auf Initiative des Abgeordnetenhauses von Berlin weist seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre eine ständige Straßenausstellung mit gläsernen Infotafeln auf die Standorte früherer Institutionen hin. Auf dem Areal des Prinz-Albrecht-Palais befindet sich der 2010 eröffnete Neubau der Stiftung Topographie des Terrors, die die Straße unter dem Begriff Geschichtsmeile Wilhelmstraße in ihren historischen Bezügen für die Öffentlichkeit aufzuarbeiten versucht. Development Edit In der Wilhelmstraße befanden sich vor 1945 unter anderem folgende Gebäude (damalige Hausnummernzählung): Palais Fürstenberg (ab 1899 Sitz der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin) (Nr. 23) Reichsschatzamt (ab 1919 Reichsfinanzministerium) (Nr. 60/61, Wilhelmplatz 1/2 und Kaiserhofstraße 1–3) Reichskolonialamt (Nr. 62) Preußisches Staatsministerium (Nr. 63, ab 1934 Sitz des Pressechefs von Reichsregierung und NSDAP Otto Dietrich) Geheimes Zivilkabinett (Nr. 64, ab 1919 Preußisches Staatsministerium, 1933–1941 Stab des „Stellvertreter des Führers“ Rudolf Heß) Reichsjustizministerium (Nr. 65) Preußisches Kultusministerium (Nr. 68, ab 1934: Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung) Britische Botschaft (Nr. 70) Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (Nr. 72) Palais des Reichspräsidenten der Weimarer Republik (Nr. 73, bis 1919: Ministerium des königlichen Hauses) Reichsamt des Innern (Nr. 74, ab 1919: Auswärtiges Amt) Auswärtiges Amt (Nr. 75/76) (Alte) Reichskanzlei (Nr. 77) Erweiterungsbau zur (alten) Reichskanzlei (Nr. 78, 1930 fertiggestellt) Palais Borsig (Voßstraße 1 Ecke Wilhelmstraße) Reichsverkehrsministerium (Nr. 79/80) Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Nr. 81–85; jetzt: Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus Nr. 97) Die Verkehrswissenschaftliche Lehrmittelgesellschaft hatte hier ihren Sitz (Nr. 87)[6] Prinz-Albrecht-Palais (Nr. 102), SD-Hauptamt (Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS); ab 1939 Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), zusätzlich Häuser 101, 103–105 und ab 1937 Nr. 106 (davor SA-Obergruppenführung Berlin-Brandenburg) Ordenspalais (Wilhelmplatz 8/9), Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda In der zu DDR-Zeiten in Otto-Grotewohl-Straße (zu Ehren des DDR-Politikers Otto Grotewohl) umbenannten Straße hatten seit den 1970er Jahren folgende diplomatische Vertretungen ihren Sitz:[7] Nummer 3a (jetzt: Wilhelmstraße 66): Demokratische Republik Afghanistan Griechische Republik Islamische Republik Pakistan Republik der Philippinen Portugiesische Republik Königreich Schweden Republik Simbabwe Syrische Arabische Republik Republik Zaire Nummer 5 (jetzt: Wilhelmstraße 65): Königreich der Niederlande Königreich Norwegen Republik Österreich Republik Venezuela In der Wilhelmstraße befinden sich unter anderem folgende Einrichtungen (Stand von Ende 2020): E-Werk (Nr. 43) Botschaft der Tschechischen Republik (Nr. 44) Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (Nr. 49, im Erweiterungsbau des früheren Ordenspalais), Haupteingang im Hofmarschallhaus (früher: Wilhelmplatz) Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (Nr. 54, früher: Geheimes Zivilkabinett, Nr. 64), einer der wenigen erhaltenen repräsentativen Altbauten, die im Krieg nicht zerstört wurden und mit dem Umzug der Regierung von Bonn nach Berlin denkmalgerecht saniert wurden[8] Matthias-Erzberger-Haus des Bundestags an der Ecke Wilhelmstraße/Unter den Linden Robert-Koch-Forum mit Einstein Center Digital Future (Nr. 67) ARD-Hauptstadtstudio (Nr. 67a, an der Ecke zum Reichstagufer) Britische Botschaft (Nr. 70/71) Bundesfinanzministerium (Nr. 97, Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus) Ausstellungsgelände Topographie des Terrors (es grenzt ebenfalls an die Wilhelmstraße und hat dort einen Nebeneingang an der einstigen Nr. 98) Bundeszentrale der SPD (Nr. 140, Willy-Brandt-Haus, an der Ecke zur Stresemannstraße) Bemerkenswert sind auch weitere Baudenkmale wie die 1868 errichtete Gemeindeschule (Wilhelmstraße 116/117)[9] oder das ebenfalls aus dem 19. Jahrhundert stammende Verwaltungsgebäude Hausnummer 65/66[10] sowie Teile von Wohngebäudeensembles, deren eine Seite an die Wilhelmstraße grenzt (siehe: Plattenbauten an der Berliner Wilhelmstraße). Am 8. November 2011 wurde an der Ecke zur Straße An der Kolonnade das 17 m hohe Denkzeichen Georg Elser zur Erinnerung an den Hitler-Attentäter Georg Elser eingeweiht.[11] In unmittelbarer Nähe befindet sich das Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas mit seinen rund 2700 Stelen. Change of name Edit Die nach 1731 unter dem Namen Husarenstraße angelegte Straße wurde um 1740 nach dem seinerzeit verstorbenen König Friedrich Wilhelm I. umbenannt. In Verbindung mit dem Ausbau der Friedrichstadt wurde die Wilhelmstraße verlängert. Diese Verlängerung erhielt 1822 den Namen Neue Wilhelmstraße. Der im Ortsteil Mitte verlaufende, seinerzeit zu Ost-Berlin gehörende Straßenabschnitt der Wilhelmstraße (von der Zimmerstraße bis Unter den Linden) und der Neuen Wilhelmstraße wurden 1964 in Otto-Grotewohl-Straße umbenannt. Seit 1993 heißt der komplette Straßenzug bis zum Reichstagufer wieder Wilhelmstraße, nachdem auch andere Namen wie beispielsweise Toleranzstraße diskutiert wurden. In Richtung Norden geht die Wilhelmstraße auf der Marschallbrücke (zwischen Reichstagufer und Schiffbauerdamm) heute nahtlos in die Luisenstraße über, indem die frühere Neue Wilhelmstraße einbezogen blieb. Dies führte dazu, dass bei der Rückbenennung 1993 die ringförmig laufende Hausnummerierung, deren Anfangs- und Endabschnitt im West-Berliner Abschnitt stets erhalten geblieben war, zwar wieder ergänzt werden konnte, jedoch nicht die historisch bedeutenden Grundstücke wieder ihre alten Hausnummern erhielten. Der ehemals an der Straße liegende Wilhelmplatz existiert heute nicht mehr, er wurde großenteils mit Plattenbauten (im Norden) und der Tschechischen Botschaft (im Süden) überbaut. Der östlich anschließende Zietenplatz wurde wiederhergestellt. Die Denkmäler preußischer Feldherren, wie die des Fürsten Leopold I., des Berliner Bildhauers August Kiß wurden wiedererrichtet. Personalities Edit In der zweiten Etage des Hauses 3a befanden sich die Verlagsräume der Zeitschrift Zukunft seit ihrer Gründung 1892 bis zum Weggang ihres Herausgebers Maximilian Harden von Berlin im Jahr 1922. Im Haus Nr. 12 kam am 17. August 1885 der spätere Schriftsteller Kurt Hiller zur Welt, das „Schandmaul der Weimarer Republik“ genannt. Im Haus Nr. 16 (heute: Nr. 67a) an der Ecke zum Reichstagufer befand sich die Dienstwohnung des jeweiligen Direktors des Physikalischen Instituts der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, z. B. Walther Nernst in den 1930er Jahren. Im Haus Nr. 23 wohnte der am 7. Januar 1903 in München geborene Geograph, Schriftsteller und Widerstandskämpfer Albrecht Haushofer, wegen seiner mächtigen Gestalt von seinen Freunden „Elefant“ genannt. Das Haus (Palais Fürstenberg) gehörte der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, deren Generalsekretär Haushofer war, weswegen er hier eine Dienstwohnung beziehen konnte. Im Haus Nr. 39 wohnte der Maler Adolph Menzel mit seinen Eltern seit 1830. Da der Vater zwei Jahre später starb, musste der Sohn mit lithografischen Arbeiten die Familie ernähren. 1839 zog die Familie in die Zimmerstraße. In der zweiten Etage des Hauses Nr. 43 wohnte seit 1880 der Schriftsteller Otto Brahm, der neben Theodor Fontane Theaterkritiken für die Vossische Zeitung schrieb. Er zog 1906 aus seiner Junggesellenwohnung in eine größere am Luisenplatz. Blick auf die ehemalige Dienstwohnung von Konrad Adenauer, September 2015 Im Haus Nr. 54 wohnte Konrad Adenauer als Präsident des Preußischen Staatsrates von Mai 1931 bis März 1933. Im früheren Haus Nr. 59 wohnte um 1800 Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein, von 1842 bis 1851 war es Residenz von John Fane 11th Earl of Westmorland (1784‒1859), dem britischen Gesandten in Preußen und von 1852 bis 1856 bewohnte Alfred Rücker als Ministerresident für Hamburg das Stadtpalais. 1905 wurde es abgerissen[12] und das Grundstück neu bebaut. In den 1970er Jahren baute die DDR hier in der Otto-Grotewohl-Straße 13a ein neues Wohnhaus nach Plänen von Helmut Stingl. Nachdem die damalige Wohnungsbaugesellschaft nach der politischen Wende alle Wohnbauten an eine Schweizer Immobilienfirma verkauft hatte, begann der neue Eigentümer mit dem Abriss, zuerst mit dem Wohnhaus Nr. 59. Es sollte Platz für neue Eigentumswohnungen geschaffen werden. Kurze Zeit später beschloss der Senat, die übrigen Plattenbauten unter Denkmalschutz zu stellen, so war die Nr. 59 das erste und einzige Gebäude, das tatsächlich abgetragen wurde. Nur hier wird nun auch neu gebaut.[13] Im Haus Nr. 63 wohnte Jacob Burckhardt seit dem 27. September 1841, nachdem er von seinen Reisen durch das Rheinland und Belgien nach Berlin zurückgekehrt war. Er unterrichtete hier den Sohn des holländischen Gesandten („von 11 Uhr morgens bis 9 Uhr abends“) und gab Stellung und Wohnung Ende September 1842 wieder auf, um an den Schiffbauerdamm zu ziehen. Im Haus Nr. 68 wohnte in den Wintermonaten 1830/1831 Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, der Verfasser der Undine. Im Haus Nr. 73 befand sich das Palais des Grafen Schwerin. Hier hatte der Philosoph Friedrich Schleiermacher seine letzte Wohnung. Er starb in diesem Haus am 12. Februar 1834 an einer Lungenentzündung. Im Haus Nr. 78 wohnten zwei Wochen nach ihrer Heirat Achim und Bettina von Arnim (geborene Bettina Brentano) im Gartenhaus des Vossischen Palais. Das Palais lag an der jetzigen Kreuzung Wilhelm-/Voßstraße. Im Frühjahr 1814 zog man aus finanziellen Gründen auf das Gut Wiepersdorf bei Jüterbog zurück. In das damals neu erbaute Haus Nr. 97 zog 1836 der Schriftsteller Willibald Alexis ein, von der Zimmerstraße her. Es wurde bald eine Begegnungsstätte der literarischen und künstlerischen Gesellschaft Berlins. Im Herbst 1837 zog Emanuel Geibel von der Französischen Straße zu ihm und genoss die „großartige Aussicht von meinem Turmzimmer“. Das Haus musste später dem Durchbruch der Zimmerstraße Platz machen. Haus Nr. 102 war das Prinz-Albrecht-Palais, in dem von 1772 bis 1787 Amalie von Preußen und später Prinz Albrecht von Preußen lebten. See also Edit Liste der Straßen und Plätze in Berlin-Kreuzberg Liste der Straßen und Plätze in Berlin-Mitte literature Edit Helmut Engel, Wolfgang Ribbe (Hrsg.): Geschichtsmeile Wilhelmstraße. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-05-003058-5. Laurenz Demps: Berlin-Wilhelmstraße. Eine Topographie preußisch-deutscher Macht. 4. stark veränderte Auflage. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-86153-597-3. Melanie Mertens: Berliner Barockpaläste. Die Entstehung eines Bautyps in der Zeit der ersten preußischen Könige. (= Berliner Schriften zur Kunst. 14). Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-7861-2366-7. (Zugleich: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 1999). Andreas Nachama (Hrsg.): Die Wilhelmstraße – Regierungsviertel im Wandel. Wilhelmstraße – The Government Quater through the centuries. Stiftung Topographie des Terrors, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-9811677-0-2. Christoph Neubauer: Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin. Gestern & Heute. Flashback-Medienverlag, Frankfurt (Oder) 2010, ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3. Claudia Steur: Geschichtsmeile Wilhelmstraße. Historic Wilhelmstraße. Stiftung Topographie des Terrors, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-9807205-9-4. Web links Edit Wilhelmstraße. In: Straßennamenlexikon des Luisenstädtischen Bildungsvereins (beim Kaupert) Wilhelms-Markt. In: Luise. Wilhelmplatz. In: Luise. Otto-Grotewohl-Straße. In: Luise. Thälmannplatz. In: Luise. Geschichtsmeile Wilhelmstraße Plattform für die Diskussion über die architektonische und städtebauliche Zukunft des Areals Wilhelmstraße und des Berliner Regierungsviertels Individual evidence Edit ↑ Berlin-Mitte: Ein Viertel als Schaufenster der Demokratie, Der Tagesspiegel, 23. September 2017 ↑ Berliner Denkmalliste. ↑ Sperre mit Pollern vor britischer Botschaft könnte weichen. In: Der Tagesspiegel, 25. Februar 2014. ↑ Buchplan Berlin VEB Tourist Verlag, Berlin/Leipzig 1988. ↑ DDR-Plattenbauten. Abschnitt der Website Berlin Wilhelmstraße, abgefragt am 15. Oktober 2020. ↑ Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (Hrsg.): Amtsblatt der Reichsbahndirektion in Mainz vom 22. Dezember 1928, Nr. 56. Empfehlenswerte Bücher, S. 344. ↑ Buchplan Berlin. VEB Tourist Verlag, Berlin/Leipzig 1980, ISBN 3-350-00155-6, S. 52–54. ↑ Stippvisite im Regierungsviertel. Auf den Spuren berühmter Berliner: Konrad Adenauer in der Wilhelmstraße. In: Berliner Zeitung, 10. März 2010. ↑ Baudenkmal Gemeindeschule ↑ Baudenkmal Botschaftsgebäude ↑ Presseeinladung „Denkzeichen für Georg Elser wird übergeben“ ↑ Die langjährige Wohnstätte des ersten preußischen Kultusministers (rechte Spalte, ganz unten), Berliner Volkszeitung, 1. August 1905. ↑ Anja Reich: Das letzte sozialistische Haus und ich. In: Berliner Zeitung,</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-size: 180%;"><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: georgia; font-weight: bold;">Separate from the entry for <a href="http://tracesofevil.blogspot.com/search/label/Wilhelmstrasse">Wilhelmstrasse</a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span><img alt="Führerbunker" border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8FZrbrKygSQBC8ZfsDE70VklU2eCQx6elZ_xoK-1Pmhhyphenhypheny42WCy5AL5t-05PHUZ11vpB-HJEVa4XCPiCYj0RNH-g4LlBqwl-YHweg0_mySVrq-FtUlW8A-AB1cJbKadQRWhAWSXfBe2M/w708-h177/Screen+Shot+2014-07-25+at+9.20.10+PM.png" width="708" /></span></span></div>
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The Führerbunker is the name given to two of the underground air-raid shelters in Berlin that served as the Hitler's headquarters during the last few weeks of the Nazi regime. It was ultimately here were Hitler committed suicide. <span style="font-size: normal;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP0TSbzC7LhAKijaIWe1L3Wb9nKPLEG6BAnnmq74OTwMPwHRF8mr3c3vWy0VUBKRRJo8qa87KneEKRKXvE-r6Lc2UwKotWo26DJBC_fwPKgQtFgzWKL0MWMgD2yDpkwugEQLUq0_Ubckk/s1600/Bunker+Doc+4M.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Führerbunker schematic map" border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP0TSbzC7LhAKijaIWe1L3Wb9nKPLEG6BAnnmq74OTwMPwHRF8mr3c3vWy0VUBKRRJo8qa87KneEKRKXvE-r6Lc2UwKotWo26DJBC_fwPKgQtFgzWKL0MWMgD2yDpkwugEQLUq0_Ubckk/w400-h258/Bunker+Doc+4M.jpg" width="400" /></a>From
August 1935 to January 1936 a festive hall was erected in the
Reichskanzlei's garden, which had an air-raid shelter which was to serve Hitler as a private bunker. On January 18, 1943, Hitler ordered
the construction of another bunker connected to the air-raid
shelter, which had a much stronger construction. The air-raid shelter
became the pre-bunker of the new main bunker, which was begun in April
1944. On January 16, 1945, Hitler returned to Berlin and moved into his
living quarters in the </span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> New
Reichskanzlei</span> which were destroyed during
the most severe air attack on Berlin during the war on February 3, 1945. Hitler then moved to the commandant bunkers, which he had
used until then only to sleep and during the air raids. In the course
of the next few weeks, Hitler also transferred all his activities to the
bunker, which is why his staff, adjutants, commando command and
Martin Bormann were essentially there. From March 7, 1945, Eva Braun
also lived permanently in the bunker and, beside Hitler's room, moved
into a room with a dressing room. On April 22, Joseph and Magda Goebbels
followed with their six children. Whilst Goebbels lived in the main
bunker, his wife and six children lived in the Vorbunker.</span></span></span></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjI3ixUZh4IDnIdFlFuUqw2MigrECvUfE8ivs35YdmhDfGUqBWGOZZGYDkGkwqj_Pi87Fyms-elAEX0OWS5lqjP_woP5Cv1s_1tbN59CyYKmGUtiL2kOGtROOoI9G2Zu1NvFjGgXjt7AsG9CmWwacNeMYpIDASC3fG6KJ04BwJEf73FJObhxHnUm4Tlpg=s378" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students at Führerbunker" border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="378" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjI3ixUZh4IDnIdFlFuUqw2MigrECvUfE8ivs35YdmhDfGUqBWGOZZGYDkGkwqj_Pi87Fyms-elAEX0OWS5lqjP_woP5Cv1s_1tbN59CyYKmGUtiL2kOGtROOoI9G2Zu1NvFjGgXjt7AsG9CmWwacNeMYpIDASC3fG6KJ04BwJEf73FJObhxHnUm4Tlpg=w400-h324" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"></span></span></span>Site of the bunker and as it appears today during my 2021 class trip with my Bavarian International School students. On
April 29, 1945 Hitler wrote his political and personal testament in the
bunker thereafter, he and Eva Braun married. The next day
they took their lives in Hitler's living and working space in the
bunker. Their corpses were poured over with gasoline and burned in front
of the emergency exit of the bunker in the garden of the New
Reichskanzlei. The following day on May 1, both Joseph and Magda
Goebbels took killed themselves just outside the bunkers' emergency exit after their
children had probably been killed in their sleeping room in the Vorbunker
by the hand of Magda Goebbels with Zyankali. Hans Krebs, last chief of
the General Staff of the Army, and the last military commander-in-chief,
Wilhelm Burgdorf, were shot in the bunkers' card room. Franz Schädle,
chief of the commando commando, also took refuge in the bunker. In the
night from the 1st to the 2nd of May the remaining inmates left the
bunker. On May 2, General Helmuth Weidling declared the capitulation of
Berlin, whereupon the Red Army discovered and took possession of the now
abandoned bunker.</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQc6lOnKzTw0SIFkA1qWdq53WRWy10Y8PVqZIBVMZAt02M3FsFLWDBOwyPdp6DzV5GBXTNQ4EbpFEX8NSPvetykDwP70sZV7W89YIsZ0MDD1siKAMsZi86woqcJENg_A9RnQ267TPFCIs/s1600/1" style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Chancellery destroyed" border="0" height="320" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5613712723935890978" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQc6lOnKzTw0SIFkA1qWdq53WRWy10Y8PVqZIBVMZAt02M3FsFLWDBOwyPdp6DzV5GBXTNQ4EbpFEX8NSPvetykDwP70sZV7W89YIsZ0MDD1siKAMsZi86woqcJENg_A9RnQ267TPFCIs/w297-h320/1" width="297" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">The setting in which Hitler played out the last scene of all was well suited to the end of so strange a history. The Chancellery air raid shelter, in which the events of 22 April had taken place, was buried fifty feet beneath the ground, and built in two storeys covered with a massive canopy of reinforced concrete. The lower of the storeys formed the Führerbunker. It was divided into eighteen small rooms grouped on either side of a central passageway. Half of this passage was closed by a partition and used for the daily conferences. A suite of six rooms was set aside for Hitler and Eva Braun. Eva had a bed-sitting-room, a bathroom, and a dressing-room; Hitler a bedroom and a study, the sole decoration in which was the portrait of Frederick the Great. A map-room used for small conferences, a telephone exchange, a power-house, and guard rooms took up most of the rest of the space, but there were two rooms for Goebbels (formerly occupied by Morell) and two for Stumpfegger, Brandt's successor as Hitler's surgeon. Frau Goebbels, who insisted on remaining with her husband, together with her six children, occupied four rooms on the floor above, where the kitchen, servants' quarters and dining-hall were also to be found. Other shelters had been built nearby. </span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhAHHDnZRHjkwv40LOEjsNhKaR1DkHMEbTai-h9Y4w8y2PRlmNNwiBoGN-Dqf2EwwnYXuHrxIgrN1AcOUxh9zIL0r8YD-TqTZZaiuEfWo4ZdDfU9hFNZNOabJ-LQl8NDZ4CC-yaflU_84/s1600-h/1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="213" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446608138670281874" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhAHHDnZRHjkwv40LOEjsNhKaR1DkHMEbTai-h9Y4w8y2PRlmNNwiBoGN-Dqf2EwwnYXuHrxIgrN1AcOUxh9zIL0r8YD-TqTZZaiuEfWo4ZdDfU9hFNZNOabJ-LQl8NDZ4CC-yaflU_84/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a>One housed Bormann, his staff and the various Service officers; another Mohnke, the S.S. commandant of the Chancellery, and his staff.</span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">The physical atmosphere of the bunker was oppressive, but this was nothing compared to the pressure of the psychological atmosphere. The incessant air-raids, the knowledge that the Russians were now in the city, nervous exhaustion, fear, and despair produced a tension bordering on hysteria, which was heightened by proximity to a man whose changes of mood were not only unpredictable but affected the lives of all those in the shelter.<br />Hitler had been living in the bunker for some time. Such sleep as he got in the last month appears to have been between eight and eleven o'clock in the morning. As soon as the mid-morning air attacks began, Hitler got up and dressed. He had a horror of being caught either lying down or undressed. </span></span></span></span> </span></blockquote>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Bullock (784-5) </span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitler-Study-Tyranny-Alan-Bullock/dp/0060920203/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler: A Study in Tyranny</a></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Map of the </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Reichchancellery </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">with site of </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Führerbunker </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">coloured in red.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;"> <span style="font-size: 100%;">1. Mittelbau mit Marmorgalerie 2. Eingang zur Reichskanzlei 3. Eingang zur Präsidialkanzlei 4.Kasernenbauten 5. Hebebühne zu den Katakomben 6. Gartenportal zu Hitlers Arbeitszimmer<br />7.Bauzufahrt zum Führerbunker 8. Zufahrt – Tiefgarage und Führerbunker<br />9. Einfahrt – Tiefgarage und Feuerwehr 10. Zufahrt Führerbunker<br />11. Haus Kempka 12. Gewächshaus 13. Ehrenhof 14. Festsaal mit Wintergarten 15. Alte Reichskanzlei<br />16. Speisesaal 17. Propagandaministerium 18. Erweiterungsbau zur Reichskanzlei<br />19. U Bahn Eingang Wilhelmplatz 20. Kaufhaus Wertheim 21. Leipziger Platz 22. Ministergärten<br />23. Tiergarten 24. Hermann Göring Strasse 25. Voss Strasse 26. Wilhelmstrasse</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFgfGYh6L19uS9zRMZdbG4T_4gqDqv5lqk131AcGmYuBl4Evmh7JXtUghS69k7UbFec0ouXdC-6_5Ql2H6s9UuOgzWLcVZ-zZ14pEfh0pDTngE4_1QM7W8gvX0-sAYcaGf9xrAPVBLjus/s1600/2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFgfGYh6L19uS9zRMZdbG4T_4gqDqv5lqk131AcGmYuBl4Evmh7JXtUghS69k7UbFec0ouXdC-6_5Ql2H6s9UuOgzWLcVZ-zZ14pEfh0pDTngE4_1QM7W8gvX0-sAYcaGf9xrAPVBLjus/s640/2.jpg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;">Schematic diagram of the Führerbunker. There were actually two bunkers that were connected together: the older Vorbunker and the newer Führerbunker. The latter was located over eight metres beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery building at Wilhelmstraße 77, about 120 metres north of the new Chancellery building, which had the address Voßstraße 6. The Vorbunker was located beneath the large hall behind the old Chancellery, which was connected to the new Chancellery. The Führerbunker was located somewhat lower than the Vorbunker and south-west of it. The two bunkers were connected via sets of stairs set at right angles.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">Vorbunker</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;">1. Keller des Wintergartens 2. Keller des Festsaales 3. Kannenberggang 4. Aufenthaltsräume<br />5. Waschraum/ Duschen 6. Toiletten 7. Anrichtraum/ Küche 8. Wache 9. Maschinenraum<br />10.Alte Wache 11. Haupteingang 12. Notausgang 13. Warteraum 14. Sekretärin<br />15. Aufenthaltsraum – Wache 16. Treppenhaus zwischen Bunker und Führerwohnung<br />17. Gasschleuse 18. Aufenthaltsraum 19. Speiseraum</span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">Hauptbunker</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">20. Betonverfüllung 21. erster Notausgang des Hauptbunkers 22. Abwasser/ Strom</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">23. Badezimmer 24. Privates Gästezimmer Adolf Hitlers 25. Vorraum Adolf Hitlers</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">26. Arbeitszimmer Adolf Hitlers 27. Schlafraum Adolf Hitlers 28. Kartenzimmer/ Lageraum</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">29. Warteraum/ Lagevorraum 30. Flur und Wartebereich 31. Fernschreiber/ Telefon</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">32. Sanitätsraum 33. Raum – Prof. Morell 34. Schlafraum 35. Personal</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">36. zweiter Notausgang des Hauptbunkers 37. Beobachtungsturm (im Bau) 38. Belüftungsturm (im Bau)</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">39. Lüftungsturm für Generator (im Bau) 40. Bunkerwände 41. Haus Kempka 42. Bunkerzufahrt</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">43. Pergola 44. Auswärtiges Amt 45. Führerwohnung 46. Lastenaufzug 47. Fundamente/ Alte Reichskanzlei</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEire0FHoEqSCm3gUa-POComgx0mtuDET-k6At4PHchYMvdDVUtorwqKARcevrLabWhAy7VWYRkNEhB_wmN62Rhu_agtRaufhYkfWmcQMsrZ5I6wUNigGoqHsyjC-_pKigmw9OAeI3DOysc/s1600/emyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School" border="0" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEire0FHoEqSCm3gUa-POComgx0mtuDET-k6At4PHchYMvdDVUtorwqKARcevrLabWhAy7VWYRkNEhB_wmN62Rhu_agtRaufhYkfWmcQMsrZ5I6wUNigGoqHsyjC-_pKigmw9OAeI3DOysc/s640/emyphoto.jpeg" title="Bavarian International School" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">My students from the <i><a href="https://www.bis-school.com/">Bavarian International School</a> </i>at the site of Hitler's bunker near where his body was burned during our school trip in 2011. The sign you see was erected on June 8, 2006. One of Hitler's bodyguards, Rochus Misch, apparently one of the last people living who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler's suicide, was on hand for the ceremony. </span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">From August 1935 to January 1936 a festive hall was erected in the Reichskanzlei's garden, which had an air-raid shelter. This was to serve Adolf Hitler as a private bunker. On January 18, 1943, Hitler ordered the construction of another bunker, which was connected to the air-raid shelter, which had a much stronger construction. The air-raid shelter became the pre-bunker of the new main bunker, which was begun in April 1944. </span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJQdUBvXy39SwmjGRdBvehZjLYmP1iFi10d8emwtscSWACVsqyNzYC7-lxmSiRqTxavRRTe4J4fdo2a5mvDDCf-3zNZIUl4LqiWOjjdv-PctZ11RjbzCmmARNFCT6K3cD-eFHT6ARkzZqu/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Führerbunker then and now" border="0" data-original-height="97" data-original-width="178" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJQdUBvXy39SwmjGRdBvehZjLYmP1iFi10d8emwtscSWACVsqyNzYC7-lxmSiRqTxavRRTe4J4fdo2a5mvDDCf-3zNZIUl4LqiWOjjdv-PctZ11RjbzCmmARNFCT6K3cD-eFHT6ARkzZqu/w400-h216/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Standing at <span style="font-size: 100%;">a children's playground now on the spot where Hitler's and Braun's bodies were burnt, immediately behind the bunker entrance. The ruins of both the old and new Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 but the bunker largely survived, although some areas were partially flooded. In 1947 the Soviets tried to blow up the bunker but only the separation walls were damaged. In 1959 the East German government also tried to blast the bunker, apparently without much effect. Since it was near the Berlin Wall, the site was undeveloped and neglected until after reunification. During the construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site in 1988–89 several underground sections of the old bunker were uncovered by work crews and were for the most part destroyed. In May 1995, the regional parliament of Berlin decided to lock up the remnants of the bunker and build houses for representatives from the </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><i>Bundesländer</i></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> on top of it, rejecting a proposal </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">to retain it as a monument. The entrance and parts of the bunker have been destroyed, mostly by the Russians right after the end of the war, but there should be quite a bit left from the actual Führerbunker, which had been fifteen metres underground and protected by metres of concrete.</span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh07vQQDyxNaAtByX3PIGQjfhSEurC5ELN0-ed_z7lzupe2etgWjPNgL5KSPWynSNGp92cm_2EQDAvF_SxYk-_O7yt1QyKNZAGarOVVXk6QwDNmI6bjTOOBMDTOv9poO-qMbEKThdoJn6E/s1600/dmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh07vQQDyxNaAtByX3PIGQjfhSEurC5ELN0-ed_z7lzupe2etgWjPNgL5KSPWynSNGp92cm_2EQDAvF_SxYk-_O7yt1QyKNZAGarOVVXk6QwDNmI6bjTOOBMDTOv9poO-qMbEKThdoJn6E/s640/dmyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The sofa on which Hitler and his wife committed suicide, with Americans examining the scene, the blood noticeable.</span> According to the June 18, 1946 report of Colonel Osipov, this sofa</span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">is stuffed, made out of pine and was covered with a white cloth, with drawings of clear and dark brown flowers. The cover is torn and it maintained itself only on the left side in contact with the wall, between Hitler's study and bedroom. ( ..... ) From the detailed examination of the sofa: on the superior face of the right arm are visible for a length of 28.5 centimetres numerous dark- brown and red-brown splashes and some brown tending to black stains. ( ....) There are also numerous spots of grey colour and of various forms noticeable, owing to the diffusion of fungous moulds. On the internal face of the arm are well visible for a length of 36 centimetres dry stripes of pale reddish-brown colour that run for almost its entire thickness. (.... ) The spot and the splashes on the sofa and the stripes on the walls have been noticed and examined for verifying their haematic content.</span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdrV-LedjTcW_3bCWTKnkrLd2gAZuVskq8LOIh4aroagmXCLy2HGdQllmScT1bcZzeQAZ6Qb9hwLQRgGlL1h86JxQajnSxRNpIFnDy2R4Ot2nj-ccr91DFL2jEeCxtvANpY4tULP36gCo/s1600/cmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdrV-LedjTcW_3bCWTKnkrLd2gAZuVskq8LOIh4aroagmXCLy2HGdQllmScT1bcZzeQAZ6Qb9hwLQRgGlL1h86JxQajnSxRNpIFnDy2R4Ot2nj-ccr91DFL2jEeCxtvANpY4tULP36gCo/s640/cmyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"> Re-enactment of the disposal of Hitler and Braun's bodies for the Soviet film<span style="font-style: italic;"> Osvobozhdenie</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> beside a photograph of site where Hitler and Braun's bodies were cremated from </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Victory in Europe: From D- Day to V-E Day</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> by Max Hastings.</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> The final photo shows</span> LIFE war correspondent Percy Knauth (left) sifting through dirt and debris in the shallow trench in the garden of the Reich Chancellery where the bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun are believed to have been burned after their suicides.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt_PZ35JHn3G7e9WMj54j78J2JEdcQy7Jbu9op9c9Cnhl_pDVFFgRdRpoYipQ6_GXsfqptU0Xx4uGEZ7d3Y_W_Hnje6ivB1g_WYurZAQY-Sh4QgUqE8OlgF7zsRJYJ4ThIisjywjeM4Tc/s1600/bmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt_PZ35JHn3G7e9WMj54j78J2JEdcQy7Jbu9op9c9Cnhl_pDVFFgRdRpoYipQ6_GXsfqptU0Xx4uGEZ7d3Y_W_Hnje6ivB1g_WYurZAQY-Sh4QgUqE8OlgF7zsRJYJ4ThIisjywjeM4Tc/s640/bmyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">The garden entrance to Hitler's bunker in 1946 when the bunker was flooded, perhaps to prevent exploration underground, and as depicted in </span>another re-enacting of the disposal of Hitler's body from <span style="font-style: italic;">Der Untergang</span></span></span></div>
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg78pgYDSgNCPd6gQfekKrc9V8j3-QxsB-KDDXwO4oqjaEdu-CI-vdQPEPbJqVDH34t52FLJmF-ephxzEb-tE_Y8ihK4_idMnHux4N3zsYIhyphenhyphenH72qO4iWdS8E35Qnd5kMXOksO77utRYNk/s1600/amyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg78pgYDSgNCPd6gQfekKrc9V8j3-QxsB-KDDXwO4oqjaEdu-CI-vdQPEPbJqVDH34t52FLJmF-ephxzEb-tE_Y8ihK4_idMnHux4N3zsYIhyphenhyphenH72qO4iWdS8E35Qnd5kMXOksO77utRYNk/s640/amyphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;">T<span style="font-size: 100%;">he same entrance on the right. The depression in the ground is where Hitler's body was supposedly cremated. After the war the Red Army tried to blow up the bunker. The above-ground superstructures (venting towers and emergency exit) and the inner walls of the bunker were severely damaged as seen here. In June 1959, the East German government initiated another attempt to make an unsuccessful attempt, and the ruins of the above-ground were covered by a mound of earth. In the course of the construction of large-panel residential blocks on the western side of the former Otto-Grotewohl-Strasse (now Wilhelmstraße) in 1988 and 1989, the steel baskets of the main bunker were removed together with about half of their outer walls during the deepening of the terrain . The Vorbunker was completely removed. Because of the high dismantling costs, the floor plate and parts of the outer walls remained in the ground. The place where today the remains of the bunker are in the ground is marked with an information sign at the corner Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße. In the area of the bunker is now a parking lot</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZls3W-MimXKo_UV2VzDkgJ3FuCLq7PX4Z7ZmJ7OLVesl3yBQ6vFkMDRIcmkOCjs_RYMW6XKQqiCvxm_a_o1TQuA4bCvbrmpB65zzSU4zNLbd5DoeeDBjoqQ5nANUN1GpQjGrLu-C-4oo/s1600/9myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZls3W-MimXKo_UV2VzDkgJ3FuCLq7PX4Z7ZmJ7OLVesl3yBQ6vFkMDRIcmkOCjs_RYMW6XKQqiCvxm_a_o1TQuA4bCvbrmpB65zzSU4zNLbd5DoeeDBjoqQ5nANUN1GpQjGrLu-C-4oo/s400/9myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The site in 1988 before the construction work. That year it was decided to build a new great quarter in the historical area and to clean out from it all the detritus of the second world war, including the Vorbunker and the Führerbunker. According t<span style="font-size: small;">o </span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.hitlerbunker.com/">Pietro Guido</a>, "t</span>he whole area was flattened, great excavations started for the foundations of the buildings and to discover the rests of the two bunkers and relative tunnels of connection." By June, the two bunkers were already unearthed and rose in their massive structures. The demolition of the bunkers had to happen without witnesses and the area was put under the police control. Once destroyed and covered in earth, the two bunkers had to dissolve from from the memory of Berliners and amateur historians. No information was provided to visitors; instead the ground had to be equipped with parking lots, flower-beds and playing-fields, new trees and pedestrian paths.</span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;"> In 1964, Groucho Marx went to East Berlin with a group that included his radio show director Robert Dwan and his 16-year-old daughter Judith Dwan Hallet. They visited the village of Dornum, where his mother Minnie had been born. and discovered that all the Jewish graves there had been obliterated by the Nazis. Groucho then hired a car with a chauffeur, and told the driver to take the group to the bunker where Hitler was said to have committed suicide. Wearing his trademark beret he climbed the debris and then launched himself, unsmiling, into a frenetic Charleston dance routine. The dance on Hitler's supposed grave lasted a couple of minutes. "Nobody applauded," Hallet recalled. "Nobody laughed."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.thelocal.de/20150108/hitlers-bunker-to-be-rebuilt" target="_blank">Hitler's bunker to be rebuilt</a></span></b></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSs5AN026Db51DqWeqN6k1P41ipqqv8KV0eoPGVhiXsQauBZikOwNCi4zZZ8W_xqDHxiTRuyrDannA_gUbZqnFDbfzFUSCun7nFkq6_UYtv9pIXLFEd5RZJKe-ZLivadjxKKjjpQLeypY/s1600/7myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's remains" border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSs5AN026Db51DqWeqN6k1P41ipqqv8KV0eoPGVhiXsQauBZikOwNCi4zZZ8W_xqDHxiTRuyrDannA_gUbZqnFDbfzFUSCun7nFkq6_UYtv9pIXLFEd5RZJKe-ZLivadjxKKjjpQLeypY/w640-h288/7myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Photograph purporting to show Hitler's remains and the site where his body was cremated today</span></span><br />
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<blockquote>
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">Stalin had been informed by Zhukov that Hitler had committed suicide on 30 April. His body and that of his new wife Eva Braun had been dug up in the garden, in the spot designated by Admiral Voss. As the Smersh soldiers were not certain that they had the right bodies, they reburied them, only finally exhuming them on 5 May, when together with the bodies of the Goebbels children, the chief of staff General Krebs and a couple of dogs, they were sent to their HQ at Berlin-Buch as important trophies. The autopsies were performed the next day. Contradictory evidence made the officers concerned reluctant to send in a final report on the cause of Hitler’s death. The Soviet authorities preferred the version that had him taking poison – a cowardly way out. Shooting oneself was a braver, more soldierly death.</span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">When the Soviets’ Operation Myth was launched in 1946 to establish the real sequence of events leading to Hitler’s death, some of Hitler’s personal staff were brought back to Berlin and the bunker, in order to point out the precise details of the suicide and subsequent burning in the garden. The bones, for the time being, were stored in Magdeburg. Of particular importance were the objects in Hitler’s personal collection. For them an aircraft was laid on as Stalin wanted his bones examined by his foremost experts. The Führer’s skull was eventually put into a paper bag and deposited in the State Archives.</span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Giles MacDonogh (385) </span><span id="btAsinTitle" style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span id="btAsinTitle"><a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/military%20pdfs3/AfterTheReich-TheBrutalHistoryOfTheAlliedOccupation.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;">After the Reich</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjySefegzufcG6lt1xYRCybsuNlJkWtDwYne6tvpzlpCXEL88uy4WDeumZyM6ImJXZbwwkYWdHtnNdzv5LKR7frDDPOJTTgTXkwmnpBNl_17w6Aj-2xgMb5AaLwAIyvMbH93Lakm1ew_SM/s1600/7"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5617297404389474754" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjySefegzufcG6lt1xYRCybsuNlJkWtDwYne6tvpzlpCXEL88uy4WDeumZyM6ImJXZbwwkYWdHtnNdzv5LKR7frDDPOJTTgTXkwmnpBNl_17w6Aj-2xgMb5AaLwAIyvMbH93Lakm1ew_SM/s400/7" style="cursor: pointer; height: 248px; width: 286px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> <iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='300' height='249' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwem7Y0aAVPbGUrFqIpq2lQypecbe2X7WlWEW0L6UsvBDpeqq8PoZ9ALaj3DkBsvelaNXszXNThp21VMX3Ilg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Footage of Hitler's last </span><span class="description" style="font-size: 100%;">public appearance during the battle of Berlin </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">on his birthday outside the bunker (</span><span class="description" style="font-size: 100%;">commentary in English and Greek subtitles)</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Hitler and his entourage emerged from the bunker for what would be his last moments above ground, breathing the fresh air of the country which his war was now subjecting to utter ruin and destruction. In the garden of the Reichschancellery, the Fuhrer reviewed the troops of the <span style="font-style: italic;">ϟϟ Frundsberg </span>Division and a group of Hitler Youth. The beaming leader of the Hitlerjugend, Artur Axmann, presented the unit and singled out some of those present as having 'recently distinguished themselves at the front'. Those boy-soldiers were decorated by Hitler, and all received a handshake from Germany's 'saviour'. Though his speech was full of wooden optimism about the Soviets' imminent 'greatest defeat yet', he was clearly physically debilitated. 'Everyone was shocked at the Führer's appearance,' Axmann later remembered. 'He walked with a stoop. His hands trembled. But it was surprising how much will power and determination still radiated from this man.' Newsclips filmed by the Nazi authorities in fact reveal a man who appeared to be on the verge of collapse.</span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Bahm (108) </span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/gI30_jzE/Berlin_1945_-_The_Final_Reckon.html">Berlin 1945 - The Final Reckoning</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">That afternoon, in the ruined Reich Chancellery garden, the Fiihrer worked his way slowly down a line of Hitler Youth, some of whom had received the Iron Cross for attacking Soviet tanks. Hitler could not present any medals himself. To prevent his left arm shaking too obviously, he walked gripping it behind his back with his right hand. For brief moments, he could afford to release it. With what looked like the intensity of the repressed paedophile, he lingered to cup a cheek and tweak an ear, unconscious of his leering smile.</span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: normal;">Beevor (251) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0140286969%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0140286969%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb15">Berlin: The Downfall 1945</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4ZK54TvogZSDXnPr5wwpiYFTSsaKelURxBLdPsyUmq5aWugii3Ip1Jtx5gGPkEN4pwgwBKGo_VP2MB2hZe74qmt_tRTI6HgfsJwrzRSQFWAUx2eTjaHCX6Kf-kDiVUUbHCJe5a-zLOBQ/s1600/2"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632619568337375842" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4ZK54TvogZSDXnPr5wwpiYFTSsaKelURxBLdPsyUmq5aWugii3Ip1Jtx5gGPkEN4pwgwBKGo_VP2MB2hZe74qmt_tRTI6HgfsJwrzRSQFWAUx2eTjaHCX6Kf-kDiVUUbHCJe5a-zLOBQ/s400/2" style="cursor: pointer; height: 220px; width: 332px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='271' height='223' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzZCnsn3XdLJpcZPHAq_XaUz1YNpIA1JoQ5jq2xjray9vdtPh9BV7pJPV6J8RaHdMjBdYAr8z-Ut7MAZ_UpOA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The same scene recreated for the film "Der Untergang" (The Downfall). This scene concerns twelve year old Peter Kranz during the Battle of Berlin in April 1945 who then receives an iron cross from Hitler for taking out two Soviet tanks.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSgVZsAddHNnYqDwSXmMntS3TmJ1-txFAugUGNj0FktlmSWzJovk6qtM_-7wwLFJv39EhCbOfjY3r0Z24My-TY0vapn9yeuifHi26nxp4VF8ZPDT92YN6YXKCVlzWWyKJAzAQjPszskKg/s1600/6myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSgVZsAddHNnYqDwSXmMntS3TmJ1-txFAugUGNj0FktlmSWzJovk6qtM_-7wwLFJv39EhCbOfjY3r0Z24My-TY0vapn9yeuifHi26nxp4VF8ZPDT92YN6YXKCVlzWWyKJAzAQjPszskKg/s400/6myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Outside Churchill's own 'bunker' in London with </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Churchill seeing the ruins of Hitler's for himself </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">on July 16 1945 just before the Potsdam conference. </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>In her book C<i>hurchill Defiant,</i> Barbara Leaming described </span></span></span>Churchill
emerging "from Hitler’s bunker under his own power, but when at last he
reached the top of the stairs and passed through the door of a concrete
blockhouse into the daylight, his hulking frame appeared so shaky and
depleted that a Russian soldier guarding the entrance reached out a hand
to steady him. The Chancellery Garden was a chaos of shattered glass,
pieces of timber, tangled metal and abandoned fire hoses. Craters from
Russian shells pocked the ground. In one of those craters, Hitler and
his wife had supposedly been buried after Nazi officers burned their
corpses. The rusted cans for the gasoline still lay nearby. Russians
pointed out the spot where the bodies had been incinerated. Churchill
paused briefly before turning away in disgust.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfa95T2S1gX-PC3guYUGU4AWxiLLSDLbpRIBlOnbMLnrUWakkJ_pvnSNkA23UwwRCHEFMfIqguHTGCOLpE54ry9FQEfmR1fshHUhaJS8BBjHGi8pl4ZXy9XjZ5P5AeKAccp3rW-FwTbiw/s1600/5myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfa95T2S1gX-PC3guYUGU4AWxiLLSDLbpRIBlOnbMLnrUWakkJ_pvnSNkA23UwwRCHEFMfIqguHTGCOLpE54ry9FQEfmR1fshHUhaJS8BBjHGi8pl4ZXy9XjZ5P5AeKAccp3rW-FwTbiw/s400/5myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></a><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>In his own account of his visit to the Chancellery in the sixth and book of his account of the Second World War, Triumph and Tragedy (545) Churchill wrote how "[t]he city was nothing but a chaos of ruins. No notice had of course been given of our visit and the streets had only the ordinary passers-by. In the square in front of the Chancellery there was however a considerable crowd. When I got out of the car and walked about among them, except for one old man who shook his head disapprovingly, they all began to cheer. My hate had died with their surrender and I was much moved by their demonstrations, and also by their haggard looks and threadbare clothes. Then we entered the Chancellery, and for quite a long time walked through its shattered galleries and halls. Our Russian guides then took us to Hitler’s air-raid shelter.” </span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><a href="https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/berlin-1945-in-victory-magnanimity/#_ftnref6">Churchill’s tour of the ruined Chancellery </a>was a personal triumph, but his empathy for humanity gave him no pleasure. On the eve of D-Day he had written in similar terms to his wife: “Do you realise that by the time you wake up in the morning 20,000 men may have been killed.” His visit to the ruins testified to his courage in the war—and to his relief that the suffering had ended. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLvOlHovrYMjUGMiafWO3xdjbanCFuypiyM1iB_GhUYHNO3ayZ-QPPbfJGcKkcBY3AssC5irkIqOdIawZtJGLibGcdMA8y3-oW-xTTWUC-ZH48ivbriT5UIVZN9SrZnZkBetdqw_q5oL4/s1600/4myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLvOlHovrYMjUGMiafWO3xdjbanCFuypiyM1iB_GhUYHNO3ayZ-QPPbfJGcKkcBY3AssC5irkIqOdIawZtJGLibGcdMA8y3-oW-xTTWUC-ZH48ivbriT5UIVZN9SrZnZkBetdqw_q5oL4/s640/4myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Hitler's wax figure in a mock-up of the bunker at Madame Tussaud’s museum in Berlin.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzCW_S3R4i3hy72lbwetOAAHtNHhWjV18YD6DQbNedEOC_gFdDga1VoenjXcscbukls9WczNVkvonTmmA3IS-VNJ9tK-mj4IQ_phKqJfPvDLSD1eDXD6bSWygc1mc_zD8_p9aRCQP1kNzGnd9TMIKwx2XIgYrXs5T3R3QqpOATeqLUrBsSGnwdEN3fNg=s520" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="520" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzCW_S3R4i3hy72lbwetOAAHtNHhWjV18YD6DQbNedEOC_gFdDga1VoenjXcscbukls9WczNVkvonTmmA3IS-VNJ9tK-mj4IQ_phKqJfPvDLSD1eDXD6bSWygc1mc_zD8_p9aRCQP1kNzGnd9TMIKwx2XIgYrXs5T3R3QqpOATeqLUrBsSGnwdEN3fNg=w400-h313" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Me at </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">a reconstruction of Hitler’s living and work rooms from the “Führerbunker” in the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Berlin Story Museum located in the former <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Anhalter%20Bahnhof">Anhalter Bunker</a>. The exhibit has been criticised by the Topography of Terror museum as showmanship, with </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">its spokesman Kay-Uwe von Damaros proclaiming t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>hat "[w]e explain history, document it, and stick to the facts. That is why we cannot support such productions; sensationalism isn't our thing" going on to denounce it “as a kind of Disneyland approach trying to create an effect.” The recreated study features a painting of Frederick the Great on the wall, a photo of Hitler's mother and a small statue of a German shepherd on the desk, a grandfather clock, and a single oxygen tank in the corner to alleviate the Führer’s fears of asphyxiation, according to the exhibit’s curator Wieland Giebel. According to acclaimed historian Antony Beevor however, to reconstruct Hitler's bunker is beyond parody and as unconscionable as a concentration camp theme park, but he cannot see even the most obtuse neo-Nazis treating such a crass piece of commercialism as a sacred place, though it would certainly appeal to those of a morbid disposition.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />Photographs by William Vandivert for Life:</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4jMizxDXdZg7veZXUYmAA2ACcAlQS5KlO48iZzvBxJUumL4n-074D8jYsE9o4dwRUvnRauEdq03_ZhBxWY5I1fJX-E3_i1jX8eiD_oSgnl-qBcfZo3z1xj8jOmF9cDuDhp9so0P5PWUU/s1600/3myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4jMizxDXdZg7veZXUYmAA2ACcAlQS5KlO48iZzvBxJUumL4n-074D8jYsE9o4dwRUvnRauEdq03_ZhBxWY5I1fJX-E3_i1jX8eiD_oSgnl-qBcfZo3z1xj8jOmF9cDuDhp9so0P5PWUU/s640/3myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Two of the twenty or so pages of notes that Vandivert typed up for LIFE's editors back in New York, describing not only the pictures that were taken on each roll of film, but also the mood and the atmosphere pervading his experience of examining Hitler's bunker and the Reich Chancellery grounds. (An example of Vandivert's terse, vivid notations: "... view of chancellery palace ... This is completely bombed, burned, and shelled to hell.") </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiliyC2vUV2vWXilFZRt5SHd9bUCHILnR2B-MEKtnrJ7cL-VmFuNpGqgEEoQ6FglqSoUIFtZidVYnDqTHi_0vRHF8XxxBokIq4Wb6gaN0q1njCDWORKrJrYOK6cpc4QPolNeEWMWxnou6k/s1600/2myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiliyC2vUV2vWXilFZRt5SHd9bUCHILnR2B-MEKtnrJ7cL-VmFuNpGqgEEoQ6FglqSoUIFtZidVYnDqTHi_0vRHF8XxxBokIq4Wb6gaN0q1njCDWORKrJrYOK6cpc4QPolNeEWMWxnou6k/s640/2myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">A new view of a photograph that appeared, heavily cropped, in LIFE of Hitler's command centre in the bunker, partially burned by retreating German troops beside a photo almost too-perfectly symbolic of Berlin in the last weeks of April, 1945 -- features a crushed globe and a bust of Hitler lying amid rubble and debris outside the Reich Chancellery building. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Of the last image, Vandivert's notes simply stated: "mouldy ϟϟ cap lying in water on floor of sitting room."</span></span></span><style>@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }</style><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXJBMklNy4npofYWa5X5zUZ3aaGbfgSXYa_hyphenhyphennK-IG-bj2M3lon1w9EO1rYSe77T4adg-KKAosYVwYHZ_45mhbxZkIT27veRL1A0LAYTxVivbuAuVTSBnoriWSMyopwBY5e_Ii2BUsHUk/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXJBMklNy4npofYWa5X5zUZ3aaGbfgSXYa_hyphenhyphennK-IG-bj2M3lon1w9EO1rYSe77T4adg-KKAosYVwYHZ_45mhbxZkIT27veRL1A0LAYTxVivbuAuVTSBnoriWSMyopwBY5e_Ii2BUsHUk/s640/1myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">This first image not only captures the chaotic state of Hitler's bunker when Vandivert made his way there in 1945, but also features an item that recalls the wanton gangsterism and greed that characterized Nazi rule: a 16th-century painting looted from a museum in Milan. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">The last two show that the Russians themselves left little intact or unmolested, with the final photo showing Russian soldiers and an unidentified civilian struggling to move a large bronze Nazi Party eagle which once loomed over a doorway of the Reich Chancellery in Berlin. "They are loading this on to a truck," Vandivert typed in his notes, "to be carried away as a trophy."</span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Remains of the interior</span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='389' height='362' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyEa6RN6KjBMYtWVJGvBwcMNGQj6TNjSRTWhPzW3GsWM9AltQS-VKgODfQnfI0O3i8Sn6OnWHUZa-gnV1RQ6A' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">East German colour video from circa 1988: STASI cameramen enter the Führerbunker for the first (and the last) time since it was closed in 1945. This was filmed just before East German army men blew out the entrances to the place with high explosive to allow the building of a parking lot for nearby condominiums upon it.</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /><a href="http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=45&t=158514#p1380979">Skull thought to be Hitler's is from woman</a></span><span style="font-style: italic;"></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='304' height='252' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyT-TkcZaTkpoFUQcp-raoScoLVEJXu-euKOJTBnYePbRfPU-BFYIvgZJLdUEqqL4mrWv9N3xor4mbNkPR3BQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQl8ySsXMSHwxrTQk_4rUQgq5OUNrHaszmt5Ci-6ohsUHNEq8Sknj8QjE2S28t4RWc0CD9dxg9q00CVZ8cVUX43z2eLQZRiN3Ti6akPwrwIuXH2FWvB6JCXiIPzAtcE1Y2LbwCZDxbdAE/s1600/1"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5736690334036411490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQl8ySsXMSHwxrTQk_4rUQgq5OUNrHaszmt5Ci-6ohsUHNEq8Sknj8QjE2S28t4RWc0CD9dxg9q00CVZ8cVUX43z2eLQZRiN3Ti6akPwrwIuXH2FWvB6JCXiIPzAtcE1Y2LbwCZDxbdAE/s400/1" style="cursor: pointer; height: 253px; width: 327px;" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A piece of skull with a bullet hole through it that Russians claimed was Hitler's actually came from a woman, scientists at the University of Connecticut concluded. The cranium fragment is part of a collection of Hitler artefacts preserved by Soviet intelligence in the months after Hitler and Eva Braun reportedly committed suicide. The collection, now in the Russian State Archive in Moscow, also includes bloodstained pieces of the sofa where Hitler reportedly shot himself after taking a cyanide pill. The artefacts were put on public display in 2000. Nick Bellantoni said his initial forensic exam of the skull fragment showed it didn't match what he knew of Hitler's biology: "The bone was very small and thin, and normally male bones are much more robust in our species. I thought it probably came from a woman or a younger man." Bellantoni then took several pinhead-size pieces of the skull fragment and swabs of the blood stains back to the university for analysis.</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWNz-uvSS1qtEsg2Fu9wWdUU8SxwBB9epuE7o_MDe4351UfACsy79xU6x_JardXs4euHb0f54E4b_b7UlTL1m17zJQA1bwz7uBBJFLLLSk-SIeVxDX2I7p5UpNOzyNETZQP3nA5ZN6HXJG/s386/ezgif.com-gif-maker-28.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students where Hitler's body cremated" border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="386" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWNz-uvSS1qtEsg2Fu9wWdUU8SxwBB9epuE7o_MDe4351UfACsy79xU6x_JardXs4euHb0f54E4b_b7UlTL1m17zJQA1bwz7uBBJFLLLSk-SIeVxDX2I7p5UpNOzyNETZQP3nA5ZN6HXJG/w400-h274/ezgif.com-gif-maker-28.gif" width="400" /></span></a><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">War
correspondents shown the grave where Hitler's charred
body was alleged to be buried and the site today with my students from
the <i>Bavarian International School</i>. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Linda Strausbaugh, a professor of molecular and cell biology, determined that the DNA came from a 20- to 40-year-old woman. The skull fragment could have come from Braun, but to know that, the lab would need samples of her DNA. Also, the DNA samples were very degraded, making identification unlikely. Witnesses never reported Braun being shot in the head, Bellantoni said, and she is thought to have died of cyanide poisoning. "This person, with a bullet hole coming out the back of the head, would have been shot in the face, in the mouth or underneath the chin," he said. "It would have been hard for them to miss that."</span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><br />DNA from the bloodstain swabs showed at least some of it came from a man, Strausbaugh said. "The DNA is relatively degraded and we don't have a full range of markers that we'd like to have," she said. "My gut feeling is he did commit suicide there, and maybe the blood sample we found is his," Bellantoni said. </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">"What this does is it raises a question: If this is not him who is it?" he later added. "And, two, what really happened there?</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZBRRjWyhRxJvF_ws5CgheIT8-7lX45bhrYASohzuyXPi30fpYbMOzHix3f_JeMQVWIaVqNXrwgak-H8c-5n9yOSgzSmq07VHgHxGIX5z5Gf0urLOAF3eUJcGgRpUVQ71ufYWQQ-x3XNk/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Goebbel's corpse" border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZBRRjWyhRxJvF_ws5CgheIT8-7lX45bhrYASohzuyXPi30fpYbMOzHix3f_JeMQVWIaVqNXrwgak-H8c-5n9yOSgzSmq07VHgHxGIX5z5Gf0urLOAF3eUJcGgRpUVQ71ufYWQQ-x3XNk/w831-h161/myphoto.jpeg" width="831" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />No doubts about the remains of Goebbels...</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">On the evening of 1 May, after giving poison to his children, Goebbels shot his wife and himself in the Chancellery Garden. The bodies were set fire to by Goebbels's adjutant, but the job was badly done, and the charred remains were found next day by the Russians. After Goebbels's death the Führerbunker was set on fire.</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Bullock (801) </span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitler-Study-Tyranny-Alan-Bullock/dp/0060920203/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler: A Study in Tyranny</a></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpdtsAvoTU43SkAEdsqnAercU8ZGNere39A3iVLn1Q6gJuS37t1qD8rZ_17GZ0FUJXUezLge3rRNOC8240esWYkBUnbPfYE_LN0-wBfLDsghVM4pcfYPFEXrAO9zsb8KfHXh1xMaqMXxiK1H4TNLcyjdhJLRtDoxlYRHQAFQ9WtTJFvLYEdkYKunB56iam/s704/Screenshot%202023-06-26%20at%2014.08.20.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="704" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpdtsAvoTU43SkAEdsqnAercU8ZGNere39A3iVLn1Q6gJuS37t1qD8rZ_17GZ0FUJXUezLge3rRNOC8240esWYkBUnbPfYE_LN0-wBfLDsghVM4pcfYPFEXrAO9zsb8KfHXh1xMaqMXxiK1H4TNLcyjdhJLRtDoxlYRHQAFQ9WtTJFvLYEdkYKunB56iam/s320/Screenshot%202023-06-26%20at%2014.08.20.png" width="320" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Hitler and Goebbels sharing a meal in the bunker on the left with a re-enactment of the Goebbels' suicide from </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Der Untergang</span><span>. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>On
April 22, he and his family moved into the Fuehrerbunker. Exactly a
week later at 13.00 he acted as Hitler's best man when the latter
married Eva Braun. At 4 a.m., Hitler named him his successor as Reich
Chancellor in his political will. The day after Hitler's suicide
Goebbels requested an armistice from the Soviet Union. However, Joseph
Stalin insisted on an unconditional surrender, which persuaded Goebbels
to give up. His wife Magda had the children murdered with cyanide
Perhaps she gave them the poison herself. The dentist Helmut Kunz, a
member of the </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nazi Party</span></span></span> and Waffen-ϟϟ, who initially administered morphine to the children, and Hitler's accompanying doctor Ludwig Stumpfegger <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=https://www.zm-online.de/archiv/2020/08/gesellschaft/helmut-kunz-und-die-ermordung-der-goebbels-kinder/">were directly involved</a>.
Then the couple took cyanide themselves. It is unclear whether Goebbels
also shot himself. Their bodies, half charred, were found by Red Army
soldiers in front of the bunker exit and later cremated in 1970 and
their ashes scattered in the Ehle near Biederitz.</span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxEaVfNnVRKHuv2dSeYutqqLMvyhUstGVvxf_A3Gsr1A_OVpuc9Zgahy5yIGzeyVQ4aOfrCXXu6MZzsNhRFrEfZ9PWei7nKIg2Wk2Wzm5vZGqw2_2KC2z_k5KNS42OXw_5Vug42kQKqh8P8IovqpdhOOpNVQpd9XyMieZfAhNl337D3FDEFpEennnPfVJ1/s662/Screenshot%202023-06-26%20at%2014.08.29.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="662" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxEaVfNnVRKHuv2dSeYutqqLMvyhUstGVvxf_A3Gsr1A_OVpuc9Zgahy5yIGzeyVQ4aOfrCXXu6MZzsNhRFrEfZ9PWei7nKIg2Wk2Wzm5vZGqw2_2KC2z_k5KNS42OXw_5Vug42kQKqh8P8IovqpdhOOpNVQpd9XyMieZfAhNl337D3FDEFpEennnPfVJ1/s320/Screenshot%202023-06-26%20at%2014.08.29.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">The Russians found the splinters of a poison phial in the right side of Dr Goebbels’ jaw. Magda too had swallowed poison. Like Hitler, he had probably also shot himself. Schwägermann certainly heard one shot—others heard two; on Schwägermann’s orders Ochs fired two coups de grace into the motionless bodies. The S.S. officers made only cursory attempts to burn the remains. A Walther pistol was found near them a few days later when the Russians tipped the two corpses onto a red and gold door ripped out of the chancellery building. The corpses were loaded onto a truck and driven away. There was one feature about the little doctor, even in death, that caught the Soviet pathologist’s attention. His fists were raised, as though spoiling for a fight. Perhaps, somewhere, for Dr Joseph Goebbels the dialectical battle was already beginning anew. </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: normal;">Irving (934) <u>Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich</u></span></span></span></div>
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<div><span><span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: 180%;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-weight: bold;">Site of Hitler's Chancellery </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1oTuT2es33gWSIJerWpBP6P-VrrULqQlOzl5mZ08Jz67QFOQgYPFB9PAbHPsZ8qKqEwRb_YF9bwRBKXURRWfZWac6oOnKa9-0cPndwbaMEWXyctRkw2hUZ3Figs-E1nHQBVEIGQkCZHg/s1600/Chancery+Doc+482K.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1oTuT2es33gWSIJerWpBP6P-VrrULqQlOzl5mZ08Jz67QFOQgYPFB9PAbHPsZ8qKqEwRb_YF9bwRBKXURRWfZWac6oOnKa9-0cPndwbaMEWXyctRkw2hUZ3Figs-E1nHQBVEIGQkCZHg/s400/Chancery+Doc+482K.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">On January 11, 1938, Hitler, </span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">stating that Bismarck's Old Chancellery was "fit for a soap company," not as headquarters of a Greater German Reich, </span></span> officially commissioned Albert Speer, general construction inspector, with a new building along the entire Vossstrasse, which corresponds to a building front of 421 meters in length. </span><span style="font-size: normal;">The plans had begun as early as 1934, and from 1935 the eighteen buildings of the street were bought up piece by piece. The Palais Borsig on Vossstraße 1, which had also been in Reichsbesitz since 1934, was not demolished but integrated into the new building. The building plans were realised by Hans Peter Klinke. On the other hand, building Vossstraße 2-10 was demolished until 1937. This also included the Bavarian embassy (number 3), the Ministry of Justice (number 4/5) and the Württemberg embassy (number 10). It was only with the official award of the building contract to Albert Speer that the buildings west of Vossstrasse 11-19 (including the Gauleitung Groß-Berlin of the Nazi party and the Saxon embassy) were demolished. Beginning at the beginning of 1938, work on the completion of the New Reich Chancellery was carried out with a view to completing it in time for the annual reception of diplomats on January 7, 1939. </span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler
demanded grand halls and salons which "will make an impression on
people" and gave Speer a blank cheque - the cost of the project was
immaterial - and over 4,000 workers toiled in shifts, so the work could
be accomplished round-the-clock. The immense construction was "finished"
48 hours ahead of schedule, and earned Speer a reputation as a good
organiser, which, with Hitler's fondness for Speer, led him to become
Armaments Minister and director of forced labour during the war.
Interior fittings dragged on well into the war, and in the end it cost
over 90 Million Reichsmarks, (well over one billion American dollars today),
and hosted the ministries of the Reich. </span>However, it was not possible to complete all the works. Further construction work continued until the early 1940s. The construction of the bunkers, which was not provided for in the original plans, began only in 1943. He was not under the New Reich Chancellery, but together with other air-raids used by Hitler in the garden of the Old Reich Chancellery (Wilhelmstrasse 77). The New Reichskanzlei also had by 1938 air-raid shelters, but these were visited by persons from the surrounding area. The construction of the Reichskanzlei cost a total of 90 million reichsmarks, which corresponds to current inflation of around 370 million euros. </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt43lNdnUQ-ybK34dlKS0ZO7gFw9AvjkF2x785L9B1nM1ngqAjyBUy693QHCdxkFvu1CFGixQcVRLPY4Cg5wc2YbwnbcAs40Ahyphenhyphentz9yGA2vDgpW046UcrGeOZtiU61DD2Ll0gKT1oizgU/s1600/Page+32+-+Postcard+1946_s.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5772447410152210274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt43lNdnUQ-ybK34dlKS0ZO7gFw9AvjkF2x785L9B1nM1ngqAjyBUy693QHCdxkFvu1CFGixQcVRLPY4Cg5wc2YbwnbcAs40Ahyphenhyphentz9yGA2vDgpW046UcrGeOZtiU61DD2Ll0gKT1oizgU/s400/Page+32+-+Postcard+1946_s.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 297px; width: 203px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinX20seu-5kIZv4CktAEAm-x36uliG5qwSNTNim3QdZRF4flXs4-6Vs_IzGn0_RW4dzkfwz9L6gFVT_vL6FBWd3HhMmZ2uZS8Erx9up0hCqD9Lr9tG2x2njoyMvY3H2EFpgpErbDLHGU4/s1600/myphoto.jpeg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5622208385404439730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinX20seu-5kIZv4CktAEAm-x36uliG5qwSNTNim3QdZRF4flXs4-6Vs_IzGn0_RW4dzkfwz9L6gFVT_vL6FBWd3HhMmZ2uZS8Erx9up0hCqD9Lr9tG2x2njoyMvY3H2EFpgpErbDLHGU4/s400/myphoto.jpeg" style="height: 295px; width: 428px;" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Postcard from just after the war, and from our 2011 school trip</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbz0UdhrzDW5ExKCOwZobhJfLMypiNRYLR1mZgqtJb4pLV4TUpin4bMMeu8Or1YLyz6a03HPTbLOCYHP_igPqgInJNnHiwQ62GOqVu3TMDSB0d1ENFartVEFr_vdV4flhiKUh1Rs7DJP8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-05-11+at+21.54.30.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbz0UdhrzDW5ExKCOwZobhJfLMypiNRYLR1mZgqtJb4pLV4TUpin4bMMeu8Or1YLyz6a03HPTbLOCYHP_igPqgInJNnHiwQ62GOqVu3TMDSB0d1ENFartVEFr_vdV4flhiKUh1Rs7DJP8/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-05-11+at+21.54.30.png" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2_N3xTZkMaE5iD9TlOtCIiKGdIqUrO1_b6XU2RYeC0hoKQMk38VAmDwl87YnJNK3DtYoQqaTG0mfzH_izhPoj3luEXCrHsKcId93SCUqrz2k_PxnKj5f7RdzMgKF3sEZIbO0K3oLVaOI/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-05-11+at+21.54.16.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2_N3xTZkMaE5iD9TlOtCIiKGdIqUrO1_b6XU2RYeC0hoKQMk38VAmDwl87YnJNK3DtYoQqaTG0mfzH_izhPoj3luEXCrHsKcId93SCUqrz2k_PxnKj5f7RdzMgKF3sEZIbO0K3oLVaOI/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-05-11+at+21.54.16.png" width="640" /></a> </span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Erich Merker's 1940 painting of the building of the Reichschancellery and the actual construction drawing from two years earlier. In 1934-1935 Paul Ludwig Troost, Gerdy Troost and Leonhard Gall remodelled and refurnished the living and working rooms for Adolf Hitler , the Führerwohnung. The architects moved the representative rooms for receiving guests from the first floor to the ground floor. In the old <i>corps de logis</i> (the central building), this housed the salon next to the vestibule on the garden side, as well as the newly added hall building with a large dining room for diplomatic receptions and<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Karte-reichskanzlei.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en"> a winter garden</a>. The cabinet room was moved from the 1930 extension back to the conference room on the upper floor of the central building. After the completion of the New Reich Chancellery, the cabinet room was moved there, whilst the conference room remained mostly unused, only Hitler's birthday presents were placed here every year. Also on the first floor were Hitler's private study, his bedroom with bathroom, and Eva Braun 's room. On the garden side, under the dining room and winter garden, an air raid shelter was built, the "Vorbunker" of the later Führerbunker .<br /></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_GBnqnzp4SFOxKzumLk8bFrztZiZHf0plQpHokGsv1HpQdUNWCofVr47ZXxanYx0WJT1uzmgWF_Fe2bQTAad26Kq0uVHn_Cnr_hS3g8mPqkBvKZ5K5Xp5_FGpq7DbuFhxZwBPezn7Rfo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-05-11+at+21.53.56.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_GBnqnzp4SFOxKzumLk8bFrztZiZHf0plQpHokGsv1HpQdUNWCofVr47ZXxanYx0WJT1uzmgWF_Fe2bQTAad26Kq0uVHn_Cnr_hS3g8mPqkBvKZ5K5Xp5_FGpq7DbuFhxZwBPezn7Rfo/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-05-11+at+21.53.56.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixqC4fC7v0MlTtc77RGlvkD0BxEQI3X2FWOYAJ8oC0xlehJ0vQ4LwbTAKEHjtqOmJJGvVtntI3sbASiuAwmxAfSYoAxTQWNcKaqdrcQJM_WQL1TYiPYTVBDy0U8ye3GTJiWsiDzR1qDR4/s1600-h/2.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446595132501269346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixqC4fC7v0MlTtc77RGlvkD0BxEQI3X2FWOYAJ8oC0xlehJ0vQ4LwbTAKEHjtqOmJJGvVtntI3sbASiuAwmxAfSYoAxTQWNcKaqdrcQJM_WQL1TYiPYTVBDy0U8ye3GTJiWsiDzR1qDR4/s400/2.JPG" style="height: 217px; width: 292px;" title="" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZoDL69HtzO24u5EpTfmCtw3UHH5s8V3v-kaUwRF7SSDOQUW3cPC-2aAUIxxSZhaaO2CO8ykTqh7dqNYXVXA3MLXAXMiR3dfBabl2ljrfWPZ1w6fLLEhYUza9PtSfyfjwTIhfgkIdTQlA/s1600-h/3.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446595123944755170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZoDL69HtzO24u5EpTfmCtw3UHH5s8V3v-kaUwRF7SSDOQUW3cPC-2aAUIxxSZhaaO2CO8ykTqh7dqNYXVXA3MLXAXMiR3dfBabl2ljrfWPZ1w6fLLEhYUza9PtSfyfjwTIhfgkIdTQlA/s400/3.JPG" style="height: 217px; width: 291px;" title="" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9GDH8aWWvNdCabTufvrKClheSGY96AvfkShJf03pnFBEwbjk2y9MIjYROTP6nbiCt-LkREhV1RUZvSigU0EDrmqFQ6LVTw0xEqv0yVxHdoKTtpqMLMkEF64kO_dZzdprlx3ZNmuoGprI/s1600-h/1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="298" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5396514989717958130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9GDH8aWWvNdCabTufvrKClheSGY96AvfkShJf03pnFBEwbjk2y9MIjYROTP6nbiCt-LkREhV1RUZvSigU0EDrmqFQ6LVTw0xEqv0yVxHdoKTtpqMLMkEF64kO_dZzdprlx3ZNmuoGprI/s640/1.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" width="640" /></a></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Schematic plans of the New Reichschancellery</span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3InUh5NWxB8WuMeNCHGG8ngpy0NtYWtNz455s1sk_nk5yjMHRBAgBfEsjBTytfXXDOA2KVvmhCYcefsTFjAb0u2TYBSmEuhDCZ2Hsv3SaHwDv8D-UBAwS4fBhzCCXYXyAW-5C9UeD0yA/s1600/2myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3InUh5NWxB8WuMeNCHGG8ngpy0NtYWtNz455s1sk_nk5yjMHRBAgBfEsjBTytfXXDOA2KVvmhCYcefsTFjAb0u2TYBSmEuhDCZ2Hsv3SaHwDv8D-UBAwS4fBhzCCXYXyAW-5C9UeD0yA/s640/2myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjSQXUcUhalUcVsIDaCWZUGJHhW8P_H0O_Y2u263vjQmP6QgLDErGSESykdkiB4fVSrhcafekQqNa7Aafh1L97AoiSGpVJisXyNeEC15DYKXM-9whtAQJz4FqwzJOIYvAB_qX7cYXp5w4/s1600/3myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjSQXUcUhalUcVsIDaCWZUGJHhW8P_H0O_Y2u263vjQmP6QgLDErGSESykdkiB4fVSrhcafekQqNa7Aafh1L97AoiSGpVJisXyNeEC15DYKXM-9whtAQJz4FqwzJOIYvAB_qX7cYXp5w4/s640/3myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;">With the conception of the New Reich Chancellery, Speer was mainly concerned with the architectural representation of the power and glory of the leader and the empire. Thus, with the famous "Diplomaten-Route", he created a magnificent, long-stretched, 300-metre-long route from the monumental "Ehrenhof", through a porch to the "Mosaiksaal", the "Round Hall", the "Marmorgalerie" ending at the "Empfangssaal"- the Office of the Führer. This architectural concept was based on the Baroque Enfilade, the prestigious path leading to an absolute ruler by means of precious rooms. Speer and Hitler, however, wanted to surpass the baroque splendour. The length of the "Marmorgalerie" was twice as long as the "Mirror Hall of Versailles". Finally, the New Reich Chancellery should impressively underline the claim to German domination in Europe. Hitler's study was the largest and most magnificent hall in the building. It had a floor area of nearly 400 square meters at an altitude of nearly ten meters. Only the finest materials were used: dark red marble, rosewood and rosewood for the walls, rosewood for the coffered ceiling, and Ruhpolding stone slabs for the floor. The generously dimensioned desk was decorated with marquetry and the plate covered with red leather. The cardboard table had a five-metre-long and 1.60-metre-wide marble slab made of one piece. On the walls hung precious paintings in a magnificent setting according to Hitler's art taste. Hitler used this office mainly for purposes of representation. </span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="" border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO1tZHKa-7DFqMsKO9A_-DBXDYPayDE5QRVCtquiEYNJvcD41ekGv7wDM7qRkADZiZR_nFsuNjgKwy-nOlmpai130x2BUltKUa7uRYg6Ct3_lG-CiVLYSqf4Wr1PdbNcwCT0hsaMUJLOA/s640/6myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></span></span></div>
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Albert Speer commissioned numerous artists and artisans to design the new Chancellery. Thus the furniture of the power centre was specially made for this construction by hand. This also applied to silver cutlery and tableware, tapestries and curtains. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KAg_-ydg9SZlFE08BLEXE9JRcNu_LrJ4oSZsZlrZkcIBm0IkTb_ubcMrLCilpGN55QVlrVLxjFTU1ruDaw0bG2UOnvS9M68czBwdipHQuoTRE1hRXzkUo7FzVs-9LtSDsj-AcG_4GsOt/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students at site of Hitler's chancellery" border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="500" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KAg_-ydg9SZlFE08BLEXE9JRcNu_LrJ4oSZsZlrZkcIBm0IkTb_ubcMrLCilpGN55QVlrVLxjFTU1ruDaw0bG2UOnvS9M68czBwdipHQuoTRE1hRXzkUo7FzVs-9LtSDsj-AcG_4GsOt/w640-h352/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The view of the site of the Chancellery from the subway station into Vossstrasse </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">taken during my 2018 trip with my <i>Bavarian International School students</i>.</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='335' height='278' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyPQoqkhQyoQ4TGUulAyK1Sc72N91Fvahwc9BWuN-nJoVO-o_iCqySCUjxrFQM5HlJ9PTlAMq0QUDUHUkdU6g' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='338' height='279' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxgLdAopiJJYw5KH2wkoSWeEkVd0gst_FFTNlOtW73U0xFrnZPObvaBDxEzVo6oqyRlY_lB2wzDBZhkp0DTug' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">German newsreels showing crowds greeting Hitler in the entrance to the courtyard of the Old Reich Chancellery on his 50th birthday on April 20th, 1939 and, on the right, </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">crowds saluting Hitler on the Chancellery balcony after his triumphant return by train from France, July 6, 1940. <span style="font-style: italic;">Reichsmarschall </span>Hermann Göring stands beside him. </span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkIDUEhlLnQLnah6KoPi8hIfOb0NF-FjBlGz9K87y3N2_nLd_a3aUjpzt7H_cs4kIWAnYKyliRGkwUsegsPZog7UdZwEKJlEMuZLixr2QxkbT8SmunydGIG38EKVr2nEIkOCeIWOiapMc/s1600/4myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkIDUEhlLnQLnah6KoPi8hIfOb0NF-FjBlGz9K87y3N2_nLd_a3aUjpzt7H_cs4kIWAnYKyliRGkwUsegsPZog7UdZwEKJlEMuZLixr2QxkbT8SmunydGIG38EKVr2nEIkOCeIWOiapMc/s640/4myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The main entrance to one of the wings of the Reich Chancellery building. The building was heavily damaged during the war with the remnants being destroyed not long after the war.</span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxRJAs098jz9QsGvOpdFlCKgWybVts7ICj_8QSVL4iu0hYTJP5nmUm0E7qcnlthm3z50eRRpl9UMBq4UMAHNkPgcip1YMydGYkiGtu0yzCMD08Hb6iSJCpGkO6OEcxpRpUCWlLEmC1BRA/s1600/3myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxRJAs098jz9QsGvOpdFlCKgWybVts7ICj_8QSVL4iu0hYTJP5nmUm0E7qcnlthm3z50eRRpl9UMBq4UMAHNkPgcip1YMydGYkiGtu0yzCMD08Hb6iSJCpGkO6OEcxpRpUCWlLEmC1BRA/s640/3myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Left: The garden courtyard with the cafeteria visible on the right.</span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Right:</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The interior of the dining hall.</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7kQ8loo2o3hReajal5LLqOMcAusqq1zDoesEpu0uh6BFbT4bDDjWnKPaBqa-vccVL2nfJVUADlMvRJ9rk2PnqG4rTXXvmWMlQOXd8THZsOrizz03IhBDoB4nF1NPZIEIHTdSb79DOU64/s1600/6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7kQ8loo2o3hReajal5LLqOMcAusqq1zDoesEpu0uh6BFbT4bDDjWnKPaBqa-vccVL2nfJVUADlMvRJ9rk2PnqG4rTXXvmWMlQOXd8THZsOrizz03IhBDoB4nF1NPZIEIHTdSb79DOU64/s640/6.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;"> The main entrance to the Reichschancellery by night.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvmQUpXILZ13pww5c8zMzG-VXt3wzISVFtMFbC0SiUsrIEpvReOlrjoA2cW73nqPzo1248dG6tU89gzfzxzSRF9v9zB1KckiVPAYWCU5bCtqwLk-Y5i9ezyzcquVgayVPBuaR93TE_tw0/s1600/2myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvmQUpXILZ13pww5c8zMzG-VXt3wzISVFtMFbC0SiUsrIEpvReOlrjoA2cW73nqPzo1248dG6tU89gzfzxzSRF9v9zB1KckiVPAYWCU5bCtqwLk-Y5i9ezyzcquVgayVPBuaR93TE_tw0/s640/2myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Left:</span><span style="font-size: small;"> The arched hallway running in front of the dining hall.</span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Right: </span><span style="font-size: small;">A small courtyard inside the chancellery.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">Virtual Tour of Hitler's Headquarters</span></span></span> <br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">The pictures below are based on over 800 photographs and documents from public and private archives in Berlin displaying a perfectly accurate rendering of much of the architecture, along with some interiors, of the Third Reich. Over 2 million objects -- including fallen tree branches in the courtyards, swastika-bedecked chairs in the dining room, books, pipes, papers -- and 600 buildings are presented with stunning visual clarity. </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">The creator, Christoph Neubauer, used the original architectural plans and compared them with photographs made by the East German secret police, the Stasi, in the 1970s. Meticulously overlaying the various plans and studying the corresponding photographs enabled Neubauer to create a digital 3D image of how the bunker would have looked although he "had to guess on the colours."</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Most previous presentations of Hitler's lair, Neubauer says, seem "frighteningly superficial." The proportions are wrong, the ceiling height is off, the doors and airlocks falsely positioned. In the film "Downfall," the Führer and his henchmen are seen to be living in a dank, dark cavern with concrete walls, water seeping through the floors and surrounded by poor lighting, an image widely believed "not because it is true, but because that is how Germans want to continue to imagine Hitler's end. I understand the need to do that, but it's not how things looked."</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuqzaWzb3ZYqWwbecv2sWTaClS8yBUCUAmLDrqjR0iQ2A3W_rqZw6CzjHN0Ag4HpBUR6BXwB1QCbwl5xyOn7BqpAnttfm9wbbq2ZhD2BJ-B39DiAZtUHkVOOrf5qCJO07Q9kb-xtveIME/s1600-h/FB1-Pic-02.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuqzaWzb3ZYqWwbecv2sWTaClS8yBUCUAmLDrqjR0iQ2A3W_rqZw6CzjHN0Ag4HpBUR6BXwB1QCbwl5xyOn7BqpAnttfm9wbbq2ZhD2BJ-B39DiAZtUHkVOOrf5qCJO07Q9kb-xtveIME/s1600-h/FB1-Pic-02.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuqzaWzb3ZYqWwbecv2sWTaClS8yBUCUAmLDrqjR0iQ2A3W_rqZw6CzjHN0Ag4HpBUR6BXwB1QCbwl5xyOn7BqpAnttfm9wbbq2ZhD2BJ-B39DiAZtUHkVOOrf5qCJO07Q9kb-xtveIME/s320/FB1-Pic-02.jpg" height="192" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392394310659551554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuqzaWzb3ZYqWwbecv2sWTaClS8yBUCUAmLDrqjR0iQ2A3W_rqZw6CzjHN0Ag4HpBUR6BXwB1QCbwl5xyOn7BqpAnttfm9wbbq2ZhD2BJ-B39DiAZtUHkVOOrf5qCJO07Q9kb-xtveIME/s320/FB1-Pic-02.jpg" title="" width="334" /></a><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4jIsq_CkoYOwGLyQdlN9G77rWGzlT7D8IGsbdWjyH4XZa31FuMP5slDY9diiVFTL2jSHZbbzNMzF2Su56XiiMk5t8vddKbWVBZ0JCFe5W2ygfE2DjJUwcE90PsAC1DtMbqvHXdiUM0hs/s1600/tracesofevil.com.Traces+of+Evil++Site+of+Hitler%2527s+Bunker+and+New+Reich+Chancellery_7.flv" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4jIsq_CkoYOwGLyQdlN9G77rWGzlT7D8IGsbdWjyH4XZa31FuMP5slDY9diiVFTL2jSHZbbzNMzF2Su56XiiMk5t8vddKbWVBZ0JCFe5W2ygfE2DjJUwcE90PsAC1DtMbqvHXdiUM0hs/s1600/tracesofevil.com.Traces+of+Evil++Site+of+Hitler%2527s+Bunker+and+New+Reich+Chancellery_7.flv"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4jIsq_CkoYOwGLyQdlN9G77rWGzlT7D8IGsbdWjyH4XZa31FuMP5slDY9diiVFTL2jSHZbbzNMzF2Su56XiiMk5t8vddKbWVBZ0JCFe5W2ygfE2DjJUwcE90PsAC1DtMbqvHXdiUM0hs/s320/tracesofevil.com.Traces+of+Evil++Site+of+Hitler%2527s+Bunker+and+New+Reich+Chancellery_7.flv" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4jIsq_CkoYOwGLyQdlN9G77rWGzlT7D8IGsbdWjyH4XZa31FuMP5slDY9diiVFTL2jSHZbbzNMzF2Su56XiiMk5t8vddKbWVBZ0JCFe5W2ygfE2DjJUwcE90PsAC1DtMbqvHXdiUM0hs/s320/tracesofevil.com.Traces+of+Evil++Site+of+Hitler's+Bunker+and+New+Reich+Chancellery_7.flv" width="325" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><b>The Reich Cabinet Meeting Room: </b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The Reich cabinet meeting room was renovated between 1875-1878 by Wilhelm Neumann on behalf of Bismarck and looked as seen here until its destruction in 1944. The only novelty was the 1934-1935 implement refurbishment by Paul Ludwig Troost.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRaaYFLOdLsFjOQWRMYIcmLrTzB8b3NFKugXK0ZK-J3BhrsxmX653UmotiSXH0fNgOHwTetLDDNgzGL7k8aMoCyPAMSoG8KVwY39irxkCcpoeXmsU7Phv_8oqlwAjg_MxWotHryrn7J1s/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRaaYFLOdLsFjOQWRMYIcmLrTzB8b3NFKugXK0ZK-J3BhrsxmX653UmotiSXH0fNgOHwTetLDDNgzGL7k8aMoCyPAMSoG8KVwY39irxkCcpoeXmsU7Phv_8oqlwAjg_MxWotHryrn7J1s/s640/1myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Left: </span></b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>The Exit Of The Vorbunker: </b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The exit of the Vorbunker was located opposite the elevator. It is likely that this exit was used as a second entrance to the Vorbunker. While the residents of the Old Reich Chancellery used the main entrance to the Vorbunker, at the same time the residents of northern extension could enter the Vorbunker through the air lock of this bunker exit. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Centre:</span> <b>The Engine Room: </b></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">The technical heart of the Vorbunker. The generator was able to provide power for the bunker even during a power failure. Left in the picture shown are the 4 air filters of the bunker filter system. Only after filtering the air through these filters, it was then possible to distribute the air through the ventilation openings into the rooms of the bunker.</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>Right: Reception Hall and Vorbunker: </b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The air raid shelter and the reception hall were designed to form a static symbiosis. The shelter, with its thick concrete ceiling, formed a solid foundation for the marble columns in the reception hall. These columns reached 50 cm downward through the air cushion beneath the reception hall floor, resting directly on the bunker ceiling. The placement of the pillars was also determined by the layout of the shelter. Each pillar was placed squarely on top of an intersection between two bunker walls. The extra pressure bearing down on these intersections added strength and stability to the air raid shelter. </span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0uwcfXLQmbpm1opY9WG87pH7KhNN_JPrU5gGfYPxuaVpcjHM4MwlxcaA0kgTILvqQfrV0XANjKFyb5_zMyUt3vWhx-Y7b7AwSPV60pXE2RDdgROd8lFk8fx0CxIQEv-7O4VBsC0aytMs/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0uwcfXLQmbpm1opY9WG87pH7KhNN_JPrU5gGfYPxuaVpcjHM4MwlxcaA0kgTILvqQfrV0XANjKFyb5_zMyUt3vWhx-Y7b7AwSPV60pXE2RDdgROd8lFk8fx0CxIQEv-7O4VBsC0aytMs/s640/myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>Left: The Basement Of The Reception Hall: </b></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">The basement rooms were connected by passages on the eastern and western sides of the shelter. These could be used as escape routes, should it become necessary to evacuate the bunker in an emergency. The rooms and passages that surrounded the shelter also had another function. They created a space between the exterior walls of the building, and the bunker itself. This offered additional protection, as bombs which hit the construction from the side would explode in this space, before reaching the air raid shelter itself.</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b> Centre: The Staircase To The Basement Of The Reception Hall: </b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">East of the winter garden was the staircase, which linked the basement of the reception hall directly to the “Fuehrer's Apartment”. The entire northern part of the Old Reich Chancellery was called “Fuehrer's Apartment”, including the dining room and the winter garden. Directly opposite the staircase was the main entrance to the Vorbunker.</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Right: The Emergency Exit Of The Vorbunker</span>: In the western area of the basement, one can recognise the air cushion of the reception hall above. On the right is the western outer wall of the bunker recognisable on which stood the western pillars of the reception hall. The garden façade of the reception hall rested on the basement wall to the left. This picture shows the emergency exit of Vorbunker fenced by a railing. This exit was only used as an emergency and it remained closed at all times.</span></b></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3jSE151F-oqMsb3lxM7L2GH7K8jE1deYEgDZ9UADriiqpqeXMgBpZRxLUaGS3q8RI362pqBowhK4OLnzpoivm1PfqGA9Qtywc9jkIA7ux5uYtv3tqFoP39ZPdRZ96qXU_dPOlQWvl3fM/s640/3myphoto.jpeg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3jSE151F-oqMsb3lxM7L2GH7K8jE1deYEgDZ9UADriiqpqeXMgBpZRxLUaGS3q8RI362pqBowhK4OLnzpoivm1PfqGA9Qtywc9jkIA7ux5uYtv3tqFoP39ZPdRZ96qXU_dPOlQWvl3fM/s640/3myphoto.jpeg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 270px; width: 382px;" /><span style="font-size: 100%;"><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvre0pihcBHlPtMiswHrAUuQClYxJijh4-cIXa7U7qp6AKZ99L3S8swK9gSaHRvjEzewUyAtyBgpTm8EL4egB9ztAKheDl71iP9Hz1RgW-Q2LiUFJoW2_EZ0DFqAFfNh15hwet17ySg2A/s400/1.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvre0pihcBHlPtMiswHrAUuQClYxJijh4-cIXa7U7qp6AKZ99L3S8swK9gSaHRvjEzewUyAtyBgpTm8EL4egB9ztAKheDl71iP9Hz1RgW-Q2LiUFJoW2_EZ0DFqAFfNh15hwet17ySg2A/s400/1.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 270px; width: 272px;" title="" /></span></span></span></div>
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</div><div style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The last photographs of Hitler alive as he inspects the damage made to the Chancellery. Beside him stands his personal adjutant Julius Schaub. The photograph was taken by the same photographer who took the one of Hitler inspecting the Hitlerjugend in the Reichschancellery garden on April 20, 1945. The latter photo shown re-enacted to form the basis of promotional poster for Der Untergang. During the air raids on Berlin, the Neue Reichskanzlei was only slightly damaged until the end of the war. </span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlJHoieTNJ3ayJSBZx0MRZlfnz0eS0UIWnN9bUKnvrUGNX3gD_nyxTtnoZgAIjNz_dabjog7mZhANqHPVscZWJPju5pXEQHS3LDe6zsHQkQQNLIiqknWTfY_RJ1saDrcZuiGrDZel3ela1/s1600/DSC09520.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi eagle Imperial War Museum London" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlJHoieTNJ3ayJSBZx0MRZlfnz0eS0UIWnN9bUKnvrUGNX3gD_nyxTtnoZgAIjNz_dabjog7mZhANqHPVscZWJPju5pXEQHS3LDe6zsHQkQQNLIiqknWTfY_RJ1saDrcZuiGrDZel3ela1/w240-h320/DSC09520.JPG" width="240" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">After the conquest of Berlin, Soviet troops captured one of the Nazi eagles, a bronze work of Kurt Schmid-Ehmen from the Reichskanzlei which can be seen today at the Imperial War Museum after the British were given it by the Soviets in 1946, shown here with Drake Winston. One of the central symbols of the power of Hitler was the dismantled building complex of the New and Old Reich Chancellery and the Palais Borsig from 1949 to 1953 under orders of the Soviet Control Commission. After 1945 in the DDR, the use of saline marble (a red limestone and a petrographic sense not a genuine marble) was used and it was reported that floor and wall claddings of the New Reich Chancellery were reused for the foyers of the Humboldt University and the Old Palais, the Mohrenstraße underground station and the Soviet memorials at Treptow Park, Tiergarten and Schönholzer Heide although there is no direct proof for this. Roberto Rossellini's 1947 film <i>Deutschland im Jahre Null</i> have scenes in the ruins of the New Reichskanzlei in which it can be seen that the floor coverings have already been removed in the area of the Marmorgalerie. During the foundation work for new buildings on the corner of Vossstraße and Ebertstrasse, the fragments of former window sections or roof cornices were recovered in February 2008. Today a panel of the Foundation's Topography of Terror recalls the building. The subsoil was rebuilt with multi-storey flat construction during the East German era. In the street corner of the ground floor is now a Chinese restaurant.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><img alt="Ribbentrop's globe" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgfYAugVCXX-vdkEVGFs5lVQ-52HjNc3n6FZ61pXDCqv4rxGEyzxbyx5OWzNLURT0k2h-u7UXg2Fbe5dvg9gg4uqiYAFihNOgieEsyPGz9Su5G9p_MlGRewdbL5Bnig6YMpd_ebdRkMnv9/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252810%2529.gif" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgfYAugVCXX-vdkEVGFs5lVQ-52HjNc3n6FZ61pXDCqv4rxGEyzxbyx5OWzNLURT0k2h-u7UXg2Fbe5dvg9gg4uqiYAFihNOgieEsyPGz9Su5G9p_MlGRewdbL5Bnig6YMpd_ebdRkMnv9/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252810%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 290px; width: 350px;" /> <img alt="Ribbentrop's globe" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja_Y-s-lm9j8uCYz0Lqis_tJSNv5kvwS_iswsb0M2VetvgqhPjOq3mvyjpn6P0DP75Hb8A-rkiLIq99bcn_Z7ponM9d6P5TO9u4Hp7XGlYptpc3-FfoLxbh5SlXXcdgE8D8oSBJ-_w7_1O/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252811%2529.gif" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja_Y-s-lm9j8uCYz0Lqis_tJSNv5kvwS_iswsb0M2VetvgqhPjOq3mvyjpn6P0DP75Hb8A-rkiLIq99bcn_Z7ponM9d6P5TO9u4Hp7XGlYptpc3-FfoLxbh5SlXXcdgE8D8oSBJ-_w7_1O/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252811%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 290px; width: 276px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Standing beside the 110 kilogram globe produced for Ribbentrop in Munich by architect Paul Ludwig Troost and as it appeared when captured by Soviet troops. I</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">n addition to the monumental dimensions of </span><span style="text-align: center;">a height of 150 cm and a diameter of 135 cm</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">, t</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">he Great Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders was the largest globe to be produced in the series with two of them at Hitler's Chancellery whilst another was in Hitler's Berghof. </span><span style="text-align: center;">At least 28 large globes can currently be accounted for of which fifteen are said to still exist today. This globe can be dated to 1938. Being the 2nd edition, it differs from the 1st edition only in slight geographical corrections and updates in the area of Italian East Africa and in the Antarctic. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY38iRrniIH0ckQQz_NxH2NL6N05hETMU7OmAGACLCQPyYNguKG2cbxNyQpgfaEL2C9creRP6hyeZk5iTIaVh0L_g-CgkYSeE341w79whMqL5giY8sAXBZkNwYQaDKOs5tYS8Q7vxJFnY/s1600/2myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY38iRrniIH0ckQQz_NxH2NL6N05hETMU7OmAGACLCQPyYNguKG2cbxNyQpgfaEL2C9creRP6hyeZk5iTIaVh0L_g-CgkYSeE341w79whMqL5giY8sAXBZkNwYQaDKOs5tYS8Q7vxJFnY/s640/2myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The ruins of the Reich Chancellery where Hitler's and Eva Braun's bodies were cremated.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Recreation of Speer surveying the remains of his work and final battle outside the chancellery in <i>Der Untergang</i>. </span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmo1p8eRyWVdoYXcZWO5i8ZdVTxvWj30eOF4huRCEj2foizDiJ_05zBQZYpbMmtU99hZdnEO40qlcswzRdHJzlDQEoybr_h_aRYV1vvgyYBnsoVH8V2DncZayWHgR_XvVFNU669QP0IoI/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-05-11+at+21.59.47.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmo1p8eRyWVdoYXcZWO5i8ZdVTxvWj30eOF4huRCEj2foizDiJ_05zBQZYpbMmtU99hZdnEO40qlcswzRdHJzlDQEoybr_h_aRYV1vvgyYBnsoVH8V2DncZayWHgR_XvVFNU669QP0IoI/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-05-11+at+21.59.47.png" title="" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;">July 9, 1941 and July 12, 1946. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW_dxmVfCXbY6WS97FSeZcwoGzg6DcpGOeK5agcr4kwzi-jxf5oKkStA1UVzYGxKcYkuQ8F2bOktfz3HAlEcpYOI0UKChc3stxCfXzfloNbriSVaM58rHsB92ibhkUHdSJLCb5TpktrFaumYXzzjAQlCPDm31-IqeFS42z8xUygKyRCJKlpJh8GGmcccn3/s764/Screenshot%202023-06-26%20at%2013.59.46.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="764" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW_dxmVfCXbY6WS97FSeZcwoGzg6DcpGOeK5agcr4kwzi-jxf5oKkStA1UVzYGxKcYkuQ8F2bOktfz3HAlEcpYOI0UKChc3stxCfXzfloNbriSVaM58rHsB92ibhkUHdSJLCb5TpktrFaumYXzzjAQlCPDm31-IqeFS42z8xUygKyRCJKlpJh8GGmcccn3/s320/Screenshot%202023-06-26%20at%2013.59.46.png" width="320" /></a></div>The Old Reich Chancellery was severely damaged in 1945 during the war. On October 13, 1948, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) ordered the building complex associated with the Nazi regime, consisting of Palais Borsig and the Old and New Reich Chancellery, to be demolished because it could have become a place of pilgrimage for right-wing extremists. The ruins of the Old Reich Chancellery were then already removed in the course of 1949. Parts of the marble walls of the building were used in the construction of the very first memorial to the Soviet liberator soldier in Berlin and the mass grave in the Tiergarten park, to repair the Morenstrasse Berlin metro station damaged during the war as shown below.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX5xdcLQUKo2jk1ZoSL8d6udw9J47_Z3y7Gs3oPN-2rKGbGTBuEhGH2-Z7P4AI1u0XIoRDiKx06siVnTde-f-nqX8_NsSBiplGmXzca2eWhlmEDP0cTYeyzs_s9mhoZ4VsYNvXPCvEMIy4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin" border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX5xdcLQUKo2jk1ZoSL8d6udw9J47_Z3y7Gs3oPN-2rKGbGTBuEhGH2-Z7P4AI1u0XIoRDiKx06siVnTde-f-nqX8_NsSBiplGmXzca2eWhlmEDP0cTYeyzs_s9mhoZ4VsYNvXPCvEMIy4/w400-h280/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The bronze statue of Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin at Zietenplatz in front of the <span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Reich Chancellery and today with my students.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Reich Chancellery was almost bare. Paintings, tapestries and furniture had been removed. There were huge cracks in the ceilings, smashed windows were boarded up and plywood partitions concealed the worst of the bomb damage. (94)<br />[On Hitler's last birthday] Goring, Ribbentrop, Donitz, Himmler, Kaltenbrunner, Speer, Keitel, Jodl and Krebs were driven to the Reich Chancellery before noon. There, they trooped through the huge rooms faced in polished marble, with doors almost to the ceiling. This quasi-cinematic monument to conspicuous power now looked tawdry in its half-wrecked state, yet it remained deeply sinister. </span>(301)</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: normal;">Beevor, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0140286969%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0140286969%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb15">Berlin: The Downfall 1945</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf4Z6QacT8ykG_pJA5bKkkSUjCCM5iE-pVg50ELvICyq_kzh8YmqpTtuMVSEDz99wQ8neqS0gNeSoBivDK-Q9LHJpSVvWGU84PQOukX23UZBohyphenhyphenxq11VtXE4quFF8XWTfrcIIXCnLXAng/s320/german-2.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf4Z6QacT8ykG_pJA5bKkkSUjCCM5iE-pVg50ELvICyq_kzh8YmqpTtuMVSEDz99wQ8neqS0gNeSoBivDK-Q9LHJpSVvWGU84PQOukX23UZBohyphenhyphenxq11VtXE4quFF8XWTfrcIIXCnLXAng/s320/german-2.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 345px;" /><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc59bWW8bZ3k0hrXOR-qH4KCqcMykgN9fZ1VRAa29BJ-Om0LYX1WtEFfO8FE_9kdpavxVRnZnxTR0iRIpfvNLKRZjLhxLF1AkQ8rsFadwK_cB-bT-4Awfkl9FE3MJNIu1qG21LfRLcRsI/s320/ToEhorses.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc59bWW8bZ3k0hrXOR-qH4KCqcMykgN9fZ1VRAa29BJ-Om0LYX1WtEFfO8FE_9kdpavxVRnZnxTR0iRIpfvNLKRZjLhxLF1AkQ8rsFadwK_cB-bT-4Awfkl9FE3MJNIu1qG21LfRLcRsI/s320/ToEhorses.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 307px;" title="" /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The garden portal in 1939 showing one of the twin "Walking Horses" by Josef Thorak, upon which Hitler gazed from the offices of his New Chancellery building, and now, just rediscovered. </span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIgAG0OYrvASx_QRrFV7M3xMIUKFwG-Iir4BglZlS-bo2X7fvdKckrdlOWP9fM0taAzqMBxFdutZbtgHu8kBB2cRlqw0i3JDWmrSLOW5aKT123yORSJtkWFIBNOV-qKSAO_JzMGpjvZfbT/s639/Screen+Shot+2013-07-01+at+1.22.53+PM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIgAG0OYrvASx_QRrFV7M3xMIUKFwG-Iir4BglZlS-bo2X7fvdKckrdlOWP9fM0taAzqMBxFdutZbtgHu8kBB2cRlqw0i3JDWmrSLOW5aKT123yORSJtkWFIBNOV-qKSAO_JzMGpjvZfbT/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-07-01+at+1.22.53+PM.png" title="" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">The site then and in the aftermath of the war. The monumental horse sculptures and granite
reliefs by sculptors Josef Thorak and Arno Breker were lost the year the Berlin Wall fell have now been found, police said in a
statement. German police in May 2015 said they had found the long-lost masterpieces, commissioned by the Third Reich, in a warehouse after staging 10 raids in five states targeting eight suspected members, aged 64 to 79, of a ring of illegal art dealers. Bild newspaper reported that the illicit art dealers had in recent years asked for up to four million euros on the black market for the works, which have survived a turbulent odyssey. As the war turned against Nazi Germany and bombs hailed down on Berlin, the sculptures were evacuated to a town east of the capital which in 1945 was occupied by victorious Russian forces. The horses resurfaced around 1950 on the sports grounds of a Red Army barracks in the nearby town of Eberswalde in what was then the German Democratic Republic. There they would stay for some 38 years, and time took its toll. Bild reported that the horses were painted over in gold, damaged by bullets and had their tails broken and inexpertly reaffixed. Sometimes children played on them. Decades on, an art historian discovered the horses and wrote a newspaper article about them, published in early 1989. Within weeks, they were gone -- likely sold off by the DDR regime, which was then in its final throes and in desperate need of hard cash. The "Walking Horses", having vanished for a quarter century, were found Wednesday May 20 in a warehouse in Bad Duerkheim, in the western state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The Bild report said that, while they will now likely become the property of the German state, it was also possible that descendants of their creator Thorak could launch a legal claim for them. </span></span></span></div>
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</div><div style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTP67a5kyzR94bVF11QBYs-8t5ikMsot7P-fYB2T2X4U8sh26Tqjx2Wg5ohKYPBA9pcFrzND0wXs_tuAZeTZfYRIthrsfCptvEwKqhkZqcp9skMI9qxHL_-1vwRnCuv5K903Wkk-Ry4OPh/s370/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252812%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Arno Breker’s Sword Bearer" border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="294" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTP67a5kyzR94bVF11QBYs-8t5ikMsot7P-fYB2T2X4U8sh26Tqjx2Wg5ohKYPBA9pcFrzND0wXs_tuAZeTZfYRIthrsfCptvEwKqhkZqcp9skMI9qxHL_-1vwRnCuv5K903Wkk-Ry4OPh/w318-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252812%2529.gif" width="318" /></a></div>The building was meant to intimidate foreign guests with the entrance flanked by </span><span style="font-size: small;">Arno Breker’s </span><span style="font-size: small;">two monumental figures he had titled <i>Torch Bearer</i> and <i>Sword Bearer</i>; I'm standing beside the latter. As the denazification officials noted after the war in the artist's favour, the sculptures were renamed by Hitler after their submission, becoming known as <i>The Party</i> and <i>Wehrmacht</i>, respectively, thereby giving them a political meaning that the artist had not intended. In any event, Alfred Rosenberg thought that his “monumental figures [were] a representation of
the ‘force and willpower’ of the age.” Robert Scholz thought they "stood at the beginning of a new politically determined
epoch, because it could embody most immediately the intended rejuvenation of the world. . . . Arno Breker’s sculptural works are symbols of
the dignity and creative drive that is at the basis of the political idea of
National Socialism.” In addition to the heroic statues for the New Reich Chancellery, forty-two of his works appeared in the
eight <span style="font-style: italic;">Great German Art Exhibitions (GDK) </span>held annually in Munich, where the regime exhibited officially sanctioned art.</span></span></span><br />
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"> His works,
according to a later critic, “glorified the racial struggle, they were symbolic stone piles of Aryan beliefs.” They were “a beatification of ‘militarism’ and ‘racial soundness’ based on the struggle against and even
liquidation of all things not beautiful.” Another scholar noted, “While
it was the function of cartoonists to circulate a negative picture of ‘inferior’ races, the art of Breker and Thorak provided, perfected and emphasized a positive image of a Nordic super-race within a scheme of
classicising representation. <span style="font-style: italic;">Stürmer-caricature </span>and Breker sculpture
cannot be separated from one another. They were both equally and
simultaneously promoted because they endorsed and illustrated racist
policy.” Jost Hermand took this idea to its conclusion, observing,
“National Socialist art is thus not unproblematically ‘beautiful,’ not
merely devoted to perfect forms and empty content; it is also eminently
brutal, an art based on convictions which, when realized, literally left
corpses in their wake.”</span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Petropoulos (225) </span><span id="btAsinTitle" style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/military%20pdfs7/TheFaustianBargain-TheArtWorldInNaziGermany.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;">The Faustian Bargain</a>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRwC8mxnmvWm3VB9Y9_DBhaevUoUg4M5A1HI27JfJxDHuEjLXCSrG-I8Bz89AEs0qa4tQQ-Y-w9llaFEZqt_UA0aF932064BhLXlnnZKi36w1FZD26wYF9_T6m04j6c8rP74xc0XotlS0/s640/myphoto.jpeg" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRwC8mxnmvWm3VB9Y9_DBhaevUoUg4M5A1HI27JfJxDHuEjLXCSrG-I8Bz89AEs0qa4tQQ-Y-w9llaFEZqt_UA0aF932064BhLXlnnZKi36w1FZD26wYF9_T6m04j6c8rP74xc0XotlS0/s640/myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></span></span> </span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Fritz Todt's funeral in February, 1942 with<i> Wehrmacht</i> seen behind.<br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr-x4uT0saqoaaZo8tHqpIS6sRAGZJN_emLen8fp_xnT8DKRszt-5uHFqVa1fZ5SZfIRsvB50B9gGJLbAbWOBz7BEP8NIt1NxgfLEbrNMUU34hwfI0SjHnEnv5hq6LjQkCHxDWVYW_uJrq/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-06-26+at+21.03.52.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="766" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr-x4uT0saqoaaZo8tHqpIS6sRAGZJN_emLen8fp_xnT8DKRszt-5uHFqVa1fZ5SZfIRsvB50B9gGJLbAbWOBz7BEP8NIt1NxgfLEbrNMUU34hwfI0SjHnEnv5hq6LjQkCHxDWVYW_uJrq/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-06-26+at+21.03.52.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
<span><span>Before and after the war</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDO5rsvv1H6aFRIao3laASLceLnlghX6H_2it1FhVpt7DWwT1YZaWz2pwnslYcY1WOtUjSY6g3b35QUp2i7wZqgi3S-PEYomGUPyn1pH1uuc4Q6xNNBSDGSCzCRXSytOAgGD4VXD3kqmWW/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-12-10+at+13.11.54.png" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDO5rsvv1H6aFRIao3laASLceLnlghX6H_2it1FhVpt7DWwT1YZaWz2pwnslYcY1WOtUjSY6g3b35QUp2i7wZqgi3S-PEYomGUPyn1pH1uuc4Q6xNNBSDGSCzCRXSytOAgGD4VXD3kqmWW/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-12-10+at+13.11.54.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 310px; width: 239px;" /><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhle6mlLpkJUrc5-Qrml6qg4iIKKIF-nJhgaYbpAJF8BEeVj1YPlUSOTKium6permzvVtwZEQI0saAoX4PAe3PzXlmUTtQEUlHl7QZ0d9V4GhxB3mxLroPmDI52KaTC0fwWRLUNZNdfij9W/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252898%2529.gif" data-original-height="307" data-original-width="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhle6mlLpkJUrc5-Qrml6qg4iIKKIF-nJhgaYbpAJF8BEeVj1YPlUSOTKium6permzvVtwZEQI0saAoX4PAe3PzXlmUTtQEUlHl7QZ0d9V4GhxB3mxLroPmDI52KaTC0fwWRLUNZNdfij9W/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252898%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 310px; width: 399px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Mohrenstrasse underground station with the Reichschancellery in the background during the war and </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>Mohrenstraße itself during the Battle of Berlin and today.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAT7FtwaW0Pm9Dli0-jBAN3tKEora7dSA-XTarAC4-rYfltFU7XW0ejRl6MftGT-gBZNajrG8cFabf5hkEJwP2mLJgRZ6dY-4itcHJQIfvr-SAzFrvUrlorT4wEmDPrbSFaZYHripr90Vt/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAT7FtwaW0Pm9Dli0-jBAN3tKEora7dSA-XTarAC4-rYfltFU7XW0ejRl6MftGT-gBZNajrG8cFabf5hkEJwP2mLJgRZ6dY-4itcHJQIfvr-SAzFrvUrlorT4wEmDPrbSFaZYHripr90Vt/s400/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span>The original station designed by Alfred Grenander opened on 1 October 1908 on the new branch from <span style="font-style: italic;">Potsdamer Platz</span> to <span style="font-style: italic;">Spittelmark</span>t. It was then called <span style="font-style: italic;">Kaiserhof</span> after a nearby grand hotel on the <span style="font-style: italic;">Wilhelmplatz </span>square. It was rebuilt in the course of the 1936 Summer Olympics whilst Wilhelmplatz was redesigned by the Nazis. To make room for parades, the linden trees and lawns in the square were removed, and the subway station's distinctive pergola entrance in the middle was replaced with an unadorned, scaled-down version.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;">When East Berlin fell under communist administration after the war, the <span style="font-style: italic;">Wilhelmplatz </span>square as well as the station were renamed on August 18, 1950 to <span style="font-style: italic;">Thälmannplatz</span>, after the communist leader Ernst Thälmann. With the erection of the Berlin Wall from August 13, 1961, the line ceased to run between East and West Berlin and the station became the terminus of the line in East Berlin. As in the 1980s the square was overbuilt by a housing estate and the Czechoslovak embassy, the station on April 15, 1986 was renamed <span style="font-style: italic;">Otto-Grotewohl-Straße</span>, the name of the <span style="font-style: italic;">Wilhelmstraß</span>e at that time, after the politician Otto Grotewohl. On October 3, 1991, following German reunification, the station was renamed Mohrenstraße. The line was reconnected on November 13, 1993 and simultaneously reconfigured, forming a new U2 line between Vinetastraße in the east and Ruhleben in the west.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6J_9G8fYtYKGiqzZ1X75ZBam7kIIp_H-m-koAmAyt0Y73SwiAocMm-BZs-8l26cy0a9XlMKi9VNst2sZ74hEXrarklygIEQByrMDXdCkWyljiphNXQ_OdsbdgHlhot1-uIbO-5PH2rec/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6J_9G8fYtYKGiqzZ1X75ZBam7kIIp_H-m-koAmAyt0Y73SwiAocMm-BZs-8l26cy0a9XlMKi9VNst2sZ74hEXrarklygIEQByrMDXdCkWyljiphNXQ_OdsbdgHlhot1-uIbO-5PH2rec/s640/myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The red marble inside is said to have come directly from the Mosaics Hall in the Reich Chancellery courtesy of the Red Army. Parts of the building's marble walls were also rumoured to be used in the building of the Soviet war memorial located in Treptower Park and supposedly in the construction of the Moscow Metro's palatial-style subway stations after the war. </span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh12KXvZSPhYTCewwxI-v5KJGLP4AeY_TIAhnjwHEQmQ8XCEX698UY8l8Ei8vF2BM9Vh-f9zjvb7R88ZspcUE-1OHMnMrpiORKD_yXEZT8Q1Prmgupzn-c5xkeAHuUlFDzs4cEnylhlSLON/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-04-16+at+12.14.30.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="753" data-original-width="628" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh12KXvZSPhYTCewwxI-v5KJGLP4AeY_TIAhnjwHEQmQ8XCEX698UY8l8Ei8vF2BM9Vh-f9zjvb7R88ZspcUE-1OHMnMrpiORKD_yXEZT8Q1Prmgupzn-c5xkeAHuUlFDzs4cEnylhlSLON/w266-h320/Screen+Shot+2019-04-16+at+12.14.30.png" width="266" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">My students from our 2016 trip. According to Overy, </span></span></span><br />
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="font-size: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The history of one of the large new camps built in 1940 after the defeat of France and the occupation of Alsace illustrates the close relationship between labour and repression. The camp location was determined by deposits of rare red granite found in the northern Vosages mountains, which Albert Speer needed for his victory buildings planned for Berlin. He agreed that the deposits should be exploited by the </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">ϟϟ</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> quarrying company, using concentration camp labour. A site was found at Natzweiler, next to the red stone, and construction began in the spring of 1941 using prisoners.</span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="font-size: 100%;">
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (605)</span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">As to be expected at this period of history, Woke organisations and movements have found the need to criticise the name of the street and subway station. In the course of the anti-racist demonstrations and the associated debate about structural racism in after the death of George Floyd in June 2020 in the United States thousands of miles away at the same time Germany was summarily allowing 2 million Syrians, the Berlin transport company announced that it <a href="https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/nach-rassismus-debatte-bvg-will-u-bahnhof-mohrenstrasse-umbenennen/25974908.html">wanted to rename the station</a>. As a possibility, the transport company announced that they wanted to use the name of the adjacent "Glinkastraße" leading to yet more criticism about apparent anti-Semitic statements made by the Russian composer Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka. </span></div>
</div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIvtmi4-yFcBTRjI0-Q3DZ6H_uAe6C6TO539ASl2sCAbySgTB8rvYBxIJ5E4IzMWFCZl2bDjfjPesr8Mtf1JPIc1eZaOXguIkK37W2lI62fAyxEHRC9oB2B8YPjuKpmPIVhZsvran-Vrw/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's red marble Mohrenstraße" border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIvtmi4-yFcBTRjI0-Q3DZ6H_uAe6C6TO539ASl2sCAbySgTB8rvYBxIJ5E4IzMWFCZl2bDjfjPesr8Mtf1JPIc1eZaOXguIkK37W2lI62fAyxEHRC9oB2B8YPjuKpmPIVhZsvran-Vrw/w640-h152/1myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Now, after th<span>e destruction caused by the Anglo-American air-raids, the cannon shots of the Russians and the subsequent demolition and removal of the rest during the immediate post-war years, only the marble used for restructuring the subway station "Mohrenstrasse" remain as a witness to pretensions of the Chancellery. These residual plates of marble, together with the few lamp-posts still working not far away, are the only remains of the vision dreamt, projected and realised by Albert Speer and his patron Adolf Hitler.<br /></span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbRKBCoGi8oTRAz9ox0UlT59wKBmckH8ZyDE19F_YS8OeA-SdxmgOj6Gqw2kFCXrH4fDRdmKV36o5FAtvT2m5OR0Ovn7ciZdBwmgwVDM8LqEro03klhq-PlmmuWp_F3pdhEyMVRxdMgFY/s1600-h/HolocaustMahnmalLuft.jpg"><img alt="Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe" border="0" height="245" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5324543280323264242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbRKBCoGi8oTRAz9ox0UlT59wKBmckH8ZyDE19F_YS8OeA-SdxmgOj6Gqw2kFCXrH4fDRdmKV36o5FAtvT2m5OR0Ovn7ciZdBwmgwVDM8LqEro03klhq-PlmmuWp_F3pdhEyMVRxdMgFY/w640-h245/HolocaustMahnmalLuft.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" width="640" /></a></span></span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Across the way from Hitler's last act is the extensive Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe. Above is an aerial photo of the Memorial site </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">designed
by architect Peter Eisenman and engineers Buro Happold and consisting
of a 19,000 square metre site covered with 2,711 stelae arranged in a
grid pattern on a sloping field. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZh13b2Zd161K5PVzIrrjKOqlXq0wglApF4eN3uOJzDQIaEoVE0fCZ7SMxxKZyxkpQvTEHNUlKRIcg7D_ZDnvVNRUjoB_JAvqc6Hb30NnmaBzYNIm8Q_6a2vAU_4uzpDuWtVSMJu7xfzI/s1600/13508828_10154368826304962_1241694149552834741_n.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students at Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZh13b2Zd161K5PVzIrrjKOqlXq0wglApF4eN3uOJzDQIaEoVE0fCZ7SMxxKZyxkpQvTEHNUlKRIcg7D_ZDnvVNRUjoB_JAvqc6Hb30NnmaBzYNIm8Q_6a2vAU_4uzpDuWtVSMJu7xfzI/w400-h300/13508828_10154368826304962_1241694149552834741_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">My students in 2016 standing among the stelae which vary in height from eight feet to just under sixteen feet and </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">three feet wide, supposedly </span></span></span>designed
to produce an uneasy, confusing atmosphere; a supposedly ordered
system that has lost touch with human reason. A 2005 copy of the
Foundation for the Memorial's official English tourist pamphlet,
however, states that the design represents a radical approach to the
traditional concept of a memorial, partly because Eisenman did not use
any symbolism. An attached underground "Place of Information" holds the
names of all known Jewish Holocaust victims, obtained from the Israeli
museum Yad Vashem. </span></span>They are found underground- not marked prominently, not easy
to find, and not integral to the display.</span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Richard Brody <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/the-inadequacy-of-berlins-memorial-to-the-murdered-jews-of-europe" target="_blank">in The New Yorker </a><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/the-inadequacy-of-berlins-memorial-to-the-murdered-jews-of-europe" target="_blank">argues</a> that without knowing beforehand, </span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">it would be impossible to know
what the structure is meant to commemorate; there’s nothing about these
concrete slabs that signifies any of the words of the title, except,
perhaps, “memorial”—insofar as some of them, depending on their height,
may resemble either headstones or sarcophagi. So it’s something to do
with death. And as for the title itself—which murdered Jews? When?
Where? Does the list include Rosa Luxemburg, who was killed in Berlin by
rightist thugs in 1919, or the foreign minister Walther Rathenau, also
killed here by rightist thugs, in 1922? Or Isaac Babel and Osip
Mandelstam, who died in Soviet captivity? Or, pardon my sarcasm, Claude
Lanzmann’s uncle, who was killed in Paris by his jealous mistress?</span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
title doesn’t say “Holocaust” or “Shoah”; in other words, it doesn’t
say anything about who did the murdering or why—there’s nothing along
the lines of “by Germany under Hitler’s regime,” and the vagueness is
disturbing. Of course, the information is familiar, and few visitors
would be unaware of it, but the assumption of this familiarity—the
failure to mention it at the country’s main memorial for the Jews killed
in the Holocaust—separates the victims from their killers and leaches
the moral element from the historical event, shunting it to the category
of a natural catastrophe. The reduction of responsibility to an
embarrassing, tacit fact that “everybody knows” is the first step on the
road to forgetting.</span></span></span><br /><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk0xGhrLz9nzH9taczFluc26J2VDOVONM_RWhOH0I3WcuilNeHG38lsihhuGLBsxuHd8ZUK44L8zj4RToBKXNmVM2vbne1WtLeiLxzlxrCnt8yqdh4660OcO59p-XWIxKS3xg-ugfv3_H3/s400/1-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk0xGhrLz9nzH9taczFluc26J2VDOVONM_RWhOH0I3WcuilNeHG38lsihhuGLBsxuHd8ZUK44L8zj4RToBKXNmVM2vbne1WtLeiLxzlxrCnt8yqdh4660OcO59p-XWIxKS3xg-ugfv3_H3/w400-h300/1-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><p>
</p><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Incredibly, </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the company employed to produce </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">anti-graffiti coating for the blocks </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">was
Degussa, a big German chemical company, which once owned Degesch- <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/work-on-holocaust-memorial-stopped-over-degussa-role/a-1014293">the firm that produced the
Zyklon B used to gas Jews in concentration camps</a></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.dw.com/en/work-on-holocaust-memorial-stopped-over-degussa-role/a-1014293">!</a>
On October 14, 2003 the Swiss newspaper Tages-Anzeiger published
articles noting that the Degussa company was involved in the
construction of the memorial, producing the anti-graffiti substance
Protectosil used to cover the stelae; the company had been involved in
various ways in the Nazi persecution of the Jews. A subsidiary company
of Degussa, Degesch, had even produced the Zyklon B gas used to poison
people in the gas chambers. Indeed it transpired that it was not by
coincidence that the involvement of Degussa had been publicised in
Switzerland, because another company that had bid to produce the
anti-graffiti substance was located there. Further, the foundation
managing the construction had known about Degussa's involvement for at
least a year but had not done anything to stop it. It also transpired
that another Degussa subsidiary, Woermann Bauchemie GmbH, had already
poured the foundation for the stelae. In the course of the discussions
about what to do, which lasted until November 13, most Jewish
organisations including the Central Council of Jews in Germany spoke out
against working with Degussa. Regardless, that same day the decision
was made to continue working with the company. As German-Jewish
journalist, author, and TV personality Henryk M. Broder said, "the Jews
don't need this memorial, and they are not prepared to declare a pig sty
kosher."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="headline"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr6_BY0DQkNTAID_ixBss9TgvhkEbaYrr8r3Rr4pI8_BR2_OSU4vEt8Rs6CKE6JCYxHukml9dgJ8eTcxBj2S8L3gBusW3Hmklj_euMN1uHBWZmMWkpK4xnyIK0TO_edHdVCMPLTu1cK20/s1600/hmyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe fashion shoot" border="0" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr6_BY0DQkNTAID_ixBss9TgvhkEbaYrr8r3Rr4pI8_BR2_OSU4vEt8Rs6CKE6JCYxHukml9dgJ8eTcxBj2S8L3gBusW3Hmklj_euMN1uHBWZmMWkpK4xnyIK0TO_edHdVCMPLTu1cK20/w466-h374/hmyphoto.jpeg" width="466" /></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">
<span><span><span><span>Easyjet
was forced to apologise after fashion photographs shot at the Holocaust
Memorial in Berlin were published in its in-flight magazine.</span><span> I<span style="font-weight: normal;">n
the pictures, models pose in designer clothes among the concrete
blocks of the "Field of Stelae". The budget airline said it was unaware
of the images until they appeared in the magazine, which is published
by a company called INK whose relationship with Easyjet was under
review. For its part, INK issued a statement on its website which <a href="https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/easyjet-apologises-for-holocaust-fashion-shoot-1.12575" target="_blank">actually claimed</a> that its intention "was to encourage passengers to visit for themselves." Five years later British model Rhian Sugden posted a selfie promoting herself on Instagram accompanied by the caption “ET phone home”. Despite the considerable backlash she defended her post stating that “I’ve got no time for this moaning generation. I’m on holiday. Sightseeing and took a pic. Under no circumstances is this disrespectful.” Such outrage from thoughtless selfies led Israeli artist Shahak Shapira in 2016 to highlight the disparity between visitors’ grinning selfies and the reason behind the Holocaust Memorial in his project <a href="https://yolocaust.de/">Yolocaust</a>, photoshopping people’s pictures of themselves smiling, jumping and even doing handstands whilst visiting onto piles of dead bodies in concentration camps, or with stick thin prisoners in the background. More recently a 21-year-old Italian managed to severely injure himself after<a href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/berlin-holocaust-memorial-man-seriously-injured-climbing-on-concrete-slabs/FFNU7FZGW53PEFCI45E52LVDGE/"> jumping from the memorial</a> at around 1 in the morning and taken to the hospital with head injuries. At the end of that same year a viral clip, <a href="https://www.dailystar.co.uk/real-life/posing-influencer-holocaust-memorial-slammed-25353006">shared on TikTok</a> by the account @influencersinthewild in which a blonde woman modelling a black sports bra and leggings draped over the memorial was viewed 12 million times.</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifYN_UBvj6Y-xh3nDiaMhPOuIKDjPiAZEn2tx-uiTu-P2L_6PxF_ikiGLrR96nHv-wdrWpTXT9mfKbMnUpMKzMpdcghlLH2eMhqPDMm27tJmMp5lsyKtdmiqh28g2mn-DKdqZ3GsPWrPk/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe Grindr" border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifYN_UBvj6Y-xh3nDiaMhPOuIKDjPiAZEn2tx-uiTu-P2L_6PxF_ikiGLrR96nHv-wdrWpTXT9mfKbMnUpMKzMpdcghlLH2eMhqPDMm27tJmMp5lsyKtdmiqh28g2mn-DKdqZ3GsPWrPk/w640-h306/myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">
<span><span>Men
cruising for men at the Berlin Holocaust Memorial. Note the man bottom
left who stripped off. Despite, this, Grindr's CEO Joel Simkhai has
publicly declared himself to be "<a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/grindr-holocaust-pictures_n_2590761?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9kdWNrZHVja2dvLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHqezDw5IxUep2UTOafX0Ff9cnsiCXm2TgCI0AAhqVALTGBFyGOcriRWa4dLCt4aRNkUlBOB5BBjPSDANPQHDYPQHkxWYwR8Pk_js-y3OEPk48-hqo4tga2L2K7QVGiR6SP58ohNpA-mZVP4YImbZbPiY0MDaqVJUiiXd3KWenDv" target="_blank">deeply moved</a>" by how his clients "take part in the memory of the holocaust."</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 0.5%;"><span><span>In late January 1938, Adolf Hitler officially assigned his favourite architect, Albert Speer, to build the New Reich Chancellery around the corner on Voßstraße, a western branch-off of Wilhelmstraße, requesting that the building be completed within a year. Hitler commented that Bismarck's Old Chancellery was "fit for a soap company"[4] and not suitable as headquarters of a Greater German Reich. It nevertheless remained his official residence, where Hitler lived in the so-called Führerwohnung ("Leader apartment"). The Old and New Chancellery shared a large garden area, with the underground Führerbunker, where Hitler ultimately committed suicide at the end of April 1945. Hitler placed the entire northern side of the Voßstraße at Speer's disposal, assigning him the work of creating grand halls and salons which "will make an impression on people".[5] Speer was given a blank cheque—Hitler stated that the cost of the project was immaterial—and was instructed that the building be of solid construction, and that it be finished by the following January in time for the next New Year's diplomatic reception to be held in the new building. Speer claimed in his autobiography that he had completed the task of clearing the site, designing, constructing, and furnishing the building in less than a year. In fact, preliminary planning and versions of the designs were already being worked on as early as 1935. To clear the space for the New Reich Chancellery, the buildings on the northern side of Voßstraße No. 2–10 had been demolished in 1937. Over 4,000 people worked in shifts, so that progress could be made around the clock. The immense construction was finished 48 hours ahead of schedule, and the project earned Speer a reputation as a good organiser, which played a part in the architect becoming Armaments Minister and a director of forced labour later in the war. Speer recalls that the whole work force—masons, carpenters, plumbers, etc. were invited to inspect the finished building. Hitler then addressed the workers in the Sportpalast; interior fittings, however, were not finished until the early 1940s. In the end, the project cost over 90 million Reichsmarks (equivalent to 400 million 2021 €), and hosted the various ministries of the Reich.[6] In his memoirs, Speer described the impression of the Reichskanzlei on a visitor: From Wilhelmsplatz an arriving diplomat drove through great gates into a court of honour. By way of an outside staircase he first entered a medium-sized reception room from which double doors almost seventeen feet high opened into a large hall clad in mosaic. He then ascended several steps, passed through a round room with domed ceiling, and saw before him a gallery 480 feet (150 m) long. Hitler was particularly impressed by my gallery because it was twice as long as the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. Hitler was delighted: "On the long walk from the entrance to the reception hall they'll get a taste of the power and grandeur of the German Reich!" During the next several months he asked to see the plans again and again but interfered remarkably little in this building, even though it was designed for him personally. He let me work freely. The series of rooms comprising the approach to Hitler's reception gallery were decorated with a rich variety of materials and colours, and totalled 221 m (725 ft) in length. The gallery itself was 147.5 m (484 ft) long. Hitler's own office was 400 square meters in size. From the outside, the chancellery had a stern, authoritarian appearance. From the Wilhelmplatz, guests would enter the Chancellery through the Court of Honour (Ehrenhof). The building's main entrance was flanked by two bronze statues by sculptor Arno Breker: "Wehrmacht" and "Die Partei" ("Armed Forces" and "The Party"). Hitler is said to have been greatly impressed by the building and was uncharacteristically free in his praise for Speer, lauding the architect as a "genius". The chancellor's great study was a particular favourite of the dictator. The big marble-topped table served as an important part of the Nazi leader's military headquarters, the study being used for military conferences from 1944 on. On the other hand, the Cabinet room was never used for its intended purpose. The New Reich Chancellery suffered severe damage during the Battle of Berlin between April and May 1945 (in comparison, the Old Reich Chancellery was not as badly damaged). Andrei Gromyko, who would later become the Soviet foreign minister, visited the partially-destroyed structure a few weeks after the fighting in the city had completely ceased. He recalls, "We reached it not without difficulties. Ruined edifices, formless heaps of metal and ferro-concrete encumbered the way. To the very entrance of the Chancellery, the car could not approach. We had to reach it on foot..."[This quote needs a citation] He noted the New Reich Chancellery "...was almost destroyed... Only the walls remained, riddled by countless shrapnel, yawning by big shot-holes from shells. Ceilings survived only partly. Windows loomed black by emptiness."[This quote needs a citation] The last stage of defense by defending German troops took place inside the Reich Chancellery, as mentioned by Gromyko, who stated the following: Doors, windows and chandeliers testified on them the big imprint of the battle, most of them being broken. The lowest floors of the Reich Chancellery represented chaos. Obviously, the garrison of the Citadel fiercely resisted here... All around lie heaps of crossbeams and overhead covers, both metal and wood and huge pieces of ferro-concrete. On both sides of a narrow corridor, there were certain disposed cells, all eroded by explosions… All this produced a grim and distressing impression. If photography of this underground citadel of Hitler existed, they would become a proper illustration to Dante's Hell; just select which circle.[7] After World War II in Europe ended, the remains in what was then East Berlin (the Soviet-occupied sector of a divided Berlin) were demolished by the order of the Soviet occupation forces. Parts of the building's marble walls were rumoured to have been used in the building of the Soviet war memorial located in Treptower Park, or to renovate and repair the nearby war-damaged Mohrenstraße U-Bahn subway station. Petrographic analyses of materials used for construction there did not confirm those rumours.[8] Some of the so-called "red marble" (actually limestone) obtained from the demolition of the New Reich Chancellery was also supposedly used in the construction of the Moscow Metro's palatial-style subway stations after the war.[citation needed] Also, it is alleged that a heater from one of Hitler's rooms was placed in a Protestant hospital located not too far away from the Reich Chancellery.[9] While the western half of the plot was used by the East German government for the establishment of the so-called "Death-Strip" adjacent to the Berlin Wall in 1961 (when the barrier was being constructed), a Plattenbau apartment block, together with a kindergarten, was built on the eastern half (along Wilhelmstraße) during the 1980s. </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-small;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBerlin, Germany52.520006599999988 13.40495411.027491992525206 -56.907545999999996 90 83.717454tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-57928665601783895692008-12-31T06:00:00.136-08:002024-02-29T07:44:59.129-08:00Munich's Adolf-Hitler-Straße and Schellingstraße<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Brienner Straße (formerly Adolf-Hitler-Straße)</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-tIYv3TIsbgrPqvhiEksqXFoC0WT6C1nJsIqphpXgJu6paAdvketqEPvWFqEyGoCOo3B6c7E1rghAumOuXFNJjsu5b8BGIBGg4Fq2v58mK8KcY6PMYY94Eg6zLVSlIAp9aCek0hgu1ejw/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Michelin Munich 1937" border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-tIYv3TIsbgrPqvhiEksqXFoC0WT6C1nJsIqphpXgJu6paAdvketqEPvWFqEyGoCOo3B6c7E1rghAumOuXFNJjsu5b8BGIBGg4Fq2v58mK8KcY6PMYY94Eg6zLVSlIAp9aCek0hgu1ejw/w429-h428/Untitled-1.jpg" title="Michelin Munich 1937 Nazi" width="429" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>Brienner
Strasse is one of Munich's four boulevards. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>From 1933 on, the area around Königsplatz and Ludwigstrasse in Munich's Maxvorstadt district served as the embodiment of the Nazi regime with the Wittelsbacher Palais becoming the Gestapo headquarters, and where in the Palace of Justice the People's Court under Roland Freisler sentenced the members of the “White Rose” to death. Here is an image from the <i>Shell Stadtkarten</i> of 1934. Numerous house owners in Maxvorstadt were forced to sell their buildings, such as that of the Jewish antiquarian Jacques Rosenthal located on Brienner Strasse 26, whilst others emigrated or were victims of deportation, disenfranchisement and the Holocaust. Apart from the numerous places of perpetratoneuers and victims, there are also places of the resistance such as it was such as that of Hermann Frieb who lived at Schellingstrasse 78 and headed the resistance group “New Beginning” as well as that of Wilhelm Olschewski, the head of the communist resistance, who operated from </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;">Augustenstrasse 98.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSA0ZsIdK5wNTMznyxRKsONkln8c70aN9mD_4oUbtcBn6t81B9V1Qloz9W4IUDxJkdfkI4j5VGwbhs__pkd6Tu2T2TqTA52fU3ZbNtqjDuYjmLYgjsCS53S85scZcE56KiulmNQCdFno8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Munich Odeonsplatz during the state funeral of Gauleiter Adolf Wagner on April 27, 1944." border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="426" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSA0ZsIdK5wNTMznyxRKsONkln8c70aN9mD_4oUbtcBn6t81B9V1Qloz9W4IUDxJkdfkI4j5VGwbhs__pkd6Tu2T2TqTA52fU3ZbNtqjDuYjmLYgjsCS53S85scZcE56KiulmNQCdFno8/w677-h422/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Munich Odeonsplatz during the state funeral of Gauleiter Adolf Wagner on April 27, 1944." width="677" /></a><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Looking towards Odeonsplatz during the state funeral of Gauleiter Adolf Wagner, the so-called </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>“despot of Munich” </span></span></span></span></span> on April 27, 1944.</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span> </span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWGs6N2puo8LbLBy6NtALqdlK-up8ZNVPHtoZbYxklia_Ft3JwwpZaJfM6WcSajeiG6ks8lObAQ3O-pCpEgphXqlyzhpTh7giQab8dZ6GQfVtSbT6N4i0yQQfvrRqMp_9B1lla0yFrBv8v/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Café Luitpold and today" border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="480" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWGs6N2puo8LbLBy6NtALqdlK-up8ZNVPHtoZbYxklia_Ft3JwwpZaJfM6WcSajeiG6ks8lObAQ3O-pCpEgphXqlyzhpTh7giQab8dZ6GQfVtSbT6N4i0yQQfvrRqMp_9B1lla0yFrBv8v/w400-h252/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Café Luitpold and today. </span><span><span>The Luitpoldblock was built in 1812; when </span></span><span><span><span>Café Luitpold o</span></span>pened in 1888, it was considered comparable to the Vienna Café Central or the Café New York in Budapest. Writers, painters and thinkers met here, including Stefan George and Erich Mühsam, who wrote in the guest book at the beginning of the 20th century: "Das Leben ist eine Begleiterscheinung zum Kaffeehaus" (Life is a by-product of the coffee house). In 1932 Writer Klaus Mann, son of Thomas, <a href="https://www.exklusiv-muenchen.de/news/muenchner-kaffeehaus-tradition-das-luitpold-15746">observed Hitler eating strawberry tartlets</a> with whipped cream to excess. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>I had repeated opportunities to study his physiognomy. Once at close range, for about half an hour. That was in 1932... The Carlton tearoom in Munich was one of his favorites back then. I chose this restaurant because the Café Luitpold – just opposite, on the other side of Brienner Straße – had recently become the meeting place for the SA and </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>: a decent person no longer frequented it. The Führer, as it now turned out, shared my aversion to his brave men; he, too, preferred the intimacy of the distinguished 'tea room'. He expressed astonishment at how similar Hitler appeared to his later parodist Chaplin, although <a href="https://www.luitpoldblock.de/lichtspiele-in-dunkler-zeit/">he made clear concessions</a>: "Chaplin has charm, grace, spirit, intensity - qualities that were not noticeable in my whipping cream-smacking neighbour."</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span> In fact, the café would become a meeting point for the SA and </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, which was particularly tragic for Mann, who loved going to his Luitpold. On the night of December 18, 1944, after a 45-minute bombardment, the lights in Café Luitpold went out although it continued operating in the basement; fortunately for the site the bombs only hit the entrance area leaving the auditorium relatively unscathed. It eventually reopened in 1962. <br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus</b></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Square for the Victims of National Socialism</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9MHgPoD1oS5GoIB-yhhMCAu_IMcusA6nwUL6Ez5HCyhWj7Lqqrmxjz7gKIeENoKBis2m9C2F1Tgu1aO9SRdJ3UlSyCv4Wii45AH8lHCEnkXvSLabrvyBLA8PAYkISt1QYb05lH8_fpgNN/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252870%2529.gif" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="443" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9MHgPoD1oS5GoIB-yhhMCAu_IMcusA6nwUL6Ez5HCyhWj7Lqqrmxjz7gKIeENoKBis2m9C2F1Tgu1aO9SRdJ3UlSyCv4Wii45AH8lHCEnkXvSLabrvyBLA8PAYkISt1QYb05lH8_fpgNN/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252870%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 327px;" width="400" /> <img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglYpuD-0e3IWyAO50kvuExbx5NZhEIkXq5YYygiCMOkhfUQCl28n3b0KBzHPgQGTQK3Abm-hnYdnBTKVSWEnE8Xqtf2EHN_n9e-bHtHHZ7LbDJ4WXcSpg3APDeMtj3NRpnO2O0_GHyrqc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-24+at+1.47.02+PM.png" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglYpuD-0e3IWyAO50kvuExbx5NZhEIkXq5YYygiCMOkhfUQCl28n3b0KBzHPgQGTQK3Abm-hnYdnBTKVSWEnE8Xqtf2EHN_n9e-bHtHHZ7LbDJ4WXcSpg3APDeMtj3NRpnO2O0_GHyrqc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-24+at+1.47.02+PM.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglYpuD-0e3IWyAO50kvuExbx5NZhEIkXq5YYygiCMOkhfUQCl28n3b0KBzHPgQGTQK3Abm-hnYdnBTKVSWEnE8Xqtf2EHN_n9e-bHtHHZ7LbDJ4WXcSpg3APDeMtj3NRpnO2O0_GHyrqc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-24+at+1.47.02+PM.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 134px;" /></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The site after the war with the monument to Schiller dating from 1863 which had been moved to the northeastern end of Maximiliansplatz for traffic reasons in 1959 and as it appears with me today alongside the so-called eternal flame. It's shown below on the right </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span>
<span><span>after the war and in its current location. If you can squint you'll find located nearby since 1995 a
recessed memorial stone to murdered Munich-based gypsies. The current name of the square </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">was given in 1946 which caused - just one year after the end of Nazis - great resentment amongst the population, which went so far as to to the destruction of the street sign. As Ernst Grube, born in 1932 who spent his childhood as the son of a Jewish mother in Munich and was deported to Theresienstadt in 1945, put it, "[y]ou can forget the square. There is not even a house number. It's a place without houses." A temporary memorial was placed on the site in 1965. <span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Until
1985 there was a memorial stone on the square dedicated to "The Victims
in Resistance to National Socialism" designed by Karl
Oppenrieder from granite and which is now located on Freedom Square in the
Neuhausen district. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2PSiUKNTzBEdy5CoURiwJYRuU5HNvnBtze8ldu7QrdUWMa7t1h-64fUCHV6g5bHlFKcG-P9j3Og2qmAyuBPjM9NINoAUuupxbFTTf8-gFhG8KQdrxPAUhvv8uhMQgcoCxQmT_uTSf5C94EnR2o3A4oIEWAunyBuGnUIJhw-0pmXkwC7B-ZVaZUBevEA/s375/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-29T111538.402.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="375" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2PSiUKNTzBEdy5CoURiwJYRuU5HNvnBtze8ldu7QrdUWMa7t1h-64fUCHV6g5bHlFKcG-P9j3Og2qmAyuBPjM9NINoAUuupxbFTTf8-gFhG8KQdrxPAUhvv8uhMQgcoCxQmT_uTSf5C94EnR2o3A4oIEWAunyBuGnUIJhw-0pmXkwC7B-ZVaZUBevEA/w400-h310/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-29T111538.402.gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span>After Andreas Sobeck’s memorial had been erected in 1985 the granite stone was given a new inscription and moved to Platz der Freiheit (Freedom Square) in the district of Neuhausen, where it serves as a memorial to the members of the resistance who fell victim to the Nazi regime. The memorial is situated diagonally opposite from the former Wittelsbach Palace, Gestapo headquarters and gaol in Munich since 1933. The memorial information slab describes the site as "a place of destruction, intimidation and terror against political dissidents, against racially and religiously discredited minorities and against people who have been persecuted because of their sexual orientation or disability." An eternal flame, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">trapped behind a bronze grate, burning day and night, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span> burns in memory of victims of the Nazis which is supposed to represent the human that <a href="https://www.muenchen.de/en/sights/square-victims-national-socialism">cannot be extinguished by oppression</a>. In fact, when it was first erected it ended up being shut off each night until enough of a protest had been made. By October 2012 it was missing altogether but has since reopened. In
March 2008 a Mexican tourist <a href="http://www.ad-hoc-news.de/drucken.html?art_id=16009880">posed with the Nazi salute</a> at Platz der Opfer
des Nationalsozialismus whilst her husband took a photo. A passer-by
reported them to the police and they were fined €450</span></span><span><span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHuw-5SA1iXGex8zp5CUslNqnw7tq2nrFbOb2hGBoof-kAoZ3fvFq6q1bl0G74ikWC4TqRNmsegAtg6GvRTQoAxurryRUn6u43WAgi1MyHupot8hYegKtK9a_6i_HzsV3jWjMUDfss6U/s1600/u1452.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHuw-5SA1iXGex8zp5CUslNqnw7tq2nrFbOb2hGBoof-kAoZ3fvFq6q1bl0G74ikWC4TqRNmsegAtg6GvRTQoAxurryRUn6u43WAgi1MyHupot8hYegKtK9a_6i_HzsV3jWjMUDfss6U/s200/u1452.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">In April 2012, after a lengthy discussion about the
visual upgrading of the square and the associated "dignified memory",
the Munich City Council approved renovation measures.</span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Further down the street a prominent victim of the “Aryanisation” carried out between 1933 and 1945 which took the form of a looting campaign of enormous proportions was the “Modellhaus Adolf Rothschild”, formerly the Palais Eichthal, a dressmaker’s and furrier’s shop located at Brienner Straße 12. Owing to a dramatic fall in sales, Adolf Rothschild was forced to stage a clearance sale in September 1938 and thus sell the business for well below its value. Although Rothschild himself managed to emigrate to London, most of his assets were confiscated. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Himmler rented a flat nearby at </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Brienner Straße 9,at the start of November, 1921 when he'd resumed his studies in Munich, conveniently close to the technical college, the university (where he also attended courses) and the state library.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Munich Gestapo Headquarters</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSPLKodLAhI2KGeYR6rno-o9ElQaO1Az9Ihg1hIjcJrQHeGG-VMytHfx7BCglVlfnSw502kXEOIquX7PVx2GAtvaOJux6rRd2w2n7pLcXNw23ciq9Z44ULRUUQqvQONDH9DCLhIBi65ko/s1600/2myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSPLKodLAhI2KGeYR6rno-o9ElQaO1Az9Ihg1hIjcJrQHeGG-VMytHfx7BCglVlfnSw502kXEOIquX7PVx2GAtvaOJux6rRd2w2n7pLcXNw23ciq9Z44ULRUUQqvQONDH9DCLhIBi65ko/s640/2myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The Wittelsbacher Palais had been located <span>on</span> the north<span> </span>eastern corner of Briennerstra<span>ß</span>e and Turkmenstra<span>ß</span>e, and </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">from 1887 to 1918 the palace was the residence of Queen Mary IV and III and her family. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
red brick building at what was then Brienner Straße 50 and today's
Brienner Straße 20, which has English Gothic elements on the outside,
was built from 1843 to 1848 by Friedrich von Gärtner and Johann Moninger as the crown prince's palace for the later King
Maximilian II. From 1848 to 1868, however, after its completion, the
palace was the retirement home of King Ludwig, who abdicated in 1848
and didn'tt appreciate the building with its neo-Gothic architecture.
From 1887 to 1918 the Wittelsbacher Palais served as the residence of
his grandson Prince Ludwig, since 1913 as Ludwig III. At the beginning
of August 1914 when the First World War broke out, the monarch spoke to
the population from the balcony of the palace. </span></span></span></span></span></span>It was here that the Bavarian Secret Police moved its offices in 1933 from the <span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-hofbrauhaus.html">Polizeipräsidium on Ettstrasse</a></span>, transforming itself into the <b>GE</b>heime<b>STA</b>ats<b>PO</b>lizei.</span> The photo on the right clearly shows the Gestapo prison in the park of the former Wittelsbacher palace.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyvl0paDfUDboE1xDLjKMR_Dkz8dig9VLOCHXyRvzvqKHxx4Hzv04JOvqhuQMHXBicw--uf4D5GD1WBRjTN4UYUzLB2cuRpFdn53O94mdIPvTKFg7jVpXnMovj7vSgy_gLEe8wx1gAlytSbEoDfZIgIITJuoAsNaBpS36G657lUhQ9PpAtJLtO3h3hpSvf/s399/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(5).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="399" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyvl0paDfUDboE1xDLjKMR_Dkz8dig9VLOCHXyRvzvqKHxx4Hzv04JOvqhuQMHXBicw--uf4D5GD1WBRjTN4UYUzLB2cuRpFdn53O94mdIPvTKFg7jVpXnMovj7vSgy_gLEe8wx1gAlytSbEoDfZIgIITJuoAsNaBpS36G657lUhQ9PpAtJLtO3h3hpSvf/w400-h263/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(5).gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> From
1933 onwards the Wittelsbach Palais in Brienner Straße 22 was the
headquarters of the Bavarian Political Police, which later became part
of the Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei or secret state police). This
regional headquarters of terror spread fear and dread among the
population. Anyone resisting the regime in Munich fell into the clutches
of the Gestapo. The carpenter Georg Elser, for example, who attempted
to assassinate Hitler on 8 November 1939 by planting a bomb in the
Bürgerbräukeller, was interned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp
after weeks of interrogations in Munich and Berlin. He was later taken
to Dachau, where he was shot by the ϟϟ shortly before the end of the
war. The Gestapo officials in the Wittelsbach Palais were also
responsible for issuing orders to compile death lists and for
dispatching the deportation orders that led to the annihilation of
Munich’s Jewish community.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>ThemenGeschichtsPfad </i>National Socialism in Munich</span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">In
1919 it was the meeting place of the action committee of the Munich
Soviet Republic . On April 5, 1919, in the Wittelsbacher Palais,
representatives of the SPD , the USPD , the Bavarian Farmers' Union and
the Workers' and Soldiers' Councils decided to proclaim the Munich
Soviet Republic. From October 1933 it was the headquarters of the
Gestapo . In 1934, on the orders of Reinhard Heydrich, a multi-storey
prison with 22 cells was built in the northern part of the garden, which
was connected to the palace by an underground passage. Sophie and Hans
Scholl were also imprisoned in this prison from their arrest on February
18, 1943 until their trial on February 22, 1943.</span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2AL6P92vg14hIhqcdVCwq0MSEWSsOQw8WJ0Jog3PEc-EqsgkdMOIGMHi-tOuQrqptHqsMHJawH-MQjuUhqiwCd74paPI6eOzr2Hgs9vg0q0j4HOsqeW9tBNk4j55GUeKDFREu_clMF10/s640/kmyphoto.jpeg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2AL6P92vg14hIhqcdVCwq0MSEWSsOQw8WJ0Jog3PEc-EqsgkdMOIGMHi-tOuQrqptHqsMHJawH-MQjuUhqiwCd74paPI6eOzr2Hgs9vg0q0j4HOsqeW9tBNk4j55GUeKDFREu_clMF10/s640/kmyphoto.jpeg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 190px; width: 391px;" /></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">In
1944 the building was destroyed by Allied bombing as seen in the GIF above </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">and the central avant-corps of the south wing on Brienner Strasse
collapsed. </span></span></span></span></span></span>This plaque on
its façade on the corner of Brienner and Türkenstrasse marks the former
site. Although the site is infamous as a place of torture and imprisonment of the enemies of the regime, the plaque seems more concerned about ignoring this inconvenient fact to advertise the bombing by the British and Americans. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">[P]risoners had open wounds all over their bodies, primarily on their backs... They were forced to lie with such open wounds on dirty cots. I was often witness to such scenes, especially at the time when the focus was on the BZK. I know of some six people among this group of prisoners dying because they were so badly mistreated. And as I learned later, various others died whilst being transported to Dachau."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><div><i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span>-1951 testimony by former Gestapo prisoner Josef Eberl about inmates being bull-whipped here at the Wittelsbacher Palais</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></i></div></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5tBXye7z6A2mnesMm8w50EQvEZFHbw-obSg7KbjYDzMKqJrsuFxNOg1UOH_mG8uA42gGLcaXHHD85RbIXrzNiCn4jFZXjsTA6dgDTnXAbgd-XFrCLsg0byfurTaEv91Ykump2YQ_CzQ/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252864%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bayerische Landesbank" border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="519" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5tBXye7z6A2mnesMm8w50EQvEZFHbw-obSg7KbjYDzMKqJrsuFxNOg1UOH_mG8uA42gGLcaXHHD85RbIXrzNiCn4jFZXjsTA6dgDTnXAbgd-XFrCLsg0byfurTaEv91Ykump2YQ_CzQ/w400-h271/ezgif.com-optimize+%252864%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span>Today only two listed historical buildings remain at the site- the Dürckheim Palace at Türkenstrasse 4 and the building of the old Disconto-Gesellschaft here at Brienner Strasse 16 shown </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>as it appeared during the Nazi era
flying Nazi flags and today. </span></span></span>Built between </span></span><span><span><span><span>1922–1923 by Max Littmann, n</span></span>ow owned by the Bayerische Landesbank (</span><span><span>BayernLB- </span>Bavarian
State Bank) it had formerly been owned by Disconto-Gesellschaft,
one of the largest German banking companies.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The Munich-Gestapo concentration camp external command was also located here. Although the facades remained largely undamaged during the war, the building was completely demolished in 1950. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The reconstruction architect Erwin Schleich lamented the total demolition of the Wittelsbacher Palais in his book <i>The Second Destruction of Munich</i> from 1978 with bitter words: "A large palace was erased from the Munich cityscape, the loss is comparable to the loss of the Braunschweig Palace or the Bauakademie of Friedrich von Schinkel in East Berlin.” At the end of the 1970s, the headquarters of the Bayerische Landesbank was built on the property. In 1955 there were discussions on building a cultural or popular
education centre on the site, but it was sold to the BayernLB (Bank of
Bavaria) in 1958.</span></span></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb5_D6fu54jqcsJCaoPcQOWmMhM0bLNIaJiCmTKJYTDd3LByjAQ_qHiIGvhsCHravJN5VkyoxkoBsP7zSULdOudArTR8DyTbn8WgTJ9KiaHCbILrAEQrsGZKs-3H_z-tWwm5nZBjhCFgau/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-07-19+at+10.16.37.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb5_D6fu54jqcsJCaoPcQOWmMhM0bLNIaJiCmTKJYTDd3LByjAQ_qHiIGvhsCHravJN5VkyoxkoBsP7zSULdOudArTR8DyTbn8WgTJ9KiaHCbILrAEQrsGZKs-3H_z-tWwm5nZBjhCFgau/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-07-19+at+10.16.37.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The
stone lion in front of the northern entrance on Gabelsberger Straße shown with me on the left is a
copy, placed here in 1980 with the inscription: “Copy of the lion
destroyed when the Wittelsbacher Palais was bombed in AD 1944.” </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
two seated lions on the right and left of the portal of the Wittelbach
Palace were made of sandstone, as was the base. They were made by the
sculptor Johann Halbig on behalf of King Ludwig I and restored in 1909
by the Vilsingen - born sculptor Fidelis Enderle , who was commissioned
by the Oberhofmeisterstab. The processed blocks, eight cubic meters in
size and weighing 350 hundredweight, were made of Kirchheim shell
limestone . One of the two lions has stood in front of the Catholic
Academy on Mandlstraße since 1970 as a memorial to the publicist Fritz
Gerlich , who was murdered in the Dachau concentration camp, another one
(this one is a replica) in front of the north entrance of the
Bayerische Landesbank on Gabelsbergerstraße </span></span></span></span></span></span>As </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Gavriel D. Rosenfeld, President of the Centre for Jewish History in New York and Professor of History at Fairfield University writes, </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">this “clear example of the postmodern scorn towards artistic authenticity,
this monument seems to have been meant to prevent any further
commemoration at the site which might have addressed its Nazi past.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN_8E3crxjKXlvhDQKpO-b3ort3UEwJrL3IQeuPuqy77bxWBJXhMaKA6xAVIybCcnEouXEhLH_EX4-VCN_ZT6NsOJF1Q3-hGReNLJBVsawhcGx0eKJGv02zHGjVRvBiJ3Vxux_Nri32IqnYBn-loupc58RZL3mOSvG81J4i7rmcKFckWixC9r6YNfvaQ/s1160/Screenshot%202023-01-02%20at%2021.56.18.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="1160" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN_8E3crxjKXlvhDQKpO-b3ort3UEwJrL3IQeuPuqy77bxWBJXhMaKA6xAVIybCcnEouXEhLH_EX4-VCN_ZT6NsOJF1Q3-hGReNLJBVsawhcGx0eKJGv02zHGjVRvBiJ3Vxux_Nri32IqnYBn-loupc58RZL3mOSvG81J4i7rmcKFckWixC9r6YNfvaQ/w421-h196/Screenshot%202023-01-02%20at%2021.56.18.png" width="421" /></a></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>Directly
behind was to have been the site of Hitler's mausoleum. Upon visiting Napoleon's tomb after the fall of France, Hitler commented, "My life will not end in the mere form of death. It will, on the contrary, begin then." His interest in immortality was shown in his plans for the gigantic mausoleum which would dwarf the Frauenkirche and last, he said, "until the end of time." His personal sketch of the plans dated June 21, 1939 may be found at the Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich. The mausoleum
was to be connected to the planned Halle der Partei at Munich by a
bridge over Gabelsbergerstraße (where, at no.37, the Nazis’ Main Office
for Local Government played key roles in the unrestrained plundering of
the Jews, directed at private property, art
collections and libraries, houses, flats and land, but also at
commercial enterprises.) to become a party-political cult centre in the
city regarded by Hitler as the home of the Nazi party. </span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Hitler
relaxed with a sketching pad, deftly drawing a Party Forum that should
grace Munich after his death – a parade square, Nazi Party office
buildings, a bridge across Gabelsberger Strasse, and his own mausoleum,
dwarfing the city’s famous Frauenkirche and built to ‘last until the end
of time.’ It was a concrete sign of his optimism about the future.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Irving (178)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMGszxY6BJXfZ8F918GxUFv6ux8oBzNF1Gv7etzxKUJKPDUj2raAOWM3rCi8fZD-t8QfR1T1_QV-WBVCYoj-VTxeklzFKANpypscSRl19KNL8l3O7xNB5SdNR7QdBY5-7-vZKDQ2x08VA/s1600/ag.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's mausoleum" border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMGszxY6BJXfZ8F918GxUFv6ux8oBzNF1Gv7etzxKUJKPDUj2raAOWM3rCi8fZD-t8QfR1T1_QV-WBVCYoj-VTxeklzFKANpypscSRl19KNL8l3O7xNB5SdNR7QdBY5-7-vZKDQ2x08VA/w429-h220/ag.jpg" width="429" /></a></span></span> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>The dimensions were slightly smaller than the Pantheon but would dwarf the Frauenkirche and last, Hitler claimed, "until the end of time." The oculus in the centre of the dome was to be one metre wider in diameter than that of the Pantheon (8.92 metres) to admit more light on Hitler's sarcophagus, placed immediately under it on the floor of the rotunda. The modest dimensions of the structure and its lack of rich decoration are curious given Hitler's predilection for gigantic dimensions, but in this case the focal point of the building was the Führer's sarcophagus, which was not to be dwarfed by dimension out of all proportion to the size of the sarcophagus itself. Hitler had asked Giesler to plan his own mausoleum in Munich in such a way that his sarcophagus would be exposed to sun and rain similar to that of the other martyrs and placed in the Ehrentempel next to the Fuhrerbau, telling him to "[i]magine to yourself, Giesler, if Napoleon's sarcophagus were placed beneath a large oculus, like that of the Pantheon." Likewise, rich interior decoration would have distracted the attention of "pilgrims" Giesler's scale model of the building apparently pleased Hitler, but the model and plans, kept by Hitler in the Reichskanzlei, are are now probably in the hands of the Russians or have been destroyed.</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">House of German Doctors<span style="font-size: normal;"> (</span></span></span><span class="querbild" style="font-size: normal; font-weight: bold; width: 408px;">Haus der Deutschen Ärzte)</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3MsHOdXe2lVrc2CXtIbjF2dP1D-ZFiIEY55o9U-Y7awRgXS2srzJIXFeAwLIubR-fg3PObB_OZzbcaFUDtSs6PQYf9VHZVDy7RovlJjP3qZtLq7n8n3O787VU5fLmqLHCpf_dGk3VNVLE/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252871%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Haus der Deutschen Ärzte" border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="485" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3MsHOdXe2lVrc2CXtIbjF2dP1D-ZFiIEY55o9U-Y7awRgXS2srzJIXFeAwLIubR-fg3PObB_OZzbcaFUDtSs6PQYf9VHZVDy7RovlJjP3qZtLq7n8n3O787VU5fLmqLHCpf_dGk3VNVLE/w400-h235/ezgif.com-optimize+%252871%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Standing in front of the building and as it appeared during the Nazi era. </span></span></span></span></span></span>The building was used as the headquarters for the Reich Physicians' Chamber (Reichsärztekammer), which was responsible for implementing the racial and eugenic policies of the Nazi regime in the medical profession. Source Dr. Gerhard Wagner, the Reich Physicians' Leader (Reichsärzteführer), had his office in the Haus der Ärzte. Wagner played a key role in the implementation of the T4 Euthanasia Program, which resulted in the murder of thousands of disabled individuals. Source The Reich Physicians' Chamber, based in the Haus der Ärzte, was responsible for the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring" (Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses) enacted on July 14, 1933. This law led to the forced sterilisation of approximately 400,000 people. The Haus der Ärzte was also the site where the guidelines for the participation of physicians in the "euthanasia" program were formulated. These guidelines were used to justify the murder of those deemed "unworthy of life" by the Nazi regime. Source The Reich Physicians' Chamber, operating from the Haus der Ärzte, was instrumental in the exclusion of Jewish doctors from the German medical profession. By 1938, nearly half of all Jewish doctors had been forced to emigrate or had been arrested.<span style="font-size: 100%;"> One of the more unexplored yet frightening aspects of the Nazi years is the conduct of the doctors during those years. Many of them abandoned the traditional guiding norms for the practice of medicine, archaically expressed in the Hippocratic oath, and proposed, carried out, and cooperated with medical experiments without the consent of subjects and with little promise of any contribution to medical science. Many also participated in research and other medical activities, such as euthanasia and mass sterilisation, whose purposes had nothing to do with a contribution to medical knowledge that would eventually save or improve life, but were simply for the manipulation and killing of persons. These activities quickly fell under the control of Nazi ideology, with no protest on the basis of the norms of medical practice by societies of medical doctors and psychiatrists, and with little, albeit costly, protest by individuals.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEdnk2_CitWzVMS6pKG_ATZGqfgRgW2mjbSwq2jxcFsAMYnqE6-EFaFxhiXWzBkl2SNCbmIkqYxnn-Uym-W8qVbA9N3PuGvviiFKM617R6CF2ZFObmmLtUl5U4Ctu7UCa8SsilX7DToUB4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="House of German Doctors" border="0" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEdnk2_CitWzVMS6pKG_ATZGqfgRgW2mjbSwq2jxcFsAMYnqE6-EFaFxhiXWzBkl2SNCbmIkqYxnn-Uym-W8qVbA9N3PuGvviiFKM617R6CF2ZFObmmLtUl5U4Ctu7UCa8SsilX7DToUB4/w400-h285/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Established
after plans of Roderich Fick, this building was in the possession of
the Nazis from November 3, 1935 when it was inaugurated in Hitler's
presence. Hitler liked the building so much that he made </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Fick </span>a
professor of architecture at Munich's Technical University; in 1939 he even appointed Fick Reich Architect for Linz and had been commissioned to work on a number of projects on the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/eagles-nest.html">Obersalzberg</a>. Bernhard
Bleeker designed the emblem above the entrance which still sports the
two snakes and faintly preserves the title. Located today on Brienner
Straße 23, it now serves as </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Ober-Österreich-Haus.
The emphasis on "German" proclaimed the medical group's status as a
pure, 'aryanised' organisation by which time Jews had been prohibited
from practising medicine. The members of this organisation included not
only the ideologues of racially based medicine but also the advocates
of medical experiments on humans, forced sterilisation and
'euthanasia'.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> In 1933
Jewish doctors were deprived of their licences to practise under health
insurance plans. From 1938 onwards they were only allowed to practise as
“providers of treatment” for Jewish patients and not permitted to use
the title 'doctor'. The Association of Health-Fund Physicians of
Germany, which had its Munich headquarters in the House of German
Physicians, inaugurated in 1935, and the Association of National
Socialist German Physicians at Karlstraße 21 played a key role in these
measures. The members of these organisations included not only the
ideologues of racially based medicine but also the advocates of medical
experiments on humans, forced sterilisation and “euthanasia”.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtkv3ekDmNgBzYfH3s9BVMcmxrtNvBQMgz3o6RpdACwy3r28r1nFu0MEgAjdrYKyiEUdcg2AAJlEN1o-azqnrnTB8uaZ6sQ8Lo5xAKRLN16zskQm_jR8Itlur6EA1-vcts2Z9LqN4QS6yS/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="House of German Doctors sign" border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtkv3ekDmNgBzYfH3s9BVMcmxrtNvBQMgz3o6RpdACwy3r28r1nFu0MEgAjdrYKyiEUdcg2AAJlEN1o-azqnrnTB8uaZ6sQ8Lo5xAKRLN16zskQm_jR8Itlur6EA1-vcts2Z9LqN4QS6yS/w400-h298/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" width="400" /></a>The first Reich Doctors' Leader (<i>Reichsärzteführer</i>)
was Dr Gerhard Wagner, in large measure responsible for euthanasia and
sterilisation carried out against Jews and the handicapped, and who
showed himself at the Nuremberg Party Congress in 1935 to be a staunch
proponent of the Nuremberg Laws, and thereby also of Nazi Germany's race
legislation and racial politics. Under his leadership before dying
suddenly in Munich in 1939, the Nazi killing institution at Hadamar was
established. He instructed doctors to be less dogmatic in their
approach to and understanding of medicine:</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In
his thinking and practice, the German doctor must become closer to
nature. He should no longer swear solely and only by the dogma of his
university acquired Schulmedizin-based knowledge. Rather, he should also
master the methods of Naturheil, homeopathy, and Volksmedezin. We
National Socialists subscribe neither to economic nor intellectual
dogma, we only know one dogma: The well-being of the German Volk.</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Chad Ross (78-9) <u>Naked Germany</u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijWMFEUEowAWvtvC4q98p8cDh6i1hcOQhhLtrHFrUBdl5j1BFXd3Gcmf06g0IhXwSZqB_5IuXK9mR5XeoTPvAa1db01czArBuL1CQwB5mpLI-OfVAIvxJkYJ9cXymHkeJt0HDUxLjI8ElpD1mS64bkSx8zt_1bDtMzMffik9HssW-0zY10EO4j4OQ5nw/s4032/PXL_20220729_124218496.MP.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bleeker's Windsiele-brunnen" border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijWMFEUEowAWvtvC4q98p8cDh6i1hcOQhhLtrHFrUBdl5j1BFXd3Gcmf06g0IhXwSZqB_5IuXK9mR5XeoTPvAa1db01czArBuL1CQwB5mpLI-OfVAIvxJkYJ9cXymHkeJt0HDUxLjI8ElpD1mS64bkSx8zt_1bDtMzMffik9HssW-0zY10EO4j4OQ5nw/w400-h300/PXL_20220729_124218496.MP.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Inside in the inner courtyard in front of Bernhard Bleeker's Windsiele-brunnen created in 1935 and </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>inaugurated on July 11, 1936</span></span></span></span>. Bleeker probably received the order for the fountain from the medical centre association, which also commissioned him to paint a portrait of Hitler.</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> On the edge of the pool stand three closely watched bronze greyhounds on their slender hind legs which seem to be picking up a scent: their heads are pointing upwards, their finely modeled ears laid back. Tendons and muscles clearly stand out. The athletic, filigree animals are contrastingly set against the massive, overhanging fountain column. According to Otto Josef Bistritzki, the dogs serve as a reminder of Hitler's demand that young men had to be “tough as leather, hard as Krupp steel and quick as greyhounds”. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Rj0AQG_-Y4ui09dB8qg1lWCL8nBhE4BghCT7RXBIBej0hPMiN4z1DiawMMXORO-DTDorzAU1a9cfFp69_99br-wI3fVGa4wOwAf0Ntl881HSm5jsSsDHSGU8BTh-tlV9VXze-cDl3DuNg8_Wgmri-qyQsOYxLJgHXcFE1nxrhqrCEjqT9khVVTE4bQ/s894/560px-Windspiele.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="894" data-original-width="560" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Rj0AQG_-Y4ui09dB8qg1lWCL8nBhE4BghCT7RXBIBej0hPMiN4z1DiawMMXORO-DTDorzAU1a9cfFp69_99br-wI3fVGa4wOwAf0Ntl881HSm5jsSsDHSGU8BTh-tlV9VXze-cDl3DuNg8_Wgmri-qyQsOYxLJgHXcFE1nxrhqrCEjqT9khVVTE4bQ/s320/560px-Windspiele.jpeg" width="200" /></a></span></span></span></span>It's not clear however why a connection to German youth, embodied by a dog fountain, should be made on the site of a medical centre. A reference to ancient healing arts would be more plausible: the dog was already an attribute of the healing god Aesculapius)in Greek and Roman antiquity. The animal was said to have healing effects with its saliva considered medicinal. This interpretation would also correspond to Bleeker's preference for using ancient iconographic models for his works. Bleeker also made two fish-shaped door handles on the main portal and two snakes with a chalice on topas well as a swastika band on the front of the building.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>After the war the second floor swastika and laurel wreath were removed and the stone plaque altered to read<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;"><span class="querbild" style="width: 408px;">Haus der Muenchener Ärzte</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="querbild" style="width: 408px;">. (</span></span><span style="font-style: italic;">Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich </span><span class="addmd">by Gavriel David Rosenfeld, page 80). The building was used for almost fifty years by the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians, District Office Munich City and Country from 1955. In 2003 it acquired the Raiffeisenbank Oberösterreich branch and converted it into an “Oberösterreich Haus” with an adjacent restaurant; as a participant of one of my tours noticed, Hitler's birthplace of Braunau am Inn is located in </span></span></span><span><span><span class="addmd"><span><span><span class="addmd">Oberösterreich.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span class="addmd"><span><span><span class="addmd"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8J_MbpFNSwlZHAnUJcxtUp6Y56KIYVixY3GR-_huHQy6IfAbj4FiTBqwh0naUb6OMwzAFoe-DpNdtnStlgpze-xu0OpaDTfp8o6ZbDfUzMjBc-_Eh8_JvAGMvflYnHt46cKLs8Z4NNIg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-10-03+at+09.40.31.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8J_MbpFNSwlZHAnUJcxtUp6Y56KIYVixY3GR-_huHQy6IfAbj4FiTBqwh0naUb6OMwzAFoe-DpNdtnStlgpze-xu0OpaDTfp8o6ZbDfUzMjBc-_Eh8_JvAGMvflYnHt46cKLs8Z4NNIg/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-10-03+at+09.40.31.png" width="640" /></a><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Ironically
enough, directly across the street from the former Gestapo HQ (right) and next
door to the former House of German Doctors is the current Israeli
Consulate with Drake Winston standing in front, thus explaining the constant police presence.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVD5B7p72MkbT5VL0_Kh0Oab6chmhXDKfiGdTDvLtny_l739iA6ZOLRroLNTXDFUl5RuItkf1lB4sBtAyZVLmDYpeo13mgq3vI4Tzpm6o8JWYxSV55pl1qmiz1Yi69NvWyV9IMWD7pfw0/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252863%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="594" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVD5B7p72MkbT5VL0_Kh0Oab6chmhXDKfiGdTDvLtny_l739iA6ZOLRroLNTXDFUl5RuItkf1lB4sBtAyZVLmDYpeo13mgq3vI4Tzpm6o8JWYxSV55pl1qmiz1Yi69NvWyV9IMWD7pfw0/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252863%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>Looking down the street towards Karolinenplatz, much has changed postwar; only the gate on the left and the balcony offer points of continuity. </span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;"><i>Kraft durch Freude - München-Oberbayern</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kraft durch Freude - München-Oberbayern" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwKQ62oDbtamlutdwcI9oSR5OJyajVSfa6jpknHKd_imVC7aXXserLCpNXMHHFSVpHYbk76mpCy8yjrUYQaLZO3P-ApdEwUKsLIFZjFS-ZP9oHF3EWLMNHVS7hgv5JlO7BDJS9KVCjx8Oi/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwKQ62oDbtamlutdwcI9oSR5OJyajVSfa6jpknHKd_imVC7aXXserLCpNXMHHFSVpHYbk76mpCy8yjrUYQaLZO3P-ApdEwUKsLIFZjFS-ZP9oHF3EWLMNHVS7hgv5JlO7BDJS9KVCjx8Oi/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 289px; width: 381px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>The site of the former headquarters of the Upper Bavarian branch of the German Labour Front (DAF) on the left, whose goal was to bring together in a single organisation all 'working Germans', regardless of their training, social status or actual profession, and indoctrinate them with Nazi ideology. The prestigious house at what was then Brienner Strasse 47 was built by Gustav von Cube in 1910 for the Jewish court antiquarian Jacques (Jakob) Rosenthal, born near Memmingen, as his company's headquarters. In 1935, <a href="https://ies.sas.ac.uk/research-projects/cultivate-mss-project/cast-characters/jacques-rosenthal-1854-1937-bookdealer">Rosenthal had to sell his property</a> to the German Labour Front, which housed the administration of the “Kraft durch Joy” organisation. Jacques Rosenthal died on October 5, 1937 in Munich; his wife Emma was able to emigrate to Zurich in December 1939. The DAF was made particularly attractive by the leisure activities and holidays offered by its Strength through Joy organisation (Kraft durch Freude– KdF). They were located here at Brienner Straße 26–28 when, 1935 the KdF took over the business premises and house of the Jewish antiquarian bookseller Jacques Rosenthal who was forced to sell the building to the Reich Leadership of the Nazi Party for well below its value. Rosenthal died on October 5, 1937 in Munich; his wife Emma emigrating to </span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="German Labour Front" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Rvnsr4pJSPjqZJsvDkI610ik_VYZxJN0lHOkfikVW-peJanYeMxexGv8UhIBYTR3XROa1yCXJh2gVjxFnwbQo62o7ZffVcSMKsdiLLzd0xn-rJaZXfsc5ZS3ZYor7Qyrgn33HD5R938C/s400/ezgif.com-resize%25282%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Rvnsr4pJSPjqZJsvDkI610ik_VYZxJN0lHOkfikVW-peJanYeMxexGv8UhIBYTR3XROa1yCXJh2gVjxFnwbQo62o7ZffVcSMKsdiLLzd0xn-rJaZXfsc5ZS3ZYor7Qyrgn33HD5R938C/s16000/ezgif.com-resize%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span>Zurich in December 1939. Today there are representatives of various companies in the building. </span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><br /></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span>Next
door shown on the right is the former site of the German Labour Front
and the offices of the Gau for Munich-Upper Bavaria, formerly the Palais
Matuschka. Today, Emanuel von Seidl's palace houses legal and tax advisory offices in addition to the Monaco consulate.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">After
the free trade unions were disbanded in May 1933, their assets were
confiscated and many trade-union functionaries were arrested. They were
replaced by the German Labour Front (DAF), whose goal was to bring
together in a single organisation all “working Germans”, regardless of
their training, social status or actual profession, and indoctrinate
them with Nazi ideology. The DAF was made particularly attractive by the
leisure activities and holidays offered by its “Strength through Joy”
organisation (“Kraft durch Freude” – KdF). The headquarters of the Upper
Bavarian branch of the DAF were located at Brienner Straße 26–28, and
in 1935 the KdF took over the business premises and house of the Jewish
antiquarian bookseller Jacques Rosenthal at Brienner Straße 26.
Rosenthal was forced to sell the building to the Reich Leadership of the
NSDAP for well below its value. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">ThemenGeschichtsPfad (57-58)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSHSOyv632Kd20H0hxg2KjtBPi7jZ6xQqDyO6Nce_I_Y1cpZsE0mRARYRjPew0Wp4WULbDQVGx2Uu-NV3Pe9NRq650nEPrFfQ2sDno0UZOhbL9TtavkMEUGMKbgO_W030Zu-jGizC90C0-/s1600/output_2cNAZI.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="obelisk on Karolinenplatz 1932" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSHSOyv632Kd20H0hxg2KjtBPi7jZ6xQqDyO6Nce_I_Y1cpZsE0mRARYRjPew0Wp4WULbDQVGx2Uu-NV3Pe9NRq650nEPrFfQ2sDno0UZOhbL9TtavkMEUGMKbgO_W030Zu-jGizC90C0-/w352-h400/output_2cNAZI.gif" width="352" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Looking
towards Königsplatz from the base of the obelisk on Karolinenplatz
during a march past the Brown House in 1932 and the scene today with Drake Winston. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Karolinenplatz was created in 1809 as part of the grid plan for Maxvorstadt designed by Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell and Karl von Fischer connecting the Residenz and Nymphenburg Palace. </span></span></span></span></span><span>It is named after Queen Caroline, the second wife of King Max I Joseph. Despite the destruction of the war, Fischer's concept of "a green garden suburb with pavilion development" can still be seen today. The obelisk in the middle of the square was erected in 1833 and commemorates the 30,000 Bavarian soldiers who died in 1812 on Napoleon's Russian campaign. Bavaria switched to Napoleon's opponents (Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Sweden) at the beginning of October 1813. With the inscription on the obelisk ("They also died for the liberation of the fatherland") King Ludwig I tried to use sophistry to equate the death of the Bavarian soldiers in the Russian campaign as a contribution to the liberation from Napoleonic rule. This reinterpretation of an historical fact later repeatedly led to debates about the statement on the obelisk. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>The address at Karolinenplatz 5 (Prinz-Georg-Palais) represents one of the most notorious crimes in the course of the defeat of the so-called Bavarian Soviet Republic when, in the courtyard and in the cellar, government troops murdered 21 members of the "St. Joseph's Catholic Journeyman Association", whom they had previously arrested in their clubhouse on Augustenstraße. The Kolping journeyman had been denounced as "Spartacists", supporting Soviet Republic. The burial of the victims took place with great solemnity at the Westfriedhof; the funeral speech was given by Father Rupert Mayer, later a victim of the Nazis.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTL80Huk0O9Bt0vH3sETH2FnAOrC5EfwZm24ow4s5Ig2Z-T8cJe1hi6IQ-MpV7CBv-bgcm44iuU7sRILM3ISePtsPqfehVpKyUFFMc6W69zXoAxOGJ941XxOj_n54PWT_rOvK0NOXJiY4U96ZK4rtoAaIxVwphiLZLSxG8-36swgEinCmHKEGLmKsY5w/s703/Screenshot%202022-03-26%20at%2020.31.35.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Reichsführung der NS-Frauenschaft" border="0" data-original-height="529" data-original-width="703" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTL80Huk0O9Bt0vH3sETH2FnAOrC5EfwZm24ow4s5Ig2Z-T8cJe1hi6IQ-MpV7CBv-bgcm44iuU7sRILM3ISePtsPqfehVpKyUFFMc6W69zXoAxOGJ941XxOj_n54PWT_rOvK0NOXJiY4U96ZK4rtoAaIxVwphiLZLSxG8-36swgEinCmHKEGLmKsY5w/w400-h301/Screenshot%202022-03-26%20at%2020.31.35.png" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>At the former site of the headquarters of the National Socialist Women's League (Reichsführung der NS-Frauenschaft) which served as the office of the Woman's Bureau in the German Labour Front and, from 1934 onward, <span style="font-style: italic;">Reichsführerin </span>of
the National Socialist Women’s Association</span><span><span>. The Nazi women's movement (NSF) was</span> the women's organi<span>s</span>ation of the Nazi Party founded in October 1931. In fact, the political influence of the NSF within the Nazi Party and the power of the state tended to be zero, which may have been due to the national socialist image of women, which did not envisage a power and political participation for women. The "German woman" was defined as a housewife and mother, a roll distribution, which was also propagated by Nazi women. The general care and the education of the children were called "feminine habitat" and women's mothers' training courses, which had been attended by every fifth woman (over 20 years) until 1937, were formally established based primarily on the book <a href="https://www.amazon.de/Adolf-Hitler-deutsche-Mutter-erstes/dp/3930096587"><i>Adolf Hitler, the German Mother and her First Child</i></a> by Johanna Haarer, a copy of which our midwife lent me shown on the right. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XJFAWea2zooGr9VlyCz95yeeMzSnA52eDzVglhN_U0qcBu6cHjGa1-EzU4tRAkoe0A2K6HKwUP_NXdITZoJ_OKxWD_veVteCN_qLf-QQ7_k83gNQalPZ7MdfsCOK_ZAQLuP8CumaeahpqnYdxLlEt8tX6BOIih7y0hvsrTsSqpDT_p4PcKM5x4HxWA/s500/myphoto(9).jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XJFAWea2zooGr9VlyCz95yeeMzSnA52eDzVglhN_U0qcBu6cHjGa1-EzU4tRAkoe0A2K6HKwUP_NXdITZoJ_OKxWD_veVteCN_qLf-QQ7_k83gNQalPZ7MdfsCOK_ZAQLuP8CumaeahpqnYdxLlEt8tX6BOIih7y0hvsrTsSqpDT_p4PcKM5x4HxWA/s320/myphoto(9).jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>From February 1934 to the end of the Second World War 1945, the Nazi women's leadership was led by the "Reichsfrauenführer" Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, who also headed the DFW.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>Scholtz-Klink
had been charged with the responsibility of persuading
women to work for the good of the Nazi government; its offices provided training programmes relating to women's domestic work. In 1938, she argued
that "the German woman must work and work, physically and mentally she
must renounce luxury and pleasure", though she herself enjoyed a
comfortable material existence.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Unlike
man, as Alfred Rosenberg once put it, woman thinks 'lyrically’ and not
'systematically’, 'atomistically’ and not 'synoptically’, whatever that
may mean; and while he saw it as one of woman’s main tasks 'to preach
the maintenance of the purity of the race’, the Reich Women’s Leader
Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, in full agreement, complained especially of the
absence in sober modern times of the sacred racial function and
significance of women and called upon them 'to become once more the
priestesses of the family and nation’.</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fest (316) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Face-Third-Reich-Portraits-Leadership/dp/030680915X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D030680915X" id="link_tb4">The Face Of The Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">She
eventually served eighteen months in gaol after the war (only having
been caught whilst in hiding in 1948 after witnesses had claimed she had
died in the bunker with Hitler) and remained an unrepentant Nazi until
her death in 1999, twenty years earlier In she had dedicated her book <u>The Woman in the Third Reich</u>
to “the victims of the Nuremberg trials.” The building itself today
dates from 1957 after the original was bombed during the war. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSPp6LYhyquNaRvwDozZN040mKq3caEWsLEP8-_qYap8-H6VAA6YwWGQXUhk3w5LZusu9fzUK6mjTQm-ojI5bngt4ROplqJS4lzkOxSrFbyHFUI7jy0w_3IkE5qSB_-dsqzysPW36Da2gez5ndZ9hdcLFZ6LbAHt9c0WeBsHTN4o150BUKyfG1hnwSfQ/s264/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-07T070524.802.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="264" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSPp6LYhyquNaRvwDozZN040mKq3caEWsLEP8-_qYap8-H6VAA6YwWGQXUhk3w5LZusu9fzUK6mjTQm-ojI5bngt4ROplqJS4lzkOxSrFbyHFUI7jy0w_3IkE5qSB_-dsqzysPW36Da2gez5ndZ9hdcLFZ6LbAHt9c0WeBsHTN4o150BUKyfG1hnwSfQ/w400-h320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-07T070524.802.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>On the left, the ruins of Palais Asbeck-Lotzbeck, l</span></span><span><span><span><span>ocated
at Karolinenplatz 3, </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>which had served as the Nazi accounting office </span></span></span></span>(Reichrevisionsamt/ Rechnungsamt) until suffering damaged in 1944 and 1945 with its ruins torn down and made the site in 1955 of the Amerika-Haus. After the Americans took (the current politically-correct lingo is "liberated") Munich, the American Reading Room was opened as part of the reeducation in October 1945 as the world's first American library of its kind in the Medical Reading Hall on Munich's Beethovenplatz. From January 1946, the institution was opened to the general public by its director, Stefan P. Munsing with the stated aim of bringing democracy closer to the people of Munich (using the United States America as its example). </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On July 12, 1948, the America House opened in the former Führerbau. </span></span></span></span>By January 26, 1950, <i>Die Zeit </i>wrote of how “in Munich it is the children who have every reason to love the Americans: in the 'America House' they have a library, film screenings, storytelling hours and singing and playing groups set up for the children that no one would want to be without." </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>In 1957, the current building, built according to plans by the architects Karl Fischer and Franz Simm, was moved into the site of the Lotzbeck Palace on Karolinenplatz, which was destroyed in the war.</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>After the Soviet dictatorships across Eastern Europe the United States Information Agency, the sponsor of the house, was dissolved. The American government then closed many of its 'America Houses' throughout Germany, including this one in 1997. On the initiative of the former program director Christoph Peters and with the support of the Bavarian state government, the newly founded Bavarian-American Centre (BAZ) took over management as a supporting association, financed by grants from the Bavaria state , donations from private individuals, associations, companies and the state capital of Munich, as well as grants from the American government. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPceoG_3jou-gjSIsd1bLiKr1QsEXKm4B0dCo7i01WdF2SqokxS_CGOOz7NSRXMB0fWS8s0vU0FjbWql7BbdGzt854HJlCvdemT8Vy3FDBuLjRYP3Nfdlnk25WaTAX1DFHZZZp1B9aaMqxetikVxFXUmNZLjD0fhzf2dL2eG-lTbYT4yT3cn4BpzMPPA/s2020/Screenshot%202022-12-18%20at%2014.04.14.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students at Amerikahaus" border="0" data-original-height="1512" data-original-width="2020" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPceoG_3jou-gjSIsd1bLiKr1QsEXKm4B0dCo7i01WdF2SqokxS_CGOOz7NSRXMB0fWS8s0vU0FjbWql7BbdGzt854HJlCvdemT8Vy3FDBuLjRYP3Nfdlnk25WaTAX1DFHZZZp1B9aaMqxetikVxFXUmNZLjD0fhzf2dL2eG-lTbYT4yT3cn4BpzMPPA/w320-h240/Screenshot%202022-12-18%20at%2014.04.14.png" width="320" /></a></div>On the left, taking my </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Bavarian International School students to the exhibition
(consisting mostly of images and captions on paper taped to the wall)
commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Cuban Missile Crisis, curated by students of the Amerika-Institut of the Munich university under the direction of historian Dr. Andreas Etges, a leading expert on the Kennedy presidency, and Alexandra Schenke, in cooperation with the Museum Berlin-Karlshorst. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Initially
American cultural officials concentrated on the transmission of high
culture so as to overcome inherited notions of German cultural
superiority. Its chief
instruments were the several dozen “America Houses,” which in the larger
cities
offered a rich selection of U.S. newspapers, journals, and books that
would help
curious </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Germans quench their thirst for information. Typical of their
political
message was the celebration of America by the poet Stephen Vincent
Benet: “There
is a </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">land of hope, a land of freedom. There is a land in which the most
different
kinds of people live, descendants of all peoples of this earth living
</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">together under
the same big sky.” Especially appealing were novels by Ernest Hemingway,
William Saroyan, and others that furnished a key to understanding this
land of contradictions, as well as art exhibits that brought back
masterpieces of modernism
from their exile in the United States. Attempts to convey the work of
classical composers like Aaron Copeland and dramatists such as Thornton
Wilder, however,
proved more difficult. But when reading Nathaniel Hawthorne, one young
English
major noted enthusiastically: “Finally, [this is] another </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjExjKpIfY5hIfZj0sIBuHqeCgG7VgaC-ePqqxDeG2YxMB7AlZ1I-6A4O6c5H1PlZ4DXV6FCT2ybE1m2yoal2Mo861gw-K9n3wzg0KIfNUdf0Y9ViK0Ts2xxf0MQhYsZNkm54jREcTy-xDG/s1600/photo+1.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="upside-down Canadian flag" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjExjKpIfY5hIfZj0sIBuHqeCgG7VgaC-ePqqxDeG2YxMB7AlZ1I-6A4O6c5H1PlZ4DXV6FCT2ybE1m2yoal2Mo861gw-K9n3wzg0KIfNUdf0Y9ViK0Ts2xxf0MQhYsZNkm54jREcTy-xDG/w320-h240/photo+1.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></span></span>America than
the one we’re
used to from the U.S. newspapers, journals, and the occupiers.” </span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span>Konrad H. Jarausch (121) <u>After Hitler: Recivilising Germans, 1945–1995</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The Amerika Haus flying the Canadian flag upside-down. Despite my antipathy towards this flag which replaced the red ensign under which so many Canadians died for Crown and Empire, it does represent a country instrumental in liberating Germany and Western Europe from Nazi tyranny. When informed of it, they replied that it was given to them by the Canadian consulate, could only be flown upside-down and that one shouldn't be "overly critical" about Germans choosing to fly the current flag of a country that lost 43, 600 men helping rid the world of fascism.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6xzB0WLkJxspxnyPhyphenhyphencaTkz_3l2H1nYDQD1rZyZv1QisVZW2xYCcEEI-AyCwhus2SxkoaaVAhchComv6sISrj2djj4DClkbtAAxPf0_2vIwK68fvlEM2cSPedrgMwc5Dc_12LbM0Ik4HI/s1600/1166197610.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Palais Törring, obelisk" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyIsAdNflrGAanOA43eKgF7KVm3Lw0sQL_wOGCwiYv7uqOkNqkwj6jxxJVOSUEjkoKX03F1u2MsuRbYLU8_csts6lVD06GkuhtZg0yc4BaHBxQZsboC94DpMcgp8qnTahNA6m8r4gPTKs/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyIsAdNflrGAanOA43eKgF7KVm3Lw0sQL_wOGCwiYv7uqOkNqkwj6jxxJVOSUEjkoKX03F1u2MsuRbYLU8_csts6lVD06GkuhtZg0yc4BaHBxQZsboC94DpMcgp8qnTahNA6m8r4gPTKs/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 325px; width: 239px;" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>Formerly
the site of Palais Törring built in 1812 from the plans of Karl von
Fischer, this was the site of the Nazis' Supreme Court (Oberstes Parteigericht) headed by
Walter Buch (whose daughter ended up marrying Martin Bormann). </span></span><span><span><span><span><span>L</span>ocated at Karolinenplatz 4, i</span></span>t was
<a href="https://www.mhm-shop.de/Walter-Buch-Reichsleiter-Oberstes-Parteigericht-der-NSDAP-Muenchen-1936-im-Massstab-16">responsible for settling internal party conflicts and disciplining individual members</a> whose behaviour might be damaging to the party. Through the Nazi Party constitution of July 21, 1921, a conciliation committee and a committee of inquiry were set up, which had to assess all new admissions and decision-making procedures. Hitler saw these committees as an instrument to prevent internal opposition. After the founding of the Nazi Party in 1925, the two committees were merged into the examination and conciliation committee (USCHLA). According to the statutes of May 25, 1926, the main task of the new body was the examination of admission and exclusion procedures and the mediation of intra-party disputes. On local and regional level local USCHLAs were formed, which the USchlA in Munich headed. The committees included a chairman and two assessors. In order not to bind the members of the committees as an executive organ of the party leadership, the exclusion was not precisely defined, which led to the judges having more liberties. In 1929, new guidelines were issued for USCHLAs, which were based on the criminal code of procedure. </span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Palais Törring nach kriegsende" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vAp69jllTZUCPoUVpT8YQYeX_JiAn0l4O8keSiyUiuJzQMeFDRTp9FJgOHhACJz-Q89Y6KEBdUEX9JMlvzMm79iFIiHlBmfuNw8MuTMHMh5qFzQmZKXDGid4K2_2_q9ZVP6O_TTp_7U/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252865%2529.gif" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="353" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vAp69jllTZUCPoUVpT8YQYeX_JiAn0l4O8keSiyUiuJzQMeFDRTp9FJgOHhACJz-Q89Y6KEBdUEX9JMlvzMm79iFIiHlBmfuNw8MuTMHMh5qFzQmZKXDGid4K2_2_q9ZVP6O_TTp_7U/w380-h400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252865%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="380" /></span>In 1931 the jurisdiction was extended to the SA and </span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span>. After the introduction of the Law for the Protection of the Unity of the Party and the State in December 1933 through which the Nazi Party was defined as the "bearer of the German idea of the state" and transformed into a corporation under public law with its own jurisdiction over its members, the USCHLA was renamed with the Supreme Party Judge having several chambers. In 1934, the procedures were aligned more to criminal proceedings by means of new directives. The criminal catalogue of penalties was expanded and retrial was allowed. The party courts were regarded as a separate branch of the state courts, state courts had to provide legal assistance, and from 1936 judges who were jurists had the right to swear witnesses and experts. The party reports were regarded as a separate branch of the state courts, state courts had to provide legal assistance, from 1936 judges who were jurists were the right to sworn witnesses and experts. Efforts to create a separate jurisdiction for the SA failed due to the veto of Hitler and the resistance of the judiciary and the Reichswehr. The court played an important role after the November pogroms in 1938, as it helped to cover up crimes and cover up criminals, thereby strengthening the Nazi dictatorship. After the trial against Josef Wagner, Gauleiter of Westphalia-South as well as the district of Silesia accused of allowing a "protective policy" towards the Polish population in Silesia owing to his Catholic sympathies in which the court did not see any grounds for condemnation against the will of Hitler for formal juristical reasons, the power of the court was considerably reduced, especially since every judgement had to be confirmed by the party. In 1944 almost all proceedings were suspended. The building itself was destroyed during the war and completely rebuilt in 1954.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWBGj3uEzEKwdOR5PcoO1Pg716JW63ckFoxryv6qm8qJeMlOO-DG1VZ4pEURMWCCc-pRu5QgMk4MPAfnRH6nE7ze-m2iHuYDEVPKKSC645kNYV7qZ5t85tzILiU_h68FpULdcSv6tSfB4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Reichsrechtsamt der NSDAP" border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="398" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWBGj3uEzEKwdOR5PcoO1Pg716JW63ckFoxryv6qm8qJeMlOO-DG1VZ4pEURMWCCc-pRu5QgMk4MPAfnRH6nE7ze-m2iHuYDEVPKKSC645kNYV7qZ5t85tzILiU_h68FpULdcSv6tSfB4/w400-h358/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Now the </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">the location of the Sparkassenverband Bayern at Max-Joseph-Straße 4, this served as the offices of the </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Nazis' Legal
Department, the Reichsrechtsamt der NSDAP.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>According to <a href="http://www.hitlerpages.com/pagina16.html">The Hitler Pages</a>, </span></span><span class="Normal-C0"><span>in
the summer of 1927 Geli Raubal's history teacher, Hermann Foppa, asked
her if she could arrange a class meeting with her uncle. In the
beginning of July the class went here to the villa of Elsa and Hugo
Bruckman on the Karolinenplatz where they had the meeting with Hitler. With benefactresses such as Elsa Bruckmann and Helene Bechstein vying for his favour, Hitler was able to gain introductions to numerous public figures, including Richard Wagner’s daughter-in-law Winifred, who later became an enthusiastic supporter of the Nazi Party. It was also in these circles that Hitler met his later personal photographer Heinrich Hoffmann, who was to heavily influence Hitler’s public propaganda image.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Of Elsa, Hitler would later remark on the night of March 10, 1942:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">One
day I detected an unexpected reaction even in Frau Bruckmann. She had
invited to her house, at the same time as myself, a very pretty woman of
Munich society. As we were taking our leave, Frau Bruckmann perceived
in her female guest's manner a sign of an interest that she doubtless
deemed untimely. The consequence was that she never again invited us
both at once. As I've said, the woman was beautiful, and perhaps she
felt some interest in me—nothing more.</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Table-Talk-1941-1944/dp/1929631669" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's Table Talk</a> (359)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>As a student in Munich, future <span style="font-style: italic;">Hitlerjugend</span>
leader Baldur von Schirach lived in the house of the publisher
Bruckmann, who was friendly not only with his parents but also with
Hitler." Fest (456), <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Face-Third-Reich-Portraits-Leadership/dp/030680915X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D030680915X" id="link_tb4">The Face Of The Third Reich</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>It was also here that Hitler first met his favourite architect, Professor Ludwig Troost, in 1928,</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">and
that same day he told the architect, "When I come to power, you will be
my architect. I have great plans in mind and I believe you are the only
one who can carry them out for me." Troost did not however live long.
As Hitler gave the obligatory three taps to the foundation stone for the
House of Art (which still stands in modern Munich), the shaft of the
silver-headed hammer broke, an omen of ill fortune of the highest
degree, as the local architect Schiedermayer tactlessly whispered to the
Führer in his dialect: "Dös bedeudt a Unglück."</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Irving (100) <a href="http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/1977/index.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's War</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw-9Nm8kqU_DFSmsGXctHzwbmavTHCQygb40fbPziFfar0vFpxNc8ndC3eVDmcBkIILtZAu19h0BXmwKrr6sH69omnkx9hoPGGQE0nRIdx4ZSJWjmt5VikL23Htvtwk83nJ9c3y_bUFvkhAi09zGUqKW-kUdoxuf0Vc4y9bQ-TEcdaLZTA1NTyjGGRdw/s429/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-07T065637.015.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="429" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw-9Nm8kqU_DFSmsGXctHzwbmavTHCQygb40fbPziFfar0vFpxNc8ndC3eVDmcBkIILtZAu19h0BXmwKrr6sH69omnkx9hoPGGQE0nRIdx4ZSJWjmt5VikL23Htvtwk83nJ9c3y_bUFvkhAi09zGUqKW-kUdoxuf0Vc4y9bQ-TEcdaLZTA1NTyjGGRdw/w400-h284/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-07T065637.015.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Münchners waiting around the obelisk to hear the result of the Munich conference of September, 1938 and my <a href="https://www.bis-school.com/">Bavarian International School</a> history students at the site. </span></span><span><span>If the Feldherrn<span>halle <span>honours those who fought against Napoleon, </span></span>this obelisk in the Karolinenplatz commemorates the 30,000 Bavarian soldiers who were sent to fight for
Napoleon and died in Russia<span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>In some cases the unilateral celebration, that is, the uniquely anti-Napoleonic, requires a certain dialectic capacity and a particular creativity. One example concerns the thirty thousands of Bavarian soldiers who died in the Russian campaign fighting alongside Napoleon. It is impossible to completely ignore such a tragedy. But when in 1833 the obelisk dedicated precisely to these fallen troops was added to the central round of Briennerstraße, the commemorative inscription read: “Auch sie starben für des Vaterlandes Befreiung”. The paradox crosses over into indiscretion: the fallen for Napoleon are transformed into those fallen in the wars of liberation against Napoleon. Another example comes immediately thereafter, literally “right around the corner”. The aforementioned Marshal’s Hall is found in the square on the corner of Briennerstraße, that is, Odeonsplatz. The statue of Generalfeldmarschall von Wrede celebrates the commander of the Bavarian troops in the French campaign of 1814, but contemporaries well knew that the same Wrede had first fought with Napoleon, from Wagram up until the Russian campaign. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Zumbini (83) <i>The Parthenon on the Danube</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBhz0ItIfUO0tP8oldPEl50FPWpx-Zisi6zUY9pgt0FQV2pYrrBpBd-rbk7b2IR4pgQbU0Q0aole5IYZQFlX3t8kSelEmfwS6XTTiyzv0T45TuMgGg3k5lKoVbY-CJSnQf0tCkYTDbZVe3/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-04-01+at+11.56.50.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="477" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBhz0ItIfUO0tP8oldPEl50FPWpx-Zisi6zUY9pgt0FQV2pYrrBpBd-rbk7b2IR4pgQbU0Q0aole5IYZQFlX3t8kSelEmfwS6XTTiyzv0T45TuMgGg3k5lKoVbY-CJSnQf0tCkYTDbZVe3/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-04-01+at+11.56.50.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>I</span>n his final speech before the court on
March 27, 1924 during his putsch trial, Hitler declared: "It will be
said one day, I can assure you, of the young men who died in the
uprising what the words on the Obelisk say: 'They too died for the
Fatherland!' That is the visual proof of the success of November eight,
that in its wake youth rises like a raging flood and is united. That is
the great success of the eighth of November: it has not led to
depressed spirits but has brought the people to the highest pitch of
enthusiasm. I believe that the hour will come when the masses who today
bear our crusading flags on the streets will join with those on
November eight shot at them." In fact, when Hitler often maintained in
party circles that the victims of June 30 had died “for the liberation
of the Vaterland,” he was alluding to the same inscription and had
actually granted substantial pensions to the survivors of those slain
on <span style="font-size: normal;">June 30, 1934.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Just past Karolinenplatz on the former Adolf-Hitler-Strasse was the Brown House (Das Braunes Haus): </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJgbvxzus24Ta0vc3lZ-WUZHhS_rGYPlc9cauGvapGrxvxnZBY0krteHwbt0gcqdAWL9X1xXcJDcyJJpmvbqe-mTmG8ob3JbFM7f5pFgsYEYA3dtKzSaclpVKVSt5qA6MZETIqQOfpqQDR/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252811%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Das Braune Haus ehrentempel Führerbau" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="650" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJgbvxzus24Ta0vc3lZ-WUZHhS_rGYPlc9cauGvapGrxvxnZBY0krteHwbt0gcqdAWL9X1xXcJDcyJJpmvbqe-mTmG8ob3JbFM7f5pFgsYEYA3dtKzSaclpVKVSt5qA6MZETIqQOfpqQDR/w826-h335/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252811%2529.gif" width="826" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Das Braune Haus</span> behind the Temples of Honour shown on the left with part of the <span style="font-style: italic;">Führerbau</span>, now replaced by the Nazi Documentation centre, opened 2015.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnGO77xMHYJKsSs4J_rJ6TLF8Lw4p0ElLWvJU950aJMP_6lNKnWXeyXLS-zmw9BpghJgWoBEZdWWzXSPOW9f4HJ6ec6w_zRuRj-7YQ_IFH4aeVdmBf1wPWjKrIxScFGoInOUoqxcUNC0YvhykRrtJoPgfWQeQ2QVn1dPzVts86WvVj5gxBT9s1_sshlQ/s369/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(9).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="369" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnGO77xMHYJKsSs4J_rJ6TLF8Lw4p0ElLWvJU950aJMP_6lNKnWXeyXLS-zmw9BpghJgWoBEZdWWzXSPOW9f4HJ6ec6w_zRuRj-7YQ_IFH4aeVdmBf1wPWjKrIxScFGoInOUoqxcUNC0YvhykRrtJoPgfWQeQ2QVn1dPzVts86WvVj5gxBT9s1_sshlQ/w400-h330/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(9).gif" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;">The
Brown House was the national headquarters of the Nazi Party. A large
impressive stone structure, it was located at 45 Brienner Straße and was named for the colour of the party uniforms. By
1930, party headquarters at Schellingstrasse 50 were too small (with the
number of workers increasing from four in 1925 to fifty that year). In
April 1930, Elizabeth Stefanie Barlow (widow of William Barlow, an
English wholesale merchant) offered the Barlow Palace for </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;">805,864 marks</span></span></span></span>
to Franz Xaver Schwarz, party treasurer. Funds for renovation of party
headquarters were provided by industrialist Fritz Thyssen. The house was
converted from an urban villa to an office building by the architect
Paul Troost. He and Hitler also redecorated it in a heavy,
anti-modern style. It opened on January 1, 1931. Hitler kept a
life-size portrait of Henry Ford next to his desk in the Brown House
since Ford and Hitler admired each other's achievements. Hitler
maintained an office in the Brown House, as did Hans Frank, Heinrich
Himmler, Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Philipp Bouhler, and Franz Xaver
Schwarz. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguw-4lelkUjdryREhyStWtacYL-rECkrvpvIudH1rOt5GJMShw2YCEY25hsxGE-v3cNHy3bDU_9BQjq_YZAKCSeCgDvj13LGTFQOuaJHxwVqmPYoW1QWSq8l4i7EN-_GzomHNvXrVFBlvnPYVyL0niZDNToAhPTV17RZ9C2-Ev-qtV7Ku53xSG5o3YoQ/s1298/Screenshot%202022-08-15%20at%2017.34.20.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="860" data-original-width="1298" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguw-4lelkUjdryREhyStWtacYL-rECkrvpvIudH1rOt5GJMShw2YCEY25hsxGE-v3cNHy3bDU_9BQjq_YZAKCSeCgDvj13LGTFQOuaJHxwVqmPYoW1QWSq8l4i7EN-_GzomHNvXrVFBlvnPYVyL0niZDNToAhPTV17RZ9C2-Ev-qtV7Ku53xSG5o3YoQ/s320/Screenshot%202022-08-15%20at%2017.34.20.png" width="320" /></a></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Hitler's office</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> and the "Hall of Flags" at the entrance. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C3" style="font-size: 100%;">On the ground floor was displayed the </span><span class="Normal-C3" style="font-size: 100%;">Blutfahne</span><span class="Normal-C3" style="font-size: 100%;"> of the failed beer Hall putsch.</span></span><span><span class="Normal-C3" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span>Hitler,
then-leader of the SA Ernst Rohm, and the party treasurer had offices
on the top floor. After becoming Chancellor Hitler gave the building to
Rudolf Hess. Also maintaining offices here were Hans Frank, Heinrich
Himmler, Hermann Goering, Philipp Bouhler, and Franz Xaver Schwarz.</span></span>
Architect Dr. Paul Ludwig Troost did the renovation. Sepp Dietrich had a
room there, and sometimes the Führer stayed overnight. From the Brown
House, Hitler executed his plans for the political conquest of Germany
during 1929–33. During 1933–35, a tunnel reportedly was built connecting
the Brown House with the nearby Fuhrerbau, and it was
from the Brown House that Hitler went by car to arrest Rohm and the
other dissident SA leaders on the so-called “Night of the Long Knives” on June 30,
1934. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">[Hitler]
took over the Barlow Palace, an old mansion on the Briennerstrasse in
Munich, and had it remodelled as the Brown House. A grand staircase led
up to a conference chamber, furnished in red leather, and a large comer
room in which Hitler received his visitors beneath a portrait of
Frederick the Great. The Brown House was opened at the beginning of
1931, a very different setting from the dingy rooms in the
Corneliusstrasse or the Schellingstrasse.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bullock (149-150) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitler-Study-Tyranny-Alan-Bullock/dp/0060920203/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler: A Study in Tyranny</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>What Dietrich Eckart was to The Leader as far as the exchange of
ideas of a philosophical nature was concerned, Professor Troost soon
became for him as far as architecture was concerned.</span></span></span></span></span><span> </span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDu0K8Ioo9Gou2Y7-xRQnkyWnDDVHvOd0yqEhV-Urbmu15xAPPIzR0_LPkhZ7fserLZClUScNGjuXsXOKNwXAgqyzVEX_jPx23_useVu_7zyZ1G2iAQvI2pX07g4wquziZAuO9LQ_mrno/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-01-07+at+21.34.40.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="467" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDu0K8Ioo9Gou2Y7-xRQnkyWnDDVHvOd0yqEhV-Urbmu15xAPPIzR0_LPkhZ7fserLZClUScNGjuXsXOKNwXAgqyzVEX_jPx23_useVu_7zyZ1G2iAQvI2pX07g4wquziZAuO9LQ_mrno/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-01-07+at+21.34.40.png" width="226" /></a></span></span></span>The
first building to arise through the unique combination of these two
men, and also the first small construction of the Movement, was the
Brown House in the Briennerstraße in München. It was only a renovation,
but for that time, as The Leader sometimes related later, a massive
undertaking. Here one can already see everything that was to be
expressed even more distinctly in the buildings which were to be
constructed after he came to power: severe and austere, but never
monotonous. Simple and clear, and without false decoration.
Ornamentation used sparingly, but in the right place, so that it could
never be considered as superfluous. Material, form and lines combine to
create an impression of nobility.</span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">From</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic;"> Adolf Hitler- The Life Of The Leader</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
Brown House at that time was a pompous villa kitted out in a not
unpleasant way in something approaching imperial style; but it was quite
useless for the purpose it was meant to serve. It did not have the
right office rooms. Hitler’s work room was on the first floor, in the
corner. The entrance led through a little room in which Hess worked. I
don’t know if this word ‘worked’ is actually suitable here. The first
impression which I . . . had was of boundless disorder. Letters,
newspapers, magazines, everything lay strewn around the room. . . .</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
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<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">At
once I noticed that Hitler was notable in the Brown House by his
absence. He ignored his colleagues and advisers completely and let them
do whatever they wanted. He was only there to talk by chance about
anything substantial, and only then about what interested him or about
what he wanted to discuss. Already he had a special circle around him
which was in no way identical with the office holders in the party.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">H. Nicolai, </span><u><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic;">Mein Kampf ums Recht</span></u><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipM9LZNU_YqjoQpdD6qV7aOBZ7rBH5sv4aJwPk1qKl32eB5jsyw4BAe9H0htMP2d5_iBZuW0zyHrxuZ3qgybJWcjrAcMez8tHwt6dOKDnVTXrFtfAk_iCDabHhQPdZTuaEV3mE8qjhtcgQvlFOGuX42TAldVMcE4XbeFs6x1ol9F6X-8_rpj-RbND4Ng/s1290/Screenshot%202022-08-15%20at%2017.34.30.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1290" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipM9LZNU_YqjoQpdD6qV7aOBZ7rBH5sv4aJwPk1qKl32eB5jsyw4BAe9H0htMP2d5_iBZuW0zyHrxuZ3qgybJWcjrAcMez8tHwt6dOKDnVTXrFtfAk_iCDabHhQPdZTuaEV3mE8qjhtcgQvlFOGuX42TAldVMcE4XbeFs6x1ol9F6X-8_rpj-RbND4Ng/w400-h268/Screenshot%202022-08-15%20at%2017.34.30.png" width="400" /></a>Inside
the Führer’s second floor office was a bust of Mussolini, red-brown
walls, and high windows (a future typical room feature) looking out onto
the Konigsplatz. Peter Adam in <i>Art of the Third Reich </i>noted,
“[t]he standard for future Party buildings was set here . . . Much earnest
wood panelling on walls and ceiling . . . A vast staircase led to
Hitler’s office, with its portrait of Frederick the Great over a large
desk. There were also pictures of Prussian battles ... a Senate
chamber was constructed . . . 60 chairs in red leather, with swastikas
on their backs for sixty Senators around a vast conference table.” The room itself is shown on the left, but a</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>
Nazi Senate never met however, as Hitler feared being voted out
of Party office by such a body- something that happened to Mussolini in
1943 by the Fascist Grand Council in Rome.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>During
its period as the Nazi Party headquarters, the building was closely
guarded. Because authorities sometimes brought arrested individuals to
the Brown House for questioning, the structure also earned the nickname
"Denuntiature," a pun combining the "act of denunciation" and the papal
nunciature across the street.</span></span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilUhHdSz0p8hb4Kx3rfC5vRL3MSQQgpUYz4ERg7c3UZUjKr0G7xyw4Ui6axW59VS9uAFSZmMgS1VzN8xCU_Zs-DKc6ydw_Fw6nQWH_dBwbe4CUgkXoY952xFs84qJG485vcFa_si_lnfyh/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252829%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="braune haus einst jetzt" border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="493" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilUhHdSz0p8hb4Kx3rfC5vRL3MSQQgpUYz4ERg7c3UZUjKr0G7xyw4Ui6axW59VS9uAFSZmMgS1VzN8xCU_Zs-DKc6ydw_Fw6nQWH_dBwbe4CUgkXoY952xFs84qJG485vcFa_si_lnfyh/w400-h272/ezgif.com-optimize+%252829%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;">In April 1945 and today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>The
Brown House was greatly damaged by Royal Air Force bombs on March
9–10, 1943, and in October later that year and by the time of its fall
to the American Army in 1945, it was a mere shell of its former self.<span style="font-size: 100%;"> The rubble was cleared away in 1947, leaving an empty lot.</span><span class="Normal-C3" style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span class="Normal-C3" style="font-size: 100%;">It
was eventually razed to the ground in 1947 and the plot remained empty for nearly 75 years. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;">It had proved a controversial choice as to what
the final name of the new documentation centre would be. At the
decisive city council meeting in March 2011, the city's cultural
department and the SPD criticised the abbreviation 'NS' because it stood
for 'National Socialism' and thus was a term of choice of the Nazis.
The President of the Jewish Community, Charlotte Knobloch, agreed,
stating that that the
term 'NS' in this context was "absolutely inappropriate," since it
was derived
from the culprits' language. Moreover, 'NS' apparently would not have
been a recognisable term abroad. Cultural adviser Hans-Georg-Küppers
(SPD) went so far as to suggest some might think it would have been seen
not as a Documentation Centre but actually a "National Socialist
Centre." However, the Political Advisory Council and the Initiative
Committee had unanimously voted in favour of the name "NS Documentation
Centre" with the scientific advisory board stating that it could not be
imagined that anyone would assume that Munich would build a centre for
the glorification of the Nazi era with Siegfried Benker of the Green
Party declaring that "[e]ven the dumbest neo-Nazi understands that this
is about the analysis of terror."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2BJ9lgliM-yyic2Q2zJGhsqXYczP7WAcmL4WHa0TRhkW2a-t5UybI1izk8tVawjBhNDLaFH6x6MYmtY6YNW8HTbuDEySEeTNYcYpzynsXkQGVro85niSXLqKECjwZVM7n8iEBW18HHag/s1600/15myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2BJ9lgliM-yyic2Q2zJGhsqXYczP7WAcmL4WHa0TRhkW2a-t5UybI1izk8tVawjBhNDLaFH6x6MYmtY6YNW8HTbuDEySEeTNYcYpzynsXkQGVro85niSXLqKECjwZVM7n8iEBW18HHag/w400-h341/15myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span>The
site from atop the remains of an ehrentempel January 2012 before
construction finally commenced on the Nazi Documentation Centre. </span></span></span></span>I was unimpressed after bringing a school group. As a teacher, I hold to what Richard J Evans writes in the preface of his <i>Coming of the Third Reich</i>-"The principal task of history is to explain and interpret, not to issue moral judgements." I was therefore immediately made aware of what the focus of the tour was going to be when my students were asked, in light of the current economic conditions, which countries in Europe were moving to the extreme right. We looked at each other in puzzlement given that Franco's body had just been disinterred in Spain whilst at the other end of the continent Greece had voted in a mainstream government that week. When the guide helpfully offered "Britain", I- as one who voted for Brexit and campaigned to leave the EU since 1995 for distinctly non-Nazi reasons- could guess what the next 85 minutes would hold. And so it proved. After eliciting from students what the characteristics of Nazi ideology were, the guide proceeded to make direct references to Trump and the AfD. I find both distasteful and would never consider supporting either- my son, despite speaking Chinese as a first language, is German born, raised and educated in a local grundschule yet is not recognised as a citizen of this country, and so I am particularly concerned about increased xenophobia and parties like the AfD. But as I told my students, it is their right to vote for whichever legal party or individual they choose- that's the point of a functioning democratic system for which my grandparents 'liberated' this country. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8fzr5cylBoQAVwHZ9wAk3ZDI7QALiXnnvV7lIW6aP1AfxlEfv_9hE80K2AH6kbxIcQgF5VD0mNYF9NSQP1HyRH-swnfJTOUIhi07HjzjZU4GgqE4-siURfWtV8f0I7u6MyB6URybulwNf/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="NS Documentation Centre" border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="301" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8fzr5cylBoQAVwHZ9wAk3ZDI7QALiXnnvV7lIW6aP1AfxlEfv_9hE80K2AH6kbxIcQgF5VD0mNYF9NSQP1HyRH-swnfJTOUIhi07HjzjZU4GgqE4-siURfWtV8f0I7u6MyB6URybulwNf/w340-h400/ezgif.com-crop+%25283%2529.gif" width="340" /></a></span></span>I don't think it's the role of an outside guide to conflate Nazism which from its very beginning advocated violence, terror and mass murder with a legally-recognised political party with distinctly distasteful views. I stress to students that Germany between the wars is not, in any way the United States or Britain today or at any time and am concerned by how any supposed populist movements can easily be conflated with fascism itself. I feel at times it has come to the point when anyone who disagrees with others is a 'Nazi' or 'fascist', negating the very meaning of the terms. The guide openly described herself as left-wing as the rise of Nazism was passed off in Bavaria as simply the result of anger over the loss of WWI, anti-Semitism and sheer stupidity without any reference to the Räterrepublic, fears of communism, violence on both sides or other significant historical context. A 1919 poster showing the threat from Moscow focused only on its foreign, Asiastic appearance without any mention of the Spartacists, KPD, et cet. The only time the USSR was mentioned was at the end in connection with the Battle for Berlin. When the guide criticised Britain for the Munich Agreement without offering any examples of what a democratic state which had just lost a million men in the previous war was supposed to have done without reliable allies or sufficient military strength -yet nevertheless in the end being able to send my grandfather among those who would liberate Belsen- I had wanted to posit that Hitler wasn't the only dictator we faced. I thus felt that such history that was being related was selective. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgrBfbkh0ruSMHHh0UwnC7JLPSN-8HhT60DLDzTF0pCgm8RXvkYDJu4AGT2vThU4sQVU52cy7SNy_ckyEiYsLHOFOvP2x9Vk3jppdntp8YGfZS7ow1GMZBshMOpq3IZ7-dTIGiZ4aQBUqnerMrlw2vLVchDkOgXg0sAVE-ar2lT7jXlJk8ycvmIhdYJg/s1950/Screenshot%202022-12-18%20at%2013.51.58.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="To Be Seen Queer Lives" border="0" data-original-height="1378" data-original-width="1950" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgrBfbkh0ruSMHHh0UwnC7JLPSN-8HhT60DLDzTF0pCgm8RXvkYDJu4AGT2vThU4sQVU52cy7SNy_ckyEiYsLHOFOvP2x9Vk3jppdntp8YGfZS7ow1GMZBshMOpq3IZ7-dTIGiZ4aQBUqnerMrlw2vLVchDkOgXg0sAVE-ar2lT7jXlJk8ycvmIhdYJg/w320-h226/Screenshot%202022-12-18%20at%2013.51.58.png" width="320" /></a></div>Finally, the tour ended with the guide telling my students that because they were all wealthy ("you must be as you all go to a private school") it was incumbent upon them to not make the same mistakes as during the 1930s. Such a patronising tone, besides doing my students a disservice (some are not wealthy but have their parents' companies help pay for their tuition) contributes to the concerns that have been expressed that young people are less receptive to hearing about the past and engaging with its lessons; they're more apt to 'turn off'. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;">It was never explained what, given the situation in
Germany by mid-1933, anyone regardless of their class background could
have done against a single-party state backed by a secret police and
recourse to violence, torture and concentration camps</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Besides, the present government isn't particularly leading the way in standing up to the type of nasty regimes the guide had referred to throughout- the regime that tortured/killed my wife's father forty years ago, perpetrated the Tiananmen Square massacre and which is currently building yet more concentration camps in Xinjiang and attacking people in Hong Kong fighting for freedom is the same the German government is happy to host state visits and do business with as it continues to pay the Russians nearly a billion euros a day in oil whilst preventing Ukraine- a country of which four million were exterminated by the Germans in the war- from obtaining the weapons it needs to defend itself from Nazi-like bestiality. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL3bcWgkIK64DJYJpBEW0UnobTrzPBhpwuXXbiVbl0aLxWcFJMM9B7nInYqdcSU3659ulk1TVWh5BVnGo16zv8PCtRGdsvcNwJwxszQ5-u5-nc-eyzkHl2N9eNJlf8Lh4UqXb7wR5N7DeLK7d084e-bhFfMbZ5OMwgLvvw5NZLghXQHZPuMYPhBzhc5g/s2560/New%20Project%20(17).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="2560" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL3bcWgkIK64DJYJpBEW0UnobTrzPBhpwuXXbiVbl0aLxWcFJMM9B7nInYqdcSU3659ulk1TVWh5BVnGo16zv8PCtRGdsvcNwJwxszQ5-u5-nc-eyzkHl2N9eNJlf8Lh4UqXb7wR5N7DeLK7d084e-bhFfMbZ5OMwgLvvw5NZLghXQHZPuMYPhBzhc5g/w400-h225/New%20Project%20(17).jpg" width="400" /></a></div>In 2022 the museum, its mission to </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0" style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs xlh3980 xvmahel x1n0sxbx x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x1f6kntn xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" dir="auto" lang="en">simply documenting the evils of the Nazi regime not sexy enough, went full-out Woke and decided to expand its scope by imposing someone's artistic and ideological
pretensions over horrific images of people being hanged and shot whilst visitors are forced to listen to someone
with a N. American accent constantly repeating the words "light touch". Instead of focusing on the Nazis- as if this wasn't a worthy enough topic- it decided to focus instead on 'Queer Life' from 1900-1950, beyond the era of the Nazis when every other country persecuted homosexuals. Interspersed amidst displays of hangings, massacres and brutality were modern erotic cartoons and images. Here on the right it seems to imply that Ernst Rohm's homosexuality led to his death during the Night of the Long Knives. Given that the idea of 'Queer' is still evolving,
to have this take over every space pretensiously demanding "to be seen" amidst obscene cartoons over documentation of the Holocaust whilst visitors made their way calls into question the focus of a museum ostensibly dedicated to
documenting the crimes of the Nazi regime. As an aside, as one of my students
told me when I took my class to the monument to persecuted
homosexuals, there's more to homosexuality than just sex which this latest victim of virtue signalling fails to recognise. For a more nuanced understanding of homosexuality in the Third Reich, please check out a <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/p/font-face-font-family-arialfont-face_99.html">student's research paper on the subject</a> which received an 'A' from the International Baccalauerate.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8CwkUN7VGzDUn5f_SKAVsY3FSn19VF6l027bFbmZcNtg_pSchLrT3fj-G1A5EPaQORv-QXxUrChP1tyWtVDQPeMZ9A4Nv3NEOPvbHtlGzCh61H5kDDeUSW_t38RNE9gdb9sRkGr7nZ1LybiHGv_cDvdeAuc0J-UfpULE9kHsfjQSsxQKk7wRCVeqt1Q/s360/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-23T202212.573.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Palais Degenfeld papal nuncio" border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="360" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8CwkUN7VGzDUn5f_SKAVsY3FSn19VF6l027bFbmZcNtg_pSchLrT3fj-G1A5EPaQORv-QXxUrChP1tyWtVDQPeMZ9A4Nv3NEOPvbHtlGzCh61H5kDDeUSW_t38RNE9gdb9sRkGr7nZ1LybiHGv_cDvdeAuc0J-UfpULE9kHsfjQSsxQKk7wRCVeqt1Q/w400-h270/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-23T202212.573.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div style="font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>Across
the street from the Brown House was the so-called Black House- Palais
Degenfeld- that served as the Apostolic Nunciature to Bavaria. Under the
Nazis, Bavaria was not to hold diplomatic ties of its own any more with
the Vatican. </span></span><span><span>Whilst its Apostolic Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, the penultimate nuncio to Bavaria and future Pope Pius XII, managed to continue the nunciature to Bavaria as a kind of outpost of the nunciature to Germany, the Nazi government prompted the expulsion of the last nuncio to Bavaria, Alberto Vassallo di Torregrossa, who left Munich on October 23, 1936, after having been relocated to the Palais Seyssel d'Aix in the spring of 1934. The building was destroyed and demolished in 1944 during the war and the property remained undeveloped when it went to the state of Bavaria. When planning for the NS Documentation Center in 2003, the city council dealt with the green space on which Palais Degenfeld once stood although the project <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=de&tl=en&hl=en&client=webapp&u=https://www.ris-muenchen.de/RII/RII/DOK/SITZUNGSVORLAGE/416922.pdf">was not pursued any further</a>. Therefore today there continues to be a large space where it
was once located- the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-konigsplatz.html">Verwaltungsbau </a>is seen behind.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-konigsplatz.html">At the very corner of the street are the remains of the 'Temples of Honour'</a></span></span> </span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;">Türkentor </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDuQz5SWDjXTDHopkI5kPvGIHmA470tFDH2qJ7rdKqrcx8aAiLnaCqbS2c-iUH9rmEcSpF1TNYI820MFJkvdrDDYy6fSNBu8q6adeDVxV4mIkHwwtiCJPy8YzJkD1fPIG2hEy02sWaeq8/s1600/imyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Türkentor" border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDuQz5SWDjXTDHopkI5kPvGIHmA470tFDH2qJ7rdKqrcx8aAiLnaCqbS2c-iUH9rmEcSpF1TNYI820MFJkvdrDDYy6fSNBu8q6adeDVxV4mIkHwwtiCJPy8YzJkD1fPIG2hEy02sWaeq8/w400-h170/imyphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Running off Briennerstrasse just outside the Alte Pinakothek within the <i>Museumsquartier</i> is the Türkentor, the only remaining section part of the Türkenkaserne barracks, built in 1826 for the Royal Bavarian Infantry Lifeguards Regiment </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span class="heading-8-C0" style="font-size: normal;">between Barer, Gabelsberger, Türken and Theresienstrasse</span></span></span></span>. According to <span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://www.hitlerpages.com/pagina32.html">The Hitler Pages</a></span>, on "</span><span class="heading-8-C" style="font-size: normal;">October 8, 1914 a ceremonial farewell of Hitler’s regiment took place at the Türkenkaserne, with the king present." It later was renamed the “Prinz-Arnulf-Kaserne.” At that time the area was almost undeveloped at the time, but craft businesses, shops and pubs soon followed, and military personnel settled near their barracks with their families. After the First World War the Bavarian State Police moved in, and then the Wehrmacht under the Nazis. After 1945 there were apartments, various shops and a legendary jazz cellar. The demolition of the barracks left only the former main entrance, which was restored as an exhibition building after years of decay in 2009. Natural science institutes of the LMU, the "Reich der Kristalle" museum and the Pinakothek der Moderne have settled on the former barracks area. In May 2009 the "Museum Brandhorst" was opened on the corner of Theresienstrasse and Türkenstrasse which today shows works of contemporary art.</span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7jlxaI1D98xvUozA2mxP9wVnZkML6Fzxc3O477OHx45byNdWioFvB4gnaWGgSkmjd3l6q6dTcI9L5AJiqhssxDUle2mOrbTDsDSMwGz6osNfA8oxGKA0QWcykx7OeJZG7VTjTzU90VLnN/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ϟϟ-Brigadeführer Reinhard Heydrich wohn" border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="330" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7jlxaI1D98xvUozA2mxP9wVnZkML6Fzxc3O477OHx45byNdWioFvB4gnaWGgSkmjd3l6q6dTcI9L5AJiqhssxDUle2mOrbTDsDSMwGz6osNfA8oxGKA0QWcykx7OeJZG7VTjTzU90VLnN/w287-h400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="287" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Just down the road on Türkenstraße 23 was the home of </span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span>-Brigadeführer</i> </span>Reinhard Heydrich, at the time <span style="font-size: 100%;">head of the Bavarian police and </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Sicherheitsdienst (</span></span></span></span></span>SD), and also served as the </span>main
office of the SD, created primarily to
identify and suppress plots Adolf Hitler personally and against
the Nazi regime generally. Under Heydrich, the SD often
exceeded its brief and conducted espionage abroad. The SD operated as a
rival agency to the Abwehr, much to the degradation of the quality of
German intelligence.</span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
Sicherheitsdienst (SD), “Security Service,” was the intelligence service
of the Nazi Schutzstaffel (</span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span>). From 1933 to 1939, the SD was under the
Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police), then was transferred to the
Reichsicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Service Office, RSHA). The SD
was created in 1932 by Reinhard Heydrich, who built it into a powerful
organisation that became the exclusive Nazi Party “information service”
on June 9, 1934. In 1938, the SD was made the intelligence organisation
for the Reich as well as for the Nazi Party. It worked in parallel with
the Gestapo, which it supported with intelligence information. The
mission of the SD was primarily to detect and eliminate those who would
subvert or otherwise harm the Nazi Party and the Reich. The SD
cultivated and managed a network of several hundred agents and thousands
of informants throughout the Reich and, during the war, in the occupied
territories as well. The SD was always primarily an
intelligence-gathering agency serving the Gestapo, which was the
executive agency. Ultimately, therefore, the SD came under the control
of Heinrich Himmler, who, as chief of the German police, headed the
Gestapo and was also the senior officer of the ϟϟ. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Axelrod (728) Encyclopedia of World War II</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Alte Pinakothek</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilj4lbnJQPPJXgnTbsiWvSo3ZNwi0Czk-6NSCNSuklOoYgBQ6vPo9rlFFLqAgJ9sq3p3WeQU9q9WNZAUoPKEcjLySEpMsQY47KbqLUbxsxIQ_bco3RVQS7QdblxGvJzVtJGbRu811h0Fqm/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252820%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Alte Pinakothek verstorten" border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilj4lbnJQPPJXgnTbsiWvSo3ZNwi0Czk-6NSCNSuklOoYgBQ6vPo9rlFFLqAgJ9sq3p3WeQU9q9WNZAUoPKEcjLySEpMsQY47KbqLUbxsxIQ_bco3RVQS7QdblxGvJzVtJGbRu811h0Fqm/w707-h270/ezgif.com-optimize%252820%2529.gif" width="707" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
Alte Pinakothek situated in the Kunstareal is one of the oldest
galleries in the world and houses one of the most famous collections of
Old Master paintings. </span></span>Hitler had declared on the night of January 15-16, 1942 that</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The
Munich Pinakothek is one of the most magnificent achievements in the
world. It's the work of one man. What Munich owes to Ludwig I is beyond
computing. And what the whole German people owes to him! The palace of
the Uffizi at Florence does honour not to Florence alone, but to all
Italy.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="l" href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Table-Talk-1941-1944-Roper/dp/1929631065" style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Hitler's Table Talk</i> 1941-1944</a><span style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(209)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMY5wNwMfj2FbcdBUh55aOGUAvq1QNoq5zki45zxTu6cqdQR_yqhvo_rNZui3CZP0tP_sbidn0iVTnRJ2NIoEId1Rqlhf0uZjCoxVO5Mo3HkqAX-upwGabLnoJ4DLjd5BAYGZupBnQLVnS/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Alte Pinakothek einst jetzt" border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="658" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMY5wNwMfj2FbcdBUh55aOGUAvq1QNoq5zki45zxTu6cqdQR_yqhvo_rNZui3CZP0tP_sbidn0iVTnRJ2NIoEId1Rqlhf0uZjCoxVO5Mo3HkqAX-upwGabLnoJ4DLjd5BAYGZupBnQLVnS/w400-h213/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span>The midsection had been destroyed during the war
and was reconstructed in 1952 - 1957 by Hans Döllgast. </span></span></span></span>The clearest example of a partial reconstruction in Munich, indeed perhaps in all postwar Germany, was the Alte Pinakothek museum. Built during the years 1826–36 by Leo von Klenze, the neo-Renaissance edifice was regarded as one of the world's most important art museums and one of the city's architectural jewels. Wartime bombing raids in 1943-1944, however, severely damaged the museum, especially its southern facade. Because of the shortage of funds to repair the structure, the Alte Pinakothek's fate remained undecided until 1949. Then controversy over its future erupted. The restored section can clearly be seen today as was the original intention, by opposing any exact reproduction of what once existed and thus to allow one to relate to the past and to somehow prolong human existence through architecture, translated as a solid reality. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span>Döllgast</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> chose to keep the parts that remained standing and fill the void created by the bombings with the continuation of same the style but reconstructed with a more 'updated' language by using bricks of different physical and chromatic characteristics from the existing structure in order to contrast two life stages of the building and reuse the debris. Angela Squassina argues that the contextual conservation of parts corresponding to different periods demonstrates a recognition of the irreversibility of time and the course of history, which cannot be erased, in the formative development of the building. The surfaces of the building must continue to convey the sense of temporality and communicate, according to Simmel, "the fact that life, with its wealth and its changes, has once inhabited here an immediately intuitive present." </span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix6dHHl9lLeeynLTO-GWCjKItkg0TMTacoEPnjLMQ_0S7n_Wu0tPNgXXiR8_3mqQ9foFiWJG8l0o8BSV8oBboCfAg7ZSz2NHUHA33rET-XpSekVtGW44kmR8omGIY7UE2DIklzuCLWAMh-Y7k1DbQ3VqMn6HoWvF7KbERzVuKtdmJfflnQ7D4x2Hkngw/s671/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-08-09T170824.419.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Alte Pinakothek then now" border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="671" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix6dHHl9lLeeynLTO-GWCjKItkg0TMTacoEPnjLMQ_0S7n_Wu0tPNgXXiR8_3mqQ9foFiWJG8l0o8BSV8oBboCfAg7ZSz2NHUHA33rET-XpSekVtGW44kmR8omGIY7UE2DIklzuCLWAMh-Y7k1DbQ3VqMn6HoWvF7KbERzVuKtdmJfflnQ7D4x2Hkngw/w769-h263/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-08-09T170824.419.gif" width="769" /></a></span></div><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Predictably, traditionalists and modernists disagreed about the museum's postwar fate. Leading the traditionalist supporters of the building was the former director of the Bavarian State Painting Collection, Ernst Buchner, who in response to rumours of the museum's imminent demolition in mid-1949, organised a petition campaign on behalf of "all friends of the Alte Pinakothek” to oppose the state authorities' systematic "neglect” of the building. Supporting Buchner's assertion that Munich would be as "inconceivable" without the Alte Pinakothek as Paris would be without the Louvre, a wide variety of institutions, experts, and local citizens rejected the idea of replacing the Alte Pinakothek with a modern museum, insisting "we have lost so much, that we do not want to lose what can still be preserved." In their desire to prevent further loss, however, traditionalists resisted accepting the verdict of the past. Although reconstructing the museum necessarily involved entirely reproducing substantial sections destroyed in the war, Buchner completely rejected applying the term "copy" to the project. Instead, he compared the reconstruction of the Alte Pinakothek to the reconstruction of the Goethe house in Frankfurt, arguing that it would fulfill the "need for order and stability resulting from an "era in which everything shifted, collapsed, or fell into a state of agitation." Not surprisingly, traditionalists cared little that a rebuilt Alte Pinakothek, like a rebuilt Goethe house, would make it appear as if the war had never happened. In contrast, modernists offered many reasons against rebuilding the Alte Pinakothek. The modernist architecture critic Hans Eckstein cited not only the practical advantages of a new structure for exhibiting the museum's world-class art collection but argued that the building's fate would symbolically illustrate "how lively the modern spirit is for a new Munich." In the process of opposing the Alte Pinakothek's reconstruction, modernists largely accepted the loss caused by the war. Eckstein noted that while modernists held as many sentimental memories of the museum and were as “shaken” by its destruction as traditionalists, they viewed it as "irretrievably gone. “We have said farewell to it,” he declared, “as one says farewell to a deceased person who continues to live in our memory... but whom no amount of sentiment ... can call back." Denying this loss by reconstructing the Alte Pinakothek would only be rooted in self-deception. Eckstein concluded, "a... patched-up Pinakothek will not be the old one. ... What once charmed us is gone."</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Gavriel D. Rosenfeld (41-43) </span></span></span></span></span><i>Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bleeker's Rossebändiger" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK87_mUwTgbOSfm43IVEXArY5cUHW2BgcfCn0O-lVLULBQfurBVhD7p_l99NBVRMPhrINsDlBFLOxmQ8RoyX69qPnVZSvbEXpfkn2hYk0atnN8cEfISgTPm3tfOmqPrhk0xr640oZh7HY/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252866%2529.gif" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="456" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK87_mUwTgbOSfm43IVEXArY5cUHW2BgcfCn0O-lVLULBQfurBVhD7p_l99NBVRMPhrINsDlBFLOxmQ8RoyX69qPnVZSvbEXpfkn2hYk0atnN8cEfISgTPm3tfOmqPrhk0xr640oZh7HY/w488-h267/ezgif.com-optimize+%252866%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="488" /></span> Outside the building </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">on the western side </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">is the sculpture of the horse tamer (</span><i>Rosselenker)</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"> by Hermann Hahn from 1928, its bullet holes serving as "scars of remembrance." Hahn was noted mostly for his allegorical stone figures in Munich reference throughout this site, such as the Schönheit in the Bavaria Park or figures found on the Ludwigsbrücke (for the LUDWIGSBRÜCKE (Fischerei) and the Luitpoldbrücke (Jäger für Altbayern). But in the SURROUNDINGS OF THE PINAKOTHEKEN there is also a bronze sculpture by Hahn. The bullet holes were highlighted by Beate Passow and Andreas von Weizäcker through glass plates as part of the Wounds of Memory campaign. Corresponding to this sculpture is the Rosselenker (1931) by Bernhard Bleeker on the other side of the street.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>The two horse tamers were placed in front of the Munich Technical College in 1931. Here they are after the war and how one appears today. </span></span><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIHblmn4S8fpGoiPMEEMKM9unT5jgFcAOeMJwJrJXoO-6-qy5fIfnGBGpLiTjYNZ7R0jRwnX7eVTcqZ1vyydnZAkR33r1qOvU9HXmn5ELUR_NM8Pev7LASEpCS8pcXnw7_mbHx_EzT88/s320/eh.jpg" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="616" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIHblmn4S8fpGoiPMEEMKM9unT5jgFcAOeMJwJrJXoO-6-qy5fIfnGBGpLiTjYNZ7R0jRwnX7eVTcqZ1vyydnZAkR33r1qOvU9HXmn5ELUR_NM8Pev7LASEpCS8pcXnw7_mbHx_EzT88/s320/eh.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 201px;" /> <img alt="Bleeker's Rossebändiger" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkP-L1bUA0yCDYjOrScYLzc4e0a82tT69FP8l-wmR-AtIMedwqRDPg-Wn-khVb0FeTnA3XOHOFdrcs_WSxIWVts69XusEXJh4YYSO_QdNKP0TfmP_U3FoJxbsQ1U_HJ0OWeGmEswHYQiEg/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="489" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkP-L1bUA0yCDYjOrScYLzc4e0a82tT69FP8l-wmR-AtIMedwqRDPg-Wn-khVb0FeTnA3XOHOFdrcs_WSxIWVts69XusEXJh4YYSO_QdNKP0TfmP_U3FoJxbsQ1U_HJ0OWeGmEswHYQiEg/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 429px;" /></span></span></span> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>After... and in their new positions across the street from each other. Bleeker's Rossebändiger of 1931 was
so badly damaged during the war that the horse was melted down. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Neue Pinakothek</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXEOPyZzcGwbMQecenwifm47M_ES3aRhgb8xKnXmrZ0WyR3rB_OhL8KA4xgtMXTUCjF-GZqra1FwXHA5VY44DCpKOG8mGOp4NT-9-Jz4zPAYHRv-H7uueUzwRIhSs2fdydl_GLMLYjrWM/s1600/emyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Neue Pinakothek" border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXEOPyZzcGwbMQecenwifm47M_ES3aRhgb8xKnXmrZ0WyR3rB_OhL8KA4xgtMXTUCjF-GZqra1FwXHA5VY44DCpKOG8mGOp4NT-9-Jz4zPAYHRv-H7uueUzwRIhSs2fdydl_GLMLYjrWM/w640-h142/emyphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>The
Neue Pinakothek focusses on 18th and 19th century art for which it is
considered one of the most important museums in the world.</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">[W]ith
the advent of war in 1939, the Alte and Neue Pinakotheken closed their
doors to the public and the artworks were sent to the provinces for
safekeeping. Although restoration work continued in the museums’
workshops through 1944, there were no wartime exhibitions to organise.</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>Jonathan Petropoulos (24) </span></span></span><span id="btAsinTitle" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/military%20pdfs7/TheFaustianBargain-TheArtWorldInNaziGermany.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;">The Faustian Bargain - The Art World in Nazi Germany</a></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>It
had been all but destroyed during the war when, on July 12, 1944, the building of the Neue Pinakothek was badly damaged in American air raids and burned out completely. The painting collection was largely outsourced at that time. Five years later, the first stage in the history of the Neue Pinakothek ended with the decision to demolish the ruins in 1949. After that, the site of the former Gärtner building lay fallow for almost three decades. Designed by architect Alexander Freiherr von Branca, the new
postmodern building shown on the right opened in 1981.</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><br /></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Schellingstraße</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3jcsdRLfR4q3SvRb8WC-sXduCBkZAdEPWe9HrsEIZhtJWmTCAFM5VnQz-KmPyY6KqBxBIDtx-CNISqyIE282_AB1HjqBN4bkV_16W-I_J2X_0eDTHsKTRTcMNEDKb-9i02JrNO_PSNbh8RToI0naRF3wpAHY1zNHvVdbFLIqJ3j0Nks8INDevV4cdGw/s284/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-03-26T204208.757.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Schellingstraße" border="0" data-original-height="172" data-original-width="284" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3jcsdRLfR4q3SvRb8WC-sXduCBkZAdEPWe9HrsEIZhtJWmTCAFM5VnQz-KmPyY6KqBxBIDtx-CNISqyIE282_AB1HjqBN4bkV_16W-I_J2X_0eDTHsKTRTcMNEDKb-9i02JrNO_PSNbh8RToI0naRF3wpAHY1zNHvVdbFLIqJ3j0Nks8INDevV4cdGw/w400-h243/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-03-26T204208.757.gif" width="400" /></a></div>Schellingstraße during the wartime bombing and today. The street has a number of sites associated with the Nazi era<span>. </span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Schellingstraße was <span>described as the </span></span></span><i>Einfallstor der NSDAP in die Maxvorstadt</i>- the entrance gate of the Nazis to Maxvorstadt. <span>N</span>amed after the philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, it is the longest continuous street in Maxvorstadt <span>at roughly<span> </span></span>2000
metres. Soon after the founding of the Nazi Party in 1925, Party members and
supporters of Hitler imprinted their ideology and imagery within the
university quarter. Heinrich Hoffmann, whose company had been in the
rear building of No. 50 since 1924, left the Nazi Party in 1925 as a business
centre. Until the move to the Braune Haus in 1930, the <span>nation</span>-wide party was organi<span>s</span>ed from here. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>O<span>ne legacy is a prominent <span>relief of a Nazi-er<span>a coat of arms of Munich, with the eagle and swastika excised:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj84CnYxI7m4v02pdFTxqdSUrm27A0wyj8KVMkeKbiTw38BbYfuwqxTCUkZG2T4W3QFtt8H6WffVVk2tO9RdeAkBTVIEBDKt3z-ovhLgxqqgeUCTnWyRY2TfrwDN_aUkZzYz2HrmcHsp_Ra/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Muenchen wappen nsdap reichsadler" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="280" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj84CnYxI7m4v02pdFTxqdSUrm27A0wyj8KVMkeKbiTw38BbYfuwqxTCUkZG2T4W3QFtt8H6WffVVk2tO9RdeAkBTVIEBDKt3z-ovhLgxqqgeUCTnWyRY2TfrwDN_aUkZzYz2HrmcHsp_Ra/w298-h320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="298" /></a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>On June 5, 1936 Hitler awarded Munich, which had been rechristened the "Capital of the Movement" since 1935, a new coat of arms. </span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Deemed the <i>Hauptstadt der Bewegung</i>, Munich was a
significant place in terms of the Nazi ideology. The city was home to
the Nazi headquarters, the Beer Hall Putsch and also saw the
establishment of Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp. </span></span></span></span></span>It was designed by party member and councilor Richard Klein who had opted for an open city gate flanked by two towers, which was reminiscent of Sendlinger Tor.<br />The city monk standing under the archway of the previous city coat of arms, who spreads his hands in a gesture of blessing, mutated into a "Kindl", which, with its hood, reminded some of a dwarf. It stood in front of the gate with arms spread horizontally, like a traffic policeman. The Bavarian lion, which had previously stood over the city gate was replaced with the Nazi eagle and swastika. The coat of arms was used until the end of the war in 1945.</span><span><br /></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Post-war
designs were not pursued until 1949 with the current arms shown for
comparison at right. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Nazi Party offices</span> Schellingstraße 50</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2cGWVZdY6VRUA1SDoLtWZXySYsdBwcuUxWv_sfb1TKJMmMT1W-2N9zdJYvWBMaiix_WJiqMsD_1TtYeBiq04-SmB4EBEwgtiA9WfyDoYoExIx-qVpX8X_-m0VD-RdcKr8Bvvp5DgBbF8x/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Schellingsalon" border="0" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2cGWVZdY6VRUA1SDoLtWZXySYsdBwcuUxWv_sfb1TKJMmMT1W-2N9zdJYvWBMaiix_WJiqMsD_1TtYeBiq04-SmB4EBEwgtiA9WfyDoYoExIx-qVpX8X_-m0VD-RdcKr8Bvvp5DgBbF8x/w676-h506/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" width="676" /></a></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"> With Schellingsalon and the former Nazi Party Headquarters behind me.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmGcwLmlICEawg7hoAKjucq6yb798gI0t2pqDe6d3uuq1hSYKX9YGqiBywJPx_XAJOjgds34UbvnGEZhastfNmY39qQPlB0AoFgWhTc1n5Anisvnj7bFsf3AeIyihk0pGvWlegxRLItS3eNEwRc-Y4Ic4SROfxXouDYacaZLhzz2vtAMwUCqBcM09JqQ/s387/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-03-26T115319.656.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Reichsadler schellingstrasse" border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="387" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmGcwLmlICEawg7hoAKjucq6yb798gI0t2pqDe6d3uuq1hSYKX9YGqiBywJPx_XAJOjgds34UbvnGEZhastfNmY39qQPlB0AoFgWhTc1n5Anisvnj7bFsf3AeIyihk0pGvWlegxRLItS3eNEwRc-Y4Ic4SROfxXouDYacaZLhzz2vtAMwUCqBcM09JqQ/w430-h363/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-03-26T115319.656.gif" width="430" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;">Schellingstraße 50 in 1937 flying the Nazi flag and today where the offices of the Nazi Party were housed between 1925 and 1931, the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Reichsadler</span> still above the door.</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"> This is where Hitler met Eva Braun for the first time as sh<span style="font-size: normal;">e worked in Heinrich Hoffmann's studio</span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span class="Normal-C1">. </span>They
first met in 1929, when he was forty and she was 17. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">According to Hoffmann's daughter, Hitler's opening line was: "May I
invite you to the opera with me, Fräulein Eva? You see, I'm surrounded
by men and I know what a pleasure it is to enjoy female company." </span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">
Eva was the middle of the three daughters of Fritz Braun, a master
craftsman from <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Simbach">Simbach on the Inn</a>. She was a pretty, empty-headed
blonde, with a round face and blue eyes, who worked as a shop girl in
Hoffmann's photographer's shop. Hitler met her there, paid her a few
casual compliments, gave her flowers, and occasionally invited her to be
one of his party on an outing. The initiative was all on Eva's side:
she told her friends that Hitler was in love with her and that she would
make him marry her.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="column" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Bullock (394)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Dates at the cinema and restaurants followed.</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;">The Nazi eagle today. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGxKlrADxfWhG_6r8s-k6k-XmHHi9VRof5aCPFtO3y8T8uinxU0SMD4OpeMdd9FHOIItEgNum-6JvcQi7r6B7f78SGCq0GnoDga88YimBi5oOrd4ThsnSfL5cwFCtAiByR1p4UbjC063ZK/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-03-31+at+09.57.13.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Reichsadler Schellingstrasse NSDAP" border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="569" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGxKlrADxfWhG_6r8s-k6k-XmHHi9VRof5aCPFtO3y8T8uinxU0SMD4OpeMdd9FHOIItEgNum-6JvcQi7r6B7f78SGCq0GnoDga88YimBi5oOrd4ThsnSfL5cwFCtAiByR1p4UbjC063ZK/w430-h363/Screen+Shot+2018-03-31+at+09.57.13.png" width="430" /></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">On
February 27, 1925, Hitler announced the re-establishment of the NSDAP
in the Bürgerbräukeller. The party office was temporarily housed in the
house of the Franz Eher Follower publishing house at Thierschstrasse
15, before rooms in the rear building at Schellingstrasse 50 were able
to be moved into in June 1925 through the intervention of Hoffmann whose photo studio was also located in the building. The
well-known photographer, who made a name for himself through his photo
coverage of the 1918-19 revolution in Munich and in the "Völkischer
Observer" , had been part of Hitler's inner circle since the 1920s, having taken numerous portrait and propaganda photos of Hitler, to which he
had exclusive rights, and was later appointed “Reich Image Reporter of
the NSDAP”. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;">Hoffmann had been born in Fürth in 1885, completed an apprenticeship as a photographer in his father's business and after several years of wandering (including a stay in London), he moved to Munich in 1909 and established his own studio at Schellingstraße 33 and then later here at Schellingstraße 50 where he developed different types of the Führer picture, sometimes depicting him as a charismatic party leader, determined general or even as a superhuman redeemer. Other times he stylised him as a down-to-earth, benevolent father figure or as a spiritualised private individual. Through his work Hoffmann became the decisive propagandist of this personality cult driven by Hitler. The connection to the “leader” and the movement was extremely close. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;">In
1925 Hoffmann joined the Nazi Party with membership number 59. Above his
studio here at Schellingstraße 50 was also located the “Hall of Honour
of the SA.” In 1926 he was instrumental in initiating the party
magazine, the "Illustrierten Beobachter." Two years later he was the
Nazi representative in the Upper Bavarian district council, and from
1929 he was a member of the Munich city council. In his studio, Hitler
met Hoffmann's employee, Eva Braun, who later became his lover and
wife. </span></span></span></span></span>In his studio, Hitler met Hoffmann's employee, Eva Braun, who later became his lover and wife. With the rise of the Nazis, Hoffmann's business also thrived, allowing him to lead an exceedingly luxurious lifestyle. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXyOIbdNO6XYU9Rx2yoVNa_-LCjWbUjEmuax8f7hyphenhyphenptgMdQZzqyjtU_1rDduGEpqjiwd9IDfpL4puHhlfnhUB8fWC5MfmU4eSOq0KQkK_st852F6RCGQKVz8Fv48JgYy3lPSEW1nm5i0hB/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-04-18+at+09.09.48.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Heinrich Hofmann grab" border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="663" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXyOIbdNO6XYU9Rx2yoVNa_-LCjWbUjEmuax8f7hyphenhyphenptgMdQZzqyjtU_1rDduGEpqjiwd9IDfpL4puHhlfnhUB8fWC5MfmU4eSOq0KQkK_st852F6RCGQKVz8Fv48JgYy3lPSEW1nm5i0hB/w482-h307/Screen+Shot+2019-04-18+at+09.09.48.png" width="482" /></a>His photo volumes alone, which he published in rapid succession from 1932 onwards and which dealt with Hitler's private life as well as the history of the "movement", sometimes reached print runs of several 100,000. In addition, he practically had a monopoly on Hitler portraits and photographs of his immediate surroundings, since Hitler continued to only accept him as a photographer in his immediate environment. From 1932 to 1943, his company grew from seventeen employees to over 300. In 1943, sales exceeded 15 million Reichsmarks. In 1938 Hoffmann was awarded the title of professor, but not as a photographer, but because of his participation in the selection of the exhibits for the "First Great German Art Exhibition", an order he had received directly from Hitler. His grave in Nordfriedhof shown on the right maintains this title. As one of the very few, he had direct access to Hitler to the end and, unlike other party leaders, did not have to submit to the strict ceremonies that the dictator increasingly expected from the highest representatives of the state and the party. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTaXc5PrQADmmlN1Tb3VOFCGl34gnU6mxm1vPY4V3-1qvbP7nrPRc4YdpLvKOoFKk-0XfqvTcP2WgKfM39xsjxWTcAOcXNiuyOd3pIRj9gyf-Eio62UwMYw89nRQ1lo8-avg1H1RiE7oEkkVHAYrTqykRBnKVyn2r4AolDGI7NVonYeYVlJ_id8EbA3fiw/s1730/Screenshot%202024-02-29%20at%2016.38.58.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="1730" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTaXc5PrQADmmlN1Tb3VOFCGl34gnU6mxm1vPY4V3-1qvbP7nrPRc4YdpLvKOoFKk-0XfqvTcP2WgKfM39xsjxWTcAOcXNiuyOd3pIRj9gyf-Eio62UwMYw89nRQ1lo8-avg1H1RiE7oEkkVHAYrTqykRBnKVyn2r4AolDGI7NVonYeYVlJ_id8EbA3fiw/w400-h151/Screenshot%202024-02-29%20at%2016.38.58.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Inside the site of the Nazi Party main office, with the<span style="font-style: italic;"> Blutfahne </span>flanked by two standards. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Philipp
Bouhler initially worked in the office as managing director, Franz
Xaver Schwarz as treasurer and Max Amann as head of the party publishing
house. The membership register was kept here and from there the Nazi Party
was to be built up throughout the Reich. In 1928, Gregor Straßer took
over leadership of the party apparatus as “ Reich Organisation Leader "; he's shown </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">on the right with</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">
Hitler conducting a meeting in the building in 1928 during a leadership
conference. Also present in the photo are Rosenberg, Himmler, Streicher, and Ley. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C1" style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqF2FiV3a4rXpZ-jaZYP1PPRD274KCwggxcayV5JU4ULZM4kpr2BqG5PgNyrsSnM6qOjxiGwlv1w5ZTa3uFW5OSAUMTXHlkTE_l-a1MVFZ2ReN5yjai4I_bEf2D7fmksMkE8l00acGCOp9n54sv8Yud3NS4l7AdPacVFapgSDdNFAYqtheiqCds_HARoB7/s1280/New%20Project%20(8).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqF2FiV3a4rXpZ-jaZYP1PPRD274KCwggxcayV5JU4ULZM4kpr2BqG5PgNyrsSnM6qOjxiGwlv1w5ZTa3uFW5OSAUMTXHlkTE_l-a1MVFZ2ReN5yjai4I_bEf2D7fmksMkE8l00acGCOp9n54sv8Yud3NS4l7AdPacVFapgSDdNFAYqtheiqCds_HARoB7/w478-h269/New%20Project%20(8).jpg" width="478" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> Standing inside with the courtyardbehind me shown from the time of its use by the Nazis.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The establishment of the <i>NSDAP Reichsleitung</i> in Munich was controversial within the party because the number of members did not increase as expected, internal party quarrels and financial problems characterised party life, and electoral successes failed to materialise. Only after the global economic crisis did membership numbers skyrocket. In January 1933 there were 850,000 members. The elections were correspondingly successful for the NSDAP: at the end of the 1920s, Nazi representatives were represented in almost all state parliaments, and from 1928 also in the Reichstag with a share of the vote of 2.6%. In the 1930 Reichstag elections, the Nazis were able to increase its share of the vote to 18.3%, and in the subsequent elections in July 1932 it was the strongest Reichstag faction with 37.3%. It was able to maintain this status in the November 1932 elections despite the decline in the share of the vote to 33.1%. The rooms on Schellingstrasse had long since become too small for the administration of such a large mass party, which is why the Reich leadership acquired the Palais Barlow on Brienner Strasse in May 1930 as a larger, representative building for the party headquarters. Hitler's principle, which had already been announced in 1921, “that the seat of the movement is and always will be Munich,” was thus followed. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUPKSvnhlPr5NOgV6oCcZzYkyJ5FKUcI1qMog2EW3cXty95uxY-m9Ou-coUB98F9mGtjTkL5o9ISnM62avBWPfUnPwVBQhwAHsr8zzLm8ZttL-zUxS9ZXRJVFKy98bcVvSg65JrQgEqOvD5uJy0NPQZzU87HKUE06szOWDGqUydWZd7mcfTdCr9WAPAQ/s316/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-03-26T125040.728.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Völkischer Beobachter at Schellingstrasse 39" border="0" data-original-height="316" data-original-width="285" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUPKSvnhlPr5NOgV6oCcZzYkyJ5FKUcI1qMog2EW3cXty95uxY-m9Ou-coUB98F9mGtjTkL5o9ISnM62avBWPfUnPwVBQhwAHsr8zzLm8ZttL-zUxS9ZXRJVFKy98bcVvSg65JrQgEqOvD5uJy0NPQZzU87HKUE06szOWDGqUydWZd7mcfTdCr9WAPAQ/w361-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-03-26T125040.728.gif" width="361" /></a></div>The former office of the Völkischer Beobachter at Schellingstrasse 39 in 1937 and the site today. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>In the courtyard buildings, modern rotary
machines printed the Nazi paper <i>Völkische Beobachter</i>, whose
editorial office moved to the front building in 1922. Produced using the
same machines and in the same format, the first newspaper licensed by
the United States appeared here in 1945: the <i>Neue Zeitung</i> with
Hans Habe as editor-in-chief, Erich Kästner as head of the arts section
and editors Alfred Andersch and Walter Kolbenhoff. </span></span></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span> Here the Munich Buchgewerbehaus printers, M. Müller & Sohn, provided its workrooms. From December 1920 to April 30, 1945, the Völkischer Beobachter served as the journalistic party organ of the Nazi Party . In sharp contrast to mainstream newspapers, the VB described itself as a "combat newspaper" and was programmatically more interested in agitation than in information. Press historians such as Sonja Noller and Hildegard von Kotzetherefore have described the VB "poster-like" and its style "more spoken than written". Initially, the VB appeared twice a week and then from February 8, 1923 daily. Since the publisher had the VB printed on a used American rotary press from August 29, 1923, the sheet had a striking, oversized format. It also differed visually from other newspapers in that the main headline was underlined in red and the header was in antiqua type. From February 1941, the VB gave up the Fraktur typeface that had been commonly used in Germany up to that point and was set entirely in modern Antiqua, which the Nazis described as “tasteful and clear” and was intended to correspond to the “world standing of the Reich” claimed by propaganda. Its circulation increased enormously with the success of the Nazis; in 1931 it reached over 120,000, exceeded the million mark in 1941 and is said to have amounted to 1.7 million copies in 1944. A few days before the German capitulation , the Völkischer Beobachter ceased publication; its last issue of April 30, 1945 was no longer delivered.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqiX9oBP5Jazj_7ycGqWcqXtGDW-LkFMxB8J4568LoqUkCi2m2FDY-5HrWGe9rNQnBCEpH_vKqCogIooPOVoNFsqRcb8S_qjUzzflm0qMdeHYTdrrc867LH3NntE8e_1K0JtGQGsAPJGqC/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252833%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="sa Schellingstraße Barer Straße" border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="583" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqiX9oBP5Jazj_7ycGqWcqXtGDW-LkFMxB8J4568LoqUkCi2m2FDY-5HrWGe9rNQnBCEpH_vKqCogIooPOVoNFsqRcb8S_qjUzzflm0qMdeHYTdrrc867LH3NntE8e_1K0JtGQGsAPJGqC/w640-h292/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252833%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Brownshirts distributing flyers on the corner of </span></span><span><span>Schellingstraße and </span></span><span><span>Barer Straße <i>circa</i> 1930, now an Edeka supermarket. Directly across the street is</span></span>: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Schelling Salon</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-79isA_FzoXf0spYG4JOGgcTsNmwS0lO3pFxDgFYx3-iUgykR-p2iBaST5NXdRd7gEQRy2_ic5lxxQJvY6V_LVSuiaQJUOFRerdlX2cR-9ER7pZY8E1x3ykj8QLCPuBNaVJZstH-cw9o/s1600/6myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Schelling Salon" border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-79isA_FzoXf0spYG4JOGgcTsNmwS0lO3pFxDgFYx3-iUgykR-p2iBaST5NXdRd7gEQRy2_ic5lxxQJvY6V_LVSuiaQJUOFRerdlX2cR-9ER7pZY8E1x3ykj8QLCPuBNaVJZstH-cw9o/w711-h262/6myphoto.jpeg" width="711" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Having lunch at the <a href="https://www.schelling-salon.de/"><span style="font-style: italic;">Schelling Salon</span></a> where I'm apparently sitting at <a href="https://gentlemanadventurer.travellerspoint.com/691/">Lenin's former table</a>. I'm going to quote from my copy of the '<span style="font-style: italic;">Past Finder Zik Zak'</span> of Munich, which is based on Maik Kopelek's series of books, although the fold-out map hasn't any author mentioned:<br />"Family-owned
since 1872... Hitler is said to have often left without paying; Lenin
never did! Worth seeing: the stone urinals in the cellar."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The site has been mentioned several times in literary works; its guests included Bertolt Brecht, Wassili Kandinsky, Rainer Maria Rilke and Ödön von Horváth. Hitler and Lenin also frequented here; after several years, Hitler moved to the neighbouring Osteria Italiana <a href="https://www.schelling-salon.de/die-wirtsleute.html">because of unpaid bills</a>. Franz Josef Strauß, later Bavarian Prime Minister, who grew up on Schelling Street, fetched beer for his father from the Schelling Salon in his youth. In the 1960s, the later <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=dqPpAAAAIAAJ&q=wagner+baader&dq=wagner+baader&hl=de&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiTz6qFtbHyAhX5SfEDHRgdCKcQ6AEwCXoECBEQAg">RAF terrorist Andreas Baader</a> and the later Bild columnist Franz Josef Wagner met in the Schelling Salon.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-V3kbjTy9_R6CIq4_v1wrCFaeI3_xoL2Seay1kQX2a9qnTjlRLUDzDZovnz0OskP_xYsphJLm2i4AGxdsMyEnniECdFXSiJv_zKFg6sbNYjPfH2wQ2tchWj-Mx8-bnC2DFBm7YnkGCNvYpS5F7qEKBOu5gnz5AsP_BPqsbdgXviA-lSGo3UvdRh3Zwy9/s459/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(6).gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="459" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-V3kbjTy9_R6CIq4_v1wrCFaeI3_xoL2Seay1kQX2a9qnTjlRLUDzDZovnz0OskP_xYsphJLm2i4AGxdsMyEnniECdFXSiJv_zKFg6sbNYjPfH2wQ2tchWj-Mx8-bnC2DFBm7YnkGCNvYpS5F7qEKBOu5gnz5AsP_BPqsbdgXviA-lSGo3UvdRh3Zwy9/w689-h344/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(6).gif" width="689" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv9yE1O0zCga2tpGRvzWsCvs_m5Nccx7OpaM-CUIOjR9Dhsg196Ti5g11ntSoCjCufkp4nrARCnJxONUPSx1AgNODB0rST_sj4zTs1SQDflbm98x0RuM0knBUgYn3WC3p3omzK8xc0wW8/s1600/5myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Schelling Salon urinals" border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv9yE1O0zCga2tpGRvzWsCvs_m5Nccx7OpaM-CUIOjR9Dhsg196Ti5g11ntSoCjCufkp4nrARCnJxONUPSx1AgNODB0rST_sj4zTs1SQDflbm98x0RuM0knBUgYn3WC3p3omzK8xc0wW8/w763-h268/5myphoto.jpeg" width="763" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Claimed to have been used by Lenin, Hitler and Franz Josef Strauss and now by me.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">When banned from entering for refusal to pay his bills, Hitler then moved down the road to the <i>Osteria Bavaria</i>.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBltqHKjb_p1-LHP9XlR54Es6E-MdHU5_nt_tlQ85MB8iB0ch-YvhiTBctBHDdyRpf5EhKxztAmuMmr1lUJi5JuEQ3YlEk34oXyp4d9_66-_oqUwLCR9ywdg969y6zr4qGZnkOoBl742Ve/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><img alt="Osteria Italiana" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPmovcoi5ynx-_Cfdcgm9lTjPbC96f3oxHTwLr97coRuqka-rLODH1427vg2JSt3op5ESL4K2q-5ysZlGUqKhnNz5IalLTdBcDCCEW25sN_Uh8WWSZRAM8URfyFV7yUEn9iD4t_GE9JV04/s400/60961_10150248363480567_765120566_14512504_3298816_n.jpg" height="400" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5573642757480325442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPmovcoi5ynx-_Cfdcgm9lTjPbC96f3oxHTwLr97coRuqka-rLODH1427vg2JSt3op5ESL4K2q-5ysZlGUqKhnNz5IalLTdBcDCCEW25sN_Uh8WWSZRAM8URfyFV7yUEn9iD4t_GE9JV04/w367-h400/60961_10150248363480567_765120566_14512504_3298816_n.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="367" /></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Now the <span style="font-style: italic;">Osteria Italiana</span>,
this was apparently Hitler's favourite restaurant where he would have
his "Stammtisch" and where he wooed Eva Braun who worked, one block
down the street, as a clerk and bookkeeper, at Heinrich Hoffmann's
photography studio. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Clearly little has changed. </span></span></span></span>Hitler and his followers were regular guests in the "Osteria Bavaria" which was also popular with the Schwabinger Boheme. Oskar Maria Graf described in his <i>Gelächter von außen</i> an encounter between Simplicissimus editors and Hitler with “some of his paladins”, in which both sides eyed each other suspiciously. It was here that,
according to Irving (100) in <a href="http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/1977/index.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's War</a>,
that "Hitler himself had sketched the rough outlines for the House of
Art, using the back of an Osteria menu, one day in 1931 – a gallery of
stern Grecian lines which even today is mocked as Munich’s 'Athens
Station.’"</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Irving also quotes Goebbels's diary (in an excessively misleading way that Evans castigates in <a class="l" href="http://www.amazon.com/Lying-About-Hitler-History-Holocaust/dp/0465021522">Lying About Hitler</a>) wherein he records that it was here that he had reported to Hitler about the events of Reichskristallnacht:</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">[Hitler]
is in agreement with everything. His views are quite radical and
aggressive. The Aktion itself went off without a hitch. A hundred dead.
But no German property damaged.’ Each of these five sentences was
untrue, as will be seen. With minor alterations the Führer authorises my
decree re: breaking off the Aktionen. I issue it immediately through
the press. The Führer wants to proceed to very harsh measures against
the Jews. They must repair their shops themselves. The insurance
companies will pay them nothing. Then the Führer wants Jewish businesses
gradually expropriated and their owners compensated with paper which
we can [word illegible: devalue?] at any time. Meanwhile people are
starting with their own <span style="font-style: italic;">Aktionen</span>.
I issue appropriate secret decrees. We’re waiting to see the
repercussions abroad. For the time being there is silence there. But the
hullabaloo will come. </span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_BidLWZhK4UGipx0Q1pTgBvTwle2OvxKMB_Mm2KeHL0Jy1KKRtmAaafR5lbBkCVnGyQrykO-6Je5b4VuqwVqQlsj6UasYsLvPK6OiTGrLn5YL3U83mrRt7YyRJzmaXT6nNmlsq4gXM_h/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252874%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Osteria Italiana Bavaria Hitler" border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="550" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_BidLWZhK4UGipx0Q1pTgBvTwle2OvxKMB_Mm2KeHL0Jy1KKRtmAaafR5lbBkCVnGyQrykO-6Je5b4VuqwVqQlsj6UasYsLvPK6OiTGrLn5YL3U83mrRt7YyRJzmaXT6nNmlsq4gXM_h/w485-h346/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252874%2529.gif" width="485" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Henriette von Schirach described the restaurant as a “cool, small winery with a little courtyard painted in Pompeian red and a ‘temple,’ that is, an alcove with two columns in front of it,” which was kept reserved for Hitler. However, Hitler’s later secretary, Traudl Junge, said that Hitler's usual table was the “least comfortable table all the way in the back, in the corner.” Hitler rarely ate alone; his constant companions from the early 1920s included not only Heinrich Hoffmann but also Ernst Hanfstaengl, Adolf Wagner, Julius Schaub, Hitler’s personal assistant; Christian Weber, a “potbellied former horse trader” in Joachim Fest’s words; and Hermann Esser, a founding member of the Nazi Party whom Goebbels called “the little Hitler.” Later additions included Martin Bormann, Otto Dietrich, ϟϟ General Joseph “Sepp” Dietrich, Max Amann, and Wilhelm Brückner (an SA‑Obergruppenführer and Hitler’s chief adjutant since 1930). </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj87wxEIGgl9wgmY7pUmVl4y8AXzQ9p6ECBd4cXXape9t3auk-JVjU6peofGyU6joENYZdXFtEywNuMPECnyEeHeA8vEpvrC2xzL4SrS3Wg1QEt3bbp0oRc1gtejmyQxPTSNNwF_uDC9n0h/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-03-31+at+10.17.02.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="831" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj87wxEIGgl9wgmY7pUmVl4y8AXzQ9p6ECBd4cXXape9t3auk-JVjU6peofGyU6joENYZdXFtEywNuMPECnyEeHeA8vEpvrC2xzL4SrS3Wg1QEt3bbp0oRc1gtejmyQxPTSNNwF_uDC9n0h/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-03-31+at+10.17.02.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler
with Unity </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Valkyrie </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Mitford at the Osteria. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Mitford was christened "Unity Mitfahrt" by mockers because she
always knew exactly where the Hitler was and followed him relentlessly. </span></span></span></span></span>Her sister Diane married Sir Oswald
Mosley, leader of the British Fascist Party, made it her business to
meet Hitler here. After stalking Hitler for over a year, on February 9, 1935 </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">he noticed
her at the Osteria Bavaria at Schellingstrasse 62 where, according to her sister Jessica, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><blockquote>she had reserved a nightly table in the Osteria Bavaria restaurant, where they often went. Evening after evening she sat and stared at them, until finally a flunkey was sent over to find out who she was. On learning that she was an admirer of the Nazis, and a member of the British Union of Fascists Hitler invited her to join them at their table. Thereafter she became one of their circle, saw them constantly in Munich, accompanied them to meetings and rallies.</blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Ward Price wrote how “[n]o one could sit for long in the same room as Miss Unity Mitford without noticing her. Her golden hair, fair skin, and blue eyes attain the highest standards of that Nordic beauty which Germans especially admire.” Eventually Hitler sent his adjutant Brückner to her in the Osteria Bavaria to convey the chancellor’s compliments. This marked the beginning of a friendship, which soon was to be platonically extended to her sister, Diana Guinness. Shortly after the war broke out, Unity Mitford attempted to end her life by shooting herself in the temple in the English Garden. Hitler ordered the best doctors to her side. After her health was restored, Hitler’s personal physician Morell brought her to Switzerland. From there, she returned to England where she died in 1948, as a patient in the Oban Hospital.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRVPkSb5BfoQ4cGSJKVVUnUF9DoLeTUUVUfclAL3RO9zUsVp5nqdjjuDfKTP3npcljTJvF4Sm4_PrU_50D7F1tFnFE6trp8esJFPoG8SPVwdghMfmq1dp-ceKG0gpEN1s4UxmkY8vLjdag/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-03-31+at+10.16.50.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="809" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRVPkSb5BfoQ4cGSJKVVUnUF9DoLeTUUVUfclAL3RO9zUsVp5nqdjjuDfKTP3npcljTJvF4Sm4_PrU_50D7F1tFnFE6trp8esJFPoG8SPVwdghMfmq1dp-ceKG0gpEN1s4UxmkY8vLjdag/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-03-31+at+10.16.50.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">At the usual time, around half past two, I went to the Osteria
Bavaria, a small artists' restaurant which rose to unexpected fame when it became Hitler's regular restaurant. In a place like </span><span style="font-size: normal;">this, </span><span style="font-size: normal;">one could
more easily imagine a table of artists gathered around Lenbach or
Stuck, with long hair and huge beards, than Hitler with </span><span style="font-size: normal;">his </span><span style="font-size: normal;">neatly
dressed or uniformed retinue. But he felt at ease in the Osteria; as
a "frustrated artist" he obviously liked the atmosphere he had once
sought to attain to, and now had finally both lost and surpassed...</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> One tacit agreement prevailed: No
one must mention politics. The sole exception was Lady Mitford, who
even in the later years of international tension persistently spoke up for
her country and often actually pleaded with Hitler to make a deal with
England. </span><span style="font-size: normal;">In </span><span style="font-size: normal;">spite of Hitler's discouraging reserve, she did not abandon
her efforts through </span><span style="font-size: normal;">all </span><span style="font-size: normal;">those years. Then, in September </span><span style="font-size: normal;">1939, </span><span style="font-size: normal;">on the day
of England's declaration of war, she tried to shoot herself with a small
pistol in Munich's Englischer Garten. Hitler had the best specialists </span><span style="font-size: normal;">in
</span><span style="font-size: normal;">Munich care for her, and as soon as she could travel sent her home to
England by a special railroad car through Switzerland. </span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Speer (39-40) <u>Inside the Third Reich</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjsiy8etcrp4OYHDWRkhrsx_-Hrgg6xC5g6kWgrfqH-HU2BQuCoZHG6eg8h9vbm0CBPQQdNGZfqUn34T0YyeWgU7bglqnTixxI3YVBGBt0Jcb2lfCB4sU75gtdAJoANvN2-jerr8hOmYM/s1600/elser.jpeg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Turkenstraße 94 off Schellingstraße Georg Elser" border="0" height="320" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5492527201830058546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjsiy8etcrp4OYHDWRkhrsx_-Hrgg6xC5g6kWgrfqH-HU2BQuCoZHG6eg8h9vbm0CBPQQdNGZfqUn34T0YyeWgU7bglqnTixxI3YVBGBt0Jcb2lfCB4sU75gtdAJoANvN2-jerr8hOmYM/w245-h320/elser.jpeg" width="245" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
non-descript address here at Turkenstraße 94 off Schellingstraße was where, in 1939, Georg
Elser rented a room before attempting to blow up Hitler at the
<a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/B%C3%BCrgerbr%C3%A4ukeller">Bürgerbräukeller</a></span>
on November 8 1938, the day of Hitler's annual speech on the
anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch. Given the demands of the war and
forecast of fog preventing him from flying back to Berlin the next
morning, Hitler decided to return to Berlin the same night by his
private train. With the departure from Munich's main station set for
21:30, the start time of the event was brought forward by half an hour
to 20:00 leaving Hitler to cut his speech from the planned two hours to a
one-hour duration at 21:07, 13 minutes before Elser's bomb exploded at
21:20. By that time, Hitler and his entourage had left the
Bürgerbräukeller. The bomb brought down part of the ceiling and roof and
caused the gallery and an external wall to collapse, leaving a mountain
of rubble. About 120 people were still in the hall at the time leaving
seven killed. Another sixty-three were injured, sixteen seriously, with
one dying later. Hitler did not learn of the attempt on his life until
later that night on a stop in Nuremberg when told of the bombing by
Joseph Goebbels. Hitler would later declare: "Now I am completely at
peace! My leaving the Bürgerbräu earlier than usual is proof to me that
Providence wants me to reach my goal."</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHsFvuDRRIFZSls0_NvOTZ0MWh58kIaap1lxNI_vwCLxAMGwa0-prY3jKu4PxC4M527HJLAHcbBUb4LoGAPvt1QGy1DWLkuy5Pk68SM-qisUaK8cv6Q_g8YZeAjfLpgb7WMe170sjfd0O6/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Georg-Elser-Platz" border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="420" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHsFvuDRRIFZSls0_NvOTZ0MWh58kIaap1lxNI_vwCLxAMGwa0-prY3jKu4PxC4M527HJLAHcbBUb4LoGAPvt1QGy1DWLkuy5Pk68SM-qisUaK8cv6Q_g8YZeAjfLpgb7WMe170sjfd0O6/w400-h312/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Nearby a square is named in his
honour and yet f</span></span></span>or a long time Elser was unacknowledged;
nor was he himself commemorated. Starting in the late 1960s several
attempts were made to have a street named after Elser. It was not until
January 1997, however, that a small square off Türkenstraße that Elser
had passed every day on his way to the Bürgerbräukeller was named
Georg-Elser-Platz, chiefly thanks to the unflagging efforts of the
Munich Georg Elser Initiative.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>To
mark the seventieth anniversary of the assassination attempt in 2009,
moreover, a permanent art installation mounted on the façade of the
school building on Türkenstraße adjacent to the square was also
dedicated to Georg Elser. The neon lettering reading “8 November 1939”
by Silke Wagner was the winning entry in a competition held by the
city’s Department of Art and Culture. “Georg Elser,” says Silke Wagner,
“earned himself a place in the history of resistance to the Nazi
dictatorship. The object of the memorial can only be to remind people of
this. The work directs the viewer’s gaze to the most important thing –
the assassination attempt.” Each day at exactly 21.20, the time of
the explosion, the red neon tubes light up one after another, writing
the historic date of November 8, 1939 in lights. Exactly a minute later the
lights go out again and the work “disappears” from public view. The
abstract monument thus confines itself to the central message and
through this deliberate reduction interrupts our habitual view of the
square, alerting us to that single moment when the history of the
twentieth century might have taken a different course. An earlier
memorial to Georg Elser was installed in the pavement in front of the
building housing the GEMA – the fascist music performing rights and
copyright authority that prevents any form of music from being enjoyed
in Germany unless being paid for the privilege first– in 1989. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Just across the street is <a href="https://www.altersimpl.de/"><span style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Alter Simpl</span></a>:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjc84UI2M_7KFQKlWSBYbbOOz5YX6P67h8lK6husnfNQ41MFzvRPi6JV6raOSo_VADYxpDhSGoVMOO1r9T57K907aJFPaeY_E90gNwcb8uzZd9Hvp9gJrz89o1m-6nANxcjbWq4Cy2q1ScI_m1Wlr4kbOJF16NC35HmAcvsq4I9ULEWrGU0Nl4w9SrFg/s420/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-29T124302.565.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="420" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjc84UI2M_7KFQKlWSBYbbOOz5YX6P67h8lK6husnfNQ41MFzvRPi6JV6raOSo_VADYxpDhSGoVMOO1r9T57K907aJFPaeY_E90gNwcb8uzZd9Hvp9gJrz89o1m-6nANxcjbWq4Cy2q1ScI_m1Wlr4kbOJF16NC35HmAcvsq4I9ULEWrGU0Nl4w9SrFg/w400-h230/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-29T124302.565.gif" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Formerly the <i>café Simplicissimus</i>, at </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Türkenstraße 57</span></span></span></span> the name and bulldog logo of which provides a link to the<span style="font-style: italic;"> Private Eye</span>-type satirical magazine <span style="font-style: italic;">Simplissimus</span>, banned in 1944 by the Nazis for being critical of them. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The landlady Kathi Kobus opened this artists' in 1903; besides the legendary Café Stefanie at what is now Amalienstraße 25 but since destroyed by the war, it was a scene of the so-called Schwabinger Boheme. Kobus named her pub after the magazine <i>Simplicissimus</i> and was allowed to use the publication's slightly modified symbol, the champagne-chewing bulldog. The artists sometimes paid for their dinners with their own works, so that a collection worth seeing adorned the pub walls. The house poet Joachim Ringelnatz described the attraction of the pub by describing how he was "drawn to the Simplicissimus with ghostly hands [...] after the decorated walls."Regular guests included Frank Wedekind, Ludwig Thoma, Erich Mühsam, Oskar Maria Graf, Franz Marc and Franziska zu Reventlow. Many of them also designed cabaret programmes. Even <a href="http://klabund.eu/wp/simplicissimus-kuenstlerkneipe-von-1903-1992/">Lenin is said to have been seen</a> in the Simpl during his residence in Munich. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv_-1sjLD71NIA8epLeJ42FP1IEocRw-rH4jDHHgIJ74ZJcDDLdPsPdbMDElkH0dtVkAegWF8PimYbrU1sP98KvO8NBA_biGnJe6DrNlECyC5qdCOsoWz-hCvLwLikwQjDW7kKY96meTGdrBmeKdKpHK5SN57Ag2Ejgy_xZpCRaWUYHqDyc_gmiDEz1w/s500/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-06T144728.523.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="500" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv_-1sjLD71NIA8epLeJ42FP1IEocRw-rH4jDHHgIJ74ZJcDDLdPsPdbMDElkH0dtVkAegWF8PimYbrU1sP98KvO8NBA_biGnJe6DrNlECyC5qdCOsoWz-hCvLwLikwQjDW7kKY96meTGdrBmeKdKpHK5SN57Ag2Ejgy_xZpCRaWUYHqDyc_gmiDEz1w/w400-h248/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-06T144728.523.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Today's Alte Simpl is one of the few pubs that harks back to the legendary heyday of Schwabing's bohemian lifestyle and reflects something of the words of </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">the poet Joachim Ringelnatz (who was allowed to drink as much as he wanted) in his <a href="https://www.literaturportal-bayern.de/ortelexikon?task=lpbplace.default&id=796"><i>Simplicissimus-Lied</i></a>: </span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Und mich zieht's mit Geisterhänden, </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Ob ich will, ob nicht, ich muss, </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Nach den bildgeschmückten Wänden, in den Simplicissimus</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">(And I'm drawn by ghostly hands/ Whether I want to or not, I have to/ After the picture-decorated walls, into the Simplicissimus)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">On the left is the wife and baby Drake Winston and as it appeared in 1908. </span></span></span></span></span></span>On the day German troops invaded Austria on March 12, 1938, </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">the
cabaret performer and art collector Fritz Gruenbaum performed at café
Simplicissimus. As he groped his way onto a darkened stage, he
complained that he could “see nothing, absolutely nothing. I must have
wandered into National Socialist culture.” He was then immediately
banned from performing and soon after was sent to Dachau where he
organised cultural activities and conducted stand-up routines to bolster
the spirits of his fellow inmates, <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2015-01-14/ty-article/.premium/1941-comic-who-mocked-nazis-dies-in-dachau/0000017f-dbe0-db5a-a57f-dbea85150000">declaring that </a> “absolute deprivation
and systematic starvation are the best defences against diabetes.” His
last performance took place in the Dachau infirmary on New Year’s Eve in
1940. A fortnight later, already ill with tuberculosis, he died. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUShew0_QUUG0zv6nsdsQrg5ecEeKl8JRhiODPmmQ39r4xcGDtb8Unnu7PkOWgTRPgTCsJ-cRdwcHMjkQckQptfLtT548nnmXbNn-kL_TL0D-tnUaKOoKP-AScHAfNiYHyhDFFV_JawjeikvGz0j_R4VRQWUMA2gFSEI4iTxw4tH7miJ944g3YtWE8A/s296/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-29T114312.014.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="296" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUShew0_QUUG0zv6nsdsQrg5ecEeKl8JRhiODPmmQ39r4xcGDtb8Unnu7PkOWgTRPgTCsJ-cRdwcHMjkQckQptfLtT548nnmXbNn-kL_TL0D-tnUaKOoKP-AScHAfNiYHyhDFFV_JawjeikvGz0j_R4VRQWUMA2gFSEI4iTxw4tH7miJ944g3YtWE8A/w320-h296/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-29T114312.014.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUShew0_QUUG0zv6nsdsQrg5ecEeKl8JRhiODPmmQ39r4xcGDtb8Unnu7PkOWgTRPgTCsJ-cRdwcHMjkQckQptfLtT548nnmXbNn-kL_TL0D-tnUaKOoKP-AScHAfNiYHyhDFFV_JawjeikvGz0j_R4VRQWUMA2gFSEI4iTxw4tH7miJ944g3YtWE8A/s296/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-29T114312.014.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS3CCtCx5_9SfZ_pmqj8DNOf4grpTM-oWbB4XeJbVLluJa6V7Yee-e109NJ7M2higZBWraYAlEoD_dOSci2f8uAluppPQUcZjEj4beGwqZEdSNyvT51f0wqEW94h30znSAyuJuoDDMrsR29Dzu63bvOWxd9Ovh9Gw9SPwkvXVz8t31grLPZO1xmOzBFw/s348/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-29T115613.636.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="328" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS3CCtCx5_9SfZ_pmqj8DNOf4grpTM-oWbB4XeJbVLluJa6V7Yee-e109NJ7M2higZBWraYAlEoD_dOSci2f8uAluppPQUcZjEj4beGwqZEdSNyvT51f0wqEW94h30znSAyuJuoDDMrsR29Dzu63bvOWxd9Ovh9Gw9SPwkvXVz8t31grLPZO1xmOzBFw/w279-h296/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-29T115613.636.gif" width="279" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Before the war, on the right during Fasching. The flair of the former bohemian atmosphere can still be seen today in what
is probably my favourite place in Munich for Guinness and Kilkenny on
tap. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <span><span><span><img alt="Schellingstrasse Amalienstrasse" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz3M6U_tri2foh4vKQQqOlcvo67mf439hzOQFiprSIGrgqJ8Jx8cvUgTOpnvDZUNMFfSsLe2SokB3kXHuuX09iB4RWTXxqxO-gSowYCz1ECPigu2LcOHlBiC1VkW0BpwBXvd4mjg7zMWAs/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="451" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz3M6U_tri2foh4vKQQqOlcvo67mf439hzOQFiprSIGrgqJ8Jx8cvUgTOpnvDZUNMFfSsLe2SokB3kXHuuX09iB4RWTXxqxO-gSowYCz1ECPigu2LcOHlBiC1VkW0BpwBXvd4mjg7zMWAs/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 343px;" /></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 19.5px;"> <img alt="ecke Schellingstrasse und Türkenstraße" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzBwVEV-54d1_ICWH44Qg66R80kcy-U06FyGxvU9DgjkykRfuDxL5Gd9FGxvM878iRmE81_B_dSu5RuDsa9tJGTU1pHIbUyXYZW99paFcn71kcM6M79x94Gwxp9c50uJe6R-VIM9xtEgrY/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-03-31+at+09.13.44.png" data-original-height="518" data-original-width="615" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzBwVEV-54d1_ICWH44Qg66R80kcy-U06FyGxvU9DgjkykRfuDxL5Gd9FGxvM878iRmE81_B_dSu5RuDsa9tJGTU1pHIbUyXYZW99paFcn71kcM6M79x94Gwxp9c50uJe6R-VIM9xtEgrY/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-03-31+at+09.13.44.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 297px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Nazis battling with police on the corner of Schellingstrasse and Amalienstrasse in 1931 on the left whilst nearby a</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> Nazi relief remains on the façade of this building on the corner of Schellingstrasse and </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Türkenstraße </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>
</div>
</div><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">
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</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comMunich, Germany48.1351253 11.58198049999998647.965637799999996 11.259256999999986 48.3046128 11.904703999999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-66919172421606014022008-07-16T15:24:00.159-07:002023-11-03T08:17:00.471-07:00More Remaining Nazi Sites in Upper Bavaria<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span>Landsberg am Lech</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0bNEcAjvHTFojT6d1j1x2XRz1pgw4NylVhS_C4BVl1IiZDEELYGP6IHwuz-m53_1VzMRwbOVQ2_vZyhls2S9JtXHtZyUmfwlfeIhfdFsUDT8PGw9cmwoHvERAxcbzRLBzwwZTIuqwdXuce2kZQ-wlsuA3SioOFeYs0hL7agbzzWqHXYUnoSG2Hle44xo6/s420/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(23).gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="291" height="517" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0bNEcAjvHTFojT6d1j1x2XRz1pgw4NylVhS_C4BVl1IiZDEELYGP6IHwuz-m53_1VzMRwbOVQ2_vZyhls2S9JtXHtZyUmfwlfeIhfdFsUDT8PGw9cmwoHvERAxcbzRLBzwwZTIuqwdXuce2kZQ-wlsuA3SioOFeYs0hL7agbzzWqHXYUnoSG2Hle44xo6/w359-h517/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(23).gif" width="359" /></a></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">Forty
miles west of Munich, this is t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>he
town inoted for its prison where Adolf Hitler was incarcerated in
1924</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""> for 264 days after being convicted of treason after the failed
Munich Beer Hall Putsch the previous year. </span><span white="">Hitler had taken the cell
that had held Anton Graf von Arco-Valley who had murdered Bavarian
prime minister Kurt Eisner in February 1919.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> During this incarceration Hitler wrote/dictated his book Mein
Kampf together </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">with
assistance from his deputy, Rudolf Hess</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. His cell, number 7, became part of the
Nazi cult and many followers came to visit it during the
Nazi-period. Landsberg am Lech was also known as the <a href="http://www.landsberger-zeitgeschichte.de/Geschichte/stadt/jugend.htm">town of the Hitler Youth</a>. After the war it was the location for one of the
largest Displaced Person camps for Jewish refugees and the place of
execution for more than 150 war criminals after 1945. The Landsberg camp
began as a Nazi concentration camp. By October 1944, there were more
than 5,000 prisoners in the camp. The camp was liberated on April 27,
1945 by the 12th Armoured Division of the United States Army; <a href="https://www-buergervereinigung--landsberg-de.translate.goog/geschichte/salinger.htm?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp">among the liberators was JD Salinger</a>. Upon
orders from General Taylor, <a href="https://invidiou.site/embed/sHcJtU9dr6I?rel=0">the American forces allowed news media to record the atrocities</a>, and ordered local German civilians and guards to
reflect upon the dead and bury them bare-handed. After the liberation of
the camp it became a displaced person camp. Consisting primarily of
Jewish refugees from the Soviet Union and the Baltic states, it
developed into one of the most influential DP camps in the Sh'erit
ha-Pletah. It housed a Yiddish newspaper (the <i>Yiddishe Zeitung)</i>,
religious schools, and organisations to promote Jewish religious
observance. Tony Bennett was another one of the soldiers who liberated the camp.
A dramatisation of the discovery and liberation of the camp was
presented in <i>Episode 9: Why We Fight</i> of the Band of Brothers
mini-series. A number of prominent leaders emerged from the camp,
including Samuel Gringauz, who also became the chairman of the Council
of the Central Committee of Liberated Jews in the American zone. The
camp also served as the headquarters for the Jewish education and
training organisation ORT. The camp closed on October 15, 1950.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeEvk9AB-4IR9idsq-k6RYDkWxgQuuOgq94PXpZFa1P_SX8aiSLABiyXntSWxGmAsUdEvGxcd4uS6tQ34p_9KkCKtKq9vgvcp-5JtXsWgvd-NuioaZftOuCVeblMTGjoygpO4OhYgKUOO49Y2nqWYU5kyBIvvk12XiHLxZ7swFvfJAacTc4tJtM43U7UO5/s1678/Screenshot%202023-10-30%20at%2021.06.52.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="1678" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeEvk9AB-4IR9idsq-k6RYDkWxgQuuOgq94PXpZFa1P_SX8aiSLABiyXntSWxGmAsUdEvGxcd4uS6tQ34p_9KkCKtKq9vgvcp-5JtXsWgvd-NuioaZftOuCVeblMTGjoygpO4OhYgKUOO49Y2nqWYU5kyBIvvk12XiHLxZ7swFvfJAacTc4tJtM43U7UO5/w729-h164/Screenshot%202023-10-30%20at%2021.06.52.png" width="729" /></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">Shown
in 1938 with a banner with a large swastika hanging from the roof when
the structure served as a memorial to Hitler's incarceration, after the
war when holding Nazi prisoners and today.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFCJOv_J5hSASBq8a2CcQygCbobT_2mgiRTPUSHuSQKkWCH_pNNVu_9OfmxpYZ5zJrSQ3-50egRnorwPp4u9iwbyroHM1tKc65tplVMW7PdV4sKV7dreSOUGA8YoyhsiNr7lSJFe0X254/s1600/emyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler in Landsberg" border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFCJOv_J5hSASBq8a2CcQygCbobT_2mgiRTPUSHuSQKkWCH_pNNVu_9OfmxpYZ5zJrSQ3-50egRnorwPp4u9iwbyroHM1tKc65tplVMW7PdV4sKV7dreSOUGA8YoyhsiNr7lSJFe0X254/w400-h305/emyphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span white="">Posed propaganda shot by Heinrich Hoffmann and Hitler's return in 1934 after taking power.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Conditions
were not actually so bad in this ‘cross between a spa hotel and a
barracks’. Wooden partitions were erected to give the prisoners
privacy. They were allowed to mix to such an extent that Hitler
dictated Mein Kampf while there, and received visitors freely. Party
insignia were hung from the walls and other Nazis stood to attention
before dinner when Hitler entered the hall and took his seat. Perhaps
helped by the singularly mild rules of the institution, Hitler was
regarded by the warders as a model prisoner. Upon Hitler’s release in
December 1924, the prison governor said that if anyone could save
Germany, it would be this man.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span>Martyn Housden (57) <a class="l" href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitler-Study-Revolutionary-ebook/dp/B000SISAME" style="font-weight: bold;"><i>Hitler</i>: <i>Study of a</i> Revolutionary?</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span white=""><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-YXb4Vl8QYbTq-IMC5-GlvSybtncWY0Psb6EAxGRp6GYaeDE6ooT0y0MaIBNPlZY0VsFuOIAH6KiUx7kr0b0vFZD9xEfDptE0V13FwHDa5vhKrTSwF6TrOyx58WmoHtZvQ-FYu1qOoSYv/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252881%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="288" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-YXb4Vl8QYbTq-IMC5-GlvSybtncWY0Psb6EAxGRp6GYaeDE6ooT0y0MaIBNPlZY0VsFuOIAH6KiUx7kr0b0vFZD9xEfDptE0V13FwHDa5vhKrTSwF6TrOyx58WmoHtZvQ-FYu1qOoSYv/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252881%2529.gif" width="310" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span>Hitler's Chief Warder Franz Hemmrich posing outside the entrance to the prison. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span>For
a thumb-nail sketch of Herr Hemmrich – he is a man perhaps at the end
of the thirties. The face and especially the eyes are full of alert
activity and energy. One gets the impression of an officer who has put
in a good many years of responsible and exacting service. He wears a
blue uniform with epaulettes, and an official cap. “Before I start the
story of Adolf Hitler’s detention here,” he tells me, as we prepare to
make the tour of Landsberg, “you ought to know something of the place
itself. It is, as you can see, fairly modern. It was built in 1909, and
originally intended for none but ordinary convicts. It was planned to
accommodate five hundred. Only since 1920 have we had political
prisoners here – quite a different class. They don’t, of course, rank
with criminals at all. We had no special accommodation to allot to them,
so a wing was set apart for the purpose and called the ‘Festung.’ In
1920 Count Arco-Valley was sent here. He had been condemned to death for
shooting the Bavarian Minister President Kurt Eisner, but his sentence
was commuted to penal servitude for life. For a long time he was the
only man we had in the ‘Festung.’... “Then, on November 11th, 1923, I
remember, there was a regular storm raging. The wind howled and shrieked
round the place and tore at the barred windows. Rain dashed against the
panes as if it would break them. At that time I had a room within the
prison. It was night, and I’d gone to bed. All was still save for the
muffled tread of an officer going the rounds, or for the ticking when he
clocked in. “All of a sudden a bell rang through the corridor, and a
moment or two later came a knocking on my door. ‘The Governor wants you.
You’re to come at once,’ cried a voice without. I jumped into my
clothes with all the speed I could, and hurried to the office. Herr
Oberregierungsrat Leybold was chief at the time. “‘See here,’ he said,
and his face was as serious as his voice, ‘Hitler’s coming here
tonight. He has </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span>been arrested at last, and he’ll certainly be sent
along to us. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv6QURFuuDNHMaVtgZxIDDG-lMea22LaUifkmcHm1T1eQcntKaxrRzgp6nctgoApycd-kXv2zoDH1VJPJx2msgzWcAcHilpE_thgBeuRFRZDnDF16NDzUc26OhkOiwmAHYxTjmKL6VnBMa/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252880%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="L:andsberg December 30, 1924 after the release of the putschists and as it appears with me today. From the left are Gerhard Hoff, Walter Hebel, Hans Eduard Krüger, Julius Schaub and Rudolf Heß. Thelandsberg December 30, 1924 after the release of the putschists and as it appears with me today. From the left are Gerhard Hoff, Walter Hebel, Hans Eduard Krüger, Julius Schaub and Rudolf Heß." border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="480" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv6QURFuuDNHMaVtgZxIDDG-lMea22LaUifkmcHm1T1eQcntKaxrRzgp6nctgoApycd-kXv2zoDH1VJPJx2msgzWcAcHilpE_thgBeuRFRZDnDF16NDzUc26OhkOiwmAHYxTjmKL6VnBMa/w432-h251/ezgif.com-optimize+%252880%2529.gif" width="432" /></a>We’ll have to be prepared for anything. His followers may
make an attempt at rescue ––’ </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span>Heinz A. Heinz (169) <a href="https://archive.org/stream/HeinzHeinzA.GermanysHitler/Heinz%2C%20Heinz%20A.%20-%20Germany%27s%20Hitler_djvu.txt">Germany's Hitler</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">Standing in front of the gaol <span>on the left and as it appeared o<span>n December 30,</span></span> 1924 after the release of the putschists and as it appears with me today. From the left are Gerhard Hoff, Walter <span>Hebe<span>l</span>, Hans Eduard Krüger, Julius Schaub</span> and R<span>udolf Heß. The original capt<span>ion recorded how the car came courtesy from <span>L</span>andsberger alderman and landowner Franz Strobl who met the<span>m upon their release</span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" white=""><img alt="Hitler in front of Bayertor Landsberg" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlaRiZrlrP8HXfDLSTtUZhxCvXjCZljn_tbx6sRavRK4N6PsDVb46B0AjFqWfQ5UZzoiciANBO6dcCDk_p9LmSTSeKCdAzZyrpX_1h96uxPRClMtwX-6tnKEh_KUqXImwESlxAXWClpZPw/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252879%2529.gif" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="338" height="403" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlaRiZrlrP8HXfDLSTtUZhxCvXjCZljn_tbx6sRavRK4N6PsDVb46B0AjFqWfQ5UZzoiciANBO6dcCDk_p9LmSTSeKCdAzZyrpX_1h96uxPRClMtwX-6tnKEh_KUqXImwESlxAXWClpZPw/w284-h403/ezgif.com-optimize+%252879%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; height: 325px; width: 229px;" width="284" /><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">After his release, Hitler posed outside the town's </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Bayertor</span><span white="">, built in 1425. In his September 13, 1924 <a href="https://www.kontextwochenzeitung.de/zeitgeschehen/117/der-autoverkaeufer-des-fuehrers-1255.html">petition to Jakob Werlin</a>, a Munich car dealer, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">one of the directors of Mercedes and a friend, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Hitler wrote of his hope to purchase a model 11/40 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">Mercedes from Benz & Cie </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">on credit with the hoped-for earnings from his soon-to-be published <i>Mein Kampf </i>serving as a promissory</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>; the year before the larger Benz 16/50 PS was put to the side as a smaller model.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
He further asked for it to be in grey and with wire wheels, complaining
that “[t]he hardest thing for me at the moment lies in the fact that
the biggest payment for my work is not expected until the middle of
December, and so I am compelled to ask for a loan or an advance. Of
course, a few thousand marks would play a very big role in this.” As
shown in Hoffman's photograph of December 20, 1924 upon his release,
Hitler got his car from Nazi Party funds. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">In Daimler-Benz and its Nazi History, <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/244509">Bernard P. Bellon claims</a>
that Hitler had been picked up by Werlin. Other accounts state however
that he had been picked up from Landsberg by Hoffmann and Adolf Müller,
with the former recounting how</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="Hitler returning to Landsberg in 1934 after taking power" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh63OdiKZxgPUFboMCAccIoGGUXOfQ109teF4f5pPHcV7VS0wZfMfJ2B6ULayFH9WAFNqz7FLKYopnXALEGFdhyNyrQy9aawSX5tJn-IK_8lpmcGR_6vPhpk8goPHQu768DCVhGkaTZvfV/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252878%2529.gif" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="455" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh63OdiKZxgPUFboMCAccIoGGUXOfQ109teF4f5pPHcV7VS0wZfMfJ2B6ULayFH9WAFNqz7FLKYopnXALEGFdhyNyrQy9aawSX5tJn-IK_8lpmcGR_6vPhpk8goPHQu768DCVhGkaTZvfV/w421-h356/ezgif.com-optimize+%252878%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; height: 325px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 384px;" width="421" /></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">Hitler returning in 1934 after taking power </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""> With a terse greeting, [Hitler] stepped swiftly into the car, and we drove off . . . . </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">It
seemed to me essential that a photograph to mark the occasion should be
taken in Landsberg itself; and if that were not possible in front of
the fortress, then I must take one elsewhere. I suggested that we stop
by the old city gates, where we would still retain something of the
fortress atmosphere. To this Hitler agreed, and I took several pictures.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">The
same day, I sent the photographs to all the various home and foreign
newspapers, with the caption "Adolf Hitler leaves Landsberg Fortress."
As I anticipated, the picture was published all over the world. But when
I received my copies, I could not help laughing. Not a single newspaper
had used my caption. Instead: "The first step to freedom" — "The
Fortress Gate has opened" — "On to new deeds" — "Thoughtfully, Hitler
stands in front of his prison — what will he do now?" What Hitler
actually did was to say to me: "Get a move on, Hoffmann, or we'll have a
crowd collecting; and anyway, it's bloody cold!" We returned to the
car, and I asked him what he intended to do next. "I shall start again
from the beginning," he said decisively. "The first thing I want is
office space. Do you know of anything in that line, Hoffmann?" I told
him that at 50 Schellingstrasse there were thirteen empty rooms to let.
"That's fine!" he answered gleefully. "I'll take twelve of them."
Hitler, among other things, was very superstitious.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">Flood (599-600) <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Books-Charles-Bracelen-Flood/s?rh=n%3A266239%2Cp_27%3ACharles+Bracelen+Flood"><i>Hitler: The Path to Power</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigwY2zDxk8D7C6DhGAC5Evkj7aISsr7tPX4Fl79seYkwBLhJ7M_nbcS_p9NMBLp2WoUg_YgqNavYaFKdq0x7xGBUHPhhM0U9soMdTzueMAYQ_UfPhAg5UmZvF2v7S-TZxy0v3GX0VPNtw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-16+at+3.57.38+PM.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Hitler's prison cell at Landsberg am Lech" border="0" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigwY2zDxk8D7C6DhGAC5Evkj7aISsr7tPX4Fl79seYkwBLhJ7M_nbcS_p9NMBLp2WoUg_YgqNavYaFKdq0x7xGBUHPhhM0U9soMdTzueMAYQ_UfPhAg5UmZvF2v7S-TZxy0v3GX0VPNtw/w400-h371/Screen+Shot+2014-03-16+at+3.57.38+PM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span>The 'Hitler-Zelle'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">Photos and postcards featuring Hitler's cellroom. In 1945, the American occupying forces <a href="https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/Landsberg-Die-Geschichte-eines-Gefaengnisses-id7420181.html">completely removed the cell's furnishings</a> so that it could no longer serve as a place of pilgrimage for Hitler supporters, so only the facade remained. The empty room now serves as a common room in the Landsberg correctional facility and tourists are not allowed any entry. From
1937 to 1945 the prison cell at Landsberg am Lech became the third
central site of pilgrimage next to Munich, the "City of the Movement",
and Nuremberg, the "City of the Party Rallies." Its slogan during the
Third Reich was 'Landsberg - Town of youth' and became known
additionally as the <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=http://www.buergervereinigung-landsberg.de/stadt/jugend.htm">meeting place of the Hitler Youth</a>. Following the
party rallies of 1937 and 1938 delegations of the Hitler Youth marched
across the German Reich as part of the "confessional march of the Hitler
Youth" to Landsberg . It would culminate with swastika flags, banners
and Hitler Jugend torchlight rallies at the Landsberger main square and
in the atrium of the fortress prison. In the words of Reich Youth Leader
Baldur von Schirach, </span><span white=""><span white="">Landsberg was a "pilgrimage of German youth" and the "station of National Socialist education." </span>The
gaol with its "Hitler cell" was to be converted into the largest youth
hostel largest of the Reich. The plan also saw the creation of a
gigantic parade stadium, which would have had greater dimensions than
the entire historic old town. As German troops invaded Poland September 1
1939, the "Adolf Hitler march" <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45338442">was cancelled following the "Party
Rally of Peace</a>". As early as 1933 the town marketed with all its
available resources itself as th<span style="font-size: normal;">e
"Hitlerstadt" or "Stadt des Führers"and "Birthplace of the ideas of
National Socialism." This "Hitler tourism" brought what was described as "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">a real economic miracle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>"- it had been reported that in 1935 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">37,700 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>visited
the 'Hitler cell.' Eight months later, on November 28, 1936, it was
publicly announced that in the year before " 60,000 people were happy to
visit the leader's cell and 7,108 participants visited the Landsberg
Town Hall ." The following year </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">on August 17, 1937 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>the <i>Landsberger Zeitung</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> local paper reported how "[o]n average, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">every Sunday </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>600 to 800 people visit the room the Leader was and in which the great work "Mein Kampf" arose." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ5D7BINfbDVRa-VqUpJCUx8cOddVoVL69nL9IGQiN1w_Aot4iEIY6qXwEuoye3XkhfKlxnkLL0pFqWDLcXWV1sTWKBSfU7ToF_Bjb9hTsvrpCSN-AlTGY73aOfFO018y_H9brl-MsbvLlB1uwdCotZRk0t_JaxWBorImD27pNkvb9BoEz8nJfo3qkTiFQ/s404/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(25).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="404" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ5D7BINfbDVRa-VqUpJCUx8cOddVoVL69nL9IGQiN1w_Aot4iEIY6qXwEuoye3XkhfKlxnkLL0pFqWDLcXWV1sTWKBSfU7ToF_Bjb9hTsvrpCSN-AlTGY73aOfFO018y_H9brl-MsbvLlB1uwdCotZRk0t_JaxWBorImD27pNkvb9BoEz8nJfo3qkTiFQ/w400-h301/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(25).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>By May 27, 1939, <a href="http://www.landsberger-zeitgeschichte.de/Geschichte/stadt/jugendengl.htm">the local press reported </a>how "100,000 Volksgenossen," made the pilgrimage to the Hitlerstube. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">On the left is the prison in 1935 and today. The institution itself was built according to plans by Hugo Höfl in a restrained baroque reform style in 1908. Eventually by </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">1959 the facility has been operated as a correctional facility after </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>the institution was returned to the Bavarian justice system by the Americans. In 2002, Lutz Hachmeister created a <a href="https://www.hmr-produktion.de/filme/das-gefaengnis.html">documentary about the historical significance</a> of the prison. More recently the running of the prison has caused controversy; in February 2011, two suicides by prisoners occurred <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225030748/http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/landsberg/JVA-Landsberg-Zwei-Suizide-innerhalb-weniger-Tage-id13875636.html">within just three days</a>. The relatives subsequently made serious allegations against the prison management and criticised the prison conditions in Landsberg, claiming that the suicides weren't as surprising as the prison director, Monika Groß, made it seem a few days after the incidents. One of the prisoners had been housed in a cell in the basement of the main building with three other inmates, with only a small window high up providing a little sunlight; apparently the outdated cell block has <a href="https://www.kreisbote.de/lokales/landsberg/man-haette-bemerken-muessen-2577203.html">since been closed</a> for fire safety reasons.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlJg6Tbs7MGT2TDIB-fOKZXpFklOmSQNR6VPGCjwfNhFMCBNcTEvQP1P2x7Dvo-vz0W5OeJ4qvygQpTAy09TiCrRQcVYPkCkX4IXHwxcwEpmZRccnZWbr_7EW2K1KFd2e_6ORQbmDe9co/s1600/1940-DerMarschZumFuehrer45m13s512x384.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Der Marsch zum Führer" border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlJg6Tbs7MGT2TDIB-fOKZXpFklOmSQNR6VPGCjwfNhFMCBNcTEvQP1P2x7Dvo-vz0W5OeJ4qvygQpTAy09TiCrRQcVYPkCkX4IXHwxcwEpmZRccnZWbr_7EW2K1KFd2e_6ORQbmDe9co/w320-h220/1940-DerMarschZumFuehrer45m13s512x384.gif" width="320" /></a><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">From the film "<a href="https://archive.org/details/der-marsch-zum-fuhrer">Der Marsch zum Führer</a>" showing Hitlerjugend <span id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Inhalt des Ausschnitts: Abordnungen der Hitlerjugend marschieren zum Gedenken an Hitlers Gefangenschaft nach Landsberg am Lech der „Stadt der Jugend“; Abschlußkundgebung auf dem Hauptplatz der Stadt mit Ansprache des Reichsjugendführers Baldur von Schirach.">marching
to commemorate Hitler's
imprisonment in Landsberg am Lech, the final rally in
the main square of the city and the address of the Reich Youth Leader
Baldur von
Schirach. Unlike the earlier Riefenstahl Nuremberg documentaries,
it doesn't focus on the Party congress itself, or even on Nazi leaders, who
are not shown until the very end of the film. Instead, it follows HJ
boys from various parts of Nazi Germany beginning their journey, camping
along the route, being taken in by helpful families on the way and
marching through cities in formation, saluting and carrying the swastika
banner.</span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span white="">From 1933 onwards, the city marketed itself using various sobriquets: </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Hitler City</span><span white="">, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">City of the Führer</span><span white="">, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">National Socialist Site of Pilgrimage</span><span white=""> and </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Birthplace of the Ideas of National Socialism</span><span white="">.
In 1938, 100,000 visitors came to Landsberg, most incorporating a
glimpse of Hitler’s former prison cell into their tour. Eventually, the
town received the official honorific </span><span style="font-style: italic;">City of Youth</span><span white="">, because it welcomed thousands of Hitler Youth members in 1937 and 1938 for massive </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Adolf Hitler marches</span><span white="">.
The delegates also visited the prison – which had plans to become the
biggest youth hostel in the Reich – and received a copy of Mein Kampf
as a souvenir.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Seeing-Hitlers-Germany-Tourism-Third/dp/1403939144/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1292149993&sr=1-1" white="">Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich</a></span><span> (68)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhInmTBII_-d0kdUQzmgqrABb0QheLJtsrZci_-mhexwyhJH0Wi3usF9GdDEBt_RuYP6Ezd6XbptvMcu8nm0cfuyW-ES7jnOOyZpd8YCmNPkmsytiVieG5KWLSeoheuXIBTbc6HanylKAYX/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252884%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Landsberg Hauptplatz on September 19 1937 during a rally of Hitlerjugend" border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="600" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhInmTBII_-d0kdUQzmgqrABb0QheLJtsrZci_-mhexwyhJH0Wi3usF9GdDEBt_RuYP6Ezd6XbptvMcu8nm0cfuyW-ES7jnOOyZpd8YCmNPkmsytiVieG5KWLSeoheuXIBTbc6HanylKAYX/w400-h216/ezgif.com-optimize+%252884%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span white=""><span><span><span normal=""> <span white="">The Hauptplatz on September 19, 1937 during a rally of Hitlerjugend and today</span>.</span></span></span></span><span white=""><span><span><span normal=""><span white=""><span><span><span normal=""> As
early as 1933, the Lechstadt marketed itself with all the means at its
disposal as a "Hitler city" or "City of the Führer;" a "National
Socialist place of pilgrimage" and as the "birthplace of the ideas of
National Socialism". </span></span></span></span>From 1937 to 1945
Landsberg am Lech, next to Munich -the "City of the Movement"- and
Nuremberg, -the "City of the Nazi Party Rallies,"- served as the third
central site of National Socialism. Landsberg was known during the
Third Reich under the slogan "Landsberg - City of Youth" as a meeting
place of the Hitler Youth; following the Nazi Party rallies in 1937 and
1938 delegations of Hitler Youth from across the Reich marched in the
"confession march of the Hitler Youth" to Landsberg. Against a ghostly
backdrop of swastika flags , HJ banners and torch lighting, the final
rallies of the so-called "Adolf Hitler marches" took place on the main
square of Landsberg and in the forecourt of the fortress detention
centre. In the Hitler cell the Hitler Youth received copies of <i>Mein
Kampf</i>. Landsberg had become the "place of pilgrimage of the German
youth" and the "<a href="http://www.landsberger-zeitgeschichte.de/Geschichte/stadt/jugendengl.htm">station of National Socialist education</a>," as Reich Youth
Leader Baldur von Schirach called it. The prison with its "Hitler cell"
was to be converted into the largest youth hostel in the Reich. Also
planned was a gigantic Aufmarschstadion, which would have possessed
larger dimensions than the entire historic old town core. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwzNnQe3fAFtWEtCuBxy-hZlecSpDTn6YseNWik2C6RMBhhTRJe_h05c0KpLXT0FAPLCqkkxH-j7f-Fha8WNCVE3658plRQmqU6jHi2_rwsM_P8Smx0gzxSI2AFg__dHP0zqZcoVBbejEXBjK6p9G81jk5r0i5uWwEj5gP4e-hllc6SPMr6HNtZ_-wx3Vu/s574/ezgif.com-resize.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="447" data-original-width="574" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwzNnQe3fAFtWEtCuBxy-hZlecSpDTn6YseNWik2C6RMBhhTRJe_h05c0KpLXT0FAPLCqkkxH-j7f-Fha8WNCVE3658plRQmqU6jHi2_rwsM_P8Smx0gzxSI2AFg__dHP0zqZcoVBbejEXBjK6p9G81jk5r0i5uWwEj5gP4e-hllc6SPMr6HNtZ_-wx3Vu/w400-h311/ezgif.com-resize.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span normal="">On the left the statue in front of the town hall is shown covered by Hitler Youth banners. In
the city council meeting of May 4, 1937, the Nazi city council declared
that "on the order of the Reichsführer ... in future every year - from
September 19, 1937 - about 1,000 HJ flags and thus about 3,000 Hitler
Youth will come to Landsberg, where in front of the Hitler cell and on
the main square a mass rally of the Hitler Youth take place and in which
the Reich Youth Leader will speak. The cost of the rally, whose
decorative equipment alone requires considerable resources, must, in the
opinion of the councillors and the mayor, be supported by the Reich
leadership of the Hitler Youth." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span normal=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span normal=""><span white=""><span><span><span normal="">Thus in 1937 the decision was made that, following the Nazi party rallies,
Hitler Youth delegations from all over Germany would march to Landsberg.
The big final rallies take place in the prison and on the main square
in Landsberg, at which the Reich Youth Leader Baldur von Schiach would speak
to the boys.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> If the previous "Adolf Hitler
marches" culminated in Nuremberg, by 1937 Landsberg would become the
final destination of the Hitler Youth marches in order to "always be
aware of its great task at that place and will be worthy of the
tradition of National Socialism."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span normal=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCBTDq3fGdFddQkVbTZBQV-E9Cl7HWOnXIwCQ2wOjO9R4C1egcGPgs-zElbX_cSPa8Gc4Ix_sGrRyteLJD8p8yZ8UTowCDEZAxDwfgW-PYFISaJ99YaZdMYUE2RCdXGB3JBKLjUEbO79bGX-oqnywteMNFkwUMBZKfkgI_RWK4z65DBgvRp5t4hGEHv0V-/s408/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(9).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="408" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCBTDq3fGdFddQkVbTZBQV-E9Cl7HWOnXIwCQ2wOjO9R4C1egcGPgs-zElbX_cSPa8Gc4Ix_sGrRyteLJD8p8yZ8UTowCDEZAxDwfgW-PYFISaJ99YaZdMYUE2RCdXGB3JBKLjUEbO79bGX-oqnywteMNFkwUMBZKfkgI_RWK4z65DBgvRp5t4hGEHv0V-/w460-h368/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(9).gif" width="460" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The
"Schöner Turm" bedecked with swastikas in 1937 and today as 200 Nazi
flags were placed along the route through the city and girls of the BdM
lined up on Augsburger Strasse over the railway bridge. When they
arrived at the main square, the flags were placed on the stepped
substructure erected in the middle of the square as a fire was lit in a
sacrificial bowl that rested on a column covered in fir green that rose
above. The flags remained in place for the whole of the weekend.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span normal="">Landsberg
didn't get its eminent position during the Nazi era - as it is often
claimed in
official representations of the city - "imposed from outside". In fact,
the
"Hitler tourism" brought economic recovery; in 1938, 100,000
"Volksgenossen" visited Landsberg and the Hitler cell. Just for the 1937
rally <a href="http://www.buergervereinigung-landsberg.de/stadt/stadtderjugend.htm">the town adminsistrators estimated</a>
that “[f]rom Saturday afternoon to Monday we need: 1,185 litres of
milk, 63 kilos of butter, 1,580 portions of cheese, the portion of 125
grammes each, 9 kilos of tea, 256 kilos of sugar, 48 kilos of chocolate
powder, fifty kilos of pea powder with bacon, 1,580 portions of spreadable
sausage, 1,580 portions of 'Bauernseufzer' of 120 grammes each, 1,480
portions of Regensburger, each 100 grammes and 1,975 pieces of bread.
The food is all bought from local business people.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span normal=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span normal=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_5ogKOb6UtnXJC69ke_Ajk8nNqUT_d1N6wgM9l7fgZxXE1CrxXRY2kLcFQjae-8S9956yJoPe_2rajfGMhL9oW9D855VfAnJ5wlDsS0ceUjS8IujWiJk56jLINvFZeavniCkvwNLyL5Z9Fxket1y3nmKCEcYuBK5x9U7atDpuYeHgIXJV61mQAzZJXE5I/s564/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(24).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="564" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_5ogKOb6UtnXJC69ke_Ajk8nNqUT_d1N6wgM9l7fgZxXE1CrxXRY2kLcFQjae-8S9956yJoPe_2rajfGMhL9oW9D855VfAnJ5wlDsS0ceUjS8IujWiJk56jLINvFZeavniCkvwNLyL5Z9Fxket1y3nmKCEcYuBK5x9U7atDpuYeHgIXJV61mQAzZJXE5I/w400-h205/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(24).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Hitler Youth marching through the hauptplatz in front of the town hall on the extreme left in 1937 with honorary formations of the Wehrmacht lined alongside. Roughly 4,000 spectators attended the rally on the main square which marked the end of the Adolf Hitler March which was <a href="http://www.landsberger-zeitgeschichte.de/Geschichte/stadt/StadtJugend.htm">broadcast on the radio</a> by the Reichssender München. About seventeen spotlights cast their light onto the main square whilst a total of 52 illumination devices were set up throughout the town to illuminate prominent landmarks such as churches, towers, gates <i>et cet.</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgkuHfpj7sL_5iBHrb2K4gzgoN0ujAPsSXGhtlakMU_lMs_8RZyvF5XLYfD94ht0bii7WjEketJrGPSe4Iaq3AW2IAIcYCl7ay6uYgOuah1e3ZfAu1KlQdy4pGUaWANYJetp-qJM2xgyqn/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Landsberg einst und jetzt" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgkuHfpj7sL_5iBHrb2K4gzgoN0ujAPsSXGhtlakMU_lMs_8RZyvF5XLYfD94ht0bii7WjEketJrGPSe4Iaq3AW2IAIcYCl7ay6uYgOuah1e3ZfAu1KlQdy4pGUaWANYJetp-qJM2xgyqn/w362-h400/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" width="362" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span normal="">Alte
Bergstraße hasn't changed much. Despite the central importance of the
city at the time and the military facilities
that were located nearby (including the Penzing Air Base from 1935)
or within the city area such as the Saarburg barracks, Landsberg am
Lech remained one of the few district towns Germany spared from Allied
air raids. According to contemporary witnesses, in April 1944, only a
fighter plane that was on its way to attack Munich lost a small
explosive device that hit and destroyed a mediæval house on what is now
Georg-Hellmair-Platz. This house number 169, which now houses a café,
was only rebuilt in the 1980s under monument protection criteria. In 1945, many of the Jewish concentration camp survivors from the concentration camps around Landsberg am Lech were uprooted and homeless. Often they had lost their relatives or did not know where they were. Thousands of these displaced persons were accommodated and cared for by the Allies in Landsberg. The Jewish survivors referred to themselves as “ She'erit Hapletah ” – the rest of the rescued. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span normal="">On May 9, 1945, the Americans set up a DP camp in the Saarburg barracks . At the end of 1945, around 7,000 displaced persons lived there. More were added when around 300,000 Jews fled Eastern Europe into the care of the Anglo-Americans in 1946-1947 following anti-Semitic excesses. During its existence, around 23,000 Jewish DPs passed through it. From 1947 to 1948, the German film about the fate of Holocaust survivors, “<a href="https://invidious.lunar.icu/watch?v=6wVQoa-21oU">Lang ist der Weg</a>” starring Israel Beker, was made on the grounds of the Landsberg am Lech DP camp, among other things; a street was named after him in the same place. A symbolic event was a concert that Leonard Bernstein conducted and played with the DP orchestra made up of Jewish Holocaust survivors in the DP camp in Landsberg am Lech on May 10, 1948, four days before the founding of the State of Israel. Many of the former concentration camp prisoners were preparing for their reintegration and emigration to Israel, the USA and UK, or other countries of their choice. In the Landsberg DP camp there were, among other things, schools, workshops, nine kibbutzim and also a camp newspaper, the “Yiddische Landsberger Cajtung”. By April 1950 the occupancy number had fallen to 1,500 people. The Landsberg DP camp became a retreat for residents of other dissolved DP camps and was finally also dissolved on November 1, 1950. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span white=""><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN3NNHjuczjyA6E8_eoGO2ivCAQn6hnZJdRogCnPWKZ4ArvAr-5J3lujfxUJ2V1vjKbAc5vBy80GcRm7peFxmW0KyjlbtjnlD6FLkMwB_1j7DbHMnPrNOywKTT3Bhsl-JczSlPkmfeGfm8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252882%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Spöttingen friedhof Landsberg" border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="514" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN3NNHjuczjyA6E8_eoGO2ivCAQn6hnZJdRogCnPWKZ4ArvAr-5J3lujfxUJ2V1vjKbAc5vBy80GcRm7peFxmW0KyjlbtjnlD6FLkMwB_1j7DbHMnPrNOywKTT3Bhsl-JczSlPkmfeGfm8/w400-h286/ezgif.com-optimize+%252882%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>Spöttingen
cemetery in 1958, just before the final four prisoners were released
from Landsberg prison and the running of the facility transferred from
American control to West Germany, and today; the prison can be seen
behind. </span></span></span></span></span>During the occupation of
Germany by the Allies, the American Army designated the prison as War Criminal
Prison No. 1 to hold convicted Nazi war criminals, run and guarded by
personnel from the American Military Police. Following the occupation of
Landsberg by American troops on April 27 and 28, 1945, and the
subsequent release of most of the previous detainees, the detention
centre gradually developed into the central <a href="http://www.landsberger-zeitgeschichte.de/Geschichte/kriegsverbrecher/kriegsverbrecherengl.htm">"War Criminal Prison" </a>
(WCP). Most prisoners held had been convicted in the so-called Dachau
trials, the military courts have carried out since the end of 1945
against numerous Nazi and war criminals. The main groups of prisoners
included concentration camp guards and those reponsible for the killing
of crashed pilots. The proximity of Landsberg to the former Dachau
concentration camp, where most of the proceedings took place, was
probably the decisive reason for choosing the location in addition to
the size of the facility and its structural integrity. Among some
prominent convicts were perpetrators <a href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/oswald-pohl.html">such as Oswald Pohl</a>; as head of the
<span>ϟϟ</span>
Economic and Administrative Main Office, he had been a leading figure
in the organisation of the forced labour camp system and in the
plundering of Jews murdered in the Holocaust.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5XzhsYkXeWAeFfgyyZcKm0tCK-W9CLEzh4Sx4iwfWYOipUIRm1VGtpqWSpt2-XzjH78He_S5LuNnuHGUES2Kq9K9iO69gEePDJSU_kMKE_CAPgp_slbHMj4qdKDrdGwU6jfUYUBspB-xF/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-08-06+at+08.27.06.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="ss graves landsberg" border="0" data-original-height="759" data-original-width="1014" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5XzhsYkXeWAeFfgyyZcKm0tCK-W9CLEzh4Sx4iwfWYOipUIRm1VGtpqWSpt2-XzjH78He_S5LuNnuHGUES2Kq9K9iO69gEePDJSU_kMKE_CAPgp_slbHMj4qdKDrdGwU6jfUYUBspB-xF/w410-h306/Screen+Shot+2018-08-06+at+08.27.06.png" width="410" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span> Between
1945 and 1946, the prison housed a total of 110 prisoners convicted at
the Nuremberg trials, a further 1,416 war criminals from the Dachau
trials and eighteen prisoners convicted in the Shanghai trials. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQoMU8JO4XY">In five and an half years</a>, Landsberg prison was the place of execution of nearly 300
condemned war criminals. 259 death sentences were conducted by hanging
and 29 by firing squad. Executions were carried out expeditiously. In
May 1946 twenty eight former <span>ϟϟ </span>guards
from Dachau were hanged within a four-day period. Bodies that were not
claimed were buried in unmarked graves here in the cemetery next to the
Spöttingen chapel.</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span> Of
the death sentences from the Dachau trials and the Nuremberg successor
trials, a total of 252 were executed on the gallows in the WCP in the
years 1945 to 1949 and again for one day in 1951. Among the last
seven executed - the West German abolition of the death penalty by the
Basic Law did not apply to the American judiciary - was Oswald
Pohl, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>Head of the ϟϟ-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> in 1951. In addition, over
33 people were executed in the late 1940s by firing squad. Altogether about
175 executed and deceased from the time of WCP are buried in this
cemetery including Otto Ohlendorf, commander of Einsatzgruppe D and Paul Blobel, the so-called butcher of Babi Yar.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>Of
the 255 they executed at Landsberg-am-Lech, 102 were skilled workers,
thirty-seven civil servants, with a few academic titles here and there,
twenty-three were academics, twenty-two workers, eleven soldiers, and
the rest were made up of the professions, Nazi func- tionaries and
schoolboys. The oldest was Dr Schilling at seventy-four. (Twenty more
died from naural causes.) All the lifers were eventually released, with
one exception – Hess. German courts reopened in the summer of 1945, and
they too passed judgment on former Nazis. Between 1945 and 1950 the
courts sentenced only 5,228 defendants for Nazi crimes. Sentences were
either short or the criminals were swiftly pardoned. In the years from
1951 to 1955 there were only 638 convictions. It is now clear that many
of the worst culprits, the operatives who sent thousands to their
deaths, were not punished at all. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>Giles MacDonogh (467) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>After the Reich</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></div></div></blockquote><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkJ9qf34EwlnZ1pzHJyjAODYuG5LYgdZ177PQNmGOAULrbbdg_29_Oqu-e_zUzfqhbmfL4wF42mV_GNRpVFP8Ir2hwKMjtiDADXMSzMyhYJS6bJhRHe5-P5rIpPN-0PcUllQDJg9v3JOq6Nl2kENGkK0Z-CbDBFSt5g8GNkbh2Md2CmjHSPyzPSfq_Oedf/s2048/38731251_10156635537814962_6691887221324120064_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkJ9qf34EwlnZ1pzHJyjAODYuG5LYgdZ177PQNmGOAULrbbdg_29_Oqu-e_zUzfqhbmfL4wF42mV_GNRpVFP8Ir2hwKMjtiDADXMSzMyhYJS6bJhRHe5-P5rIpPN-0PcUllQDJg9v3JOq6Nl2kENGkK0Z-CbDBFSt5g8GNkbh2Md2CmjHSPyzPSfq_Oedf/s320/38731251_10156635537814962_6691887221324120064_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">On January 22, 2003, the Bavarian Ministry of Justice had this plaque attached to the chapel providing information about the history of the place which informs the visitor that there are around 140 victims of National Socialism in the cemetery, along with the same number of Nazi war criminals. At the meeting on January 29, 2003, the Landsberg city council voted to
leave the cemetery in its current form as a monument to contemporary
history which came after plans since autumn 2002 by the Bavarian Ministry of Justice <a href="https://jungle.world/artikel/2003/08/ruhe-landsberg">to remove of the crosses</a> of the executed Nazi entirely and to abolish individual commemoration of the dead in the cemetery. In fact, the cemetery has long served as a place of pilgrimage for neo-Nazis who left wreaths and candles on the graves of the war criminals and the idea that the maintenance of the graves was financed with state money was impalatable. Incredibly (to me, at least), this came as a sudden moral volte face given that it was only on June 7, 2001- the 50th anniversary of the last executions- that the crosses were renovated and each given a protective copper covering! By the time I first visited the site in August 2018 however, it seems that a compromise of sorts was made and the names on the crosses of executed Nazis were all removed, to considerable controversy. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglV4WAZASvXJRu1kTXxvVupzxNlkV5utCLlqhNIVlobnG0oWr_KTohLR_C29ccr8ngVXM61lpB6D7rsC-xzsX9pGni17GTVdyNiQXJFqaSTICuROlSJPPCzXz91Aq4G6MbnD0PIbbLhN7x/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252883%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="January 7, 1951 in Landsberg hauptplatz" border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="528" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglV4WAZASvXJRu1kTXxvVupzxNlkV5utCLlqhNIVlobnG0oWr_KTohLR_C29ccr8ngVXM61lpB6D7rsC-xzsX9pGni17GTVdyNiQXJFqaSTICuROlSJPPCzXz91Aq4G6MbnD0PIbbLhN7x/w400-h218/ezgif.com-optimize+%252883%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span>Roughly three thousand people protesting on January 7, 1951 in Landsberg's main square against further executions. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In
2003 <a href="https://www.jf-archiv.de/archiv03/103yy18.htm">the name boards were removed from each cross </a>despite considerable
protests given many were victims of the Nazis; 300 people are buried
here of whom less than half- 140- were executed by the Americans after
the war. Of these, it has been estimated that at least one fifth of the
German soldiers sentenced to death after the war were innocent. Of the
Nazi victims who share their anonymous resting places with Nazi war
criminals include those who served prison sentences for political
offences such as "treachery", "destruction of military forces" or
"concealment of the Jews". In the last years of the war, more and more
prisoners from other areas under Nazi control were transferred to
Landsberg, as the institutions close to the front were evacuated because
of the withdrawal of the German troops. Thus, these numbers include
many Poles and Italians. As the war progressed conditions within the
prison. Deaths increased as a result of the exhausting prisoner
transports and the pressure of increasing occupancy, hard forced labour,
especially in local armaments factories, inadequate food supply, as
well as inadequate hygienic and medical conditions. Altogether according
to the records of the official registers from the beginning of 1944
over 210 people died including ten inmates who were executed after
attempted escape. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUdEr62E_7Iz_jyOqUZ1JVBVPmwRR8cg3BgDQeKiw03J7Xj0-Y7_yCvbDJAhSMlUyUzyjMfX7V994IXrSEfZgIAer_MzOtMCYpjB6bfpLQ3V_UPLA6BcFFrXaE3clkvp6iNl7UTbFua-mhAupWaRBGA8VnZDmqI8OrQpKEXRk2D8rw5E6qXlMsisOeWDzP/s1940/Screenshot%202023-11-02%20at%2010.16.04.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Landsberg/Kaufering denkmal" border="0" data-original-height="1480" data-original-width="1940" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUdEr62E_7Iz_jyOqUZ1JVBVPmwRR8cg3BgDQeKiw03J7Xj0-Y7_yCvbDJAhSMlUyUzyjMfX7V994IXrSEfZgIAer_MzOtMCYpjB6bfpLQ3V_UPLA6BcFFrXaE3clkvp6iNl7UTbFua-mhAupWaRBGA8VnZDmqI8OrQpKEXRk2D8rw5E6qXlMsisOeWDzP/w320-h244/Screenshot%202023-11-02%20at%2010.16.04.png" title="Landsberg/Kaufering memorial" width="320" /></a></div> In
1994, this memorial for the victims of the death march was erected on
Neuen Bergstrasse ouside the town walls. Under the usual
seemingly-hastily bronze casting by Otto Strehle is the inscription “At
the end of April 1945, the trail of suffering of Jewish prisoners of the
Landsberg/Kaufering concentration camp command passed this spot on the
way to Dachau.” Every year on January 27th, the International Day of
Remembrance of the Victims of National Socialism, a wreath is lain and
ceremony takes place. In 2021 Mayor Doris Baumgartl <a href="https://www.landsberg.de/rathaus/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/gegen-das-vergessen-und-fuer-das-gedenken/">spoke of Samuel Pisar</a>,
prisoner number 127,177, who was barely sixteen years old at the time
of his liberation after having survived several concentration camps and,
amongst other things, was narrowly selected by the infamous Dr. Mengele
at Auschwitz before finally finally being deported to Kaufering. He
managed to escape near Penzing during the death march and rescued by
American soldiers. He would go on to study at Harvard (long before it
became a <a href="https://m.timesofindia.com/world/us/israel-hamas-conflict-why-harvard-university-has-become-a-poster-child-for-americas-culture-war/articleshow/104550427.cms">bastion of anti-Semitism</a>),
became a successful lawyer and even at one point serving on Kennedy's
advisory staff. As Baumgartl noted, the very day before his stepson,
Antony Blinken, was named Secretary of State of the United States of
America. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span normal=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4uq9bM7iv9RLht1-U2DiQasp0Ro-bmis7KDglvRlOaB4BByWy66GeraOzqrDX2RTw7AlcPTkneuzy2hIEgUUTPlrP7BLUB6hQDL8nCf3jf8NUVv0sI8nMpwTEQ6lCSNWva9lMMr0fslBF/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-08-06+at+18.41.35.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Schwabhausen KZ friedhof" border="0" data-original-height="701" data-original-width="1012" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4uq9bM7iv9RLht1-U2DiQasp0Ro-bmis7KDglvRlOaB4BByWy66GeraOzqrDX2RTw7AlcPTkneuzy2hIEgUUTPlrP7BLUB6hQDL8nCf3jf8NUVv0sI8nMpwTEQ6lCSNWva9lMMr0fslBF/w400-h276/Screen+Shot+2018-08-06+at+18.41.35.png" title="Schwabhausen KZ friedhof" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Just
outside Landsberg in the town of Schwabhausen is this sign pointing to
what is described as a concentration camp cemetery leading into the
woods at the site where, on April 27, 1945, American strafers <a href="https://www.merkur.de/lokales/dachau/landkreis/serie-kriegesende-schwabhausen-us-soldaten-blieben-eine-nacht-4974892.html">bombed what they had mistakenly believed to be a German military transport train</a>. In fact, the train cars were packed with trapped Jewish prisoners
from the Kaufering concentration camps who were being transferred to
Dachau. About 150 prisoners were killed in the attack, and were buried
in three mass graves in early May. Today the train still runs right
beside them. The first grave contains the remains of about sixty of the
dead, and graves two and three contain up to eighty remains <i>in toto</i>. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span normal=""><span><span><span normal="">Apparently only one of the dead is known by name today- Joschua ben Mosche Chaim Herzel from Hungary. </span></span></span></span>The
three gravestones were erected in the summer of 1946 and are nearly
identical, differing only in height in order to symbolise the varying
number of victims buried in each grave. They had been made by stonemason
Franz Xaver Sepp from Landsberg. They all bear the same inscription in
Hebrew, cast in metal letters:</span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdtABaSzNbvKBnS1rMyq3IwrrrfnyyCnHZTUbjtYBinQ2JhLkR0RuDKx2ILdr7JNSdz62kMmWIh_2ozZc0zZ0O2FQlvfTThuVgmtfYwVkP5BNlwzHTk4pyvHhCLJ3rrwkKUBi2eRytwUD0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-08-06+at+18.37.44.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Schwabhausen KZ friedhof" border="0" data-original-height="761" data-original-width="1016" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdtABaSzNbvKBnS1rMyq3IwrrrfnyyCnHZTUbjtYBinQ2JhLkR0RuDKx2ILdr7JNSdz62kMmWIh_2ozZc0zZ0O2FQlvfTThuVgmtfYwVkP5BNlwzHTk4pyvHhCLJ3rrwkKUBi2eRytwUD0/w320-h239/Screen+Shot+2018-08-06+at+18.37.44.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<br />
</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div 0px="" 400="" align="center" font-family:="" font-style:="" font-weight:="" georgia="" letter-spacing:="" none="" normal="" text-indent:="" text-transform:="" white-space:="" word-spacing:="">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">לאות זכרון</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div 0px="" 400="" align="center" font-style:="" font-weight:="" georgia="" letter-spacing:="" none="" normal="" text-indent:="" text-transform:="" white-space:="" word-spacing:="">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">כל עין עובר תדמה וכל לב</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div 0px="" 400="" align="center" font-style:="" font-weight:="" georgia="" letter-spacing:="" none="" normal="" text-indent:="" text-transform:="" white-space:="" word-spacing:="">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">נמס ושאול ישאל מה הציון</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div 0px="" 400="" align="center" font-style:="" font-weight:="" georgia="" letter-spacing:="" none="" normal="" text-indent:="" text-transform:="" white-space:="" word-spacing:="">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">הלו אשר אתה רואה זו היא</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div 0px="" 400="" align="center" font-style:="" font-weight:="" georgia="" letter-spacing:="" none="" normal="" text-indent:="" text-transform:="" white-space:="" word-spacing:="">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">עצמות קדושים וטהורים אשר</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div 0px="" 400="" align="center" font-style:="" font-weight:="" georgia="" letter-spacing:="" none="" normal="" text-indent:="" text-transform:="" white-space:="" word-spacing:="">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">אחרי עינוים קשים הומתו ביום</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div 0px="" 400="" align="center" font-style:="" font-weight:="" georgia="" letter-spacing:="" none="" normal="" text-indent:="" text-transform:="" white-space:="" word-spacing:="">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">השחרור י’ד אייר שנת תש’ה</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div 0px="" 400="" align="center" font-style:="" font-weight:="" georgia="" letter-spacing:="" none="" normal="" text-indent:="" text-transform:="" white-space:="" word-spacing:="">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">תנצב’ה</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAshEbZcrZj2ssKUNIAnrCbt81uxT_CqEAVY8wsKwVIifwD0ihYz4gXn-O2W8rmH2OyA7vgBUwtKZ_MCLOlCU1bbelfMwqpFBUenDv0gOWHMDMpYFQGhxJyVhF_enNyUXjPZMT4WhwyoUj/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jewisih memorial Schwabhausen KZ friedhof" border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="398" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAshEbZcrZj2ssKUNIAnrCbt81uxT_CqEAVY8wsKwVIifwD0ihYz4gXn-O2W8rmH2OyA7vgBUwtKZ_MCLOlCU1bbelfMwqpFBUenDv0gOWHMDMpYFQGhxJyVhF_enNyUXjPZMT4WhwyoUj/w400-h342/ezgif.com-resize.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span normal="">Dr.
Grinberg’s first order was to "[c]ollect and bury all the dead!” With a
group of healthier Jews, he himself began to dig three mass graves. They
were aided by farmers from the vicinity and German army soldiers. About
150 Jews were buried there. For generations of Jews, burial has been a
sign of a self-determined life… Israel Kaplan, Fun letstn Churbn, no.
5, May 1947</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/09/obituaries/dr-zalman-grinberg-is-dead-aided-death-camp-survivors.html">Dr. Zalman Grinberg was a Lithuanian medical doctor </a>with a specialty in
radiology who was imprisoned in Dachau. He later served as the chairman
for the Central Committee of Liberated Jews in the American sector of
Germany and Austria after the war, dying August 8, 1983. </span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span normal="">Apparently the memorial site has been the repeated target of vandalism and desecration. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span white="">On
a sign board beside the first grave is the following In Memoriam: “Each
eye of a passerby may cry and each heart may sorrow and ask what kind
of memorial is it I am seeing here? These are the bones of the Holies
and Pure who after cruel pain were killed on the day of redemption 14th
of Adar 5705” (April 27, 1945).</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfLEH_sz8NHZ_mQHv-U5RvnLTqMWTKu_YxvGsGHnDII2XKR-s_FHOuAxXKi4uKsVjKjNjKJJKzhR4iG-5j0x8w6TkTqmWpnk9VyYAGDO6RrkRnax-dWhdaAp9tGQG6luUy2XOMcNfdksF3oRu7QqVEw0aBTTQc4X-e7topyy4kv-QcvRM-SPIrBYk71PwG/s2024/Screenshot%202023-11-02%20at%2017.08.30.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1518" data-original-width="2024" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfLEH_sz8NHZ_mQHv-U5RvnLTqMWTKu_YxvGsGHnDII2XKR-s_FHOuAxXKi4uKsVjKjNjKJJKzhR4iG-5j0x8w6TkTqmWpnk9VyYAGDO6RrkRnax-dWhdaAp9tGQG6luUy2XOMcNfdksF3oRu7QqVEw0aBTTQc4X-e7topyy4kv-QcvRM-SPIrBYk71PwG/w400-h300/Screenshot%202023-11-02%20at%2017.08.30.png" width="400" /></a></div>In 1944, the largest concentration camp complex in Germany was built around Landsberg and Kaufering with twelve subcamps of the Kaufering subcamp complex . Other large camps had been built in the occupied territories. All concentration camp subcamps were called “ Kaufering .” Eleven camps had the status of subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp although on June 18, 1944, the first transport with 1,000 prisoners from Auschwitz arrived. As part of the “Ringeltaube” armaments project, they were supposed to build three gigantic semi-underground bunkers for the production of the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter . These large bunkers, along with other numerous buildings such as workers' accommodation, officers' villas and storage cellars, were located in the Landsberger Frauenwald, now known as the Frauenwald industrial park . For this armaments project, thousands of prisoners from the Dachau and Auschwitz concentration camps, who were brought directly to the cordoned off area via the Munich-Kaufering railway line via a siding (today the Klausner Holz Bayern supply track), would lose their lives in the most inhumane manner whilst the bunkers themselves continued to be used by the Americans after the war. The Luxembourg concentration camp priest Jules Jost registered a total of 28,838 Jewish concentration camp prisoners in the concentration camp subcamps by March 9, 1945. Because of the inhumane accommodation, hunger, cold and illnesses such as typhus, and the exploitation of labour to the point of extermination, the prisoners referred to the twelve concentration camps of the Kaufering-Landsberg subcamp complex as “cold crematoria”. By the end of October 1944, anyone who could no longer work was sent back to Auschwitz to the gas chambers. From November 1944, prisoners who were unable to work were no longer deported from the Kaufering-Landsberg subcamp complex , but instead died in the camp because the gas chambers in Auschwitz had already been blown up before the approaching Soviet troops and their bodies buried in mass graves in the area. Shortly before the end of the war, the SS administration tried to “eliminate” witnesses to the concentration camp machinery through the so-called death marches and mass killings. Only around 15,000 prisoners survived the final phase of the extermination of Jews in these camps and were liberated by the American army on April 27, 1945. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikEWQO5jiN09K2CI4FNmairYMYgr9QVJKEcg6yH5c5qxPolRw2KS_xFUT3pJPCxoZtWop-cB1d9CX7rKs7y7WQkiNyDHXV8GxZtb7gvo1k2B_tro2ftIpkzpeV3zPVx_CNPnSHRqRA0b1fmfFMoGsY16C7lKLV2Fk6tbuZ6Z2SxI4SPI2iuJTY8j2jefsW/s2158/Screenshot%202023-11-01%20at%2019.04.50.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1310" data-original-width="2158" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikEWQO5jiN09K2CI4FNmairYMYgr9QVJKEcg6yH5c5qxPolRw2KS_xFUT3pJPCxoZtWop-cB1d9CX7rKs7y7WQkiNyDHXV8GxZtb7gvo1k2B_tro2ftIpkzpeV3zPVx_CNPnSHRqRA0b1fmfFMoGsY16C7lKLV2Fk6tbuZ6Z2SxI4SPI2iuJTY8j2jefsW/w400-h243/Screenshot%202023-11-01%20at%2019.04.50.png" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">At
the site of the Kaufering VII concentration camp, set up by the
Organisation Todt and taken over by the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> in September 1944. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""> This was one of a network of subsidiary camps of the Dachau concentration camp at Landsberg-Kaufering. </span></span></span></span></span></span>At
times, up to 2,000 men and 272 women were housed separately in 55
earthen huts and six clay tube barracks. These latter were 13.5 metres
long, 6.1 metres wide and up to 2.8 metres high with the the hut floor
one metre below ground level. They were covered with earth for
camouflage and constructed as a barrel vault made of many individual
arches of clay tubes inserted into one another - "clay bottles" due to
their shape - made of terracotta, based on a patent by Frenchman
Jaques Couelle. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS6ZRggWsuVTBral_cw4GKgirhqVN-5betFgO6venTE55SvwSqxw4AaTe7RjdSVyfEMxMmHiOGb93FrC1LAXBUACkavZ6rQ3y_4GkgUm9HBUnFclJMmpmIjPwBYk49V07kxXezVozv6t-r_8FGvWouoJP7EuPf98FufiSUDShyr76uNIgia-Quafmj2DJ-/s1497/Erdhu%CC%88tten_in_KZ-Au%C3%9Fenlager_bei_Kaufering.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1497" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS6ZRggWsuVTBral_cw4GKgirhqVN-5betFgO6venTE55SvwSqxw4AaTe7RjdSVyfEMxMmHiOGb93FrC1LAXBUACkavZ6rQ3y_4GkgUm9HBUnFclJMmpmIjPwBYk49V07kxXezVozv6t-r_8FGvWouoJP7EuPf98FufiSUDShyr76uNIgia-Quafmj2DJ-/s320/Erdhu%CC%88tten_in_KZ-Au%C3%9Fenlager_bei_Kaufering.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>On the right are examples of the earth huts (here seen in 1945 at Kaufering IV) </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">in which the male prisoners had to sleep. </span></span></span></span></span></span>The prisoners of this camp were
survivors of the Auschwitz concentration camp, various ghettos in
Lithuania and the Warsaw Ghetto. Regardless of age and gender, the
prisoners were used to build the bunkers. They had to do construction
work such as building the Held & Francke concrete parts factory and
on the Einsen railway line. After the Allied air offensive in February
1944, the German armaments industry was hit hard forcing aircraft
production to be relocated underground. With the massive deployment of
around 30,000 concentration camp prisoners, most of whom were rented out
to construction companies, in the Kaufering subcamp complex, three
large bunkers were intended for production, among other things of the
Messerschmitt Me 262 jet aircraft at “Weingut II”, “ Diana II ” and
“Walnuss II”. The camp was built for a total capacity of 3,100
prisoners. and located close to Held & Francke (code name “Erich
II”), used to produce prefabricated concrete parts <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2394/file/Dissertation_Fenner.pdf">for the Diana II bunker</a>.
The prisoners probably also had to work directly on the construction
sites of the Diana II and Weingut II bunkers. Camp leaders included </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-Obersturmführer Arno Lippmann and Johann Baptist Eichelsdörfer. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVomEFoguS_SzkIvddZXhvZyqZt7MRqBZybXed4PWVz6Wolba3g4PN4INn_jcCMfA7xeo-iShl0YYHzA3rheYN87yHzXop9l5Kx8qIxv7Z5ZaHPed8NCACbrCmoQs2YD5QCiWxOuPOj366s6MVNZB0W1zUJvf8e0cUQJnio7XIoSs_OFZsiErtlT-zAUwH/s1416/Screenshot%202023-11-02%20at%2014.13.18.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1416" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVomEFoguS_SzkIvddZXhvZyqZt7MRqBZybXed4PWVz6Wolba3g4PN4INn_jcCMfA7xeo-iShl0YYHzA3rheYN87yHzXop9l5Kx8qIxv7Z5ZaHPed8NCACbrCmoQs2YD5QCiWxOuPOj366s6MVNZB0W1zUJvf8e0cUQJnio7XIoSs_OFZsiErtlT-zAUwH/w433-h293/Screenshot%202023-11-02%20at%2014.13.18.png" width="433" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span>From
autumn 1944 it was used as a sick camp and for quarantine because of the
typhus epidemic, and from the winter of 1944-1945 as a death camp, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TU_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en">similar to the Kaufering IV</a>
- Hurlach and Saulgau concentration camp subcamps. Those unable to work
from Kaufering, as well as other Dachau concentration camp subcamps,
were brought here. In contrast to the other death camp in Hurlach, this
subcamp was intended for prisoners who were “physically deteriorated”
but had a chance of regaining “partial ability to work.” Local
eyewitnesses reported that up to fifteen bodies were buried in shallow
pits measuring 1.3 by 1.5 metres. In the entire Kaufering subcamp
complex, around half of the prisoners died in the ten months of
operation. Here a new dimension of brutalisation of the concentration
camp system was reached which were less typical subcamps of the Dachau
concentration camp, but rather a continuation of the line of the
Auschwitz concentration camp, the Lublin-Majdanek concentration and
extermination camp and others. “To a certain extent, the camps at
Kaufering and Mühldorf can also be regarded as satellites of Auschwitz:
their prisoners did not come from Dachau, but in large part from
Auschwitz, and also returned there again if they fell ill or became
unfit for work” (Raim 1992, 237). There are practically no surviving
contemporary witnesses known to this subcamp; one of the few exceptions
is Jack Bresler, who, after selection in the Auschwitz concentration
camp in the late summer of 1944, was initially transported with his
brother Joseph to this subcamp of the Kaufering camp complex. </span></span></span></span></span> </span></div></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="float: left; margin: 0px 0px 5px 10px;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='350' height='350' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwt-eM0wWsSkXNZ3GWu0gX8aiCm6MPxsl-ZuBk4SiWcO8TBK96DvkO1Dzib3JMNfLe_GLZqtx2heNsYoGdX3A' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>
Tony Bennett was another one of the soldiers who liberated the camp,
and dramatisation of the discovery and liberation of the camp was
presented in Episode 9: Why We Fight of the Band of Brothers
mini-series shown here on the left. The camp depicted is Kaufering IV
which was actually liberated by the "Screaming Eagle"unit of the 12th
Armoured Division on April 27, 1945 and not Easy Company </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>which had arrived two days later with the 522nd Field Artillery Battalion and 36th Infantry Division arriving on April 30</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>,
with some units of the 101st Airborne Division arriving on April 28.
There were only about seven prisoners found alive along with about 500
bodies. I had the honour of having dinner with Bill Glied whom I
introduced to my school on January 28, 2013 when he came to talk about
his life and experiences which included being one of those liberated
from here. After spending time in various Hungarian temporary camps,
Glied's family arrived in Auschwitz on May 28, 1944; he saw his mother
and his then eight-year-old sister for the last time on the platform.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>He
and his father Sandor were classified as “fit for work” and, three
weeks later, were transported to the Kaufering subcamp complex. There
they had to do forced labour in the construction of large bunkers for
the planned underground production of aircraft. Both fell ill with
typhus with his father dying just before liberation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicH0DgSk-YmB8hXkolw95k3zCZOAosLZgedhyphenhyphenZPKXY9lshOzLIUzu7BjUZiCPuLQdRUAl3KWf8N0XjuZfmyXfvXkYRVUZHkaKXplUvmvEIke6Unanzbn7mnNXf30z85_5MQdeycrRH6vm-2rJxnWxBa7lmC5BngQk-KYkPwBTMGsmOUuQstHGKj-SCCw19/s400/Screen%20Shot%202020-03-27%20at%2012.42.41.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="135" data-original-width="400" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicH0DgSk-YmB8hXkolw95k3zCZOAosLZgedhyphenhyphenZPKXY9lshOzLIUzu7BjUZiCPuLQdRUAl3KWf8N0XjuZfmyXfvXkYRVUZHkaKXplUvmvEIke6Unanzbn7mnNXf30z85_5MQdeycrRH6vm-2rJxnWxBa7lmC5BngQk-KYkPwBTMGsmOUuQstHGKj-SCCw19/w474-h182/Screen%20Shot%202020-03-27%20at%2012.42.41.png" width="474" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Bill
survived and emigrated to Canada at the age of 17. I had dinner with
him at a friend's home outside Dachau as he returned after testifying at
the trial of Oskar Gröning, one of the last surviving members of the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>,
who went on trial as an accessory to the murder of 300,000 people at
Auschwitz. Bill was featured in the documentary about the case, <a href="https://elhikaya.com/article901/38.php?hash=YW5hbW92ID0__IGh0dHBzOi8vYW5hbW92LmNjL2VtYmVkLWZ1NmZ0MnF0NTFtOC5odG1sCnZpZG9iYSA9PiBodHRwczovL3ZpZG9iYS5jYy9lbWJlZC04bjJrang3dmFlcWMuaHRtbAp2aWRzcGVlZCA9PiBodHRwczovL3ZpZHNwZWVkLmNjL2VtYmVkLWx4OHBtNWx2aHk0dy5odG1sCm9rLnJ1ID0__IGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm9rLnJ1L3ZpZGVvZW1iZWQvMzgzNzMyMDgyNTQyNw==">The Accountant of Auschwitz</a>. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>When
I asked him if he had seen the episode and then what he made of it
given what I thought were rather minor inaccuracies, he shook his head
and questioned why they had to take liberties from the truth.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">Around
2,000 dead people from Kaufering VII were buried in nearby mass graves,
some of which appear on this page when I visited in 2023. At the end of
April, the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> cleared the camp before the advancing American troops.
Using brute force, the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> drove the concentration camp prisoners to
Dachau, Allach and then south on the death march. After the war, German
expellees and refugees from the East were quartered in the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> barracks
and in some clay tube buildings. They lived here until the mid-1960s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcol4tCmdnBWbZaQ7zOMjO8LV5WzjZTNsnDLCOk9zCZvyjY7TxS-dhzLGgyJqMmbWCJBYtFraonsfRmhqugCJyU6b39zZot9Nvb6b7eLmjhAVJsLht9n8wwI4KITph-bbcdPUTpx8rTrbTdeE2hKZ1wvdEhDOgijKt9ie7YUDpmz8TGnuPFucGBNNW-lyW" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1028" data-original-width="2000" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcol4tCmdnBWbZaQ7zOMjO8LV5WzjZTNsnDLCOk9zCZvyjY7TxS-dhzLGgyJqMmbWCJBYtFraonsfRmhqugCJyU6b39zZot9Nvb6b7eLmjhAVJsLht9n8wwI4KITph-bbcdPUTpx8rTrbTdeE2hKZ1wvdEhDOgijKt9ie7YUDpmz8TGnuPFucGBNNW-lyW=w472-h242" width="472" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span>Today
the site has become the European Holocaust Memorial in Landsberg am
Lech and is looked after on a voluntary basis which means its enclosed
within a fence and one can only visit the site through prior arrangement
and accompaniment with a guide; fortunately there are places where the
fence is easily navigated. The memorial contains remains of the
Kaufering VII – Landsberg-Erpfting subcamp, the seventh of the eleven
assigned camps of the Kaufering subcamp complex and the largest complex
of the 169 subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp. It today includes
six ruins of clay tube barracks and the last traces of concentration
camp earth huts. Such preservation is thanks to the civic initiative of
the Landsberg Citizens' Association founded in 1983 which pushed for the
structural remains of Camp VII to be protected by the Bavarian State
Office for Monument Preservation and itself acquired the third of the
former camp area </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=https://www.stiftung-bayerische-gedenkstaetten.de/service/pressemitteilungen/machbarkeitsstudie-2016/Machbarkeitsstudie/@@download/file/Machbarkeitsstudie%2520Landsberg-Kaufering.pdf">with a donation</a> from the Jewish Holocaust survivor Alexander Moksel</span></span></span></span></span></span>,
on which the most important buildings - the clay tube accommodation -
were located. In 1991 there were still six clay tube barracks standing
but a generation only four remained <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2394/file/Dissertation_Fenner.pdf">after two had collapsed</a> as seen on the right.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZb79sIlgRyCgKFxMlxRWrKLuzRnuNkywIzJPKF9yEYfpqj3JthbQxwUvEcM89QjsxoTpo3j_DzS0q0s1o56GgQFREhFwb6vVle6wzvYS9blEeXU0wA5aa2Rz1LByoaBwZ9UOu_Nw3RK4DE5IPmGx_X7_Dnk0BqxRMZ8h7vEafSLbQw4S4eacdKpQqfCoW/s2016/Screenshot%202023-11-02%20at%2012.34.50.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="2016" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZb79sIlgRyCgKFxMlxRWrKLuzRnuNkywIzJPKF9yEYfpqj3JthbQxwUvEcM89QjsxoTpo3j_DzS0q0s1o56GgQFREhFwb6vVle6wzvYS9blEeXU0wA5aa2Rz1LByoaBwZ9UOu_Nw3RK4DE5IPmGx_X7_Dnk0BqxRMZ8h7vEafSLbQw4S4eacdKpQqfCoW/s320/Screenshot%202023-11-02%20at%2012.34.50.png" width="320" /></a></div><span white="">About
a mile from the Kaufering VII site is the Jewish concentration camp
cemetery in Erpfting. Around 2,000 people who died from the inhuman
Kaufering system of camps are buried in this cemetery which measures
2,624 square metres. Around 2,000 unknown victims of concentration camp
subcamp VII are buried in this cemetery. Five victims are known by name
as well as another five victims from the post-war period. A low, solid
stone wall surrounds the cemetery; the wrought iron entrance gate bears
two Stars of David. A central path leads to the monument; on both sides
are areas of mass graves. The monument bears a glass mosaic featuring
the Star of David. The inscription on a high memorial stone with a Star
of David reads: "Command your ways to the Lord! He will bring forth your
righteousness like the light and your judgment like the noonday. 37th
Psalm David. Erected in memory of the victims of the Erpfting
concentration camp in 1950."</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivaocra0X3JFFLMI9eSJfIYCKr1J22zMMG-6Q80hkyXwJ4Pa6oCtB5n-w3lJCLl-VzbgznoEhYnt5OPaFAhhJR2rkZr1ajXWasXF3HYhGnbyanEPLSawUS6Sa0kBeTEp_D6lCTBThEaIBR2HGBX_26JwCeDOuQmF_5hS-chUbE2MghvCuGWw2H3TOT8dk0/s456/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(8).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="456" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivaocra0X3JFFLMI9eSJfIYCKr1J22zMMG-6Q80hkyXwJ4Pa6oCtB5n-w3lJCLl-VzbgznoEhYnt5OPaFAhhJR2rkZr1ajXWasXF3HYhGnbyanEPLSawUS6Sa0kBeTEp_D6lCTBThEaIBR2HGBX_26JwCeDOuQmF_5hS-chUbE2MghvCuGWw2H3TOT8dk0/w437-h246/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(8).gif" width="437" /></a></div>American soldiers viewing the bodies of victims of Kaufering </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">on April 30, 1945</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.
This site of the Kaufering XI-Landsberg-Stadtwaldhof subcamp was the
last of the eleven camps of the Kaufering subcamp complex, the largest
complex of the 169 subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp. The
concentration camp subcamp was located on Mühlweg near the Landsberger
Stadtwaldhof west of Landsberg. This subcamp was set up in October 1944
and its almost exclusively Jewish prisoners were exposed to
extermination through work with completely inadequate nutrition. Also in
Landsberg were the two subcamps Kaufering I - Landsberg with the
commandant's office and Kaufering VII - Erpfting, which were part of the
Kaufering subcamp complex. As seen here, the area of the
concentration camp subcamp became agricultural land with all traces of
the camp removed. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">Relics
of the subcamp can only be glimpsed under the plant cover, these are
the concrete foundations of the former functional barracks such as the
kitchen, clothing room and washrooms. T</span></span></span></span></span></span>he site was finally recognised as a concentration camp subcamp site in 1994 and 1995 by the voluntary working group of <a href="https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2394/file/Dissertation_Fenner.pdf">school class 9b/10b of the Ignaz-Kögler-Gymnasium</a>,
under the guidance and moderation of Barbara Fenner, their history
teacher. Horst Köhler recalled this student project in his Berlin speech
in 2009 on the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of National Socialism.
In July 1994, a student in the class wrote to the mayor of Landsberg on
his own initiative asking him to erect a memorial stone. The city
council found the class proposal too expensive, so an old stone cross
was ground down as a memorial stone and <a href="https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2394/file/Dissertation_Fenner.pdf">erected in April 1995</a> on the camp's former roll call area. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxsDczgOq1FNUFoLWu9sIL4-9grAjvc9EG8tDy1CbWl2pm5eB0go0bwkjkXpAJmL1EoTjz4-_GQXJDgmLX3-Qjj4iWsx3ucygI35cfC6SXTtLB6LQmryqBxGyHLlVZh2If-kBFctOIrX_IqTheoDaaaH8wH5nl0D9wMu0fmM3WT6gjNHZ4YbY1sbp1nDtQ/s2022/Screenshot%202023-10-30%20at%2020.51.36.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1514" data-original-width="2022" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxsDczgOq1FNUFoLWu9sIL4-9grAjvc9EG8tDy1CbWl2pm5eB0go0bwkjkXpAJmL1EoTjz4-_GQXJDgmLX3-Qjj4iWsx3ucygI35cfC6SXTtLB6LQmryqBxGyHLlVZh2If-kBFctOIrX_IqTheoDaaaH8wH5nl0D9wMu0fmM3WT6gjNHZ4YbY1sbp1nDtQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-10-30%20at%2020.51.36.png" width="320" /></a></div>Today, <a href="http://www.landsberger-zeitgeschichte.de/Geschichte/geschichte/KZ-Friedhoefe.htm">fourteen concentration camp cemeteries exist</a>
in the Landsberg am Lech region, where the Jewish victims of the
concentration camp sub-camp complex are buried. This one is the
Concentration Camp Cemetery Hurlach consisting of victims of </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">Kaufering
Lager IV which was liberated on April 27, 1945 by the 134th Ordnance
Maintenance Battalion of the 12th Armoured Division commanded by Captain
John P. Jones. Just previously, the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> had begun marching the inmates
of the Kaufering camps to Dachau, but at Kaufering IV they set fire to
the barrack huts, killing hundreds of prisoners. Colonel Edward F.
Seiller took control and brought 250 civilians from Landsberg to bury
the dead prisoners. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">These 360 prisoners now lie in a cemetery on the
site of the camp's roll-call area, about a mile south of the village of
Hurlach. </span></span></span></span></span></span>The Kaufering IV
subcamp was leveled after liberation. The cemetery was built over a mass
grave with victims from Camp IV of the Landsberg/Kaufering subcamp
complex. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYhHSdKNdSLYv_0-p4MJlV4sBignO62wEyRx7NwrSauLPo9PQ-2Pa22vVumudTgMsXPaEb2rT2WUbO9Zyi_sVoWQq3Fpmi5TbgXrf4dyzQjNNxV372QK22n1lomzs8PQfrZqqfqr-VlTqZc4fdmHuHhi11ioixBCgK4Kc8aMk1i8bxj1bof79yQBSGfB8y/s2020/Screenshot%202023-10-30%20at%2020.52.20.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1516" data-original-width="2020" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYhHSdKNdSLYv_0-p4MJlV4sBignO62wEyRx7NwrSauLPo9PQ-2Pa22vVumudTgMsXPaEb2rT2WUbO9Zyi_sVoWQq3Fpmi5TbgXrf4dyzQjNNxV372QK22n1lomzs8PQfrZqqfqr-VlTqZc4fdmHuHhi11ioixBCgK4Kc8aMk1i8bxj1bof79yQBSGfB8y/s320/Screenshot%202023-10-30%20at%2020.52.20.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>They suffered an absolutely horrific death, burnt alive </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">within the huts on the orders of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> camp doctor Max Blancke </span></span></span></span></span></span>The
camp was run as a “sick camp” from December 1944. Other victims include
the prisoners left behind during the evacuation in April 1945 and
subsequently died. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">In
1948, the Bavarian Office for compensation of material damage for
victims of Nazi violence started to build a cemetery which was
ceremonially inaugurated in 1950 located on the two mass graves with the
360 dead bodies discovered by American soldiers</span></span></span></span></span></span>
in and around the camp, which were buried in the cemetery with the
forced help of the local population. Lieutenant Colonel Seiller told
German civilians that <a href="https://www.startpage.com/sp/search?query=%E2%80%9CYou+may+say+that+you+weren%E2%80%99t+personally+responsible+for+all+this%2C+but+remember+you+stood+for+the+government+which+perpetrated+atrocities+like+these.%E2%80%9D&cat=web&pl=opensearch&language=english">they shared the blame for Nazi atrocities</a>: “You
may say that you weren’t personally responsible for all this, but
remember you stood for the government which perpetrated atrocities
like these.”<br />A wall runs around the cemetery with its iron gate
bearing two Stars of David. Opposite the entrance is the memorial stone
made of Flossenbürger granite with an engraved Star of David. The
memorial stone and the two flanking stones bear the inscription:
“Erected in memory of 360 concentration camp victims. You went through a
sea of suffering now rest in God and eternity.” The design was
designed in 1950 by the Nuremberg architect Ernst Rücker. The ceremonial
inauguration took place on October 1, 1950. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">Today,
the gravel pit shown on the right is located on the majority of the
former camp grounds. Despite skeletal finds, gravel mining continued. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhft5G1aNB402_L00Toj7Tig4un4bWf-gtEFtGQBADnoyTv6lE1p7Csn7HvnpKSFtDR2QrL9b_4O1F0GpytqXp_4EBZL5lrstOvIcQYL4I1KlOpGYE4zJeBeVJqvWuCJvpskxJybQ5QTrLe5NExYtJSctemANJfMo0ahl6K-1xd-K2BCJQ5E19E5N9uao7b/s3264/IMG_1839.HEIC" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2448" data-original-width="3264" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhft5G1aNB402_L00Toj7Tig4un4bWf-gtEFtGQBADnoyTv6lE1p7Csn7HvnpKSFtDR2QrL9b_4O1F0GpytqXp_4EBZL5lrstOvIcQYL4I1KlOpGYE4zJeBeVJqvWuCJvpskxJybQ5QTrLe5NExYtJSctemANJfMo0ahl6K-1xd-K2BCJQ5E19E5N9uao7b/s320/IMG_1839.HEIC" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">At
the Holzhausen concentration camp cemetery in Holzhausen near Buchloe
within the Landsberg am Lech district. It's located not far from the
Magnusheim, built between 1910 and 1912, which was a reserve hospital
looked after by 38 Dillinger Franciscan Sisters from 1942 onwards and,
in the post-war period, a concentration camp hospital for survivors of
the Kaufering subcamp complex, and also <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419080533/http://regens-wagner-holzhausen.de/hp562/Geschichte-von-Regens-Wagner-Holzhausen.htm">housed a kibbutz until 1947</a>.
The cemetery is located at the foot of the former Magnusheim, operated
by the Regens-Wagner-Werke, in the fork between Magnusstraße, directly
east of Dammoosweg and south of Singold. From April 29 to July 28, 1945,
a total of 526 former concentration camp prisoners from the Kaufering
subcamp complex were treated in Magnusheim coming from France, Romania,
Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Africa, Holland, Austria, Greece, Italy,
Poland, Russia, Belgium, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Luxembourg, Hungary and
Germany. In the three months after the liberation, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204165151/https://www.touristik-i.de/KZFriedhofHolzhausenBuchloe.html">114 of them died</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="float: left; margin: 0px 0px 5px 10px;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='320' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz6haFHQj85LmjlgZT-Kc6VQO3F4pdwRgyeSvYH-34O4mam3RqmHNIQrr0yaqDJLul7kCFCY0Glgo2oAwOZIA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">On
April 29th, the first trucks with concentration camp prisoners rolled
up. They were packed in straw. They looked miserable, half-starved and
injured. They weighed 50-60 pounds. It was swarming with lice. We bathed
day and night. When everyone was finished, we started again... A
spoonful of gruel every hour could help you slowly regain your strength.
23 people arrived dead; we were no longer able to find out their names
or origins. In the first few days, up to ten people died every day. We
often put 3-4 in a coffin because we couldn't provide that many coffins.
She was buried in the newly built cemetery on the Singold, which was
designated by the American military authorities.</span></span></span></span></span></span><blockquote><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://regens-wagner-holzhausen.de/ueber-regens-wagner/geschichte/geschichte-von-regens-wagner-holzhausen/magnusheim-in-der-ns-zeit/">Sister Christhilde,</a> 1985</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">A total of 94 of these concentration camp victims were buried here in the Holzhausen concentration camp cemetery of whom only <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928210117/https://www.stiftung-bayerische-gedenkstaetten.de/service/pressemitteilungen/machbarkeitsstudie-2016/Machbarkeitsstudie/@@download/file/Machbarkeitsstudie%20Landsberg-Kaufering.pdf">71 are known by name</a>.
After that, a few Jewish displaced persons were buried there until
1948. The cemetery itself was designed in 1947 with the participation of
the Jewish Committee and was laid out in four rows of ten graves and
two rows of seven graves each although the individual graves no longer
exist today.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBc37sos3-iNNdmJ777H3I1OLJzm0VQ1SRJQ-PY2snSE1E0nF42GVZiUVcK42cyj5ED2Ko5SDP_9Oyxij8KT-9FakoQ8PodekAbn6Vac8EblwoH7IUXsHFsh3Gwl4ZcxPAZcPZI7RTTmbtThv0Sq_kgoRkTTOAT6r5jAj4Ub6B63LfAEDXyZfRP1ECKgbE/s2022/Screenshot%202023-11-02%20at%2012.32.53.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1514" data-original-width="2022" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBc37sos3-iNNdmJ777H3I1OLJzm0VQ1SRJQ-PY2snSE1E0nF42GVZiUVcK42cyj5ED2Ko5SDP_9Oyxij8KT-9FakoQ8PodekAbn6Vac8EblwoH7IUXsHFsh3Gwl4ZcxPAZcPZI7RTTmbtThv0Sq_kgoRkTTOAT6r5jAj4Ub6B63LfAEDXyZfRP1ECKgbE/s320/Screenshot%202023-11-02%20at%2012.32.53.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span>
In 1954 the cemetery was redesigned and 28 gravestones were laid out
along the cemetery wall, of which 26 still exist after two were exhumed
and transferred. They mainly refer to displaced persons whose relatives
who had these individual gravestones erected. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">A
couple of miles further east is the Igling–Stoffersberg–Wald
concentration camp cemetery shown on the right. As with most, it's
hidden way down an unpaved field path without any further signs to help
direct potential visitors. This cemetery contains the remains of 490
concentration camp deaths in seven grave fields. The German inscription
on the central memorial stone reads: "Through death to life!
Concentration camp victims rest here".</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""> <span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDOLrqYxdUeVU_z0eYh1WsfpZsAvGvL-CulnfEatKjzwv6hjpQYGNrgdFdZBQy6JhWStJRkttc57nLK7RWbsnUeFuvqDd3eV1mirvcRhtwKeC8sy8okjVzBCIj4KY5gqTzzpJITZFjwOkJNKKyygBN2TbegrzcCCkwFpJCkcMiA26L3KmydLOpH3YTEP56/s513/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(22).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="513" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDOLrqYxdUeVU_z0eYh1WsfpZsAvGvL-CulnfEatKjzwv6hjpQYGNrgdFdZBQy6JhWStJRkttc57nLK7RWbsnUeFuvqDd3eV1mirvcRhtwKeC8sy8okjVzBCIj4KY5gqTzzpJITZFjwOkJNKKyygBN2TbegrzcCCkwFpJCkcMiA26L3KmydLOpH3YTEP56/w518-h296/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(22).gif" width="518" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">On
the right is a postcard of the town Buchloe and how sites such as the
former Adolf-Hitler-Platz appear today when I visited November 1, 2023.
The first reports about the Nazi Party appeared in the 'Buchloer
Anzeigeblatt' on </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">October 1, 1922 </span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.all-in.de/allgaeu/ostallgaeu-kaufbeuren/geschichte-der-aufstieg-der-nsdap-in-buchloe_arid-216433">which reported that</a>
'[t]he National Socialist leader Hitler gave a lecture on 'The policy
of destruction of the middle class' in which he tried to demonstrate the
purposeful work of certain circles.' From the beginning of the 1930s
onwards, the Nazis' aggressive agitation saw speakers from Kaufbeuren
appear on in the spring of 1930, warning about 'official disaster
policy' in the 'Jägerhaus' in Buchloe, at the 'Wagner' in Jengen or in
the 'Adler' in Waal. The Kaufbeuren tax officer Mathias Kellner - the
first Nazi city councilor in Kaufbeuren since 1927 and later deputy
Gauleiter in Swabia from 1933 to 1935, spoke at the event. From the
November 1932 to March 1933 national elections, the Nazis increased
their share of the town's vote from 18.8 to 43.9 percent which is
broadly in line with the national average.<br /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ingolstadt</span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKH6clLWH3OUapsxKvHqobkh54Q8WVvVbBuU2BlTyEYqLUhIlVEUyQcH00N7MVZOayTSqSD7Cij5ahOkEpcTpWfF2718T1qz4VkfJKIke37gR7S_uA6ILlq303vS9LdZTEzL9j0z4v2fV8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25289%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ingolstadt Adolf-Hitler-Platz then and now" border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKH6clLWH3OUapsxKvHqobkh54Q8WVvVbBuU2BlTyEYqLUhIlVEUyQcH00N7MVZOayTSqSD7Cij5ahOkEpcTpWfF2718T1qz4VkfJKIke37gR7S_uA6ILlq303vS9LdZTEzL9j0z4v2fV8/w400-h255/ezgif.com-optimize%25289%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><b><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Adolf-Hitler-Platz then and now.</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span white="">During
the First
World War Ingolstadt was temporarily occupied with over 40,000 soldiers,
its fortress buildings used as a prisoner of war camp and three
military hospitals were established within the city. From 1916 there was
a considerable shortage of food and by November 1918 a workers' and
soldiers' council was formed. From the balcony of the town hall a Soviet
Republic was called out at short notice. The Treaty of Versailles
resulted in a sharp reduction of the German army, and the Ingolstadt
armaments companies were forced to switch production. The production of
spinning machines by Deutsche Spinnereimaschinenbau AG Ingolstadt
(Despag) seemed particularly promising. However, due to the Wall Street
Crash 60% of the workers were dismissed; only five hundred remained. The
seizure of power by the Nazis took place on April 27, 1933, when
the newly formed City Council elected <a href="https://www.ingolstadt.de/stadtmuseum/scheuerer/ausstell/ansich75.htm">two Nazi members as Second and Third Mayors</a>. The Lord Mayor Josef Listl, who had been in office since
1930, remained in office until 1945. By the end of June, the city
council members of the SPD and the BVP resigned. Nazi attacks were
directed in the first months especially against politicians and members
of the KPD, who lived mainly in the workers' settlements in the east of
the city. The union headquarters was destroyed and over fifty people were
deported to Dachau. During Kristallnacht in 1938
when the SA ravaged the synagogue in the Stegmeier house, 46 Jewish
residents still remained in Ingolstadt. Half of the originally around
hundred Jews from Ingolstadt had already left the city from the
beginning of Nazi rule because of constant reprisals and boycotts. On
the morning of November 10, 1938 the last Ingolstadt Jews had to leave
the city within an hour's notice. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihh2ANeJtsijBfksZ4kjUqOoGPuF8leCGdUm0m8DISgGA9sIbrE8FpjCA_DO_yq20E76-XdZrfUv8pkGyEYJe1j7wKCTxSquIjfDfz7swnXnbbONg0PjBR1yTUPJzrG0t4e-NeUPC6X-Gr/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ingolstadt Polizeimuseum" border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihh2ANeJtsijBfksZ4kjUqOoGPuF8leCGdUm0m8DISgGA9sIbrE8FpjCA_DO_yq20E76-XdZrfUv8pkGyEYJe1j7wKCTxSquIjfDfz7swnXnbbONg0PjBR1yTUPJzrG0t4e-NeUPC6X-Gr/w400-h253/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">The
Bavarian King Ludwig III visiting Fort Prinz Karl (what is now the
Polizeimuseum) during the First
World War. During the Great War future French president Charles de
Gaulle was detained here as a prisoner of war as was future Soviet
marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky- described as the Alcatraz of <a href="https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,796970,00.html">German prisoner camps</a>. Construction of the fort began in March
1877 and completed in August 1882 at a cost of almost 1.7 million
reichsmarks. During the First World War, the fortress and others served
as prison camps. The reason why it was not demolished like all other
fortresses after the Second World War can only be guessed at but, given
it stored large amounts of ammunition, the Americans were concerned that
in the event of an explosion the neighbouring village of Katharinenberg
would have been destroyed. Thus, Prince Karl was the only German fort
to be completely preserved.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-s6-4D08wEhBO_rUgz5P4UToJkOxMSp8zvRwQeXqBetS3Ot2nJh6Y9VQ1rSAoCLMusmDLUjICtAETrqPOuhDDSV_M7RQPkSFCFeVLSJw8MxTjEA6PHk0h6oLKUcf7Ev-IX7hx3kRkQYCY/s1600/ezgif.com-crop.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Theriesenstrasse Ingolstadt" border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-s6-4D08wEhBO_rUgz5P4UToJkOxMSp8zvRwQeXqBetS3Ot2nJh6Y9VQ1rSAoCLMusmDLUjICtAETrqPOuhDDSV_M7RQPkSFCFeVLSJw8MxTjEA6PHk0h6oLKUcf7Ev-IX7hx3kRkQYCY/w400-h292/ezgif.com-crop.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><b><span white="">Theriesenstrasse seen from the church.</span></b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">From
1943-1944, Bavarian towns were increasingly threatened by air raids by
the Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Force. Smaller towns
like Ingolstadt were spared at first and it was only at the beginning of
1945 did the air warfare hit this city on the Danube and changed its
cityscape. </span><span white=""><span white=""><span white=""><span white=""><span white="">Although the city was
the site of a garrison and numerous armaments factories, Ingolstadt
remained largely spared from bombing until the end of the war when, from
January 1945, Ingolstadt repeatedly became the target of Allied air
attacks . In particular, the southern and </span></span>eastern town centre and the
area of the main station were badly affected with well over six hundred
killed. Besides residential buildings, the bombs hit the Stadttheater,
the Salzstadel, the Sankt-Anton-Kirche and the Gouvernementsgebäude
although the most significant cultural historical loss was probably the
baroque Augustinian church of Johann Michael Fischer, whose destruction
left an hundred dead. </span></span>The bombing raids on Ingolstadt
claimed around 650 deaths. At least <a href="https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/57690/ssoar-hsr-2018-2-hall-Luftgangster_over_Germany_The_Lynching.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-hsr-2018-2-hall-Luftgangster_over_Germany_The_Lynching.pdf">twelve Allied airmen were killed</a>,
one of them murdered by a Nazi official. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ingolstadt church" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Uoj1_ORrMHEgGzqBDSoD-V7Xl05g3lKJPeNCn2yebsaq8QFSnY2iIPT4NIRXfBHHBChq5lIfw58sTjRkKyg4nmy63_Qy0IkRDWV-_oFjMmtyU0obqn_8phK2Ol7I54O7E6paqSEcBkZc/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252817%2529.gif" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Uoj1_ORrMHEgGzqBDSoD-V7Xl05g3lKJPeNCn2yebsaq8QFSnY2iIPT4NIRXfBHHBChq5lIfw58sTjRkKyg4nmy63_Qy0IkRDWV-_oFjMmtyU0obqn_8phK2Ol7I54O7E6paqSEcBkZc/w256-h400/ezgif.com-optimize%252817%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px;" width="256" /> <img alt="Ingolstadt church" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpnaWWJLsmuxHkTYsYw-2oLv_sejA0l6nkC1ZZzwgc8E60h1fom-QuZ5gDuAIyIQZJkr_hJ1qqb0XudJo8VeMCT-TKyYIux08MlBfa798rCeqibkuuhlwXMw80B8-O53gBOs6qLb4gBPDv/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252818%2529.gif" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="316" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpnaWWJLsmuxHkTYsYw-2oLv_sejA0l6nkC1ZZzwgc8E60h1fom-QuZ5gDuAIyIQZJkr_hJ1qqb0XudJo8VeMCT-TKyYIux08MlBfa798rCeqibkuuhlwXMw80B8-O53gBOs6qLb4gBPDv/w278-h400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252818%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px;" width="278" /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">After
the landings in Normandy in June 1944 and Operation Dragoon in southern
France in August 1944, the Anglo-American armies penetrated across
France to near the German border. The summer offensive of the Red Army
pushed the German troops back to the Vistula region and to the border of
East Prussia. The airspace over the entire territory of Germany was
almost completely controlled by the Allies at the beginning of 1945.
Because of the ever weaker German defence, they could move from the less
precise night attacks increasingly on the previously dangerous day
attacks. It was then on September 10, 1944 that the USAAF pilot
Major John R. Reynolds was shot down over Ingolstadt. To avoid civilian
casualties, he moved his crashing Mustang P-51 away from a residential
area and jumped from a mere fifty metres from the ground with his
parachute. Upon landing, he injured himself and was captured by police
when the Ingolstadt Kreisleiter<a href="https://www.donaukurier.de/lokales/ingolstadt/Ingolstadt-Major-Reynolds-UEberleben-und-Sterben;art599,2657418"> Georg Sponsel, a fanatical Nazi, shot him dead</a>. This murder later resulted in the condemnation and execution
of Sponsel after the war. </span><b><span white=""><br /></span></b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="portal of the Liebfrauenkirche Ingolstadt" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDOAxeIMgidXr6pW1rcdTI9wCAHrCEqS7Gsl5jXie3Q7m2-a8IR-aC40KFAX4zc0yXnzKVfdyV7OKc6W3TDlwdSFVDF1sZ2AoRu8MCsQSGX5g1HBl__p8i-6DYfe2UFDuAtY1APg_NmEh_/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252811%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDOAxeIMgidXr6pW1rcdTI9wCAHrCEqS7Gsl5jXie3Q7m2-a8IR-aC40KFAX4zc0yXnzKVfdyV7OKc6W3TDlwdSFVDF1sZ2AoRu8MCsQSGX5g1HBl__p8i-6DYfe2UFDuAtY1APg_NmEh_/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize+%252811%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 348px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><b>The portal of the Liebfrauenkirche. </b> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">On
January 15, 1945 Ingolstadt experienced the first major air raid on the
city. Already in the early morning hours, 640 long-range bombers and
782 fighters were made ready at the bases of the 8th US Air Force (8th
Air Force) stationed in the southeast of England. The daily service
provided for air raids on shunting yards in southern Germany. For the
attack target the 1st Bomber Division 111 bombers of the
B-17 "Flying Fortress" <a href="https://aircrewremembered.com/USAAFCombatOperations/Apr.45.html">chose Ingolstadt</a>. At 11.55 the Luftwarnstelle sounded the air
raid alarm which was largely ignored because of a variety of previous
false alarms from the population. The extremely poor visibility
affected the lead bomber scout which, finding dense cloud cover the
target marker, released the first wave with 480 explosive bombs and 330
incendiary bombs. The fact that the marking bomb was set too early by
only fractions of a second had devastating consequences for the village
of Feldkirchen as the bulk of the bomb load fell on the old town centre
in the vicinity of Marienplatz, with 70% of the buildings destroyed
leaving 22 people dead. The actual goal, the Army Munitionsanstalt
Ingolstadt at Desching - about a mile further north at today's location
of the Esso refinery, was missed. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span white=""><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6NDcqvMOKTlF1V0D0k4rNEp4WnWrnKblFdSffSLJxeI1Y43gOGbz5P1cGXlyWKnl_Diqae22o8U0eJGOYDVYNfx_M1XYjTlgs4iJ_Qzg_q4hsMQZ_fO4aHgIf4QxLDTFvpScJbCWJwnIP/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252815%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ingolstadt NS-zeit" border="0" data-original-height="494" data-original-width="323" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6NDcqvMOKTlF1V0D0k4rNEp4WnWrnKblFdSffSLJxeI1Y43gOGbz5P1cGXlyWKnl_Diqae22o8U0eJGOYDVYNfx_M1XYjTlgs4iJ_Qzg_q4hsMQZ_fO4aHgIf4QxLDTFvpScJbCWJwnIP/w261-h400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252815%2529.gif" width="261" /></a></span></span></span>The
second wave then dropped 1,278 fragment bombs over the southern part of
the town between Haunwöhr and the flood dam, as well as on an
undeveloped area. After another wave of bombing the final report of the
local air defence chief reported 28 dead and 29 wounded, as well as the
22 dead and seven seriously injured in Feldkirchen. On the following Friday,
January 19, the funeral service for the first victims of the
bombardment took place where, in front of the funeral hall of the
municipal cemetery, the coffins were drapped with Nazi flags. The Nazis
<a href="https://www.ingolstadt.de/stadtmuseum/scheuerer/ausstell/ansich75.htm">staged this memorial service with great propaganda effort</a> after
representatives of the party, the state, the Wehrmacht, the city and
even a chance Hungarian delegation taking part in the square in front of
the Aussegnungshalle. Nazi speeches raged against the "Anglo-American
murder flyers" and proclaimed allegiance to the "leaders, people and
fatherland" accompanied by soft drum rolls the name was read by the
Ingolstadt victims. After the numerous wreath-layings the funeral
concluded with the singing of Nazi songs.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">For
Thursday, March 1, 1945, the 8th Air Force had actually planned
strategic attacks on airfields of the dangerous new Messerschmitt Me 262
fighters. However, since the meteorologists announced bad weather, the
planned targets had to be changed. Thus 253 Consolidated B-24
"Liberator" bombers of the 2nd US Air Division in eastern England were
given the main attack target of the Ingolstadt station facilities with
the </span><span white="">Reichsbahnausbesserungswerk
(RAW). At 12.56, the air-raid warning centre for the Ingolstadt area
gave the 183th air-raid alarm. In order to find the planned targets even
when the cloud cover was completely closed, the bomber navigators <a href="https://www.b24.net/MM030145.htm">used H2X radar equipment.</a> The tightly closed formation of the four-engined
B-24 flew from the west to Ingolstadt Central Station which was
undefended as the Ingolstadt Flak forces had been moved from 1944 to
such "air raids 1st order" such as Munich, Nuremberg and Augsburg. </span><span white=""><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0YqbX4_g-5qW3zMBn-01iwPylxqwStfD2tyTfvX9crFs1qVvdb8_s7b2ev-PimLBE8-HFxgBFEzEL5JKvRmL7q8SUHzsMab29PXij0HFLnf3nt4_lxFYmX9SVsU6U2mWrOqmXCUg6HRnd/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252816%2529.gif" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0YqbX4_g-5qW3zMBn-01iwPylxqwStfD2tyTfvX9crFs1qVvdb8_s7b2ev-PimLBE8-HFxgBFEzEL5JKvRmL7q8SUHzsMab29PXij0HFLnf3nt4_lxFYmX9SVsU6U2mWrOqmXCUg6HRnd/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252816%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 341px;" width="400" /></span>Between
13.31 to 13.35 the bombers from a height of about 5500 metres triggered
in three short successive waves 603.3 tonnes of explosive and
incendiary bombs as well as leaflets, counterfeit food tickets <i>et cet.</i>.
The major attack took place in an extension of about ten miles along
the railway line from Reichertshofen to Oberhaunstadt, with the main
focus concentrated on the northern part of the old town which ended up
in ruins. A total of 32 damaged sites were left buried. In addition to
numerous residential buildings, the Kulturbauamt was completely
destroyed. Out of the rubble of the severely damaged municipal hospital
on Sebastianstraße, more than an hundred people, mostly seriously ill
and the wounded, had to be rescued under the most difficult conditions.
The air raid bunker on Rechbergstraße suffered a direct hit.
Extinguishing and salvage work continued throughout the night. The
security forces had to secure collapsing buildings, recover furniture
from damaged houses, clear roads of debris and mark and seal down sites
of unexploded ordnance. In total the attack left 197 dead and 107
wounded. The Chief of Staff of the 2nd Combat Bombardment Wing involved
in this attack on Ingolstadt was <a href="https://www.donaukurier.de/archiv/im-kinderwagen-verschuettet-4083112">the actor Jimmy Stewart</a>.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><img alt="Ingolstadt Adolf-Hitler-Platz" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW-wDmaqm0oFGAvWpQSku_sYlb39vrGCH2taWna4v-6RaQJZUTgFX-WkDhH9JP9hhKMYjyKD1qoPZ4N0Q38dJFeAFsvSgg2YNhlrchjyS0WZyvHtUyvBAgkwZjDfcKtUWD-VP0zA12AaGu/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252813%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW-wDmaqm0oFGAvWpQSku_sYlb39vrGCH2taWna4v-6RaQJZUTgFX-WkDhH9JP9hhKMYjyKD1qoPZ4N0Q38dJFeAFsvSgg2YNhlrchjyS0WZyvHtUyvBAgkwZjDfcKtUWD-VP0zA12AaGu/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize+%252813%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Adolf-Hitler-Platz, the effects of the <span>war clearly seen</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">During
the 8th US Air Force's attack on April 5, 1945, a total of 1358
long-range bombers and 662 fighters were employed. The Heereszeugamt in
Ingolstadt, one of the largest Wehrmacht magazines in Military District
VII (Southern Bavaria), was assigned to the 1st American Bomber Division,
which attacked with 211 "B-17 Flying Fortress" bombers and 201 P-51
"Mustang" hunters used as escorts. On this sunny and cloudless day three
waves dropped, over the parade ground between Ringler and Ettinger
streets, a total of 1,575 bombs with a total load of 621.4 tonnes and
numerous leaflets. The northern area of the target area <a href="https://www.gemeinnuetzige.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Gemeinnuetzige_Ingolstadt/Projekte/Kunst_am_Bau/Kunstprojekt_im_Konradviertel/Buchausgabe_des_Kunstprojektes_FOTOALBUM.pdf">resembled a single crater landscape</a> with about 70% of the buildings of the
Heereszeugamt on the Ringlerstraße as well as the adjoining parade
ground destroyed. A direct hit completely destroyed one of the three new
barracks blocks of the Max Emanuel barracks on Hindenburgstraße. The
adjacent residential development was also affected. There were 52 dead,
including 39 civilians in the vicinity of the parade ground, and 56
seriously injured and 170 homeless. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><img alt="Ingolstadt Adolf-Hitler-Platz" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgurHIq8-i6-o83MkF9UKGCqhRugU740-xQXa-0gEWLFdCnlbfmS0Kmz_lUr_fV0qlT7fNsT9YHmRrE714SqvuJVlD0OU6a-OHEwTN4AertUqSqjpWw7iMrt3TjM13sX9QI-2B7bV76B-fB/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252812%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgurHIq8-i6-o83MkF9UKGCqhRugU740-xQXa-0gEWLFdCnlbfmS0Kmz_lUr_fV0qlT7fNsT9YHmRrE714SqvuJVlD0OU6a-OHEwTN4AertUqSqjpWw7iMrt3TjM13sX9QI-2B7bV76B-fB/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize+%252812%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Adolf-Hitler-Platz</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">Officially, no
Allied air raid on Ingolstadt was scheduled for April 9, 1945, and yet
this day was undoubtedly the most fateful day in the city's history of
Ingolstadt. That afternoon tightly closed bomber formations flew over
the town to operations on the Neuburg air base, the WIFO tank farm near
Unterhausen and the airport Munich-Riem which hosted the German Air
Force Hunting Association 44 under Lieutenant General Adolf Galland,
stationed with Me-262 jet aircraft. On the return flight to their
southern English locations, the flight route of these <a href="http://www.revisionist.net/bombed-cities-08.html">212 "Flying
Fortresses"</a> at an altitude of about 7,000 metres once again led via
Ingolstadt. An air-raid alert triggered at 17.09 prompted the few
passers-by in the city to flee to the nearest air raid shelter. After
the enemy bombers had almost over-flown the city area, suddenly at 17:15
clock ten B-17 bombers flew back in a U-turn. From a height of about
2500 metres, one of these aircraft set a smoke mark above the old city
area. The remaining nine bombers arriving from the south-westerly
direction promptly unleashed their comparatively low residual load of
just 29 tonnes of explosive and incendiary bombs in under a minute, from
1717 to 17.18. Adolf-Hitler-Platz was reduced into a landscape of
rubble. Several direct hits on the Augustinerkirche and adjacent
Franciscan monastery on Schutterstraße were particularly serious. </span><span white=""><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZUhPvI2_qMN75DwT6WDGnglfmnUnE6ayjUKSf1e5K8xjBmzHNTaKTEI9CeUYiOuxTp8pTh_TA8G2pU2ceviTCqshkf46FRcuJlVh0CAk8jGAd2Aap4iPOUzbNIOjsoYNRFykKk5O5-FM/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252822%2529.gif" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZUhPvI2_qMN75DwT6WDGnglfmnUnE6ayjUKSf1e5K8xjBmzHNTaKTEI9CeUYiOuxTp8pTh_TA8G2pU2ceviTCqshkf46FRcuJlVh0CAk8jGAd2Aap4iPOUzbNIOjsoYNRFykKk5O5-FM/w485-h335/ezgif.com-optimize%252822%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; height: 235px; width: 340px;" width="485" /></span>In
the basement of this rococo church dating from 1763, 73 people seeking
protection, mostly refugees from Pomerania, died. Only a young woman who
could only be rescued from the shattered monastery cellar after ten
hours survived. </span><span white=""> The
destruction of the Holy Ghost Hospital was similarly severe, since
hardly any of the residents had visited the shelter, and during the
bombardment they mostly stayed in their rooms or in the stairwell. Of
the nearly hundred elderly people present, sixteen were killed. Further
bombing destroyed the former Gouvernementsgebäude with the historic
Salzstadel, the Stadttheater am Rathausplatz, the new municipal
administration building on Schäffbräustraße, the newly built Donauhalle
on Tränktorstraße, the Roli cinema, as well as numerous residential and
commercial buildings in the area of Rathausplatz, Donaustraße,
Münzbergstraße and Schäffbräustraße. More than a thousand were made
homeless due to the enormous building damage. The alarm ended on that
day at 19.42 clock with the "all clear". After the planes of the 3rd
bomber division landed again on their English airfields, six B-17
bombers were missing and 42 were damaged. In addition, 56 crew members
were missing and two men were reported as lost.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><img alt="Eingang Ingolstadt schloss" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Tni9_bEriTg1c2lreuqLrYAZWpraKeWtd9DAhLNgFRasuZRs8Hp1Id_244nURkFihheQkD3-SN2Ale_j_LrSvGho8olAfrwFgAkIU_-s5Nupi8wCSfuMBtqta11AJq6VbZsAKDhSTWW7/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Tni9_bEriTg1c2lreuqLrYAZWpraKeWtd9DAhLNgFRasuZRs8Hp1Id_244nURkFihheQkD3-SN2Ale_j_LrSvGho8olAfrwFgAkIU_-s5Nupi8wCSfuMBtqta11AJq6VbZsAKDhSTWW7/w255-h400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="255" /></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">The entrance to the new schloss. </span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">Two days later the 3rd US bomber division focused its main target on the Rangierbahnhof Ingolstadt and the</span><span white=""><span white=""> Manching</span>
air base. In cloudless skies, the bombers found their targets from
6,000 metres above sea level. <a href="https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/1519688/strategic-bombing-victorious/">Coming from Donauwörth</a>, the American bombers flew into the Ingolstadt airspace at a strength of 21 waves,
each with ten B-17 Flying Fortresses. Thirteen waves of the 4th Combat
Bombardment Wing attacked first from 12.42 to 13.05 on the Manchinger
air base in which 369 tonnes of bombs were dropped, destroying large
parts of the airborne aerial installations, including the runway and the
numerous aircraft of the German Air Force which had been forced to park impotently due to lack of fuel.
Immediately after the beginning of the attack, the siren warning signal
sounded in Ingolstadt at 12:53. In eight waves, the five groups reduced
the station to rubble and ashes with a total of 237 tonnes of bombs. In
addition to numerous residential buildings in Ringsee and Münchner
Straße this attack, which lasted until 13.41, completely destroyed the </span><span white=""><span white="">St. Anton </span>elementary
school, the school barracks on Tillystrasse, and the administrative
building of the Bavarian Insurance Chamber. In the renewed attack on the
railway facilities, this ammunition train was hit hard again, whereupon
hour after hour, one carriage after another began to explode. The
damage to the tracks had completely interrupted transit traffic and did
not allow the train to leave the danger zone. Because the rumour spread
that the charge of the train consisted of "V-2 weapons" broke out, <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486829686.777/pdf">a mass panic took place</a> involving thousands of women, children and elderly
under cover of darkness to flee through open fields, gravel pits or the
forests outside the town. It was determined that 35 people had been
killed and anywhere from three to four hundred left homeless. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><img alt="Ingolstadt Hotel Zum Anker" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEighYH8aJMAKPoj0KTvEl_XacH7HU387mmMEgZGcmNUPtZWb2FRP3wFWBeyTGUiq-Mx92vtKxe4vtBj-ANp1weJ-fb-cYrHP4bSQKEegfmMhAt0CyVWwzGSCDx75YZFCVwFGC-MEk2vBDip/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252820%2529.gif" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="423" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEighYH8aJMAKPoj0KTvEl_XacH7HU387mmMEgZGcmNUPtZWb2FRP3wFWBeyTGUiq-Mx92vtKxe4vtBj-ANp1weJ-fb-cYrHP4bSQKEegfmMhAt0CyVWwzGSCDx75YZFCVwFGC-MEk2vBDip/w400-h324/ezgif.com-optimize+%252820%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">The <a href="https://www.hotel-restaurant-anker.de/index.php/de/"><i>Hotel Zum Anker</i></a> where I usually stay in town.</span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">The air raid on
April 21, 1945 was the last of its kind and Ingolstadt was left a ruined
city. As a result of the burst supply lines, there was no water, gas or
electricity. The most important traffic route, the railway, was
completely interrupted. The multitude of bombed-out citizens, who went
in search of a new home to relatives or acquaintances in the surrounding
villages, had to travel this way with their last belongings on foot or
at best by bicycle. Even the large siren system, now familiar in wartime
life, had been shut down by a blasting bomb. Nevertheless American
fighter-bombers continued to fly with their on-board weapons attacks
against Ingolstadt. Hardly anyone ventured out into the streets and
whoever did risked paying with his life. In the last four days, no less
than 28 fatalities had been reported by low-flying. But even from the
other side, this war in the attack area
over Ingolstadt took several times its toll. Thus, on April 25, during a
low-flying attack on the station area, the railroad aircraft stationed
at the station hit a P-47 "Thunderbolt" from the 396th US fighter
squadron on the wing. The plane then went into a jolt, lost altitude
and finally crashed at the bridgehead at the Reduit Tilly. <a href="https://aircrewremembered.com/USAAFCombatOperations/Apr.45.html">The 21-year-old pilot was killed</a>.</span><span white=""> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><img alt="Ingolstadt bridge over the Danube before the war and today" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHnBHy-TanmWhTr7hv_u_4R44mMIO1KjjwyxMZgAoivcx1VFyTo8SPwgoHgkKfXNKayOi5qxpJP_gs4mGsOQV_29ln4I2ZjqdiyZKgZ-eBPfr2Idm1Tww9wrtE2Y-dgxPfFq0Ne4hIRRRo/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252821%2529.gif" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="494" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHnBHy-TanmWhTr7hv_u_4R44mMIO1KjjwyxMZgAoivcx1VFyTo8SPwgoHgkKfXNKayOi5qxpJP_gs4mGsOQV_29ln4I2ZjqdiyZKgZ-eBPfr2Idm1Tww9wrtE2Y-dgxPfFq0Ne4hIRRRo/w382-h274/ezgif.com-optimize+%252821%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 321px;" width="382" /></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">The bridge over the Danube before the war and today</span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">After the
surrender of Nuremberg on April 20, the American offensive continued to
roll on through Regensburg and Passau. Other American troops approached
Ingolstadt from Württemberg. Since April 17, the 38th ϟϟ Grenadier
Division "Nibelungen" advanced to the Danube. That day Heinz Greiner,
the commanding general in the military district, declared the river a
main battle line and announced that he wanted to hold the city "to
the last cartridge". The Volkssturm and OT men and five hundred Hitler
Youth, who had been recruited by the Nazi Gauleitung, were under the
command of the local combat commander Major Paul Weinzierl. Weinzierl
ended up ordering his troops towards the south in the vicinity of
Hohenkammer as the military, Nazi officials and the population
questioned if the city would be defended house-by-house. On the morning
of April 24, soldiers of the 352nd Volksgrenadier Division, who had
previously been involved in heavy defensive fighting west of Eichstätt,
<a href="https://www.forum-der-wehrmacht.de/index.php?thread/31304-donauverteidigung-april-1945-ingolstadt-regensburg/">arrived in Ingolstadt</a>. At the same time, the American 86th Infantry Division
with the American 342nd and 343rd Infantry Regiments had crossed the Altmühl
at various points. Since the Ingolstadt siren system had been destroyed
in the last air raid on April 21, the bell of the Minster sounded the
"Panzeralarm". Most of the population then went to the air raid shelters
as, on the orders of the Generalkommando, retreating ϟϟ troops blew up
the Danube bridges in Ingolstadt in the early morning of April 26. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Ingolstadt Donaustraßen Bridge" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv0bPgZNVoe81k0OT9ulJJ9LEH14AATZGSuJxiH9CRfBxTzdj3APlDtSIPMFwFiMFDtvMnu8mRgOB3HcSfHkSR-I8syhUGWgUB5W-aA-Iyc_5ZYbxSlnF83oRvoWe0u_bcgn9K6Fs0_x3H/s1600/donbr-45.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv0bPgZNVoe81k0OT9ulJJ9LEH14AATZGSuJxiH9CRfBxTzdj3APlDtSIPMFwFiMFDtvMnu8mRgOB3HcSfHkSR-I8syhUGWgUB5W-aA-Iyc_5ZYbxSlnF83oRvoWe0u_bcgn9K6Fs0_x3H/s16000/donbr-45.jpg" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 332px;" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">From
1.00 to 16.58, the motorway bridge, the railway bridge and the
Donaustraßen Bridge collapsed. On the morning of the 26th of April, the
"Volksgrenadiere" left for the south, whereupon it had become halfway
"peaceful" throughout the city. By noon, the US Army had covered the
city from the west and reached the Danube. The German staff observed
from the Brückenkopf barracks the deployment of the Americans on the
northern bank of the Danube, but fighting no longer took place. Then
American fighter-bombers attacked at low altitude along the southern
shore several times. On the northern walls of the Reduit Tilly, damage
to the façade caused by this low-flying attack is still visible today.
At 21.20 pm, artillery grenades finally enabled the unimpeded passage of
the river by soldiers of three companies of the 86th US Division in
assault boats. At 23.00, another battalion of the 86th US Division hit
the river downstream, crossing the blasted road and railway bridge over a
spurce bridge over the Danube. Then at night succeeded in translating
more troops with heavy equipment. Only now did the <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9c5FEICbao4dJj-xZ9O3xorop8X4S4XfzaVTU0meQmxIFrtEG3rS4XtpJebZ9-aaky8-Uur4YrHVao6YI4PAW7Kfz1Pe3JZFF68giGtMji8BtG0_Mtt2sX2RmpMP_89-AAy9GYg2QjRsc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-01-03+at+22.40.58.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ingolstadt Platz der SA" border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="738" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9c5FEICbao4dJj-xZ9O3xorop8X4S4XfzaVTU0meQmxIFrtEG3rS4XtpJebZ9-aaky8-Uur4YrHVao6YI4PAW7Kfz1Pe3JZFF68giGtMji8BtG0_Mtt2sX2RmpMP_89-AAy9GYg2QjRsc/w400-h148/Screen+Shot+2020-01-03+at+22.40.58.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span><span white="">The former Platz der SA is now inaccessible </span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Americans realize
that there were still many German soldiers in the bridgehead. The
Americans attacked and threatened to destroy the entire bridgehead with
artillery and bombs before a white flag was seen on the morning of April
27, 1945 when the complete bridgehead crew assembled in front of the
pioneer barracks on the bridgehead and moved to a prisoner of war camp
the next day. The 86th "Black Hawk" Infantry Division was able to
advance to Manching on the same day. Another Danube crossing in the area
between Donauwörth to Vohburg was successful, the way to the foothills
of the Alps and to Munich open. On May 8, 1945, the <a href="https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-nazi-germany-surrenders-vintage-ww2-may-8th-1945-stars-and-stripes-72549838.html">headline of the Army
newspaper "Stars and Stripes" announced</a>: "Nazi Germany surrendered
unconditionally". The extent of the danger this day to the town is seen
in the diaries of the 342nd US Infantry Regiment for April 26 when, at
6.00, an air raid on Ingolstadt was announced, only cancelled at
09.30.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">
</span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white="">The
Americans occupied Ingolstadt after its capitulation by the city
commander on April 26, 1945 without a fight. Before this, ϟϟ troops had
blown up the Danube bridges. The arrival of about 5,000 refugees and
displaced people additionally limited any living space. Fortress
buildings were temporarily used as emergency shelters and, after
Würzburg and Regensburg, Ingolstadt had the densest housing occupancy in
Bavaria in the post-war period.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><b><span>Eichstätt </span></b><b><span><br /></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Qc_sHznwdZIs4l6Ptzv5wXQkgWqbY1iC5tyg_CRR4i5fdJJFhpy-BG9A56WwwV399KEEfZJt8rhsH6iM0BLCSlj3fwipjx8qonzJj7BtEE4KgfR1slEKEuy40gjxBeJ8kOTKkI6qjQbL/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Eichstatt with Willibaldsburg in the background with the Hofmühl" border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="618" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Qc_sHznwdZIs4l6Ptzv5wXQkgWqbY1iC5tyg_CRR4i5fdJJFhpy-BG9A56WwwV399KEEfZJt8rhsH6iM0BLCSlj3fwipjx8qonzJj7BtEE4KgfR1slEKEuy40gjxBeJ8kOTKkI6qjQbL/w801-h380/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="801" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span>Cycling to Eichstatt with Willibaldsburg in the background with the Hofmühl. It was because </span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span>Reichsstraße 13 going through </span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span white=""><span>Eichstätt had been </span></span></span>the
shortest road connection between Munich and Nuremberg, and on to Berlin
that Hitler himself visited the city several times where he was often
found at the Waldschlösschen restaurant. The popular belief had been
that Hitler and its owner, Carl Eduard Matheis, <a href="https://www.donaukurier.de/archiv/adolf-hitler-war-oft-im-schwarzen-eichstaett-5747548">had been regimental comrades during</a> the Great War although after a complete review of the
14th Infantry Division's archives, shows Matheis had not been; in fact, very
few soldiers from the Ingolstadt region were. Hitler had first visited
Eichstätt on February 24, 1923 and spoke in the parade hall which had
stood next to the summer residence on the Hofgarten, and was later used
as a gymnasium and factory hall before being demolished to build the new
university buildings. The Nazis would attack the local paper, the
Eichstätter Volkszeitung, for "spitting poison and bile against our
movement." <span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnDf7EZg-F4hPelUWm7D3a4TSsk9Ezvc0MePetGbt0hF9DT-3XjgX0Sp0NWUR6IocW9aQctcQZbB5J8PjdlrVG0Qp3kak6HXpTPYzZ2THeClSLXI8xjEME_EGMwyzW3nzzNrtGLES6CahA/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252816%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Eichstatt marktplatz" border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="457" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnDf7EZg-F4hPelUWm7D3a4TSsk9Ezvc0MePetGbt0hF9DT-3XjgX0Sp0NWUR6IocW9aQctcQZbB5J8PjdlrVG0Qp3kak6HXpTPYzZ2THeClSLXI8xjEME_EGMwyzW3nzzNrtGLES6CahA/w441-h309/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252816%2529.gif" width="441" /></a></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span>Hitler
spent the Sunday, March 13, 1932 presidential election in Eichstätt; of
note is the town's election result where <a href="https://www.donaukurier.de/archiv/adolf-hitler-war-oft-im-schwarzen-eichstaett-5747548">Hindenburg received 3,243
votes to Hitler's 1,145</a>. In fact, the Nazis at first found it difficult
to establish a place in Eichstätt given that the biggest party in the
town had long been held by the Bavarian People's Party. Thus, even after
the so-called seizure of power the Nazis only managed in the
parliamentary election 1, 558 votes in the March 5, 1933 national
election compared to the Bavarian People's Party's 2,493. Nevertheless,
on Hitler's birthday a torchlight procession in Mörnsheim was held as
well as a significant birthday banner raised with the school square
renamed Adolf-Hitler-Platz. On Tuesday, July 18, 1933 the Eichstätter
Kurier reported that "[a]fter five o'clock yesterday afternoon the news
spread in our town that Herr Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his staff had
arrived at the Waldschlösschen yesterday morning," being greeted
joyfully with a child handing him flowers. The League of German Girls,
the auxiliary police and the state police had served as a sort of honour
guard as Hitler arrived after a meeting in Leipzig. The next recorded
visit was Saturday, August 19, 1933 as Hitler was travelling to
Nuremberg, lunching with his staff at the Waldschlösschen. He made a
return visit on Wednesday, August 30, 1933, again stopping at the
Waldschlösschen. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX0Wa0EzfW1h6uqMd7jnhgrXqPAWEX8grnyH5hlNJCQ3BHfxsB1SoDOgH4IHY3wj4S1qXpGRmgUKkI3QfXZznOwxL1ALAiTw9M-u3v1FDiY-gWh988_0oNM7AUTQHhsZY-PpSQw8pRc_bS/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25282%2529.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Eichstatt Pfahlstasse" border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="525" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX0Wa0EzfW1h6uqMd7jnhgrXqPAWEX8grnyH5hlNJCQ3BHfxsB1SoDOgH4IHY3wj4S1qXpGRmgUKkI3QfXZznOwxL1ALAiTw9M-u3v1FDiY-gWh988_0oNM7AUTQHhsZY-PpSQw8pRc_bS/w433-h273/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25282%2529.gif" width="433" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span> Pfahlstasse</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span>In
December 1933 Hitler was awarded the honorary citizenship of the city.
Hitler thanked the town council on December 12 and formally accepted it.
On Friday, April 20, 1934, Hitler spent his birthday at the
Waldschlösschen; after he drove off his car became stuck in a traffic
jam during roadworks near Lohrmannshof where it was reported that "he
was the subject of a warm ovation from the construction workers." Other
visits Hitler made to Eichstätt were Sunday, March 18, 1934; Thursday,
June 6 and Monday, June 17, 1935; and Tuesday, July 9, 1935, whilst
travelling from Beilngries to Ingolstadt, apparently visiting the
construction site of the highway shown above. In 1935 the Nazis built
the Eichstätter Thingstätte on the Geisberg in the then independent
municipality of Wintershof, shown below, in which Gauleiter Julius
Streicher was present at the inauguration ceremony on July 6, 1935 even
though it was only completed in 1937. During the war in the eastern
suburb of Eichstätt was located the prisoner of war camp <a href="https://natlib.govt.nz/tapuhi/-195452">Oflag VII B</a>. In
addition, on the Willibaldsburg from October 1944 to January 1945 there
was the site of an external subcamp of the concentration camp
Flossenbürg which held 22 inmates. Given the PoW camp, the war itself
saw Eichstätt suffering no casualties and in contrast to the surrounding
communities and towns, no significant war damage from Allied attacks
was sustained before being occupied on April 26, 1945 by American
troops. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDLzFWskbcn8h-qmh1XHtGCOZoTzvOu_CH7jP8THUI6l1ESCia0MbkKD5o5whbvYsB3HJ-IKUzcoba_CF0hhf79kVcuHhb8Et25Y-YRAy4fz4y72V9PdheRtI-VwoNrLGQBgf94S1qKvUe/s1600/ezgif.com-resize+%25282%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="819" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDLzFWskbcn8h-qmh1XHtGCOZoTzvOu_CH7jP8THUI6l1ESCia0MbkKD5o5whbvYsB3HJ-IKUzcoba_CF0hhf79kVcuHhb8Et25Y-YRAy4fz4y72V9PdheRtI-VwoNrLGQBgf94S1qKvUe/w718-h279/ezgif.com-resize+%25282%2529.jpg" width="718" /></a><span white=""><span white=""><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span>This
Hitler Jugend haus, completed in 1938, is still a Youth Hostel. The
inauguration of the extension was held April 16, 1939. Such is the
build-up of suburbia around the site that a corresponding photograph
couldn't be taken.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" white=""><img alt="Eichstatt cathedral" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmy0VVmPBYgQJZk38FoqodB2gAISvgtjNI4op1KqL0NgawzBEO3r0K0FEr9EUl3EABdhR1oaUGAX9EleE1V4uskNeCduoe-ozSR5zGnU428cx7omsm0_vdm6lTULY4Bib7dt1MUHOfdWg/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252812%2529.gif" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmy0VVmPBYgQJZk38FoqodB2gAISvgtjNI4op1KqL0NgawzBEO3r0K0FEr9EUl3EABdhR1oaUGAX9EleE1V4uskNeCduoe-ozSR5zGnU428cx7omsm0_vdm6lTULY4Bib7dt1MUHOfdWg/w438-h311/ezgif.com-optimize%252812%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px;" width="438" /></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>The cathedral in 1936 and today. </span></span></span></span><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>During the <span>Nazi era</span>,
Bishop Konrad Count von Preysing was the only Catholic bishopric of
Germany to turn against the Reichskonkordat, which was agreed by the
Holy See and the Reichsregierung in 1933. It was at the cathedral on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>January 31, 1937 that </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Father Kraus publicly attacked Nazi anti-church policy, bringing on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>the
crisis of April and May when both party and state tried to drive Kraus
out of town. When the news spread of Kraus's impending ouster, the
cathedral was packed with a reported 5,600 of the faithful, or
two-thirds of the town. Bishop Racklwent to the pulpit and noted the
unfortunate reason why so many had assembled. "But when he made clear
that he had given Kraus an official order not to leave his pastorate, an
applause broke loose, such as the cathedral had never heard before".
During his 45-minute talk, Rackl had to stop frequently for the applause
from the congregation, pleased to hear that someone was going to
resist. During that evening, 1,800 persons signed a petition against
Kraus's removal. While loyal Catholics were enjoying their defiance
inside the cathedral, the police force, plus SA and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>,
was marching about outside to "protect" the worshipers inside from mob
violence—odd because the great majority of the town was inside. They did
prevent the townspeople from giving the Bishop a street ovation. Party
units arrested some of those showing defiance. All through the night and
into the next day lines of those praying for the retention of Kraus
wound through the cathedral.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>Edward Peterson (315-6) <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400878093/html?lang=en"><i>Limits of Hitler's Power</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Eichstatt Westenstraße with Saint Walburg church in the background" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0d6RvuefnJN3xXuHtFno64Uey_wk0iIX3Cy6w0XmnpVNBksoAHKzsa-CThlpvFnZNSBx_jH-8WMKzx6JJIWHwsuqRg8R8DUrxDPORwfT3YcpMz3jqvPJDEiIkNhvPVqwbr1lKkrTawBQX/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252820%2529.gif" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0d6RvuefnJN3xXuHtFno64Uey_wk0iIX3Cy6w0XmnpVNBksoAHKzsa-CThlpvFnZNSBx_jH-8WMKzx6JJIWHwsuqRg8R8DUrxDPORwfT3YcpMz3jqvPJDEiIkNhvPVqwbr1lKkrTawBQX/w400-h316/ezgif.com-optimize%252820%2529.gif" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>Westenstraße<span> with</span> Sa<span>in</span>t Walburg church in the background</span></span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>The
state, better informed, took the view that Kraus had indeed attacked
the state. On April 23, in an unusual display of legal nicety, it
introduced court charges against Kraus. In the meantime he was forbidden
to give the usual religious instruction in the school. Kraus wrote that
this was not so serious, because the students came to him anyway. He
was amused by the simple-minded efforts of the party to indoctrinate the
students, including those of Deputy Kreisleiter Haberl who had gotten a
nun's teaching job and who avoided the quick-witted Kraus after an
incident at the vocational school. Haberl was asking "tricky questions"
about the rise of the NS party, and Kraus lost his temper, saying:
"Hitler was also found guilty of high treason in 1923 and the verdict
has not yet been reversed". Kraus reported his remark to Foerderreuther
who threw his hands together over his head and said: "But Herr Cathedral
pastor, you simply can't say things like that" of Kraus's way. He left
the room before the priest appeared so that a "Heil Hitler" would not be
necessary. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>Peterson (317)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXhec7XW1BnCOHijL5MdASLMc1jcF90yCN7cDBsqSm5vT5nXqb2dBZ5aOIr2TA6URciox4213w3wWCYf5Pih6b_VdJdELasQ-XQ0chAMSr-SvpQVSvo6lhm6_G3UWDxI858SF4RYPtLe1C/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Residenzplatz eichstatt einst jetzt" border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="533" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXhec7XW1BnCOHijL5MdASLMc1jcF90yCN7cDBsqSm5vT5nXqb2dBZ5aOIr2TA6URciox4213w3wWCYf5Pih6b_VdJdELasQ-XQ0chAMSr-SvpQVSvo6lhm6_G3UWDxI858SF4RYPtLe1C/w428-h255/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25284%2529.gif" width="428" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>Residenzplatz
during the Nazi era and today. Eichstätt's stately and tranquil
surroundings have witnessed a dark past. During the Thirty Years' War
the city, which was considered the "stronghold of Catholicism", was
conquered and looted by the Swedes. As a result, on February 12, 1634
much of the town's centre was almost completely destroyed. It wasn't
until the end of the 18th century that the Baroque reconstruction of the
city by Graubünden and Italian master builders, especially Gabriel de
Gabrieli as seen in these pictures was completed. Although since </span></span></span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>the Middle Ages the area around </span></span></span></span></span>Eichstätt
was known for its winegrowing- the terraces are partly still visible
today- through climate change and the devastation of the Thirty Years'
War the wine was finally abandoned. As with <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2007/01/darmstadt-university-of-technology.html">Freising</a>,
from 1582 to 1723 at least 241 people- 211 women (88%) and thirty men
(12%) were charged and arrested on suspicion of so-called witchcraft in
Eichstätt. 222 of them (195 women, 27 men) were sentenced to death and
executed in these witch trials , including Kunigunde Sterzl, Eva
Hohenschildin and Helena Schneckin. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="437" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu5uuzQUqNo48WIGgBTK6DBi4i4yBnF6fZ2bz2wxWz5tIopCT1ZIq7487_fjadu0lRoTWqUgY17PVaoOm8YaDsQHDMn4glpePWKnADVeiC52cAqHks8bTGHp6PSVh-mh3wMDeFaEFOzV5T/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25285%2529.gif" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>As
for the rest, either their death sentences were commuted, they died
during detention or were eventually released. The main phase of the
witch persecution in Hochstift Eichstätt lasted from 1617 to 1630 and
fell into the reign of Prince-Bishop Johann Christoph von Westerstetten.
During these fourteen years, at least 185 arrests and trials and <a href="https://academic.oup.com/book/9279/chapter/156002991">167 executions of 141 women and 26 men for witchcraft </a>had been conducted, of
which between four and 25 death sentences were pronounced each year.
The last known execution for witchcraft took place in Eichstätt in
1723. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>The consequences of the November Revolution ending Germany's involvement in the Great War also involved Eichstätt </span></span></span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>which saw a workers 'and soldiers' council form. </span></span></span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>After
his conviction writer and playwright, politician, and socialist
revolutionary <a href="https://www.literaturportal-bayern.de/autorenlexikon?task=lpbauthor.default&pnd=118623230">Ernst Toller was imprisoned </a>from February 3, 1920 to July
15, 1924 in the provisional fortress prison of Eichstätt. </span></span></span></span></span>On
December 15, 1918, the Magistrate's Council decided to establish a
vigilante group although its implementation took several
more months.</span></span></span></span></span> The Freikorps Oberland
was founded in April 1919 in Ingolstadt and Eichstätt by Albert von
Beckh and was closely associated with the right-wing Thule Society which
in turn is seen as one of the main influences on the later Nazi party.
The Freikorps was used in May 1919 in the battles against the Munich
Soviet Republic. Parts of the Free Corps were then taken over with parts
of the <a href="http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/taeter-und-mitlaeufer/dokumente/freikorps-epp.html">Free Corps Epp in the Reichswehr Brigade 21</a> and 1920 used as a
closed association during the Ruhraaufstands. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF2Rk5xV5mf6GsQEzaY06_eTZg4b2o_9CQWY1j2kFZJtzhv7vyX9jFJ2Tb6Y8CdixcghzXb3x1jTIV0E7wyd5zBos6BxuDxF2auxOj1kHk2yMOHhwMHw7KpjJnJfv3WbekDg5thXO9Jl0Y/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Eichstatt Residenzstrasse" border="0" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="553" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF2Rk5xV5mf6GsQEzaY06_eTZg4b2o_9CQWY1j2kFZJtzhv7vyX9jFJ2Tb6Y8CdixcghzXb3x1jTIV0E7wyd5zBos6BxuDxF2auxOj1kHk2yMOHhwMHw7KpjJnJfv3WbekDg5thXO9Jl0Y/w424-h238/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25283%2529.gif" width="424" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>Residenzstrasse </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>The
Free Corps itself was formally dissolved on October 21, 1919 but many
of its members joined a volunteer battalion in the organisation
Escherich. In the suppression of the uprisings in Upper Silesia in 1921,
the Free Corps was significantly involved in the storming of St.
Annaberg in Upper Silesia where they formed a murder and kidnapping
squad. The murderers of Matthias Erzberger- leader of the Zentrum Party
and who had signed the Treaty of Versailles- Heinrich Tillessen and
Heinrich Schulz belonged not only to the Organisation Consul, but also
to the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oberland". They are also believed to have
been responsible for the <a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-geschichte-nsdap-uspd-karl-gareis-mord-1.5315853">murder of the USPD politician Karl Gareis</a>. In
1923 under its company commander, veterinarian Friedrich Weber, was
sentenced alongside Hitler to five years imprisonment for treason after
the failed Beer Hall putsch. On February 15, 1934 Weber was appointed
"Reichsführer of the German veterinarians," later being appointed
Honorary Professor of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the
University of Berlin on July 26, 1939. He took the rank of ϟϟ group
leader in 1944, bearing the Blood Order and the Golden Party badges.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia2xEyBgkqE8Hgse_MCNHuecYprzaapmSbhmoUCmy5DGs4-Mo90YmSp81DjHKpysm5x6z-cEbZcSGQ3pX32GegiFYZ58wVBjO17fU52xzBROSyrioxwM9pTkmmjc5QiJs-cD7_W-jQ9N60/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252815%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Willibaldsbrunnen HJ Hitler Youth" border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="346" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia2xEyBgkqE8Hgse_MCNHuecYprzaapmSbhmoUCmy5DGs4-Mo90YmSp81DjHKpysm5x6z-cEbZcSGQ3pX32GegiFYZ58wVBjO17fU52xzBROSyrioxwM9pTkmmjc5QiJs-cD7_W-jQ9N60/w353-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252815%2529.gif" width="353" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span>The Willibaldsbrunnen shown here and below reveal a remarkably unchanged marktplatz</span></span> in large part
thanks to the town's youth: "The brave boys instantly got their hoses
and connected to the water, and it was a real pleasure to see the<i> Pimpfe </i>and <i>Hitler-Jungen </i>rush to the fire" according to the <i>Eichstätter Heimatzeitung </i>on
March 13, 1943. Already in July 1940 the party announced: "7, 000 Hitler
Youth are under the fireman's helmet." The average age was 16 years. The
training lasted for six months, and the youth learned to operate all
fire equipment, "so that they can collaborate with experienced
firefighters at each deployment." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/eichstaett_synagoge.htm">As early as New Year's Eve 1922</a>, Jews in </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span>Eichstätt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> were targetted by Nazis when the facade of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span>Sallo Guttentag's department store on Domplatz </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>was stained with swastikas. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-3qkbArabUGJXSIMS17pHNeESs3Y-ZNF5ntiYDHwzuSqxeNCFblnhttIjStVHCBSMjDcbeENDfXrfARavmAlkTz5ze-pBIzCvvM0i7KQGdmg17maVhBuAPIslVflbMPygJ4Dagfql3gyw/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252814%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Willibaldsbrunnen" border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="278" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-3qkbArabUGJXSIMS17pHNeESs3Y-ZNF5ntiYDHwzuSqxeNCFblnhttIjStVHCBSMjDcbeENDfXrfARavmAlkTz5ze-pBIzCvvM0i7KQGdmg17maVhBuAPIslVflbMPygJ4Dagfql3gyw/w280-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252814%2529.gif" width="280" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>By </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>1933 there were still 27 Jewish inhabitants in the town, comprising of 0.6% of a total of 8,029 inhabitants. On July 8, 1935, <a href="https://www.donaukurier.de/archiv/verbeugung-vor-den-eichstaetter-ns-opfern-4011985">Egon Guttentag and Paul Freymann</a>,
who had meanwhile taken over the business from Sallo Guttentag, were
taken into "protective custody". In the spring of 1936 the Guttentag and
Freymann families fled the town due to the consequences of the economic
boycott and the need to "Aryanise" their department store.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span> In autumn 1938 only the Schimmel family remained in the town. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span>During
Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938 the district leader and about a
dozen SA men moved into Stake Street to break down the Schimmel
brothers' door and arrest them. Their house was sold that same day as
two of the three Schimmel brothers fled, followed by the third brother a
month later. On December 8, 1938, the government of Middle Franconia
announced that Eichstätt was "<a href="https://www.donaukurier.de/archiv/kein-jude-mehr-in-eichstaett-5246725">free of Jews</a>".</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span>From
November 1946 to 1949 there was a camp of Jewish displaced persons in
Eichstätt housed at various locations such as the army barracks and
former agricultural school. The camp had religious institutions
(synagogue, religious school, kosher kitchen, yeshiva, mikveh) and
cultural institutions (kindergarten, elementary school, vocational
school). 21 Displaced Persons who had died during the camp's existence
were buried in the Jewish cemetery in Ingolstadt. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEv29nfVTQFkbgEXbuNN44ceCOrgW6UYH4OgoEFJ1-xP5Lvl9go9zAO8KEPMLS0_qr2Pa6pco0JiGwDbXyEanaGnRXuTRk5RZy3BF-1z1ISaESiRK6xLVdS_sgk6pjpEXtJBEiGcs2WJU-/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25286%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="eichstatt Altmühl" border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="547" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEv29nfVTQFkbgEXbuNN44ceCOrgW6UYH4OgoEFJ1-xP5Lvl9go9zAO8KEPMLS0_qr2Pa6pco0JiGwDbXyEanaGnRXuTRk5RZy3BF-1z1ISaESiRK6xLVdS_sgk6pjpEXtJBEiGcs2WJU-/w707-h340/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25286%2529.gif" width="707" /></a><span white=""><span white=""><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span>Along the canal looking towards the Altmühl</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhndVMy-vyqy7L7UTxotcYzftgVYvWrCGwwef6E1TlM1TCtgXp-k7TK1P5SM1dlVokmQ_4fTXns4FMf1mgXWEkT3LhysNxUDD-F5AWMm1Se3TZb7hdaJq47HfcF23AeuR6y8-SJ0zRyNxqO/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252812%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Eichstätt Thingstätte" border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="494" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhndVMy-vyqy7L7UTxotcYzftgVYvWrCGwwef6E1TlM1TCtgXp-k7TK1P5SM1dlVokmQ_4fTXns4FMf1mgXWEkT3LhysNxUDD-F5AWMm1Se3TZb7hdaJq47HfcF23AeuR6y8-SJ0zRyNxqO/w400-h242/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252812%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span white=""><span white=""><span>Overlooking </span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Eichstätt from t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>he
remains of the Thingstätte, built in 1935 and opened on Saturday, July
6, 1935 that year. Such open-air theatres were built between 1933 and
1936 for the Thingspiele, events attempting to evoke an emotional and
ethical emergence of the individual within the national community. For
this reason, places of particular importance were selected as their
sites; surrounded by forests, in waters embedded in hills or natural
rocks, at ruins or other traces of local history. As a result </span></span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;">they were exposed to the uncertainties of the weather. </span></span></span></span>Given the lack of enthusiam by the general public they quickly fell out of use or were converted </span></span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;">for use for political rallies.</span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;">It
was declared at its formal opening service: "National Socialists of
district Eichstätt! Our splendid Thingstätte on the holy mountain has
received its consecration by the Frankenführer Gauleiter Julius
Streicher. The day is a landmark in the history of our movement to which
18,077 working hours and 118 days have been donated. The Holy Mountain
is to become a work worthy of the glorious location and the lofty aim of
the movement. Forward with Hitler. Long live our leader and his
glorious movement." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8_6Hmn4TWR3aewCpc4lU36bRywBvEmrJ9kZRINxHyt90iQ4sm5_D98kFKqxS8NxWIGMKckwhvkTrNOslgM5rpBFCYWdqQTc5aT61bmqB8xkTBUw7n0xycJwiPYj8F-9t0MIR6e3-72NYL/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252813%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Eichstätt Thingstätte" border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="416" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8_6Hmn4TWR3aewCpc4lU36bRywBvEmrJ9kZRINxHyt90iQ4sm5_D98kFKqxS8NxWIGMKckwhvkTrNOslgM5rpBFCYWdqQTc5aT61bmqB8xkTBUw7n0xycJwiPYj8F-9t0MIR6e3-72NYL/w400-h295/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252813%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
cornerstone was <a href="http://www.nonviolent-resistance.info/exhibitions/ger/kraus/biografie.htm">laid on April 6, 1935 </a>by the Nazi district leader,
Walter Krauss, mayor from 1934 to 1938. The SA and party members built
the stage and the rows of spectators. </span></span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
completion of the Thingstättenhaus (now Café and <a href="https://schoenblick-hotel.net/">Hotel Schönblick</a>) took
place on September 5, 1935. For the Nazis the High Cross overlooking
the site, which had been erected in 1854 to give thanks for the sparing
of the cholera, was an issue. The removal of the Monument Cross, cast in
the Obereichstätt smelting works, was prevented by the resistance of
Christian-minded citizens from Wintershof and Eichstätt. Thus when the
Nazis spoke of the "Holy Mountain", they did not refer to the High
Cross. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Although in ruins today, immediately after the war on </span></span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;">August 9, 1946, </span></span></span></span>it was used for a </span></span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;">choir meeting for the <a href="https://altmuehltaltipps.de/2016/09/08/thingstaette-eichstaett/">Latvian refugees living in Franconia</a> attended by seven hundred </span></span></span></span>singers
who had previously celebrated a service in the Protestant church and
then climbed up the mountain. In June 1963 the diocese of Eichstätt
hosted the Diocesan Frogschartag iin which at least 1,200 girls between
the ages of ten and fourteen from all over the diocese celebrated a
church service. Finally in 1988 another attempt was made to revive the
Thingstätte open-air stage through Martin Walser's "Eiche und Angora",
performed as part of the Summer Games programme. The site was chosen
intentionally for a play about a simple man </span></span></span></span><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span white=""><span white=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;">in the last days of the war </span></span></span></span>who
never manages to recognise political changes in time. Its organiser,
<a href="https://www.donaukurier.de/archiv/die-nazi-buehne-verfaellt-4826302">Heinrich Vergho, stated that</a> "[o]f course, at first we had some
reservations about acting on this site built by the Nazis. But the topic
almost forced us to use the venue and it provided multiple impulses to
the production. "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Rosenheim</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfM4GhxDjyl5dWNp1jzVMiFjIc-JRrsq2PIXclLRgsLJP2_Gm683pDun9fgRoNZkBZ-pjNwpms4cuLeGAG2ceX2UCfgyqJcS2x3s_jIBD5VIC6RnLKSYkzvwIfl1HDgj0EhC9dQtUND1E/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-07-20+at+09.11.57.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Goering Rosenheim" border="0" data-original-height="207" data-original-width="497" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfM4GhxDjyl5dWNp1jzVMiFjIc-JRrsq2PIXclLRgsLJP2_Gm683pDun9fgRoNZkBZ-pjNwpms4cuLeGAG2ceX2UCfgyqJcS2x3s_jIBD5VIC6RnLKSYkzvwIfl1HDgj0EhC9dQtUND1E/w435-h180/Screen+Shot+2017-07-20+at+09.11.57.png" width="435" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">It
was at the Marienbad Sanitarium in Rosenheim on Heilig-Geist-Straße 58, used twice for overnight stays by Wilhelm I, that Hermann Wilhelm
Göring was born on January 12, 1893. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">During
the last days of the First World War at a large rally on November 8,
1918 on the Loretowiese Karl Göpfert was appointed head of the People's
Council and Guido Kopp as chairman of the Soldiers' Council. Then moved </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">the People's and Soldiers Council </span></span></span></span></span></span>to
the town hall where Mayor Josef Wüst had to place police. During the
parliamentary and electoral elections of January 1919, a very clear
majority of citizens of Rosenheim voted for the Christian-conservative
BVP and the moderate majority SPD. However, the situation escalated with
the assassination of Prime Minister Kurt Eisner on February 21, 1919
which led the People's and Soldiers Council to order "all unemployed
union colleagues and party members under the age of 35" to take up arms.
Mayor Josef Wüst was forced to resign; his successor was Karl Göpfert. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHbUsp2MYBJr09ZLAQr5iMavESWCGN75junRpE1rRE3g-K1ncNVcKV3KBTzW_luh2icPTVyQtubUP3qls-WML1Ky6czmZF9YjTOmKFo9d6ZYVhkc0OL0bbXPfSvovb4zGlFM24j_xOc2T9/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252897%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Rosenheim einst jetzt" border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="442" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHbUsp2MYBJr09ZLAQr5iMavESWCGN75junRpE1rRE3g-K1ncNVcKV3KBTzW_luh2icPTVyQtubUP3qls-WML1Ky6czmZF9YjTOmKFo9d6ZYVhkc0OL0bbXPfSvovb4zGlFM24j_xOc2T9/w465-h315/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252897%2529.gif" width="465" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">By
this time the differences between the People's Council and its chairman
Göpfert and the Spartacist movement, represented by Guido Kopp and the
Soldiers Council, became ever clearer. On April 5, at a meeting on the
Loretowiese the Soviet Republic was proclaimed. Munich communists had
these summoned by Göpfert and proclaimed the third revolution. Hostages
were threatened with shooting, and farmers threatened with
expropriation. At the same time, Göpfert's opponent Guido Kopp, as the
representative of the radical-socialist camp, was proclaimed Mayor by a
popular assembly. On April 13 the rumour that a bourgeois coup had taken
place in Munich and that the "White Guards" of the counterrevolution
were on their way to Rosenheimd. Kopp imposed martial law over Rosenheim
whose citizens were no longer sympathetic to the radical revolutionary
minority. A crowd stormed the building in which Kopp and his followers
were entrenched and brought them to gaol. As a result, Rosenheim and the
surrounding region were the scene of numerous bloody disputes. Kopp and
his colleagues escaped to Kolbermoor on May 1 just as the "white
guards" invaded Rosenheim. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5vGMd85iwrexsER1l21WrF2JJkJbh8OfwBHvrquZKu16g61KnkRYwlaX36brphy_FP2lloyvcrQXR671W4QlcoKnV_OAihcRutqhDojdBdWAD3IpYRy8kCWaEjdFeZMPdd7PubrnsJlTa/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252898%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rosenheim then now" border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="502" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5vGMd85iwrexsER1l21WrF2JJkJbh8OfwBHvrquZKu16g61KnkRYwlaX36brphy_FP2lloyvcrQXR671W4QlcoKnV_OAihcRutqhDojdBdWAD3IpYRy8kCWaEjdFeZMPdd7PubrnsJlTa/w408-h248/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252898%2529.gif" width="408" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">
Two days later the Red Guardsmen locked up in Kolbermoor surrendered and
concluded a truce. Two workers' leaders were murdered by members of the
Freikorps Chiemgau and the others arrested. Mayor Göpfert eventually
received a relatively lenient sentence- one year and three months
imprisonment- whilst Guido Kopp was sentenced to eight years'
imprisonment. The murderers of the two workers' leaders, Schumann and
Lahn, were acquitted with the court claiming that they lacked awareness
of the illegality of this killing. The new Mayor of Rosenheim was Bruno
Kreuzer, commander of the "white troops". The city then became a centre
of nationalist, ethnic and anti-Semitic forces, including the Nazis.
Long before the seizure of power by Hitler in 1933, anti-democratic
movements had established themselves in Rosenheim. Thus members of the <a href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Bayerischer_Heimatschutz,_1928-1933">"Bund Chiemgau" </a>threatened
and abused Jewish citizens in 1923 after the Hitler coup. And when the
SA was officially banned after the beer hall putsch attempt, the
Rosenheim group was able to find shelter in the "Bund Chiemgau". </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigKtvp_1s9X1oaekG9gjtjQS5hT3_rSGuAmRIVyUcfxG9l3TgEOKOZi77gyCN8VJwQQkWvZfbPkBVBB_JXs4JjMBK4Wyqx0VSAuNx2Sxqg-NtgA5OLTiOVLk78-N3J4sai0NUKZpZ5HObE/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="265" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigKtvp_1s9X1oaekG9gjtjQS5hT3_rSGuAmRIVyUcfxG9l3TgEOKOZi77gyCN8VJwQQkWvZfbPkBVBB_JXs4JjMBK4Wyqx0VSAuNx2Sxqg-NtgA5OLTiOVLk78-N3J4sai0NUKZpZ5HObE/w235-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="235" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">Rosenheim
was the location of the <a href="https://www.stadtarchiv.de/stadtgeschichte/rosenheim-im-3-reich/entwicklung-nsdap-1920-1933/">first local Nazi Party group outside of Munich</a>
when already on April 18, 1920 the Rosenheim Ortsgruppe was founded by
Theodor Lauböck and Anton Drexler; its first public assembly took place
May 2, 1920 attended by Hitler- the first of at least four visits he
would make to the town. By the end of 1920 the Ortsgruppe would grow to
260 members, although this would grow slowly so that by August 1922 only
320 party members were registered, nevertheless making Rosenheim the
second largest local group to Munich. By comparison at around the same
time only 83 were registered in Passau, 222 in Landshut and 178 in
Mannheim. Its leader until the time of the Beer hall putsch was </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white="">Anton
Dorsch, and it had its own SA group led by</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white=""> Josef Maier and Ignaz Dirschl. The </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white="">Rosenheim
SA ended up participating in numerous
hall battles in Munich, and Rosenheim was also a rallying point for the
anti-Republican forces of the Upper Bavarian province, who were willing
to march for Hitler in the November 1923 putsch attempt; allegedly on
that day Rosenheim's Inn and Mangfall bridges were occupied by SA, as
well as the station and post office. With the ban on the Nazi party
after the coup attempt, some its members were listed as being apolitical
and so in this way Dr. Ernst Klein became the first Nazi serving in the
Rosenheim city council. Nevertheless, the
town's support for the Nazis had noticeably lessened so that in
the state election of April 6, 1924, they managed a mere 6.3% of the
vote. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwXIoxRP9-uozDTVpZrWiLL96ar_S_CGKC_eIzKfOSgR47Gj7fybLkhoTp9cbqCzxLVvOXM8LmMmNqkusFpQ9-cMrc9oGyKDqeZ4c54Ux8iVRS7ih_Mfz-2I7i81Mbx6nPt_H5HsgpFUOu/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252891%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler in Rosenheim" border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="485" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwXIoxRP9-uozDTVpZrWiLL96ar_S_CGKC_eIzKfOSgR47Gj7fybLkhoTp9cbqCzxLVvOXM8LmMmNqkusFpQ9-cMrc9oGyKDqeZ4c54Ux8iVRS7ih_Mfz-2I7i81Mbx6nPt_H5HsgpFUOu/w423-h294/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252891%2529.gif" width="423" /></a></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">On
July 5, 1925 Julius Streicher and Hitler himself travelled and to
Rosenheim to present
a Munich SA formation made up of the Rosenheim population. Hitler used
the oportunity to speak of the Nazi Party leaders' conference in the
Saubräukeller at around noon. The closed meeting, which according to the
police report was attended by around seventy local group leaders from
Upper Bavaria, was chaired by Ernst Woltereck. In the afternoon there
was a public rally with Julius Streicher, at which Hitler was present at
times without speaking. According to the <a href="https://archive.org/stream/HitlerRedenSchriftenAnordnungenFebruar1925BisJanuar193312Bande/Hitler%20-%20Reden%2C%20Schriften%2C%20Anordnungen%2C%20Februar%201925%20bis%20Januar%201933%20%2812%20B%C3%A4nde%29_djvu.txt">Munich police department's report of July 21, 1925</a>,
Hitler emphasised that the first task of the local group leaders was to
win over the workers and "should not be a doctor's party." He attached
great importance to the formation of new local groups, noting that only
the local group leader could be one who had grasped the meaning and aim
of the movement most deeply, and that these local group leaders who were
true to their convictions would become the most capable. He argued that
the party should be divided into districts, districts and local groups,
stating his intention to set up the formation of an elected Reich
leadership was intended. Hitler said of his followers that he now had
more followers in formerly red Saxony and Thuringia than in national
Bavaria and that a liberation of Germany by the Nazi movement would no
longer come exclusively from Bavaria. For the Völkisch deputies he made
the demand that they should see their main task less in the attainment
of new conditions than in the eradication of the existing old and
harmful ones. The headquarters of the movement would remain in Munich
because it was fought over most fiercely there. He also referred to the
attacks directed against Esser and Streicher and dismissed them as
unfounded given both were convinced National Socialists who had remained
loyal to the movement even in difficult times.His speech ended with a
declaration of loyalty from the audience to Hitler.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""> With
this by now the area of responsibility of the local group
included Rosenheim, Aibling, Wasserburg and
Ebersberg, and the Nazis became increasingly anxious
to set up more bases starting on May 15, 1926 with the establishment of a
local group in Bad
Aibling, joined June 21, 1928 with a base in Flintsbach. In between this
time on April 19, 1927 he returned to Rosenheim to deliver a now-lost
speech entitled "Must everything perish?," again in the large hall of
the Saubräukeller, after 20.00. Regardless, <a href="https://www.stadtarchiv.de/stadtgeschichte/rosenheim-im-3-reich/entwicklung-nsdap-1920-1933/">the Nazis managed a mere 553 votes</a> (6.0%) in the parliamentary elections and 455 votes (5.0%) In the
state election of 1928. However, with the onset of
economic crisis the Nazis were adept at taking advantage. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY_7iFmWV4AyfVoKyTBvzNnXog5_rEW6VlzYEL5fG21iGape-mrGpTHtZtoYJmatCKX8QsVUvFLC8pE7E-vx9-H9bin30A9cSrzpy47wCQbjl0hwJyfy_xq6Wvk5lwRup_lpmknEIwxzQl/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252889%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler in Rosenheim" border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="333" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY_7iFmWV4AyfVoKyTBvzNnXog5_rEW6VlzYEL5fG21iGape-mrGpTHtZtoYJmatCKX8QsVUvFLC8pE7E-vx9-H9bin30A9cSrzpy47wCQbjl0hwJyfy_xq6Wvk5lwRup_lpmknEIwxzQl/w386-h468/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252889%2529.gif" width="386" /></a>On
the night of August 31 and September 1, 1929 a rally took place led by
Gauleiter Fritz Reinhardt and Reichstag deputy Dr. Frick Stand in which
there was a concert of the SA-Kapelle München, a "German Evening",
demonstrations by the Hitler Youth, a wreath-laying ceremony at the war
memorial as well as uniformed marches by SA associations. However, the
population showed little overall interest- instead of
the predicted deployment of 1,500 uniformed party members, not
more than 600, including many North Germans, were actually counted. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white="">The
Communists, who had papered Münchnerstraße over with "Death to Fascism"
signs and had stretched a banner with the inscription "Down with the
Hitlerite
bandits and workers' murderers" at the entrance to the town, held back
in the face of the unequal balance of power. Although a troop of
National Socialists penetrated into the Gewerkschaftshaus and tried to
provoke a fight there, the troublemakers were removed in time by members
of the </span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white="">.
The number of visitors
who attended Nazi events in Rosenheim from February 22, 1930 to March 1,
1933 seem to have averaged roughly 500 people. But when Hitler showed
up </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white="">on April 17, 1932 </span></span></span></span>the
venues in Rosenheim were judged now too small to accommodate the
anticipated crowds. A tent with a capacity of 6,000 people was approved
by the town council but as fifty brownshirts started to build it, but
the Ministry of
the Interior ended up rejecting the cost, forcing the half-finished
tent to be dismantled again.
Instead, the Nazis rented the largest hall in the city- </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">the Donauhalle-</span></span></span></span></span></span> inside the
hotel Deutscher Kaiser. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">Gauleiter Karl Wahl spoke before he himself s</span></span></span></span></span></span>poke
for about half an hour from 22.40 with roughly 8,000 in attendance;
there were no seats, and entry cost up to 3 RM. It had been opened by
local group leader Josef Riggauer with a short speech with later
Governor of Nazi-occupied Poland Frank speaking before Hitler. The
banned SA, identified by white armbands, took care of security in the
hall.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhywv78vkcOPt8diRNJhbIesjAJEENBoyTjShOK6VQW_pZmG7iNFlNM0s9OsS927IvGI365an_VTLSAPy4GEs_P3CUxhm3oxeiy0spPY-R_WUB9OeedglIUo2N6ttyUQTD6uqG-p-IZ20ym/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252890%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler in Rosenheim" border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="345" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhywv78vkcOPt8diRNJhbIesjAJEENBoyTjShOK6VQW_pZmG7iNFlNM0s9OsS927IvGI365an_VTLSAPy4GEs_P3CUxhm3oxeiy0spPY-R_WUB9OeedglIUo2N6ttyUQTD6uqG-p-IZ20ym/w352-h430/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252890%2529.gif" title="Hitler Rosenheim" width="352" /></a></span></span></span>
A second meeting in the nearby Stephanskirchen-Schloßberg was booked
with both venues overcrowded
despite the relatively high admission price of 2 RM; Hitler's speech has
since been lost. In Rosenheim alone, two thousand
visitors listened to Hitler's speeches and the streets in front of the
Rosenheim assembly hall were jam-packed as three propaganda planes
circled the city. Thousands
who could not be admitted crowded in to at least to see Hitler and
listen to his speech transmitted outside via
loudspeakers. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white="">Nazi
propaganda with its variety of
events, requiring full-time party representatives, as
well as leaflets, brochures and truck advertising was exceedingly
expensive, all the more so given the strained economic situation. For
this reason, Hitler's first goal was
to <a href="https://www.stadtarchiv.de/stadtgeschichte/rosenheim-im-3-reich/entwicklung-nsdap-1920-1933/">make an appearance</a>
on April 17, 1932 during which 1150 tickets were sold, in which the
revenue of 1075 Reichsmarks offset the expenses of 428 RM; such a profit
allowed the Nazis to finance more such rallies. They were further
assisted financially through
the backing of the Hamberger </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white="">industrial plant. </span></span></span></span>The
Hamberger brothers also provided motor
vehicles as the Schloßberger SA equipped them with weapons in 1931, kept
hidden on
the factory grounds so that the
company could also have an armed protection organisation. However, it
was usually medium-sized tradesmen who provided vehicles to the Nazis. A
local
SA group founded in April 1931 by eventual Lord Mayor Georg
Zahler, soon grew to 45 men, supported by an SA motor-storm under the
direction of carpenter Hans Keller provided the Nazis with a
comparatively small but well organised auxiliary force.The
Rosenheim </span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white=""> was founded at the end of October
1932 and, with about 15-20 men, appeared for the first time during an
illegal rally on November 9, 1932. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY2L8Zv5Zi87A57nuhbhqeiaFhm8jo9F_xdTjFBhzKgILDqnIoTcdg1iN2y-SwU9e-JVxLr5weWkbbXKSCH7bptLzR0HETxagQboaJ__VvzzpxQXYa6uBJhX9jIoZ6IZXs_ZimCocXgL4B/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="SA marching during the Party Congress through Rosenheim's Max-Josefs-Platz September 1, 1929" border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="557" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY2L8Zv5Zi87A57nuhbhqeiaFhm8jo9F_xdTjFBhzKgILDqnIoTcdg1iN2y-SwU9e-JVxLr5weWkbbXKSCH7bptLzR0HETxagQboaJ__VvzzpxQXYa6uBJhX9jIoZ6IZXs_ZimCocXgL4B/w640-h312/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">SA
marching during the Party Congress through </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">Max-Josefs-Platz </span></span></span></span></span></span>September 1, 1929 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsQewsWoWctG7pYdXp_uxdTP0agmkKaLZWxdz6zUospbV9ErShXmokQmv_vBssj2OdOeske7ZRNtnAG9DHT80snsnD153md7DTD6Zof6pqkjRqWLce_iG-bGUm_g0GsazRtbjVALJfkZhL/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252899%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi Rosenheim" border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="468" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsQewsWoWctG7pYdXp_uxdTP0agmkKaLZWxdz6zUospbV9ErShXmokQmv_vBssj2OdOeske7ZRNtnAG9DHT80snsnD153md7DTD6Zof6pqkjRqWLce_iG-bGUm_g0GsazRtbjVALJfkZhL/w400-h280/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252899%2529.gif" width="400" /></a>The Nazis continued to be favoured by the
Bavarian judiciary as weapons offences of the left were considered high treason whilst those of
the extreme right regarded as a minor offence. On October 13,
1931, two Rosenheim SA men invaded the fruit storage hall Feilnbach
and stolen two machine guns as well as ten
infantry rifles. When the defendants had to answer before the Rosenheim jury on
January 12, 1932, ringleader Ludwig Kuchler claimed to have acted
in the public interest, since they had been anxious to bring the weapons
to safety from the Communists. The court upheld this line of
argument, acknowledging as mitigating that the crime had been committed
on the partisan, not criminal, conviction, and sentenced the two main
defendants to parole for three months each. Kuchler's prison sentence
was reduced by one month during the appeal hearing at the Traunstein
district court, and the two remaining convicts were fined. However,
Kuchler was later arrested again in connection with another arms
affair involving a machine gun, three rifles and considerable
ammunition.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="315" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Ncf8nRohMb6VKM9lChrFMicJn0j-O4QiXaEoWyNlzlsuIgwQA69urKFGACbjq57-XURijSnJjg0Fo6ndaVWe4A3r-6opLdg1-L8CDYPCh3ukGoKanFdAjHDX5PkMfxC6e_CNsqKLbWLa/s320/11ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="213" /> <img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="254" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwHGkwgSFLLDARGnk3l1NZGGV3mY2Cis0we0kMyBijNWoxnFAWY9hhKE6uRFa7x9qJAEa_HDJsyOxa577SKAjL9IU66XydN33rQA9VT9tIetenjPR8gv_-WzWqKCnvA9RBxqc_d0843Wof/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%2528100%2529.gif" width="196" /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""> On the night of the election for President in March 1932, the security organs managed to seize a cache of weapons </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white="">from from the SA.</span></span></span></span>
In view
of the obvious threat to state authority and a series of violent clashes
between Communists, Reichsbanners and Nazis in Rosenheim
and surrounding communities, the authorities were now
forced to abandon their lenient course against the Nazis. House searches
and weapons seizures were now directed against individual associations
as the ban on Nazi paramilitary groups from April to June 1932 affected
their activities which would finally be ended with Hitler's appointment
as chancellor in January 1933. Indeed, in a special meeting of the city
council on March 28, 1933 two months later in homage to the appointment
of the new honorary citizens of the city of Rosenheim, the obligatory
renaming of streets was authorised: Innstrasse was renamed Hitlerstraße,
Münchnerstraße was named after Paul von Hindenburg, Hubertustraße</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span white=""> renamed for Franz von Epp </span></span></span></span>and Hausstätterstraße was replaced by Göringstraße. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
<span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ8Zt-auEMm0OVBZnkdwMBs57S5W7kqxstAU6x5ZgsZYbVQLn_dQd6NrmrO_ADP_YVNAT6DFifE9YtJjm_rOpU2W79srgYuwNK814rIsTvD8j26AsIbYJgX3LWmURJ4w6vNP9h4y38QUw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-07-20+at+09.12.08.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rosenheim SA marching during the the April 1, 1933 boycott of Jewish-owned businesses" border="0" data-original-height="207" data-original-width="276" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ8Zt-auEMm0OVBZnkdwMBs57S5W7kqxstAU6x5ZgsZYbVQLn_dQd6NrmrO_ADP_YVNAT6DFifE9YtJjm_rOpU2W79srgYuwNK814rIsTvD8j26AsIbYJgX3LWmURJ4w6vNP9h4y38QUw/w320-h240/Screen+Shot+2017-07-20+at+09.12.08.png" width="320" /></a><span><span><span white="">SA
marching during the the April 1, 1933 boycott of Jewish-owned
businesses. Their signs read: "Germans shop in German stores! The Jew
is stirring up hate against Germany! Therefore, do not go to Jewish
stores!" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span white="">The
number of Jews living in Rosenheim was<a href="https://www-alemannia--judaica-de.translate.goog/rosenheim_juedgeschichte.htm?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp"> high compared to other Bavarian cities.</a> However, at the start of the 20th century, the Jewish community
consisted of about fifty. The request to the city council for
establishment of a separate Jewish religious association, with reference
to the Bavarian-Jewish legislation, was refused, so the Rosenheim Jews
remained attached to the state capital, where their dead also had to be
buried. Even the funeral of the First World War fallen son of a Jewish
merchant based in Rosenheim at the city cemetery was refused and was
"the biggest disappointment and the bitterest pain" for the father.
With the creation of the first local Nazi group outside of Munich in
1920, the Rosenheim Jews saw increasing hostility where the main centre
of hate
campaigns was the Rosenheim School. A scandal occurred in June 1920,
after a reader accused the writer of a letter entitled 'Rosenheimer
Jews' who wanted to repeal the provisions of the Versailles
Treaty and hold military exercises at the Rosenheim School. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1kXArxJd9RtexbWJsz8ClaRkfGAwIQg3ZfvSZedxR-XPGcSBnsBeuYiSdeWr1zzqlgnpDA5HhJJg6YV5pELIIcZSew40HNUDunf30BhC8DW9lIML9OFyVDcdI1w547i6aUfi7DyTNNFU0/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252896%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="280" height="587" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1kXArxJd9RtexbWJsz8ClaRkfGAwIQg3ZfvSZedxR-XPGcSBnsBeuYiSdeWr1zzqlgnpDA5HhJJg6YV5pELIIcZSew40HNUDunf30BhC8DW9lIML9OFyVDcdI1w547i6aUfi7DyTNNFU0/w376-h587/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252896%2529.gif" width="376" /></a></span></span></span>Seven
members of the high school and a member of the "Chiemgau" then raided a
villa inhabited by Jews in the Herbststrasse. Rosenheim's college on
July 29, 1920 came to the conclusion that "... it was regrettable that
the people's movement to fight exploitative Jews[...], which certainly
was justified in its nature, has been discredited."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""> Protests
of the Bavarian Jewish Central Association were unsuccessful and only an
unmistakable message of the Bavarian Interior Ministry September 1920
was able to maintain peace. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""> At the latest
with the founding of the first Nazi locality outside Munich in 1920,
the Rosenheim Jews were increasingly exposed to hostility. Thus, in June
1920, a letter to the local newspaper reproached Rosenheim's Jews for betraying the Entente's military exercises against
the provisions of the Versailles Treaty at Rosenheim Gymnasium. Seven
members of the Gymnasium and a member of the "Chiemgau" fell upon a
villa inhabited by Jews in the autumn road, but they could not storm. <a href="https://www.stadtarchiv.de/stadtgeschichte/rosenheim-im-3-reich/antisemitismus-und-judenverfolgung/">On July 29, 1920</a>, the Collegium of the City of Rosenheim decided that "...
it was unfortunate that the movement to fight a popular Jewry [...],
which is certainly justified in its nature, will be discredited by such
excesses." Protests from the Bavarian Israeli Central Union remained
unsuccessful, and an unmistakable communication from the Bavarian
Ministry of the Interior of September 1920 could restore peace. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJkaucZ2kJT5rcQsCyw1l5CoqAjB-uFInoIffE1QYJETvbS02UHehxP4xT8EsZoCumXDzTePGVdkxVdIEKUDWBDidSYsiL66W5UwkYH1fBmmUMbmvQPEFMx9DV1gPGC6esIvM74MEzKmTo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-07-19+at+11.30.58.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kristallnacht Rosenheim" border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="528" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJkaucZ2kJT5rcQsCyw1l5CoqAjB-uFInoIffE1QYJETvbS02UHehxP4xT8EsZoCumXDzTePGVdkxVdIEKUDWBDidSYsiL66W5UwkYH1fBmmUMbmvQPEFMx9DV1gPGC6esIvM74MEzKmTo/w375-h282/Screen+Shot+2019-07-19+at+11.30.58.png" width="375" /></a>On
April 1, 1933, shortly after the Nazi
seizure of power, guards were set up in front of Jewish shops, warning
against buying in these stores, but to desist assault and criminal
damage. A large proportion of the population ignored these calls. The
shops were therefore still frequented, much to the annoyance of Nazi
activists who acted with the <a href="http://www.clemens-fritz.de/about_me-files/projects/Machtergreifung/12.pdf">backing of then-Mayor Gmelch</a>. Despite the
support of the population, six of the eleven Jewish business owners gave
up their businesses by 1937. The assassination of German diplomat vom
Rath by Herschel Grynszpan on November 7, 1938 in Paris, was
taken as a final opportunity to strike against the Jews. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">Within
the scope of the November
pogroms throughout the rest of Germany, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>the SA came on
November 10 at 3.00-4.00 with eight to ten men to the
last
two Jewish shops and destroyed their inventory and merchandise. The
fate of many Rosenheim Jews is documented. Those who could, emigrated -
mostly to the United States. However, many failed in their entry and
exit
applications and would end up murdered in concentration camps.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj05xIVnXAcxeplU7DbNzchV3Vcn5iYKzje2f3pocQQN1QZHHDsFzkaV5bM9ffrqm5z3U9Tl8d-Kj9t7EFY33gSzIrDAjCb32yQNzqNZK7QWBKTWl_RXvKJNjxs1JaFOfMq6QfiIohnBlqE/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler giving a speech to a crowd on the 15th anniversary of the Nazi chapter in Rosenheim" border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="317" height="451" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj05xIVnXAcxeplU7DbNzchV3Vcn5iYKzje2f3pocQQN1QZHHDsFzkaV5bM9ffrqm5z3U9Tl8d-Kj9t7EFY33gSzIrDAjCb32yQNzqNZK7QWBKTWl_RXvKJNjxs1JaFOfMq6QfiIohnBlqE/w330-h451/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="330" /></a></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">Hitler
giving a speech to a crowd on the 15th anniversary of the Nazi chapter
in Rosenheim, the first major Nazi Ortsgruppe to have formed outside
Munich, at Max Joseph Square on August 11, 1935. Leading up to his
visit, both Rosenheim daily newspapers reported in words and pictures on
the "old guard" who had founded the first Nazi local group outside
Munich on April 18, 1920, at the initiative of the Theodor Lauböck in
Rosenheim. Hitler himself had appeared many times in Rosenheim as a
speaker in the founding year, but in the programmes for the anniversary
event the main speaker was only listed as the Gauleiter of Munich Upper
Bavaria, Adolf Wagner. A heraldic rose from whose flower a swastika grew
was given to the citizens of Rosenheim as a holiday pin, for the
occasion as they waited on the evening of August 10 in front of the
hotel "Deutscher Kaiser" for the 23.00 set-up of the party formations
for the big tattoo. Meanwhile, deputy Gauleiter Otto Nippold spoke in
the Hofbräusaal although only party members and "comrades" had access,
concluded by a performance by the Reichsarbeitsdienst. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">However,
the actual celebrations did not take place until the next day when the
town, flanked by swastika flags, greeted all local Nazi organisations
formed after the "Big Wake" by the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
at 7.00 in the Chiemseestrasse. They marched here to the war memorial
on the Loretowiese. At the same time around 11.00 Lord Mayor Georg
Zahler and Legal Counsel Erich Holper laid the cornerstone for the
construction of the Municipal Gallery. The foundation stone donated by
Karl Göpfert contained not only pictures of Hitler and Göring, but also
the commemorative coin and the commemorative publication for the local
group anniversary. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAM4x8orakkCXPL3uPvVsmQUJkLGb3At6SkvZvKTvZ9yLu5cw7t8f9DH7cQ7KAKntxsUddfocAV9ul7sHDM9zB8tQDBGPrF4aZx6hPmX_sQybSuWQtmBQ9em3o7QeSUiW9Qrq4gdF1j6PG/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="447" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAM4x8orakkCXPL3uPvVsmQUJkLGb3At6SkvZvKTvZ9yLu5cw7t8f9DH7cQ7KAKntxsUddfocAV9ul7sHDM9zB8tQDBGPrF4aZx6hPmX_sQybSuWQtmBQ9em3o7QeSUiW9Qrq4gdF1j6PG/w430-h297/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="430" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rosenheim's war memorial</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">After
the lunch break, a "propaganda train of the three thousand" marched
down Prinzregentenstraße and Küpferlingstraße in rows of six to
Max-Josefs-Platz, preceded by the "old fighters" of the 10th Hundreds of
the SA. By now, word had spread among the assembled crowd that Hitler
himself was expected in Rosenheim. At 15.40 a motorcade a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">pproached from Königstrasse</span></span></span></span></span></span>.
The Rosenheim Tagblatt described Hitler's arrival in the Hofbräusaal:
"All of a sudden the whole hall is transformed, the men in the brown
uniforms get up, they climb onto the chairs, and it's difficult to keep
an open lane between the waiting people (...) and now, followed by the
Gauleiter, the Fiührer himself has not forgotten his faithful
Ortsgruppe! The Führer has come to Rosenheim! " At Max-Josefs-Platz,
filled with 10,000 people, the scenes were repeated: enthusiastic crowds
with little girls holding bouquets of flowers. Hitler entered the
rostrum and gave an enthusiastic speech describing the "Kampfzeit der
Bewegung" and his first visit to Rosenheim. His unannounced appearance
in Rosenheim, staged as a sudden appearance, was intended to suggest
spontaneity and underscore Hitler's attachment to the old comrades in
the inner city. Hitler, astutely, could still remember every one of the
"Old Guard", with whom he sat affably at the end of the ceremony in the
swastika of Flötzinger Löchl and revived old memories. Days after
Hitler's visit to Rosenheim, the local newspapers were full of articles
and photos of the "big event". </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDg1ONKvWg1xwvCv-iCki6yfcx4tIv7SNCkYK8kbRCv04Ue61usyIr-RmLc5r-1E4VRh4PqtMTeRojHnSOnjKBHH2PMkjT1XlZOGn47jK7Nb064p9WTU_daDwCz4JG-4CO1AewR9YwUjnm/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The celebration of the 15th anniversary of the founding of the second oldest Nazi Ortsgruppe, which took place from August 9-12, 1935" border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="458" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDg1ONKvWg1xwvCv-iCki6yfcx4tIv7SNCkYK8kbRCv04Ue61usyIr-RmLc5r-1E4VRh4PqtMTeRojHnSOnjKBHH2PMkjT1XlZOGn47jK7Nb064p9WTU_daDwCz4JG-4CO1AewR9YwUjnm/w421-h296/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="421" /></a><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">The
celebration of the 15th anniversary of the founding of the second
oldest Nazi Ortsgruppe, which took place from August 9-12, 1935. The
highlight was Hitler's visit and speech at Max-Josefs-Platz. According
to the "Rosenheimer Tagblatt Wendelstein" around ten thousand people
gathered there to see and hear him. In addition to this visit a
ceremony, a hero's award, a commemoration of the dead, musical
performances, a propaganda march and a rally were held. In the Third
Reich many festivals were adopted by the regime such as the Autumn
Festival, Mother's Day or Summer Solstice. Christmas was also
celebrated, but renamed Julfest by the Nazis. In addition to the
traditional festivals, new celebrations based on political events were
introduced such as Hitler's birthday, the celebration of the day of the
takeover, and others. These festivals also included unique festivals,
which always had a regional political event, such as the appointment of
Hitler, Hindenburg, Goering and the Knight of Epp as honorary citizens
of Rosenheim, or the celebration of the 15th anniversary of the local
Rosenheim chapter of the Nazi Party.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrDxotDDCi_TmWyPaWP2QVfgrgmRsZwf8lMnxB6mQB643B4qOnhzJKBYaYQwAeUBPyhmc05mQmY3hg753I4rq7SK2epnLaXUhxophE684HvRXkP6C-4vkt0N766C6z7yyxJxWXmu86T1fu/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nazis Rosenheim Erntedankfest 1937" border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="437" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrDxotDDCi_TmWyPaWP2QVfgrgmRsZwf8lMnxB6mQB643B4qOnhzJKBYaYQwAeUBPyhmc05mQmY3hg753I4rq7SK2epnLaXUhxophE684HvRXkP6C-4vkt0N766C6z7yyxJxWXmu86T1fu/w436-h279/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="436" /></a><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">The
Reich Labour Service choir at the Erntedankfest (harvest thanksgiving
festival) in 1937 which served to recognise the achievements of German
farmers, whom the Nazis called the Reichsnährstand (the Reich's Food
Estate). The harvest festival, was also called "Day of the German
farmer" or Day of Bückeberg after the mass spectacle on the <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/B%C3%BCckeberg">Bückeberg hill near Hameln</a>.
The festival programme began with a pageant and around noon, as was the
case with every public celebration, a rally took place on
Max-Josefs-Platz, to which soldiers also participated. The highlight of
the day, however, was a broadcast of a speech by Hitler from Bückeberg
when, that year, the festival was attended by about 1.2 million people,
culminating with Hitler walking through the Führerweg (Führer's way) to
the harvest monument, in the form of an altar, to receive the harvest
crown from the Farmers' Estate on behalf of the German people. That
particular festival was attended by more people than any other Nazi
ceremony or ritual activity, including the party rally at Nuremberg. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">Upon
the outbreak of the war the first women were used as a substitute for
male postmen as the BDM (Bund Deutscher Mädel) led Altositammlungen,
Erntehilfseinsätze and Air defence courses through. Voluntary
notifications for the Wehrmacht increased to such an extent </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUngFCTPLoHlJX7raVnfGZEIFOZn3985DAN58cHMyW3mj0RtjlDPWFR3jpHB5GH6Cmedj07LEkPMkeYX2U7KA86GX7otCz42ZCI03H4CfwfI1cxjiCjlRPjrRWiGXMO8kCikPQ3I8ouhiJ/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252894%2529.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="POWs Rosenheim Heilig-Geist-Straße krieg" border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="462" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUngFCTPLoHlJX7raVnfGZEIFOZn3985DAN58cHMyW3mj0RtjlDPWFR3jpHB5GH6Cmedj07LEkPMkeYX2U7KA86GX7otCz42ZCI03H4CfwfI1cxjiCjlRPjrRWiGXMO8kCikPQ3I8ouhiJ/w427-h270/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252894%2529.gif" width="427" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prisoners of war at work on Heilig-Geist-Straße, 1940 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>that
"timely clearance was not possible and the services could temporarily
stop receiving reports". According to the minutes of a meeting on
October 24, 1939 in the hotel "King Otto" under the direction of deputy
Gauleiter Otto Nippold, the atmosphere in Rosenheim was described as
"brilliant" in regards to the war with criticism of the people limited
mainly at the lack of support of large families and bottlenecks in food
distribution with "most unruly" being the peasants who had yet been
"educated for sacrifice". The main complaint against the rural </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">population
was the ban on domestic butchery, the war-related shortage of labour
and the delivery of horses for military service. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="298" height="407" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1shM2GeER8VmP-SCOr0u6JNpoKYXHVOOFHTP9rEnxVcLL3ni3ldd6R8UYvVMAioxSGSuUkk4WgEfXDNGdE_clLFsMy6R8eXE48tcZF16ySzE-EROXZURZVxf6urOsTjkwNoFQEiF4Hh1e/w266-h407/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="266" /></span>Polish
and French prisoners of war were housed in the Rosenheim area and
forced to work PoW camps as well as being used in the cleanup after the
flood of 1940. The Lord Mayor of Rosenheim even received 150 French
prisoners of war from the <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Moosburg">Moosburg prison camp</a>.
100 men were accommodated in the Schlossbergwirtschaft, which had to be
surrounded with barbed rath fence and provided with bars on the
windows. The remaining fifty men had to be housed in the prison. The
prisoners of war were also used for road construction and other
municipal tasks. In the summer of 1940, the Heilig-Geist-Strasse was
repaved by French prisoners of war, a practice that had already been
used in the First World War. The population was forbidden to contact
prisoners of war although most farmers were accustomed to sitting around
the table with their servants and saw no reason for a complicated and
uncomfortable separation of mealtimes. In some cases even workmaids, who
had to serve a compulsory year in the farm, were rejected because they
insisted on eating separately. Contacts between German women and
prisoners of war also resulted in drastic punitive measures. For
example, two women from Bruckmühl in November 1940 helped two French
soldiers escape from the prisoner of war camp in Bad Aibling. Both women
had a relationship with the French, which was especially punished.
They hid the refugees in their house in Bruckmühl and one of the two
women was suspected of helping their escape and arrested. She finally
collapsed under the interrogation and confessed, revealing the hiding
place of the prisoners of war who were imprisoned again immediately. In
the market square of Bad Aibling, the two women publicly had their heads
shaved in front of a large crowd as condemned as "French lovers". Then
they were sent to the prison in Rosenheim. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8k-3ladEGvov2_asLrGHDbhhpS2kykVFZ8VzJ-okPLcrcQ_ZNiscZZX93dWH_uCmTeqbs7BeKmtXv4DeiF7Xgclo5KsgC1QJp-a1VVNMPlasMdnFpmckAB1mzphlCJEDm5eL84Q-ML3k/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-09+at+10.58.03+AM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitlerjugend during Kriegstag in 1942 rosenheim" border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8k-3ladEGvov2_asLrGHDbhhpS2kykVFZ8VzJ-okPLcrcQ_ZNiscZZX93dWH_uCmTeqbs7BeKmtXv4DeiF7Xgclo5KsgC1QJp-a1VVNMPlasMdnFpmckAB1mzphlCJEDm5eL84Q-ML3k/w453-h193/Screen+Shot+2014-07-09+at+10.58.03+AM.png" width="453" /></a><span><span><span white=""> Hitlerjugend during Kriegstag in 1942. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">From
the beginning of bombing raids on
German cities in the spring of 1942, Rosenheim was not spared. At first,
air raid shelters were insufficiently available limited to five air
raid shelters as of November 1943. In an emergency, two-thirds of the
population was not or only insufficiently protected. Until February
1944, the city had provided for further air raid shelters and cover
ditches, so that for about half of the Rosenheim shelters were
available. From October 20, 1944 to April 21, 1945, fourteen air raids
were flown on Rosenheim. As a major traffic hub in the interface between
Munich - Salzburg - Vienna and Munich - Innsbruck - Italy, the station
and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">surrounding buildings were especially targetted. In
November 1943 there were shelters for only 650 people for a city
population of approximately 22,000. However, by February 1944 shelters
had been built for about 6400 people and in conjunction with other
shelters a total</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="278" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfMxQp4oYENYhJmK5NLxi0RZXre982SIrfQJN5SjfKG5Y-u9q9qBEQDKvNbR1YXeSyOhdgG6HlCQkHTAvLts3LC6fZHSh3DEEazscC5RcJJwVL6V0U-jOLmzlqx_KdExTN_6-_pMNM82dt/w263-h413/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="263" /></span>
of 10,525 people could be protected. During fourteen bombing raids, 201 people were killed and 179 injured. The focus of the air
attacks was the railway station and the railway tracks, as Rosenheim was
an important transportation hub between Munich, Salzburg and
Innsbruck. The neighbouring communities of Ziegelberg, Stephanskirchen,
Westerndorf St. Peter and Pfaffenhofen am Inn were also hit (<i>thanks to Herr Rudolf Puryear for correcting my confusion with Ober</i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white=""><i><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">pfaffenhofen</span></span></span></span></span></span></i>). The first air
attack on October 20, 1944 at lunch time from 12.47 to 13.17 with
over a hundred aircraft, dropped 1,000 bombs, leaving 27 dead and 59
wounded. The heaviest air raid took place on April 18, 1945. From 14.40
to 14.55 around 200 to 1300 aircraft dropped bombs in the area around
the station, resulting in 53 dead and 36 injured, in addition, this
attack also made eight hundred people homeless. The station building was almost
completely destroyed, railway tracks were destroyed over a length of 20 <span style="font-size: normal;">kilometres</span>.
The last air attacks were made on April 19 and 21, 1945. During the war
the majority of at least 173 duds were recovered. In 1964, the <i>Oberbayerische Volksblatt </i>reported that the approximate location of 38 undiscovered unexploded ordnance was known.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVk1pbdMSTYqATykp08q81DemAjHYzk8s7m8WxqrydTIZLrE03uRiRINjts50n-z3RfmjpOBZHVxmzUeTsXSllF2oRgVN1GjhDlB-JQvc4SpTiGoluyUMVk04lbZoQRAmPkqDrm-ETn75q/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVk1pbdMSTYqATykp08q81DemAjHYzk8s7m8WxqrydTIZLrE03uRiRINjts50n-z3RfmjpOBZHVxmzUeTsXSllF2oRgVN1GjhDlB-JQvc4SpTiGoluyUMVk04lbZoQRAmPkqDrm-ETn75q/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 290px; width: 199px;" /></span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirZg_fQ8R4wQ59H8bjdDSE6phyphenhyphenvqPIvnaEuKf9fpyrynBM-oy085jWSE3MtGwT_gt1-pWKMP9Ft1b3crgwjb7plnbt-2azdVpKvMLxluaPMSPIvfwmCrfvxT2655Eji4GezmHMegnygnIE/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirZg_fQ8R4wQ59H8bjdDSE6phyphenhyphenvqPIvnaEuKf9fpyrynBM-oy085jWSE3MtGwT_gt1-pWKMP9Ft1b3crgwjb7plnbt-2azdVpKvMLxluaPMSPIvfwmCrfvxT2655Eji4GezmHMegnygnIE/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 290px; width: 442px;" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghsB1nBXYcmoSVQrpHSgpnQhrVIXWrUHft7OEmvJ3V8qIqlgx3p8k79DLuCpMlYlzQaOZbSoAxaDhnUe3qRqP7f4SVhhE90CGXCddTB3HAvaVCZ_SGzGsbOs_gDD-2fRbL7LI-jSR8wsdb/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252895%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="American troops entering the town on May 2, 1945 with an M26 Pershing tank taking the lead into Ludwigsplatz" border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="491" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghsB1nBXYcmoSVQrpHSgpnQhrVIXWrUHft7OEmvJ3V8qIqlgx3p8k79DLuCpMlYlzQaOZbSoAxaDhnUe3qRqP7f4SVhhE90CGXCddTB3HAvaVCZ_SGzGsbOs_gDD-2fRbL7LI-jSR8wsdb/w400-h221/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252895%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">American
troops entering the town on May 2, 1945 with an M26 Pershing tank
taking the lead into Ludwigsplatz. On April 30, 1945 Munich was
completely in American hands and the American army marched further
southeast to Berchtesgaden which allowed the inhabitants of Rosenheim to
calculate roughly the approximate time of their "liberation". In its
last session on April 29, 1945, the city council decided that the city
should not be defended. In contrast, the combat commandant of the city
since April 26, 1945, Major Walter Honsalek, was ordered to defend the
city, with the support of the ϟϟ and other combat organisations.
Committed Rosenheim citizens, among others Josef Golling, engineer
Windisch of the Städtische Wasserwerke, the pioneering general Rösinger,
brewery owner Franz Steegmüller and the manufacturer Hamberger
negotiated with Honsalek that Rosenheim would be handed over peacefully.
Shortly before the invasion of the Americans, the city was a mess, with
reported looting of the food store on Rathausstraße, the Auerbräu and
in the mail cellar.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">On
the morning of May 2, 1945, the Americans invaded the city at 5.00
encountering no resistance apart from an incident on Innstraße 62 from
where a barricaded ϟϟ man fired shots. The Americans then attacked the
house for about fifteen minutes, killing the defender. The Americans had
expected worse, especially resistance in Rosenheim and Wasserburg. In
the event of such resistance, bomber squadrons were in readiness for
10.00 in the morning of May 2, which would have razed Kufstein,
Kiefersfelden, Brannenburg, Rosenheim, Wasserburg, Prien, Traunstein,
Trostberg, Bad Reichenhall and Berchtesgaden with approximately 1,000
bombs to break any remaining resistance. And so on May 2, 1945, at 6.00
in the morning, Combat Commander Honsalek surrendered. A little later,
the Nazi Lord Mayor Hans Gmelch handed over the city to the Americans.
As acting mayor, the military government appointed as authorised
representative of the United Kunstmühlen Landshut-Rosenheim, Roman
Keill. On May 6, a twenty member Resident Committee was formed at the
urging of the Americans, which served as a kind of provisional city
council. This committee elected lawyer Max Drexel as Lord Mayor. Since
many former party members were sitting in the committee, the local
commander Major Roland McDonald appointed the former legal councilor
Hubert Weinberger as mayor, and the mayor Otto Bucher, who later worked
in the economic department, became the second mayor. Both had been
active members until 1933 of the Social Democrats.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJJ6Njsnh0L3nTBj_hyphenhyphen4AM_OFjJ5vO4z8eA2gCbFxYgjKE2OJnDRK9psAKMPx6XMh4U9F99wE-Km7_e-458xUg6XZH98yoOJ8pFOhKP_TuaceLRe7iTg30CNfTGFIR5dn7GZlI0H8l9ehf/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-06+at+12.14.10.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Flötzinger Bräustüberl, where Hitler spoke on April 21, 1921." border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJJ6Njsnh0L3nTBj_hyphenhyphen4AM_OFjJ5vO4z8eA2gCbFxYgjKE2OJnDRK9psAKMPx6XMh4U9F99wE-Km7_e-458xUg6XZH98yoOJ8pFOhKP_TuaceLRe7iTg30CNfTGFIR5dn7GZlI0H8l9ehf/w421-h176/Screen+Shot+2015-04-06+at+12.14.10.png" width="421" /></a><span><span><span white=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span white=""><span><span><span white="">The <span class="Normal-C"><a href="https://floetzinger-braeustueberl.de/">Flötzinger Bräustüberl</a>, where Hitler spoke on April 21, 1921. The photo on the left
shows owner Franz Xaver Simson in front of the window the year before.
He celebrated his birthday here in 1925. Ten years later, after an
operation to remove<span style="font-size: normal;"> a polyp on May 23, Hitler spoke here for the first time on August 11, 1935.</span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"> The
Nazi chapter in Rosenheim was celebrating its fifteenth anniversary;
as mentioned above, it was the first major Nazi Ortsgruppe to have formed outside Munich.</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Hitler made use of the opportunity to rail against his domestic
opponents and to support current action being taken against Stahlhelm
members and former Centrists.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-21179659661991571892008-01-19T21:52:00.045-08:002023-04-27T01:36:21.593-07:00Nazi Sites around Nuremberg town centre<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 28.8px; font-weight: bold;">excluding </span><a href="http://tracesofevil.com/" style="font-size: 28.8px; font-weight: bold;">Nuremberg Party Rally Grounds (Reichsparteitagsgelände)</a></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguaJM8BSBGvhQTUxjIZH7vEWLLL2azvLByP5R1W_h_TJSaOKE9Fl5Pqx0fBn87w1MK03hOgEAJ2omsJe1WSvAxya1hItFMYUbHtoZOzwDEPS2YVHbZfjyulEYY4uY-RD_o-7jrtH8ixno/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="607" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguaJM8BSBGvhQTUxjIZH7vEWLLL2azvLByP5R1W_h_TJSaOKE9Fl5Pqx0fBn87w1MK03hOgEAJ2omsJe1WSvAxya1hItFMYUbHtoZOzwDEPS2YVHbZfjyulEYY4uY-RD_o-7jrtH8ixno/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="640" /></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nuremberg Castle then and now with Sinwell Tower in the middle left and Luginsland Tower in the far right. During the war, the castle was damaged in 1944-45, with only the Roman
double chapel and the Sinwell Tower remaining entirely intact. After the
war, the castle was restored under the direction of Rudolf Esterer and
Julius Lincke to its historical form, including the Luginsland tower
which had been completely destroyed.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler's D-2600 above Nuremberg on the left from Triumph of the Will</span><span style="font-size: normal;">, taken from page 17 of </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Bilder aus dem Leben des Führers. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Clearly, Riefenstahl is deifying Hitler: the ‘plane in which
Hitler is flying cuts through dark clouds; the clouds part, and sunlight streams through,
silhouetting the crucifix-like shape of the ‘plane upon the ancient churches and houses of
Nuremberg. Hitler descends, as a god from the sky, pushing aside the storm clouds of
Germany’s problems, ready to give salvation, and enable Germans to inherit the earth. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://writing.mit.edu/sites/.../Strength,%20Joy,%20and%20Seduction.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="st"><i>Strength</i>, <i>Joy, and Seduction</i>: An <i>Analysis of Leni Riefenstahl's Treatment of Contemporary Issues</i> in <i>Triumph of the Will</i></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://writing.mit.edu/sites/.../Strength,%20Joy,%20and%20Seduction.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-F71hLDTpDNEpllN9LDvLUh_CmEYcsh1Jv7rkXElzd1zftmxDtStS8JPayi4Akd-7zn9D8Z90ovCIvtp76fJQG9hLVyJZ_dEdcmNIf14rjrWGW1mmLLomv1OAOyEX0BWoTRw1tove1yA/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="411" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5758675195636706594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-F71hLDTpDNEpllN9LDvLUh_CmEYcsh1Jv7rkXElzd1zftmxDtStS8JPayi4Akd-7zn9D8Z90ovCIvtp76fJQG9hLVyJZ_dEdcmNIf14rjrWGW1mmLLomv1OAOyEX0BWoTRw1tove1yA/w438-h411/myphoto.jpeg" width="438" /></a></span></span>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">More screen shots of the town from the start of <span style="font-style: italic;">Triumph of the Will</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">William L. Shirer describes the 1934 Reichsparteitag des deutschen Volkes in Nüremberg as a pseudo-pentecostal event in which the masses viewed Adolf Hitler “as if he were Messiah, their faces transformed into something positively inhuman” . Despite the official purpose of strengthening the liaison between the Nazi Party and the German people and exemplifying the “unfolding glory and power” of the Third Reich, the annual Nüremberg Rallies, as eminent historian Richard J. Overy claims, mainly served to foster Hitler’s cult of personality. Hitler desired the Nüremberg Rally of 1934 to be immortalised in recording and assigned his protégée, prominent filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl, the duty. The result was the groundbreaking masterpiece, Triumph des Willens, a motion picture that, despite its close association with Nazism, is still considered a keystone and “breathtaking” role model of modern cinema. Up to her death in 2003, Riefenstahl has consistently denied her alleged sympathy with the Nazi Party and has insisted that “Triumph of the Will” be regarded as a work of art rather than propaganda. Every party rally was orchestrated thematically, yet the September 1934 Nüremberg Rally was the exception; only later, after Riefenstahl’s film, was it declared to be the “Rally of Power”. However, this Rally posed a challenge for the dictator : just three months earlier, Hitler had taken action against the Sturmabteilung (SA) and its leader, Ernst Röhm, in the infamous Night of the Long Knives, an operation involving at least 85 extra-judicial killings, spanning the 30th of June until the 2nd of July. Now, facing the entire Party, including the SA, as well as a crowd of several thousand civilians at the Nüremberg Rally, Hitler encountered the task of publicly rationalising Operation Hummingbird. This would suggest that his position as leader in 1934 was not as solid as commonly assumed. </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx8bS3vC-A1UrhbGok3WqHdRbs19SG0eZTcg_FJgbvL7ul6mT4FtzuzCQSlj6udxe68KDyHiJobTGEUST3JIzwP5_awLqnyd1bcurrXe7jjW8rGOW1BYwXHwstL50vB67Cb_CpA0thBR4K/s1600/aefgh.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="542" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx8bS3vC-A1UrhbGok3WqHdRbs19SG0eZTcg_FJgbvL7ul6mT4FtzuzCQSlj6udxe68KDyHiJobTGEUST3JIzwP5_awLqnyd1bcurrXe7jjW8rGOW1BYwXHwstL50vB67Cb_CpA0thBR4K/s400/aefgh.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Triumph of the Will addresses the Night of the Long Knives through several significant details. It strikingly captures the grave moment Adolf Hitler walks through an immaculate formation of 150,000 </span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and SA troops, flanked by Heinrich Himmler and Victor Lutze. The latter was the new appointed leader of the brown-shirts, having just replaced the defamed Ernst Röhm after Operation Hummingbird. Being his first official appearance as Stabschef, Lutze encountered an aura heavy with the suppressed memory of the Party’s recent exploits and the violent riddance of his predecessor. In his eye-witness account, William L. Shirer notes that “the SA boys received him coolly”. In one of the final scenes, Hitler holds a speech with references towards “unity” and “loyalty”, alluding to the reason for the Night of the Long Knives. It is important to note that the planning and organisation for the 1934 Nüremberg Rally took into account the making of Triumph of the Will and was designed to allow effective filming, always bearing in mind the resolute goal of publicizing the event to the broader German public. For instance, her crew was ensured to have ruts and space for camera tracks. Therefore, to an extent, many of the visual arrangements were suited to the filming, making practicality a secondary concern. <span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYjYURuV3DPQbzO0CixeDdSFDhZysmkChceZmBPEzmXOZB_y03TOo-y4-z_Z05I_UNa1v_hTGqqjHiAhzNyUeqFWVG5pMDDt4PuOWCAEmTiKzkteNH5JPIPg1pUJEdiA4wOfQ-mcwDxGA/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="233" data-original-width="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYjYURuV3DPQbzO0CixeDdSFDhZysmkChceZmBPEzmXOZB_y03TOo-y4-z_Z05I_UNa1v_hTGqqjHiAhzNyUeqFWVG5pMDDt4PuOWCAEmTiKzkteNH5JPIPg1pUJEdiA4wOfQ-mcwDxGA/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 403px;" /></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Pankraz Labenwolf's </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Gänsemännchenbrunnen, </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">or Goose Man fountain,</span></span><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></i> makes an appearance in <i>Triumph of the Will</i> and as it appears today. It was created around 1550 and is one of Nuremberg’s oldest fountains featuring a bronze figure of a farmer holding a goose under each arm with water coming out of their beaks. Before 1945 the fountain was located in the goose market but now is located in a courtyard behind the town hall. This brings to mind the complaint made by Nuremberg’s Head of Tourism and Marketing, Michael Weber, that three linkages – laws, rallies and trials – define the city for many foreigners in particular: ‘They always want to know, show me the place of the trials, where the laws were announced and where Hitler used to stand.’ </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgICfYo2LuoCxpkQamJ4KWTpYwmRsv7yFiyCxIbArGbks0Jwuxr5aQsPWtan9PIZ8Qs0sYvs5euRcx75HxGmbl8lsQ-hXuV3ODGhSiJIYj3iC_xIZGMmAhPXRATTIu0Jf7Ro3zSJ9am5SQ/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="247" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgICfYo2LuoCxpkQamJ4KWTpYwmRsv7yFiyCxIbArGbks0Jwuxr5aQsPWtan9PIZ8Qs0sYvs5euRcx75HxGmbl8lsQ-hXuV3ODGhSiJIYj3iC_xIZGMmAhPXRATTIu0Jf7Ro3zSJ9am5SQ/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="286" /></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">As he was also keen to point out, however, these were not the only Nurembergs. Long dubbed ‘Germany’s treasure chest’ (Deutschlands Schatzkästlein), the city has been a significant tourist destination since the mid-nineteenth century, visitors coming to see its beautiful churches, fountains, walled Old Town, medieval castle and the important collections in the Germanic national museum. Although much of the Old Town was destroyed during the War, many of the notable buildings have since been painstakingly reconstructed as part of Germany’s postwar heritage movement. Nuremberg is also famous for its Christmas market, its toy-making, gingerbread, and sausages. Indeed, a visitor survey from the 1980s that Michael Weber gave to me showed clearly that for most German visitors these were more significant associations than the Nazi heritage. In response to the question ‘What comes into your mind when you hear the name Nuremberg?’, while foreign tourists (of whom the majority were Americans) almost all mentioned trials, laws and rallies as the primary associations, fewer than 5 per cent of German visitors mentioned anything to do with the Nazi period. Instead, their associations were Butzenscheiben (little bull’s eye glass window- panes), Bratwürste (sausages), Lebküchen (gingerbread) and the Christkindlesmarkt (Christmas market). In other words, all things which Michael Weber described as ‘small and cute’ (klein und niedlich), an image that he also thought problematic for a modern dynamic city.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://www.academia.edu/43668578/DIFFICULT_HERITAGE"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Sharon Macdonald (14) <i>Difficult Heritage</i></span></span></span></span></a></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='319' height='264' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxnHXHxH7zJGd7mPqgrRvHtyAmPuvhVLn77bksKHGM7clDQP8D3PbqqAsTLDs4llFxaOdLX9JFbS0IKhC3cRA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='265' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyWz7ao24vmGzhK9-8REUKrHQN9n-t_ULM5CGmotMuuamL2lyoxMU2Bsxp8akxXu1oSEoywrUd2VxiAJlDU-A' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Nuremberg old town as seen in<span style="font-style: italic;"> Triumph of the Will</span> during the 1934 Party Rally, </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">left, and amateur colour footage filmed at the 1938 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <span style="font-size: 100%;">Although the city had been practically obliterated during the war, many of the landmarks scene in this clip can still be identified as shown below.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKXiaGDznOOAZ5K7DZxb40sZWNseAMfcpi5eqK9ldfC6V89q30qh_rfgBvrTt8FcnAwIFNzCoAUmQa1FD-VrdNU3BhiR6IO7lqQDA_y3Q-V7pVfjcophB39ReMryXByPzjaoakvmFqM6E8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="584" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKXiaGDznOOAZ5K7DZxb40sZWNseAMfcpi5eqK9ldfC6V89q30qh_rfgBvrTt8FcnAwIFNzCoAUmQa1FD-VrdNU3BhiR6IO7lqQDA_y3Q-V7pVfjcophB39ReMryXByPzjaoakvmFqM6E8/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Links to archival footage:</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://reichsarchiv.com/Filme/01_Bis_1945/1933-Der-Deutsche-Reichstag.php">1933 - Der Deutsche Reichstag zu Nürnberg</a></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://reichsarchiv.com/Filme/01_Bis_1945/1933-Die-Nuernberger-Reichsparteitage.php">1933 - The Nuremberg <span style="font-style: italic;">Reichsparteitage der NSDAP </span>of 1927, 1929 and 1933</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://reichsarchiv.com/Filme/01_Bis_1945/1935-Adolf-Hitler-Rede.php">1935 - Hitler's speech on September 15 regarding the Nürnberg Laws</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://reichsarchiv.com/Filme/01_Bis_1945/1937-Festliches-Nuernberg.php">1937 - <span style="font-style: italic;">Festliches Nürnberg - Ein Film aus der Stadt der Reichsparteitage</span></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUxKDjUXHBZfiqiWvExXN8frGmFZER5UWhGhi4E8eKGCqPVTeoAXAf-P_R3wi4aVyoaw-6LbbbUDCpIFBNuO3Us2yll5oi-mlwTALqJWenbTX57GJNLcYiqwdiSKBKDXZMWiwTBlMv9FKb/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252887%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="476" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUxKDjUXHBZfiqiWvExXN8frGmFZER5UWhGhi4E8eKGCqPVTeoAXAf-P_R3wi4aVyoaw-6LbbbUDCpIFBNuO3Us2yll5oi-mlwTALqJWenbTX57GJNLcYiqwdiSKBKDXZMWiwTBlMv9FKb/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252887%2529.gif" width="400" /></a>90% of the city had been bombed to nothing after the war, as these photos before and after the war show. What is seen now by the visitor is a marvel of reconstruction. Nuremberg was one of the frequent targets of Allied air raids during the war, severely damaging the city. On January 2, 1945, the Nuremberg Old Town was almost completely destroyed. Also in the five-day battle of Nuremberg in April 1945, most historic buildings were destroyed. After the war, there were actually considerations to completely abandon the ruined city and rebuild it elsewhere as food shortages and a lack of housing prevailed in the city. Of the 134,000 homes before the war, only 14,500 remained undamaged. Martin Treu and Hans Ziegler were appointed by the American military government in July 1945 to serve as the new Lord Mayors of the city. At the beginning of 1948 an architectural competition was decided to rebuild the largely destroyed city according to development plans by Heinz Schmeißner and Wilhelm Schlegtendal. In 1949, the German Building Exhibition took place in Nuremberg under the motto "Wir müssen bauen"- "We must build". During the reconstruction, most people oriented themselves on the historical city structures, so that they are still legible in many places despite the predominantly destroyed building fabric. As seen in the GIF at the top of this page, the roofscape has again been formed similar to the pre-war state. Many important church buildings were also largely reconstructed, as well as buildings along the later historic mile as the Reichsburg. Important townhouses such as the Toplerhaus and the Pellerhaus or the buildings on the Hauptmarkt were either not or only partially rebuilt as will be seen below. </span></span></div>
<span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguY-3yCmJyloXWVLlLRRb1McV1hOsr2jpNdskfQl8HibMZpuJNimyRnFmO45JgXrjs0ea5MQqnGeqQ0A3L9jlhTAdm-Zm2CzWYsLeSZO4g_l0qOFi7Qe9iZH8nu5gFXyqQksHS3EL2XtzD/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252861%2529.gif" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguY-3yCmJyloXWVLlLRRb1McV1hOsr2jpNdskfQl8HibMZpuJNimyRnFmO45JgXrjs0ea5MQqnGeqQ0A3L9jlhTAdm-Zm2CzWYsLeSZO4g_l0qOFi7Qe9iZH8nu5gFXyqQksHS3EL2XtzD/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252861%2529.gif" style="border-width: 0px; cursor: default; font-family: "georgia", "times new roman", serif; font-size: 19.5px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 365px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; width: 370px; word-spacing: 0px;" /><font-family: 0px="" 19.5px="" 400="" center="" font-size:="" font-style:="" font-weight:="" georgia="" letter-spacing:="" new="" none="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" text-align:="" text-indent:="" text-transform:="" times="" white-space:="" word-spacing:=""> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGdUNna6u2_TVGMKl8lmzvicS5AWS6TxxmBZ1b2ZXqwRX8OTYIcTA-yvOg4ZeZdwCyx1vb5CmfJvnTpQzg0Cs7YR5VYVbULJgb5m0zOdRC-s9PHwnP5vi2nG0l1IgeBpkmgIHQBgFDMGZw/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGdUNna6u2_TVGMKl8lmzvicS5AWS6TxxmBZ1b2ZXqwRX8OTYIcTA-yvOg4ZeZdwCyx1vb5CmfJvnTpQzg0Cs7YR5VYVbULJgb5m0zOdRC-s9PHwnP5vi2nG0l1IgeBpkmgIHQBgFDMGZw/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 365px; width: 241px;" /></font-family:></span></div>
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</div> <span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bergstraße on the left then and now and the Reichsparteitag of 1937, looking down the same street from the castle.</span></span>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijtjhsFmSf5t-ZQ1rTlv4P0tpyDOFa6LmEwjT7_jw55M1L1U-CpAS6cDMGR43xCPb7EjQtxCqZY3P2kAUtmzQ45_XnHWwu7eM8B5OsjBZqu6vnP0Au_yIc__TZ4ZDc3VUmSESAwkjjbRjU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252835%2529.gif" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijtjhsFmSf5t-ZQ1rTlv4P0tpyDOFa6LmEwjT7_jw55M1L1U-CpAS6cDMGR43xCPb7EjQtxCqZY3P2kAUtmzQ45_XnHWwu7eM8B5OsjBZqu6vnP0Au_yIc__TZ4ZDc3VUmSESAwkjjbRjU/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252835%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="333" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy_MTHRcMxk4iwgCnySvYwmbSN2c_mCYRN_jjCdMFyWaM9kn3DtCX5ViaS3RetySs80bU9VDynEhsdW8JHdMaZyjm61b32B_5cPNOWEFSnC4raBI9Rm9UWJbzavYQJqWU7-iXvHHFWWGk/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="309" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy_MTHRcMxk4iwgCnySvYwmbSN2c_mCYRN_jjCdMFyWaM9kn3DtCX5ViaS3RetySs80bU9VDynEhsdW8JHdMaZyjm61b32B_5cPNOWEFSnC4raBI9Rm9UWJbzavYQJqWU7-iXvHHFWWGk/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="295" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Tiergärtnertor and Ludwigstor bedecked in swastikas and today. The Ludwigstor was a gate through the Nuremberg city wall and is today one of the main entrances to the south-west of Nuremberg's old town.</span></span></span></span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV0rWH9DnbIpHWnPdrUFP45l056tVVWFfkyAoAQyN86qIZJMGXL6woaKnitSC-tqBlBK690zrjs7QW-lwiYd6zikoOg_YMHl7RZCQ2U_e0k5M9ZrONZGBI2Nv4NWpiLUZAuNwstMlcmQhJ/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252836%2529.gif" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV0rWH9DnbIpHWnPdrUFP45l056tVVWFfkyAoAQyN86qIZJMGXL6woaKnitSC-tqBlBK690zrjs7QW-lwiYd6zikoOg_YMHl7RZCQ2U_e0k5M9ZrONZGBI2Nv4NWpiLUZAuNwstMlcmQhJ/w400-h256/ezgif.com-optimize%252836%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 375px;" width="400" /></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Obere Talgasse in 1935 on the left and </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Innere Laufer Gasse below showing </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">the Laufer Schlagturm before, after the war and today.</span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As the formerly objective newspaper The <i>New York Times </i>of April 8, 1984 put it, </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><blockquote> What Nuremberg was, and represented, crumbled in the shambles and cinders of its red sandstone and half-timbered houses the night of Jan. 2, 1945, when 525 British Lancaster bombers took to the air from dozens of bases in England. Their target was as much strategic and tactical as it was symbolic, for Nuremberg was a vital rail and industrial center as well as the most Germanic of all cities and the ideological epicenter of the Nazi Reich. No other city, with the exception of <span style="font-family: georgia;">Dresden six weeks later, was so totally devastated in a single raid during the war.</span></blockquote></span></span></span></span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIXW2bCCzuhEs9wwUKSLZ0eSSU4sgx8vNfyxEezBBe58XidXZ4kcqRBDvVea9UqkVSz0GD047tLBlf24ivYIvaS4ZJqqyGMvDndFN-CB2f8tX05uvDy1J-T8Hcr9PhUJhvoGOsA5TgrJoY/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252837%2529.gif" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIXW2bCCzuhEs9wwUKSLZ0eSSU4sgx8vNfyxEezBBe58XidXZ4kcqRBDvVea9UqkVSz0GD047tLBlf24ivYIvaS4ZJqqyGMvDndFN-CB2f8tX05uvDy1J-T8Hcr9PhUJhvoGOsA5TgrJoY/w400-h357/ezgif.com-optimize%252837%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 269px;" width="400" /></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB">As Jeffry M. Diefendorf put it in his
"<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346253399_Reflexiones_sobre_la_destruccion_de_la_memoria_Operaciones_hacia_la_recuperacion_de_la_arquitectura_destruida_voluntariamente_entre_los_siglos_XX_y_XXI">Urban Reconstruction in Europe After World War II</a>", the task of rebuilding
after the war was huge:</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"> In 1945, a great many of the cities
of Europe lay in ruins. Some were the victims of long bombing campaigns
conducted by both sides; some were damaged in the course of fighting between
ground forces. The destruction was most widespread in Germany, where Allied
bombers had rained high explosives and incendiary bombs on urban centres for
more than three years, but large-scale destruction had also occurred in most of
the other countries that had participated in the war. Cultural monuments that
had stood for centuries had been reduced to rubble, and, in practical terms,
the loss of masses of housing, schools, hospitals, transportation facilities
and the like posed an immediate threat to the very survival of these urban
centres. Observers in the summer of 1945, horrified at what they saw as
'biblical annihilation', expected that it would take generations to rebuild.</span></blockquote></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIPPojGkrxKqu9W3u3NotF6ZvtswDM5A4WHcdgMzXAEk28ZPHussTgqXuQd5ongUFejuFeuqU2NrDyjOTCui0F4TqhQrad5wQqCrYcR8QmMUciQE3IK0tlcDqIPf-NjgZrUH6UiqpijWs/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="560" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIPPojGkrxKqu9W3u3NotF6ZvtswDM5A4WHcdgMzXAEk28ZPHussTgqXuQd5ongUFejuFeuqU2NrDyjOTCui0F4TqhQrad5wQqCrYcR8QmMUciQE3IK0tlcDqIPf-NjgZrUH6UiqpijWs/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Horst Wessel leading SA troops in front of the main train station</span></span></span><br />
<span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrtr3aFRtjcEJa9fGfK0WZ4tNO1_9Rs_992SCFEjDNxb9FFv6pfA-P8sHojkGwm70xUGtvBbP4lgQzyFsA-3hiUSzIAf8RVhzU6DjaS5aD5ufyNDEl-uSBeYOiMHef3fFDuTWE3H8LHVrT/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252857%2529.gif" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="473" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrtr3aFRtjcEJa9fGfK0WZ4tNO1_9Rs_992SCFEjDNxb9FFv6pfA-P8sHojkGwm70xUGtvBbP4lgQzyFsA-3hiUSzIAf8RVhzU6DjaS5aD5ufyNDEl-uSBeYOiMHef3fFDuTWE3H8LHVrT/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252857%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-family: sans-serif, "arial", "verdana", "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 289px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; width: 397px; word-spacing: 0px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgerX-ppoJPIYqsZkwFejXhaqltPq-4dce3TkgKeidtjqztP0OE9CvOeoX6e8pA0eDXafewfDlPbUfhTry75Lu1ytqlwSlmooKw-94nIvZwGEPa-DnKT4CwZQH6j1ts2fICiJ8ZzMaR_kGK/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252858%2529.gif" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgerX-ppoJPIYqsZkwFejXhaqltPq-4dce3TkgKeidtjqztP0OE9CvOeoX6e8pA0eDXafewfDlPbUfhTry75Lu1ytqlwSlmooKw-94nIvZwGEPa-DnKT4CwZQH6j1ts2fICiJ8ZzMaR_kGK/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252858%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-family: sans-serif, "arial", "verdana", "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 289px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; width: 244px; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> In front of the station and how it appeared before the war. Up to 1.3 million visitors used the station during the 1938 Nazi Party Rally of September 5-12 in which the theme was the celbration of that year's anschluss. In some cases, it took intervals of 80 seconds to clear the platforms during which time between arrival and departure, special trains were parked in parking lots that were up to 400 kilometres away from Nuremberg, such as in Dresden.</span></span></span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix7FHrV8rAAA2Bl1pG-gxFOv-C25ihFkYNWLK17SArhtOJ1TDlCDU3c0LSIUgOBLiuM8L1s9KKmzY8JwyUZW7WGXXy69_xT1kK7hM5a5igVIkMaHVWxd9Lb6lLuBpnL8ampgUeqoMqi50q/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252870%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="565" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix7FHrV8rAAA2Bl1pG-gxFOv-C25ihFkYNWLK17SArhtOJ1TDlCDU3c0LSIUgOBLiuM8L1s9KKmzY8JwyUZW7WGXXy69_xT1kK7hM5a5igVIkMaHVWxd9Lb6lLuBpnL8ampgUeqoMqi50q/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252870%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh1twisWkfG3zs-T_8NpRREHnGnYwfAq3tOCujmJTVB9988_xTc6rCCVMefhdzIM9Hm0-b4LTJUudMh6bl82dtnI0b7mLvZrWsQKKs0vpRcm6h0jnkhEWCThDU3Ea3M7nEVWcFs8vNyMWu/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252842%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="357" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh1twisWkfG3zs-T_8NpRREHnGnYwfAq3tOCujmJTVB9988_xTc6rCCVMefhdzIM9Hm0-b4LTJUudMh6bl82dtnI0b7mLvZrWsQKKs0vpRcm6h0jnkhEWCThDU3Ea3M7nEVWcFs8vNyMWu/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252842%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"> Hitler and Himmler </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">reviewing the </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Leibstandarte-ϟϟ <span style="font-style: italic;">Adolf Hitler</span></span></span></span> at the start of the eighth Party Congress, known as the "Rally of Honour" (Reichsparteitag der Ehre) which took place from September 8–14, 1936. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Hitler
himself had come up with the title, which he thought would emphasise
that through t</span></span></span>he remilitarisation of the Rhineland in March that year the restoration of German honour in the eyes of many Germans had been achieved. The </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Leibstandarte-ϟϟ <span style="font-style: italic;">Adolf Hitler (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>LSSAH) began as Hitler's personal bodyguard, responsible for guarding the Führer's person, offices, and residences. Initially the size of a regiment, the LSSAH eventually grew into an elite division-sized unit during the war. It participated in combat during the invasion of Poland, and was amalgamated into the Waffen-</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> together with the </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span>-Verfügungstruppe (</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span>-VT) and the combat units of the </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span>-Totenkopfverbände prior to Operation Barbarossa in 1941. By mid-1942 it had been increased in size from a regiment to a Panzergrenadier division and was designated </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> Panzergrenadier Division "Leibstandarte </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ </span></span></span></span></span></span>Adolf Hitler". It received its final form as a Panzer division in October 1943. Members of the LSSAH perpetrated numerous atrocities and war crimes, including the Malmedy massacre. They killed an estimated five thousand prisoners of war in the period 1940–1945, mostly on the Eastern Front.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9sJ5skYortwu14dHMgq6AITplZYPzmk2T7ETLAJ0NMUwOJf3f1Arj8EKl8coY6-YkGO2oeXZ-hH73DLik-VKkFMe2Z9uzzcTmjOYPHgN4HtZ4SYps-108QpvemRtUJXRQniNd6sMrYlm3/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252839%2529.gif" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9sJ5skYortwu14dHMgq6AITplZYPzmk2T7ETLAJ0NMUwOJf3f1Arj8EKl8coY6-YkGO2oeXZ-hH73DLik-VKkFMe2Z9uzzcTmjOYPHgN4HtZ4SYps-108QpvemRtUJXRQniNd6sMrYlm3/w400-h297/ezgif.com-optimize%252839%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 323px;" width="400" /></span>
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
main railway station before the war and today. With the exception of
the Art Nouveau hall, the station building was badly damaged by the air
raids on Nuremberg towards the end of the war and was shut down for nine
days from March 16, 1945. The reconstruction took place between 1945
and 1956 and had to be done in a simplified form as seen here due to
lack of money. A cinema was integrated inside as an innovation. In 1973,
construction work for the subway began under the main station, for
which the central hall was gutted and placed on stilts. Between 1976 and
1984 new platform roofs were installed and the platforms on tracks 1 to
15 were raised to 76 centimetres above rail level. The construction of
the third dome and the central hall began in 1977. On April 2, 1984 the
restaurant, which had been built in 1906, was finally reopened, covering
an area of 390 m² and eight meters in height. It's since been closed
down and the entire interior reworked. The intermediate floors of the
station have now been opened to the public and the whole area turned
into a shopping mall. Eventually plans were even drawn up for the
overall conversion, but these were never realised. With over 210,000
travellers a day, the station is the ninth most frequented long-distance
train station on the German railways.</span></span></div></div><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAS2BOawphduMEDlJ54WKORxpf8d7IbDDm8Xi6jV27HZ3l7fsDoWM1HHy8XbdzILMpIWDzOKDZu_8YYsMDZ4_aozpWM_QZA1GIrETY_5rYwJ5truRf29HyiCY86vBcg6Z5YqqqJxZRaqbcuX-4xR0pBly4-WDWNVTU4UdlucSrKjXB9ih6cTL27q2gLA/s413/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(30).gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="413" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAS2BOawphduMEDlJ54WKORxpf8d7IbDDm8Xi6jV27HZ3l7fsDoWM1HHy8XbdzILMpIWDzOKDZu_8YYsMDZ4_aozpWM_QZA1GIrETY_5rYwJ5truRf29HyiCY86vBcg6Z5YqqqJxZRaqbcuX-4xR0pBly4-WDWNVTU4UdlucSrKjXB9ih6cTL27q2gLA/w400-h281/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(30).gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"></div><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another Nazi-era b<span style="font-size: normal;">uilding on the B</span>ahnhofplatz- the post office, with the Nazi eagle on the corner long removed. In fact, since I last visited the entire building had been demolished in spring 2018. It had been located next to Nuremberg's main train station and was originally built as a senior post office; here the western, so-called "head building" of the main post office is seen. The first post office building on the site was built in 1861 and located on the site of the current property at Bahnhofsplatz 1. This building was completed by 1931, designed by Oberpostbaurat Johann Kohl who had designed the building consistently in the New Objectivity style, as advocated by the Munich Postbauschule. The eight-story high-rise was to have a strictly cubic silhouette with a basic, modern steel skeleton. According to the original planning, simple curtain walls with large transverse rectangular windows were to be superimposed on this. A closed bridge was planned as a direct connection to the neighbouring main station. </span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglsf_W-AXxSSGr73nzR8HFPCbvH_6b3vMyBFoiGAp10OaY8c8nxBJVzinvt9VhLRJirWWOYHGxxASnpnQ4Q8uC4g_ZIpbKPFnlNRi-LmUQv-VrWl1fPTDJKzaxsWP4Htu8-aOWYVv-i8cnwT_vX5Bx325gDyNR-YoahquBM_xiBFBFVQhORocN5EK0cA/s1122/Screenshot%202023-04-27%20at%2010.29.15.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1122" data-original-width="1090" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglsf_W-AXxSSGr73nzR8HFPCbvH_6b3vMyBFoiGAp10OaY8c8nxBJVzinvt9VhLRJirWWOYHGxxASnpnQ4Q8uC4g_ZIpbKPFnlNRi-LmUQv-VrWl1fPTDJKzaxsWP4Htu8-aOWYVv-i8cnwT_vX5Bx325gDyNR-YoahquBM_xiBFBFVQhORocN5EK0cA/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-27%20at%2010.29.15.png" width="311" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">When the Nazis took power in 1933, the steel frame of the front building was largely complete. Since the building was located in an important urban location - the station square - the newly appointed Gauleiter Julius Streicher, a declared enemy of the New Building, had Kohl's plans summarily changed leading to architect Max Kälberer adding high arched arcades to the ground floor, provided the facades with a cladding made of sandstone slabs that matched the environment and put a steep, hipped roof on the building. Reliefs related to the history of Deutsche Post and the sculpture of a seated Nazi eagle at the corner of the building towards the station square completed the ideologically-motivated revision of the original plan. In 1935 the construction work was completed. Up until 1994, the mail for Nuremberg was sorted here and then delivered. During the Second World War, the head building was damaged by aerial bombing. Reconstruction under the direction of Anton Ebner began in 1947 through which the supporting steel structure was partially renewed. The external appearance of the front building was a combination of the original plan by Johann Kohl with the changes made by Max Kälberer in 1933: the arcades on the ground floor and the sandstone cladding of the facades were restored without reliefs and eagle figures. </span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfisbJcmNvLDiy-BqDeAiN9pCZZuTdujBa4sGgmdzLaXL7w9r-IiacCuT4Fa-M4aP5gnrBzrYf2vFKTsZa5f9j2lt6hQFcdQeYA7lJFHn5qEKXWKNFzlD8w5rEdsQf-9f5QhCUHBQiRbb7FC5YZ_gu2XBvIRHJ-I3PCHfoznzswNvE-5luyvYYfZ2XIg/s1080/Screenshot%202023-04-27%20at%2010.29.50.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1072" data-original-width="1080" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfisbJcmNvLDiy-BqDeAiN9pCZZuTdujBa4sGgmdzLaXL7w9r-IiacCuT4Fa-M4aP5gnrBzrYf2vFKTsZa5f9j2lt6hQFcdQeYA7lJFHn5qEKXWKNFzlD8w5rEdsQf-9f5QhCUHBQiRbb7FC5YZ_gu2XBvIRHJ-I3PCHfoznzswNvE-5luyvYYfZ2XIg/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-27%20at%2010.29.50.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span>The roof was rebuilt but with a lesser slope as seen in my GIF. Ebner adopted the division of windows from Johann Kohl's design of 1931. </span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The front building of the Nuremberg main post office was therefore an interesting example of how the reconstruction combined the architecture of National Socialism with the New Objectivity of the Weimar Republic. As a symbol of democracy, the latter shaped the style of post-war German architecture for decades. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">However, in the course of the privatisation of the post office in the 1990s, the main post office was largely abandoned. </span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the years that followed, techno parties were held in the rotunda as an interim use whilst he branch in the head building, where Deutsche Post AG and Postbank offered their services, remained in place. In 2013, the owner, Aurelis Real Estate, announced that new users were being sought for the largely vacant building and the next year Munich investor Hubert Haupt Immobilien acquired the post office premises. The company intended to renovate the circular building, which is a listed building, but in the end only the facades and the historic stairwells ended up being preserved despite the <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=de&tl=en&hl=en-US&client=webapp&u=http://www.nordbayern.de/region/nuernberg/der-turm-soll-bleiben-protest-gegen-abriss-des-postbaus-1.4110445">resistance provided by the Altstadtfreunde Nürnberg</a> and other groups. Despite such activism, the completion of the new ensemble, the atrocious so-called <i>Tafelhof Palais</i>, was <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=de&tl=en&hl=en-US&client=webapp&u=https://www.tafelhofpalais.de/objekt.html">completed in 2021.</a> </span></span></span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Deutscher Hof</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq4PlREcL6L9KVAZW98eZ38RU8Ng3Cav2VMZpLMDr8t6JN-I9lLq6mGT7CrnKaC-ZC7pdmqydL7lIb4DLysrAt3X150Kl_4U_UrZVttxhqAivH6ITP5QQlx0Uz8Qn092yKQKIyje0yR7Ve/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252859%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="449" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq4PlREcL6L9KVAZW98eZ38RU8Ng3Cav2VMZpLMDr8t6JN-I9lLq6mGT7CrnKaC-ZC7pdmqydL7lIb4DLysrAt3X150Kl_4U_UrZVttxhqAivH6ITP5QQlx0Uz8Qn092yKQKIyje0yR7Ve/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252859%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Like a Roman emperor Hitler rode into this medieval town at sundown today past solid phalanxes of wildly cheering Nazis who packed the narrow streets that once saw Hans Sachs and the Meistersinger. Tens of thousands of Swastika flags blot out the Gothic beauties of the place, the faces of the old houses, the gabled roofs. The streets, hardly wider than alleys, are a sea of brown and black uniforms. I got my first glimpse of Hitler as he drove by our hotel, the Württemberger Hof, to his headquarters down the street at the Deutscher Hof, a favourite old hotel of his, which has been remodelled for him... Later I pushed my way into the lobby of the Deutscher Hof. I recognized Julius Streicher, whom they call here the Uncrowned Czar of Franconia. In Berlin he is known more as the number-one Jew-baiter and editor of the vulgar and pornographic anti-Semitic sheet the Stürmer. His head was shaved and this seemed to augment the sadism of his face. As he walked about, he brandished a short whip. </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">William L. Shirer, </span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic;">Berlin Diary</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, September 4 1934 entry</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvL9e-MicNRbWyvrSFE-8yk5qzdiFQCW66puxWEqLYs9n9UqAe1RLA4jSaX6G3mDF_OVUO-GQugsMG8Ne4aD3grquelLyoA_YZSK87p47EMbQutcoAUaAVBEuhj-eLbK6NOPwAm1EZEdM/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252867%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="455" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvL9e-MicNRbWyvrSFE-8yk5qzdiFQCW66puxWEqLYs9n9UqAe1RLA4jSaX6G3mDF_OVUO-GQugsMG8Ne4aD3grquelLyoA_YZSK87p47EMbQutcoAUaAVBEuhj-eLbK6NOPwAm1EZEdM/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252867%2529.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This is the hotel at Frauentorgraben 29 where Hitler always stayed whilst in Nuremberg, in suite 105. It was whilst he was about to leave after one such stay on September 18, 1931 that Hitler received a phone call from Rudolf Hess telling him that his niece Geli, his constant companion for the past six years, had killed herself in her room at his new Munich apartment in Munich. He then rushed back to Munich during which time he had been stopped by the police for speeding. Later when in power Hitler would use the site for meetings and receptions during the rallies. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On February 11, 1935 Hitler delivered an address in the Deutscher Hof on the occasion of Gauleiter Julius Streicher’s birthday. For Streicher, the Hitler explained, it certainly must be an uplifting feeling that his 50th birthday marked not only the turning point of a century but also of a millennium of German history. In Streicher he felt confident of having a man in Nuremberg who never wavered for a second and stood behind him unerringly in every situation. Three days later in the evening, Robert Ley presented the working masses to Hitler in their new blue uniforms in front of the building. </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3nZtIJSdK85Lnm9YZ84WJ3AveE4jhl0xwh8pvtcAyoSkBsKS8KBQjSmjnlv_0_atFmwzYcUSaQAo45RUh4XOQ3oBxyzyfkJlrOAmxCEs00PJmm6oMAjh858VZgD9Wq-pF4horxu38fzE/s320/1ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="300" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3nZtIJSdK85Lnm9YZ84WJ3AveE4jhl0xwh8pvtcAyoSkBsKS8KBQjSmjnlv_0_atFmwzYcUSaQAo45RUh4XOQ3oBxyzyfkJlrOAmxCEs00PJmm6oMAjh858VZgD9Wq-pF4horxu38fzE/w300-h400/1ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="300" /></span></span></span>As with the other organisation leaders, Ley wanted his own private guard and had not rested until the German Labour Front could don its uniforms and march in formation—much to the irritation of the militant party units. </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hitler held a diplomatic reception in the Deutscher Hof on September 10, 1937 when, for the first time, ambassadors from France and Great Britain were among the guests. I</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">n his address, Hitler stressed “that the Reich Party Congress was not a political Party event, but a national celebration of the entire German Volk and to be seen as such.” The next day he invited his foreign guests for tea at the hotel, among whom included a delegation of Turkish businessmen, led by State Secretary Kurtoglu, as well as several Iranian and Afghan economists. The following year on September 6 in the afternoon Hitler held a reception for the diplomatic corps; even the representative of Czechoslovakia attended. The only states that were still missing were the Vatican and the Soviet Union. Hitler gave a welcoming address in which he pointed out that increasing numbers of heads of diplomatic missions were now participating in the Nazi Party Congresses. In response, the French Ambassador François-Poncet expressed the gratitude of the diplomatic corps. </span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On the right a troop of Hitler Youth marches past Hitler and from the same vantage point today; this part of the hotel had been considerably remodelled as seen below where I stand in front of both entrances.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhi7kmifd2QRh85JBucgI5JlX9mYg0oWlW8KTzTcszzUCsSPf-qcvwkxySEQYZsJ-PQl6_K5azt_w2OWZJaDk2d2QHMGKRoGWMf6_2g6273kJLSbc-GINYsSScCXKuJ7DlD9GmxBtepJhk/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252856%2529.gif" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhi7kmifd2QRh85JBucgI5JlX9mYg0oWlW8KTzTcszzUCsSPf-qcvwkxySEQYZsJ-PQl6_K5azt_w2OWZJaDk2d2QHMGKRoGWMf6_2g6273kJLSbc-GINYsSScCXKuJ7DlD9GmxBtepJhk/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252856%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 400px; width: 281px;" /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnp_MlgC2pl9NQcUW6aiv7bJ9_dEYWOynkYKoxfPn_Q4K2jf5ZcZ36hn_EBlhfKkMHBDAUOcVeTBhsmL99utzXwnHQp3cI_bOjUV4E3tT6Un4EeLbyFme5NHzxLA3fsKavhNs6dABS-AVr/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252864%2529.gif" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnp_MlgC2pl9NQcUW6aiv7bJ9_dEYWOynkYKoxfPn_Q4K2jf5ZcZ36hn_EBlhfKkMHBDAUOcVeTBhsmL99utzXwnHQp3cI_bOjUV4E3tT6Un4EeLbyFme5NHzxLA3fsKavhNs6dABS-AVr/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252864%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 400px; width: 352px;" /></span> </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Standing in front of the Deutscher Hof whilst cycling through. </span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKVLaxYS3YLF_hDedQDaiLlWa7uaa8X-v3ZK_ov1S8WBy4nZJe6-2Ux-586vY2yjR0wTYqxtrpOipVQhBUWZTxP297OEXacMRlCql92F-EHupPzpfkHvRHKVdaOokRAoKecpaix_JwY4-t/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25288%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="480" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKVLaxYS3YLF_hDedQDaiLlWa7uaa8X-v3ZK_ov1S8WBy4nZJe6-2Ux-586vY2yjR0wTYqxtrpOipVQhBUWZTxP297OEXacMRlCql92F-EHupPzpfkHvRHKVdaOokRAoKecpaix_JwY4-t/w400-h263/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25288%2529.gif" width="400" /></a>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">At what had been the Adolf Hitler Youth Hostel. The tower behind me, built in 1377, is said to have been the gaol for Kaspar Hauser. The youth hostel, which is now housed in the imperial stables of Nuremberg Castle, was set up during the Nazi era. The idea of setting up youth hostels actually comes from Germany and goes back to the beginning of the 20th century. During the Third Reich, the "German Youth Hostel Association" (DJH) was incorporated into the Hitler Youth (HJ). It is therefore in keeping with </span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the idea that youth hostels were to be built
using regional and traditional materials and forms to prevent them from becoming architecturally foreign bodies, but blend in
with the respective landscape ("Heimatstil"). Unlike before 1933,
however, youth hostels were now built primarily for mass use.</span></span></span></span></span>During the the 1930s Hitler requested that this site be used for accommodation for as many as 450 'young hikers.' This led to portions of the castle complex into an immense youth hostel with facilities for Hitler Youth leaders. The local administration hoped that the newly renovated hostel would immerse youths in the experience of the party rallies, optimistically proclaiming that 'thousands of German boys and girls will pass through it [the hostel] and take something of the spirit of greatness that prevails in it into their future life'. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Gästehaus der NSDAP</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE5hyphenhyphen2Ntsgw7ms4hQjXnX4DbLfTD-kVJ9VGMdU4GU0GlgC3G5DcGGx0T7RJ8WsoJQb9K3Oni4q53l_vzAlPP9U7ign9B1-ecNPHlctLlLfK1grhyphenhyphenohUExqTZv-1NKADHLFufQcqV-ywsw/s1600/gmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE5hyphenhyphen2Ntsgw7ms4hQjXnX4DbLfTD-kVJ9VGMdU4GU0GlgC3G5DcGGx0T7RJ8WsoJQb9K3Oni4q53l_vzAlPP9U7ign9B1-ecNPHlctLlLfK1grhyphenhyphenohUExqTZv-1NKADHLFufQcqV-ywsw/s640/gmyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">The Party Guest House was completed in time for the 1936 Nuremberg Party Rally. Hermann Göring stayed here for this and subsequent rallies.</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Standing directly across from the train station in 2007, it is little changed.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span class="Normal-C3">Standing in front of the town hall. The Party Congress of 1934 opened here with a reception on September 4. The following year</span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Hitler had been presented here with a replica of the old German imperial sword. The Party Congress of 1936 saw Hitler stating at the rathaus that that year had been “the most
difficult year of my own historic role;” </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">the film <i>Festliches Nürnberg</i> incorporated footage shot at this rally, as well as the rally of 1937. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">After the 1944 and 1945 bomb attacks during the air raids on Nuremberg, the entire town hall complex burned down to the surrounding walls. It was not until 1956-1962 under the direction of Harald Clauß that the Old Town Hall was rebuilt over the ruins. The Old Town Hall was restored on the inside only between 1982 and 1985, including wall panelling and the coffered wooden tonneau ceiling. Because the photo documentation of the interior </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">wall paintings</span></span> by the workshop of Albrecht Dürer crafted according to his designs was lost, the painter Michael Mathias Prechtl was commissioned with a draft for a contemporary painting. After a long, controversial and bitter discussion Prechtl withdrew his design in 1988 leaving the walls white.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi18c1HNMb11qxhtRFC0u036z4G_c1AuHDMEvThFptQsfKWkfD7-tTC-U2ne-0NEtAk17vCmG3O9SQVvisatxAjOX-pHcAYmNaycOY4RJwrZ3H4aANtzs-mFT31oXKXK3eF5KObzlEBTRc/s1600/6myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi18c1HNMb11qxhtRFC0u036z4G_c1AuHDMEvThFptQsfKWkfD7-tTC-U2ne-0NEtAk17vCmG3O9SQVvisatxAjOX-pHcAYmNaycOY4RJwrZ3H4aANtzs-mFT31oXKXK3eF5KObzlEBTRc/s400/6myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></a>Given the dual importance of Nuremberg's main market square, as both the city's historical centre and site of several parades and activities during the annual rallies, local leaders decided to focus their initial efforts here. They began by renaming the square, originally called the Hauptmarkt, to Adolf-Hitler-Platz , but it was soon evident that they would not be satisfied with mere semantic changes. During late 1933 and early 1934, more substantive measures were undertaken to have a redesigned and improve Adolf-Hitler-Platz complete for the 1934 rallies. In addition to targeting modern architecture, officials worked to realign doors to harmonise the façades of buildings surrounding the square to conform to Nazi visual and ideological preferences.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cultural Geographies, Vol. 13, No. 2 (April 2006) (167)</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">The <span style="font-style: italic;">Frauenkirche </span>is one of the few buildings still intact after the Secon<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">d World War</span>. This bustling square in the heart of the Altstadt is the site of daily markets as well as the famous Christkindlesmarkt. At the eastern end is the ornate Gothic Pfarrkirche Unsere Liebe Frau, also known as simply the Frauenkirche. The work of Prague cathedral builder Peter Parler, it<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> remains</span> the oldest Gothic hall church in Bavaria and stands on the ground of Nuremberg's first synagogue. The western façade is beautifully ornamented and is where, every day at noon, crowds crane their necks to witness a spectacle called Männleinlaufen. It features seven figures, representing electoral princes, parading clockwise three times around Emperor Karl IV. It was this emperor who, </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">i</span>n 1349, </span></span>ordered the destruction of the Jewish quarter to make the area into a market place: there was a pogrom and 562 of the 1500 Jews were burnt alive. In <i>Triumph of the Will</i>, Leni Riefenstahl's 1935 propaganda film about the 1934 Nuremberg Rally, the final scene consists of a military parade through downtown Nuremberg, with Adolf Hitler shown receiving salutes from Nazi troops with the Frauenkirche in the background.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvdM2VBjLPtOO1z5FWxD5xjAGf_j3Fs9Ns40JHMVLsKAlNcXpYrvFPVmAC1NOkSduGumyVgE86ps5PcSEnDXYRIMHK3NZ3vBYlO9JVF_dS3PcOUFqMQrj8lVR-NW3oGapYhQzxqpi-vaA/s1600/amyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvdM2VBjLPtOO1z5FWxD5xjAGf_j3Fs9Ns40JHMVLsKAlNcXpYrvFPVmAC1NOkSduGumyVgE86ps5PcSEnDXYRIMHK3NZ3vBYlO9JVF_dS3PcOUFqMQrj8lVR-NW3oGapYhQzxqpi-vaA/s640/amyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">The </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Frauenkirche</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> providing the backdrop for the 1933 Party Rally left and 1935.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
centrepiece of the effort was the renovation of the Telegraph Building.
Heinrich Höhn, a staff member of the German National Museum in
Nuremberg, singled out this neo-gothic building, built in the 1870s, as
an 'unbearable foreign body' that disturbed the square's medieval charm.
Although cost considerations prevented its complete demolition, the
Telegraph Building receive a dramatic facelift. The building's new
simplified façade and pitched roof aimed to complement neighbouring
structures and create a more orderly aesthetic, while new anti-Semitic
murals added to the façade provided an unmistakable message. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">The American Army by the time of Hitler's birthday, April 20, 1945 and t</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">he church today with its </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">Männleinlaufen </span>still ringing in noon.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTQFq_NLODXYpzMng3asLOONT402V-D1DSLNNylr-StQBBGacw3Qn3xIYZYAQ8SCy_yePZ4Ps76IuHKvtGhUNvgzDaiQiKW9_gXRn6CnGqLfoh9lyxPwWLgEFRIpqKnBlFGZGcUOJ3XUs/s1600/8myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTQFq_NLODXYpzMng3asLOONT402V-D1DSLNNylr-StQBBGacw3Qn3xIYZYAQ8SCy_yePZ4Ps76IuHKvtGhUNvgzDaiQiKW9_gXRn6CnGqLfoh9lyxPwWLgEFRIpqKnBlFGZGcUOJ3XUs/s640/8myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">The church in 1945 and 1946. The building was repaired from 1989-1991. A Star of David with the year "1349" was placed in the choir floor to commemorate the pogrom against the Jewish settlement on the main market in 1349. The outer west facadewas further renovated in 2003.<br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieZWb0ESdghK4S0hsz__l5Yu1RHeA07Am4DLvSZOayHEFrrrl4XzS0BCMEolNV6A83ZiwibSN-9ITue_W78CSheWV6YK3vq2B__RTtgHN3he3Ejp9iH3HpJEWfEfCK9E7y5_JGBRiYC5A/s640/7myphoto.jpeg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieZWb0ESdghK4S0hsz__l5Yu1RHeA07Am4DLvSZOayHEFrrrl4XzS0BCMEolNV6A83ZiwibSN-9ITue_W78CSheWV6YK3vq2B__RTtgHN3he3Ejp9iH3HpJEWfEfCK9E7y5_JGBRiYC5A/s640/7myphoto.jpeg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 285px; width: 415px;" /></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2caD-yDxcu01Hv1RjhGAZIlfnC-IuHG5Q5Jc5XntIoTVoyLK8VNFOTVggLQa5EDHvV-sQtRPA3F2KKOTxiJJP5AkpMFrYDhsz3F7mU__bWdOAzH4hL1d6sazHZa6k0Tc26NShi8YeQsU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2caD-yDxcu01Hv1RjhGAZIlfnC-IuHG5Q5Jc5XntIoTVoyLK8VNFOTVggLQa5EDHvV-sQtRPA3F2KKOTxiJJP5AkpMFrYDhsz3F7mU__bWdOAzH4hL1d6sazHZa6k0Tc26NShi8YeQsU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 290px; width: 225px;" /></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Opposite the Frauenkirche is a replica of the Schöner Brunnen (Beautiful Fountain) which dates from around 1385 and now stored in the </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Germanisches Nationalmuseum</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">); the wife in the centre is spinning one of the two brass rings embedded in the fence surrounding the fountain which is said to bring good luck.On the right is Hitler's supposed painting of it. During the Second World War the fountain was wrapped in a concrete coat and survived the bombardment intact.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmcr89aLp5Ii0UGMouhgwxwRTelGXnBBgAy3vfNne7Y3yFR-ysR43KZvQO_GNz8nxqVlwTraKqT_TwGa2HBte-Uhb9ytmw8ly0Ug7YjKJtE3dp3k7vNzf21ObOkxB-DG1A5Uh7lhfT0Qs/s1600/6myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmcr89aLp5Ii0UGMouhgwxwRTelGXnBBgAy3vfNne7Y3yFR-ysR43KZvQO_GNz8nxqVlwTraKqT_TwGa2HBte-Uhb9ytmw8ly0Ug7YjKJtE3dp3k7vNzf21ObOkxB-DG1A5Uh7lhfT0Qs/s640/6myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hitler and Röhm beside the Schöner Brunnen in <i>Victory of Faith</i>; the photo on the right shows Leni Riefenstahl on the ground as she tries to capture a dramatic angle for the film. </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Riefenstahl
used techniques such as camera angles and clear sky backgrounds to
bestow on the Führer a superhuman, larger-than-life quality. However, it
is important to note that the Nüremberg Party Rally of 1934 was
organised bearing in the mind the making of the film and that therefore,
the itinerary of the event was adapted to suit the filming. </span></span>Whether Triumph of the Will should be viewed as a documentary, a work of art or a piece of propaganda is matter of debate. These different stances have an effect on its suitability and value as a historical source. The Wagnerist music, aptly matching the ideology, appeals to the viewers’ emotions and thus poses an obstacle to the objective interpretation of the Rally. The fact that there are only shots of crowds, not of individuals (with the exception of Party officials) further presses the ideological concept of a homogenous population showing wholehearted support for the Nazis, classifying the film, although not official propaganda, as a work with National Socialist sympathies. Riefenstahl had some of the official speakers reenact their speeches in studios when the cut during the actual Rally was not suitable. This indicates that the Riefenstahl did not attempt to portray the Rally as it happened, but had artistic priorities. It is not useful to a historian wishing to learn about the nature of the speeches at the event itself. Regardless of this however, Triumph of the Will is useful as evidence of how the Nazi Party portrayed itself to the broad German public, as well as the world outside of Germany. </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">SA troops parading past Hitler with Sebaldus church in the background during the Reichsparteitag der NSDAP of September 10-16, 1935. In the car with Hitler is the Blutfahne; Jakob Grimminger, carrier of the Blutfahne flag, is behind. It was at this rally that the Congress of the Nazi Party convened in Nuremberg, Germany, on September 10, 1935, to discuss passage of laws to clarify the requirements of citizenship in the Third Reich, to promote and protect the “purity of German blood and honour,” and to define the position of Jews in the Reich. </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwXcUXDNCZ5K6YyIVV1IhqDJfnUiM7pz5CZmn7y_nrwCi6rw-_lzCt2Jplu71TasvBBd3WWsOJnooznHB_oZZo3JC0cRF4h4qBpt09kjbN_WLBqoDBNtyGtRzPk_vfyd48SypiASIgNip5/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-07-07+at+20.16.39.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="621" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwXcUXDNCZ5K6YyIVV1IhqDJfnUiM7pz5CZmn7y_nrwCi6rw-_lzCt2Jplu71TasvBBd3WWsOJnooznHB_oZZo3JC0cRF4h4qBpt09kjbN_WLBqoDBNtyGtRzPk_vfyd48SypiASIgNip5/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-07-07+at+20.16.39.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
Jews' Sow, an example of antisemitic propaganda used by the authorities
to ostracise the Jewish minority and still allowed to adorn the church.
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In 2003 Wolfram Kastner sprayed the slogan 'Judensau' (Jewish Pig) on
the church façade to protest the continuing display of this obscenity
and to prompt the church to place a sign explaining the meaning of the
sculpture.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Nuremberg Laws codified what had been the general but unofficial measures taken against Jews in Germany in 1935. </span></span></span>Two principal laws were enacted by the Reichstag (parliament) on September 15, 1935, which, along with various ancillary laws that followed them, were collectively called, in full, the Nuremberg Laws on <span style="font-size: normal;">Citizenship and Race. The laws actually grew out of a debate over the economic effects of Nazi Party actions against Jews. It was decided that the party would cease such actions once the Reich had formulated a firm official policy against the Jews. The policy, embodied in the Nuremberg Laws, was hastily drawn up—so hastily that, because there was a shortage of regular stationery, some portions of the text of the laws were drafted on menu cards. The first major law, called the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, prohibited marriage as well as extramarital sexual intercourse between Jews and Germans. The law also barred the employment of German females under 45 years of age in Jewish households.<br />The second major law, the Reich Citizenship Law, summarily stripped Jews of German citizenship, introducing a new distinction between “Reich citizens” and “Reich nationals”—the Jewish Germans to be included in the latter category.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> Königsstraße bedecked with Nazi flags with the Lorenzkirche in the background. It was in this church that Nazi flags were formally blessed by the church for the first time on August 1, 1926. On that day the church had been adorned with swastikas, including the altar. The service was attended by between 250 and three hundred SA men in brown and </span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> men in black uniforms; the first time a Nuremberg church had pledged to solicit God's blessing on the anti-Semitic "Hitlerites". At this consecration ceremony was the future Frankenführer Julius Streicher although it is unknown whether or not Hitler himself, who was in Nuremberg on that day, had participated in the service as well. Martin Weigel delivered the ordination sermon, in which he linked the swastika and Christian cross: "It's fair to say that the new flags made their first trip to the venerable cathedral. They are a symbol of the holiest the German wears in his breast. Only when all this fits in with the great connections of German power and German piety into which this cathedral puts us, then powerfully penetrates from the hearts to the throne of God, that he put the sunshine of his blessing around these flags. It is the magnates of the god Mammon who decide on the weal and woe of the peoples. Shall our people perish among these evil spirits? Or should it fight for his mind, for his soul?"</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Up until the Second World War, Nuremberg was the only major city in Germany in which the historic city centre and its fortifications had remained almost unchanged. Aware of this outstanding cultural and art-historical importance, measures were taken to rescue and faithfully restore the most important buildings even before the destruction. In the end, only ten percent of the building mass survived the bombing unscathed. During the reconstruction, the city of Nuremberg decided, unlike most other German cities of the time, to preserve the structure of the old town and managed to integrate the valuable historical building fabric into an appropriate newer context. Therefore, the old town is not only a testimony to the Middle Ages and early modern times, but also to the reconstruction and modernity. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGoUeiOCrc_PE4jAKgClckIA4T3-zCZwzeCVwjOyepZ5BBAB_ObxZG0n_ZGNH5-BKIKHH_ghM_54TgvRsD1w1CqIu9507P8NQ-689UDQdj__3PzF6yh6b5SOpzpH4VeNQBwrQv5vb2Kj-2/s400/output_4qa7j4.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGoUeiOCrc_PE4jAKgClckIA4T3-zCZwzeCVwjOyepZ5BBAB_ObxZG0n_ZGNH5-BKIKHH_ghM_54TgvRsD1w1CqIu9507P8NQ-689UDQdj__3PzF6yh6b5SOpzpH4VeNQBwrQv5vb2Kj-2/s400/output_4qa7j4.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 218px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirqlLQ1ZF6Hz4DPJZK5q9XAArC3ZigW_brn8iC050-Mny6-wpxArOHmLZs4wc3U3YoI1h88w3whCFMz1x0UIqeKJuuwQk3KCKHr2DU-Tb7EdPXMR3EaHEbYStcK_NMFtDHjPplsMOQANs/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="417" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirqlLQ1ZF6Hz4DPJZK5q9XAArC3ZigW_brn8iC050-Mny6-wpxArOHmLZs4wc3U3YoI1h88w3whCFMz1x0UIqeKJuuwQk3KCKHr2DU-Tb7EdPXMR3EaHEbYStcK_NMFtDHjPplsMOQANs/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 409px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Lorenzkirche after the war and today. The church was badly damaged during the Second World War and later restored remaining one of the most prominent churches of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria.</span></span></span></div>
</div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNfz4riReH4DExkCGFoug79hSSC18hXzEjWVkUZtkLB_QJuug7G5K4iDZaKbVmRZAhZGTG-P97k8AvT2wQoBZyIlifqRyEeIxPPJaGMzCnUgL4FgERWIV3dp3oPUp8LGGOM_ltjwDE5mpZ/s301/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252821%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="301" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNfz4riReH4DExkCGFoug79hSSC18hXzEjWVkUZtkLB_QJuug7G5K4iDZaKbVmRZAhZGTG-P97k8AvT2wQoBZyIlifqRyEeIxPPJaGMzCnUgL4FgERWIV3dp3oPUp8LGGOM_ltjwDE5mpZ/w400-h296/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252821%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Apollo-Theater and Zeughaus on Pfannenschmiedsgasse before and after the war and today. The Apollo Theatre was opened on July 11, 1896. It was located at Pfannenschmiedsgasse 22 and was known as a variety show far beyond Nuremberg's borders. It was founded by Johann Baptist Zetlmeier, who had it built next to his Hotel Wittelsbach. The Apollo was destroyed during the war as seen in the photo below, but its name lived on until 1996 in the form of a cinema in the Vorderen Sterngasse. In the afternoon of September 5, 1934 </span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hitler delivered his customary speech at the Culture Convention in the Apollo Theatre</span></span></span> during the party rallies, commenting above all on the nature of artistic genius. The next year on September 13 he spoke to the </span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Foreign Organisation of the Nazi Party </span></span></span>again at the Nuremberg Apollo Theatre, giving another speech before the NS Frauenschaft in which he offered glowing words of praise for the female party members who had actually demonstrated an unparalleled devotion to their Führer in the early years following the collapse of 1923. Hitler also assured his audience that he would never send “but a single woman to the front” in the event of war and that he would be ashamed to be German, were such a thing ever to come to pass. He concluded how marvellous it was to live in such a great age and voiced some thoughts on his own inevitable demise:</span></span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-voTzKy-uvKaYchx-7grvRKFaW4wYNqdQLfaNyZrpEFAiBxzaVgTa91qijFTQuaB8_6XUNjmWNOwbH4-O8gKEvenqzK_sw-j7RzRw5kPTQAvJKxfmGY0XtWnNNC7UC8BYCXfqCYPqnN9n/s306/Screenshot+2020-11-29+at+15.56.28.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-voTzKy-uvKaYchx-7grvRKFaW4wYNqdQLfaNyZrpEFAiBxzaVgTa91qijFTQuaB8_6XUNjmWNOwbH4-O8gKEvenqzK_sw-j7RzRw5kPTQAvJKxfmGY0XtWnNNC7UC8BYCXfqCYPqnN9n/s0/Screenshot+2020-11-29+at+15.56.28.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The site after the war<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span></span><blockquote>Thus I believe that it is a marvelous thing after all to live in such an age and to lend a helping hand at one point or another. When I am one day forced to finish this life, my final conviction will be: it was not in vain. It was good, because it was a life of fighting, a life of struggle; because it was a life of work towards an ideal which often seemed so distant and which many a man believed would never be attained. We have reached our goal! That applies to all of you who are fighting with us here. No German generation will be happier in the end than ours. We have experienced infinite hardships. And the fact that we have succeeded in overcoming them and that we will succeed ever better in overcoming them—that is such a wonderful thing that all of us, men and women alike, can be proud and happy and will also be proud and happy one day. The time will come when you will all think back with proud joy on these years of struggling and fighting for this new Germany. Then it will be your most treasured memory that, as German women, you helped wage the battle for our German Volk in this great age of the German renascence and uprising.</blockquote></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBS98D0ADRTRNGnihFSkOenX8pQmt5m5kvFlUR7w3qOI6d4dwJ-kW4I8p4UNXGllblnAhFBLpth8vwqdRQNFGvh3PGVcCp-oZ2P7WFEas2zKXmcBKyw7hvi0P4csTl8M_b5kezIVB17doJ/s359/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252820%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBS98D0ADRTRNGnihFSkOenX8pQmt5m5kvFlUR7w3qOI6d4dwJ-kW4I8p4UNXGllblnAhFBLpth8vwqdRQNFGvh3PGVcCp-oZ2P7WFEas2zKXmcBKyw7hvi0P4csTl8M_b5kezIVB17doJ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252820%2529.gif" width="320" /></a></div></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pfannenschmiedsgasse has completely changed since the war</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8bsZf6LNXQj-6Gbdd-n3OhegpANULviTJKp0QExQr0PO8lGMc5D8EE4hVDMHiUpC_CDj32A6P3Zlxwno37zL8ADFHMcl_t9GwPLeGndHI0WPlisr5O8Rel9hVOxaMY8Y6jZkuCi_jQOA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-05-16+at+20.52.53.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8bsZf6LNXQj-6Gbdd-n3OhegpANULviTJKp0QExQr0PO8lGMc5D8EE4hVDMHiUpC_CDj32A6P3Zlxwno37zL8ADFHMcl_t9GwPLeGndHI0WPlisr5O8Rel9hVOxaMY8Y6jZkuCi_jQOA/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-05-16+at+20.52.53.png" title="" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Nürnberg Polizeipräsidium in 1942 and today, this time relocated to <span class="psDienststellenanschrift">Jakobsplatz </span>with the Franconian eagle</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh30-GzJ22bZdVw8uMNE5Hjt1PDmwFlFM0muvqx8DCO7U_AJ0ep7ERvLsLHfjkA8zi5ikq0bUQomsLZ-1CkKorAPK9SZJOsPwHLUWjoXF0Fei-dY8Vl_K1sPKtGXgJhrE4a9YABA-Ss92_M/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252834%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh30-GzJ22bZdVw8uMNE5Hjt1PDmwFlFM0muvqx8DCO7U_AJ0ep7ERvLsLHfjkA8zi5ikq0bUQomsLZ-1CkKorAPK9SZJOsPwHLUWjoXF0Fei-dY8Vl_K1sPKtGXgJhrE4a9YABA-Ss92_M/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%252834%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Heilig-Geist-Spital seen from the Museumsbrücke spanning the river Pegnitz to connect the Marktplatz with the Church of St. Lawrence.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Albrecht Dürer Haus</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuvDxFqUQ3BFtqjpg_7U_TS3G3-2p-KGlRj25lOCkTyqVEAMSuGG3ij_F65tw3cHWzDv9kMsfGcVoodkENHzDBpeCR8mgG5hPPkc0AiBuDDNEfuxQr_UhCBLUh8hq4gMsmrEfuIX3ViNVj/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252840%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuvDxFqUQ3BFtqjpg_7U_TS3G3-2p-KGlRj25lOCkTyqVEAMSuGG3ij_F65tw3cHWzDv9kMsfGcVoodkENHzDBpeCR8mgG5hPPkc0AiBuDDNEfuxQr_UhCBLUh8hq4gMsmrEfuIX3ViNVj/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252840%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 350px; width: 373px;" /> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmD1DXvwVyji-7t-lJCSVJ93GwvBrTlHtyuxERf2aBoEFgPlI5o9aRYuced4eKuBRe3t7vFFboZ2OoCFTRWrsg81-H17-wj-MEMNqceZfrYcDy7hLSbV8OE6LA0USCMz69KZp-0XltMiX7/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252844%2529.gif" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmD1DXvwVyji-7t-lJCSVJ93GwvBrTlHtyuxERf2aBoEFgPlI5o9aRYuced4eKuBRe3t7vFFboZ2OoCFTRWrsg81-H17-wj-MEMNqceZfrYcDy7hLSbV8OE6LA0USCMz69KZp-0XltMiX7/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252844%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: default; height: 350px; width: 209px;" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">During the Nazi era and today</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Postcards of the Albrecht Dürer House in Nuremberg regularly portrayed the structure festooned in swastika flags, but the postcards of the Goethe House presented a building seemingly untouched by the passage of time. All in all, the Goethe sites conveyed an image of Goethe and an interpretation of his life and work that was not overtly Nazified. The visitors who arrived by the thousands thus experienced the house and the museum just as visitors had done for decades.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Semmens (75) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Seeing-Hitlers-Germany-Tourism-Third/dp/1403939144/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1292149993&sr=1-1">Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Heinrich Mann in<i> Ein Zeitalter wird besichtigt</i> would write how "Nuremberg - Albrecht Dürer was never great there, all the fame of the city was stolen by a party unknown to the muses, until explosives from the air disrupted their customs."</span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhisW3JK5aMGov_ZRnLRmvmNIauvwFiydRPkHBfJgoS_iheK6WouCalzCkDrWPW_XGxtf5HyK4vr2vo9HorSbjT0_L2KqFqaIXXbFGYDPkMz48CnhVU57-R2sokbiguzA4-tUZQwyWIU0Fh/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252845%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhisW3JK5aMGov_ZRnLRmvmNIauvwFiydRPkHBfJgoS_iheK6WouCalzCkDrWPW_XGxtf5HyK4vr2vo9HorSbjT0_L2KqFqaIXXbFGYDPkMz48CnhVU57-R2sokbiguzA4-tUZQwyWIU0Fh/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252845%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> Despite severe damage, the Dürer House survived the almost complete destruction of Nuremberg's old town at the end of the war surprisingly well. It was made accessible to the public again in 1949, before the large town churches, the town hall and the town library. The house received a modern extension on the west side in 1971 for the large anniversary exhibition on the occasion of Albrecht Dürer's 500th birthday. Its core is a large exhibition room, which was used as a cinema in 1996.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: normal;">A tour to the Second World War bunkers starts here at Dürerplatz. There is a four storey passageway under the Albrecht Dürer Platz called “Felsengänge” and was burrowed into the sandstone in the 14th century. The passageway was used as a shelter during the war. Here on February 9, 2019 there was a special Adolf Hitler auction scheduled in the Weidler auction house in Dürerplatz. According to its catalogue, thirty-one drawings and watercolour paintings which are either signed "A. Hitler" or "Adolf Hitler" were offered there. The minimum bids are between 130 euros for the charcoal drawing “monastery in the vineyard” to 45,000 euros for the watercolour painting “Village on a Foothill lake”. The problem of course is that the number of paintings attributed to Hitler runs into the hundreds; between 1909 to 1918 he is supposed to have created 2000 to 3000 works, requiring someone known to be lazy to have painted at least a picture a day since becoming a self-described ‘painter’ in the 56 months between 1909 and August 1914, when he joined the Bavarian army. During the war, even though he was rarely present on the battlefront, he had other things to do and certainly didn’t have the necessary amounts of paper to make a lot of drawings and watercolour paintings.</span></span></span></span>
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<span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsetBTwB4Tfq0o_DVWdficenWCO8ptogOhsw5dgf3Isq6EeeQUd8raglujyaJ8wZEiXIksouTVWOt1WAEoUp-TPHVofLy_d2z8gSFMpcEkV0rSYimAZV2sesmwJMKNIXwNKkD_5OAj18A/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="455" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsetBTwB4Tfq0o_DVWdficenWCO8ptogOhsw5dgf3Isq6EeeQUd8raglujyaJ8wZEiXIksouTVWOt1WAEoUp-TPHVofLy_d2z8gSFMpcEkV0rSYimAZV2sesmwJMKNIXwNKkD_5OAj18A/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: default; font-family: sans-serif, "arial", "verdana", "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 290px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; width: 448px; word-spacing: 0px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYWj0EvNt84yQXftPrGHy0wEMZLI3bmwoZVwCiKEYYlBJdbdTmtDFcZ_x0XooNQE5ihgW18cAgZeyyht9zfbXBQJoxblRNuJZav435FNddkh760cTGF8Q0oLx08DnSowUHOCQBiSWduFP4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYWj0EvNt84yQXftPrGHy0wEMZLI3bmwoZVwCiKEYYlBJdbdTmtDFcZ_x0XooNQE5ihgW18cAgZeyyht9zfbXBQJoxblRNuJZav435FNddkh760cTGF8Q0oLx08DnSowUHOCQBiSWduFP4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: default; font-family: sans-serif, "arial", "verdana", "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 290px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; width: 185px; word-spacing: 0px;" /></span></div>
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Formerly an impressive late Renaissance building built 1602-05 by the architect Jakob Wolff the Elder, the building was bombed during an </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">air
raid on Nuremberg on October 3, 1944 and completely destroyed in the attack of the Royal Air
Force on January 2, 1945 completely although a</span></span> part of the ground floor with the entrance hall, stair tower, cellar as well as large parts of the arcade yard remained preserved. It has since been replaced by the monstrosity shown in the background. Drake Winston is standing under the surviving statue of Philipp Melanchthon who opened the oldest humanistic grammar school in Germany in 1526. On the right is the much better preserved Nassauer Haus even though it had been badly hit hard in American bombing raids in 1945. The roof and the top floor with two of the three turrets ended up being largely destroyed </span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and the upper floors burned out</span></span></span>; only the left turret is original. Reconstruction took place between 1950 and 1954 in a restoration conducted by Rudo Göschel on behalf of the Schlüsselfeld Family Foundation, which is still the owner today. The coat of arms frieze was also largely renewed with fragments of the original parts are still in the tower. </span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hitler's supposed painting of the Hangman's Bridge (Henkersteg), constructed in 1457 as a wooden bridge. Between the 16th and the 19th century, the Nuremberg hangman lived in the tower and the roofed walk above the river Pegnitz. After the flood of 1595, three arches of the town wall bridging the southern arm of the river Pegnitz were demolished and replaced by the wooden Hangman's Bridge with its tiled roof. It was reconstructed in 1954 after almost entirely destroyed during the war.</span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Luftschutzschule Hermann Göring</b></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYELs_riJWp8P-8PUYQI7mwLkzIRg0ukFTjjIZTfgq0P5Ud9BOtD0cckqnFG6OKZkgrgyYP5f7Np6AkVCikhXIIs7LQpkSTWg90iF9ha1wniMqxy_cUANHDnfO0RvUIb-fDg6wnHLdKA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-14+at+9.25.33+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYELs_riJWp8P-8PUYQI7mwLkzIRg0ukFTjjIZTfgq0P5Ud9BOtD0cckqnFG6OKZkgrgyYP5f7Np6AkVCikhXIIs7LQpkSTWg90iF9ha1wniMqxy_cUANHDnfO0RvUIb-fDg6wnHLdKA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-14+at+9.25.33+AM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">During its inauguration and today, derelict </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4nMRIUAvjcrwLW4L7E52SvccyGiGXqWL9LIMF-CZVYvrXlUR8WNajT3ZKliN-UIm8TTcfNdB2U-LIlAU6eDZ1g3rLiXZKIS6pVClOqloATNlPZ72_hZiXQLhRQ8BsRi0h3UqzJ6Fgck8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-14+at+9.25.54+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4nMRIUAvjcrwLW4L7E52SvccyGiGXqWL9LIMF-CZVYvrXlUR8WNajT3ZKliN-UIm8TTcfNdB2U-LIlAU6eDZ1g3rLiXZKIS6pVClOqloATNlPZ72_hZiXQLhRQ8BsRi0h3UqzJ6Fgck8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-14+at+9.25.54+AM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another Nazi-era school at <span class="unnamed1">Regenbogenstraße 73 with façade dating from 1935</span></span></span></span> </div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Julius Streicher's Gauhaus</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixdYW7AYFOLmXtLGtxWyMGCbHkItZ8RScIdxMwp4PTXBj4-d0gFuXqK456S99dbdyYiNnlpYavz1bHFpFcgZbn6aSMDepaGFp8t1jlpcm4c5F6XFV4r5bu6aQCyY4eo70ycXujaNSEOULj/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-07-27+at+16.24.19.png" width="320" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHak3pruy6JRQwi7Zr2RQ58ugg1e5Q0u24sHAOR5_X1Km-D0an0kpAuvWSHZQRP7MJrGQAYcvboEINRE0q5FPvjToNkKIhOWPrqbF6QnPh8k108hI3tH_CdOLmhEkJNOh9AMe0WLoFs0Re/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252831%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHak3pruy6JRQwi7Zr2RQ58ugg1e5Q0u24sHAOR5_X1Km-D0an0kpAuvWSHZQRP7MJrGQAYcvboEINRE0q5FPvjToNkKIhOWPrqbF6QnPh8k108hI3tH_CdOLmhEkJNOh9AMe0WLoFs0Re/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252831%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 241px; width: 344px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Standing at the former headquarters at Marienplatz 5 of the Nazi Party in Nuremberg, and of Gauleiter Julius Streicher, Nazi leader of Franconia. Julius Streicher had received the property from the city on his fiftieth birthday on which the building was later built. </span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Streicher was the founder and publisher of the extremely crude and vulgar <span style="font-style: italic;">Der Stürmer </span>'newspaper', and his publishing firm also produced three anti-Semitic books for children, including </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">one of the most widespread pieces of propaganda, </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">the 1938 <span style="font-style: italic;">Der Giftpilz </span>(The
Poison Mushroom), which purported to warn about insidious dangers Jews
posed by using the metaphor of an attractive yet deadly mushroom.
After the war, he was convicted of crimes against humanity and
executed. Controversially so, for his execution went against the idea
of freedom of speech, Streicher not having been involved in waging or
planning war.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizMaKG83tp68zVXmOtCXWqc6VYKxJbkl5ES9dEgaA_zamRv_VaaLLIOIgzciUjObsRv8ZREq6Egnv3DTt-KPWzzRNCqQztUqLOcXXjRwFKkTrfcHY4NPAimw7jyppZLJtVSPq9qeaowP2B/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252868%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="630" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizMaKG83tp68zVXmOtCXWqc6VYKxJbkl5ES9dEgaA_zamRv_VaaLLIOIgzciUjObsRv8ZREq6Egnv3DTt-KPWzzRNCqQztUqLOcXXjRwFKkTrfcHY4NPAimw7jyppZLJtVSPq9qeaowP2B/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252868%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">The Gauhaus in flames in this American Army Signal Corps </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">photograph on the left taken </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">on April 27, 1945. The Reich eagle is visible through the smoke.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo6lbrW94IT9HtRDVcHY3mRGIkSV1BbJUIPwUWN2srtD-Y8wsLJ7Hx-EPYtQUv4BclQ1ODXB-EJZC8ZPkZ9C7ivGcDDkRxyPocXhD4nkE2p1it7gx4seA4j2uDYtfyeresUiGoXyArRoO0/s400/IMG_0377.JPG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo6lbrW94IT9HtRDVcHY3mRGIkSV1BbJUIPwUWN2srtD-Y8wsLJ7Hx-EPYtQUv4BclQ1ODXB-EJZC8ZPkZ9C7ivGcDDkRxyPocXhD4nkE2p1it7gx4seA4j2uDYtfyeresUiGoXyArRoO0/s400/IMG_0377.JPG" style="height: 240px; width: 320px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1V7iTrCarASnOgEHcpcviQM3DYYiZdSaPj87N3ruf6cTbcXwmugBLbV1l9UcP-IWNRjhONVYVoWVq6FVgH5WbFl0cbjth77wpEpWO7O2Qmavc96zX1T0as6eE0SCciZIQvQ2yiNHSvTE/s320/383572_10150361505364962_939712560_n.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1V7iTrCarASnOgEHcpcviQM3DYYiZdSaPj87N3ruf6cTbcXwmugBLbV1l9UcP-IWNRjhONVYVoWVq6FVgH5WbFl0cbjth77wpEpWO7O2Qmavc96zX1T0as6eE0SCciZIQvQ2yiNHSvTE/s320/383572_10150361505364962_939712560_n.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 320px;" /></span></span></span> <br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The name of a newspaper, the<i> Nürnberger Nachrichten</i>, replaces the eagle and swastika on the façade whilst t<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">he
back of the building is one of the only remaining examples of original
Nazi relief, depicting National Socialism fighting the Weimar Republic
and Jews</span></span></span></span>- Wilhelm Nida-Rümelin's </span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Drachentöter </i>(Dragon Slayer). During the Nazi era </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nida-Rümelin</span></span></span> received public commissions and was one of "Hitler's artists" which included Arno Breker, Josef Thorak and others. After his retirement on October 1, 1941, he worked again in Munich, where he rented the large studio in the <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=http://www.nordostkultur-muenchen.de/architektur/hildebrandhaus.htm&usg=ALkJrhgfBtcYshXyIMGsDqAW0LM077nmFg">Hildebrandhaus</a> on </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Maria-Theresia-Strasse 23 (now Siebertstraße 2) in Bogenhausen </span></span></span></span></span></span>to work on the famous Hildebrand until <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=http://marjorie-wiki.de/wiki/Liste_von_Suizidenten&usg=ALkJrhh4zfTx-buucY-CsR_eORHPIw34Qg">his suicide</a> on May 14, 1945. According to Joe F. Bodenstein, this was deliberately kept secret by his descendants: "Wilhelm Nida-Rümelin fell into oblivion after 1945 because his descendants obviously deliberately suppressed and kept silent about the artist's work during the Nazi era."</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Near where I live <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Ismaning">the war memorial in Ismaning</a> is acknowledged as an early work by Nida-Rümelin. It was erected in the Weimar Republic on May 24, 1924 on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the local veterans 'and warriors' association. At that time, the memorial commemorated an hundred men from the community who lost their lives in the Great War. After the war, Mayor Erich Zeitler ensured that memorial plaques were installed for a total of 181 killed and 89 missing from the war. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZJU3MznMHN2xMysAt8ohlP4T5fOdIjkbrHCttVhiR5m6yc6ArDz8wy4keRi4Tlo4EMcYvJNB9WPyg2iMnltk_GyOdqgkvAPt92ZMXPZIWiDGD095ccnRLjzqbKtx16bJ5A9-2w5Ffhak/s400/3" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZJU3MznMHN2xMysAt8ohlP4T5fOdIjkbrHCttVhiR5m6yc6ArDz8wy4keRi4Tlo4EMcYvJNB9WPyg2iMnltk_GyOdqgkvAPt92ZMXPZIWiDGD095ccnRLjzqbKtx16bJ5A9-2w5Ffhak/s400/3" style="height: 320px; width: 425px;" /><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQoWumXOkwfDuj8ghrjCVTwDv16iMCf6a61WXDuXqN9VUXrzSmr2zWuzvQwe4eweX3dtaNpiiReI0zfk6Jy8HECgRL8cWa6T06mzkgEEhuljShSsEHevpVKU9i1RkXeI39y427v0ZHtSU/s400/4" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQoWumXOkwfDuj8ghrjCVTwDv16iMCf6a61WXDuXqN9VUXrzSmr2zWuzvQwe4eweX3dtaNpiiReI0zfk6Jy8HECgRL8cWa6T06mzkgEEhuljShSsEHevpVKU9i1RkXeI39y427v0ZHtSU/s400/4" style="height: 320px; width: 222px;" /><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Compare with <i>Der Racher</i> (The Avenger) from Hitler's favourite sculptor, </span>Arno Breker.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: 180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nuremberg trials court building</span></span></span></span></span> <br />
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwGqDc8tV0l711ohiPBKKMSyf4p1b6_wwNw9twEqRh2XYZkQcEKnPTe1YmpvjRSQvnfcaAacbLj4Xr-dVy9mCmfHkAB_YQnqXtf89wIOVIuEUn_bRDt5fbAJv7N1_yy91v11R_-TcntO8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="488" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwGqDc8tV0l711ohiPBKKMSyf4p1b6_wwNw9twEqRh2XYZkQcEKnPTe1YmpvjRSQvnfcaAacbLj4Xr-dVy9mCmfHkAB_YQnqXtf89wIOVIuEUn_bRDt5fbAJv7N1_yy91v11R_-TcntO8/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Standing in front of the site of the Nuremberg war crimes trials. It is still a working court building, so tourist hours are limited to weekends. In parallel with denazification at the municipal level, the Nuremberg trials against leading war criminals of the National Socialist dictatorship took place in the Justizpalast on Fürtherstrasse from November 1945 onwards. Since the Palace of Justice with the adjoining prison had survived the war largely unscathed, Nuremberg was chosen instead of Berlin as a place of trial, especially since Nuremberg as a city of the Nazi rallies had a similar symbolic importance as the capital or Munich. </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd0bP4Tf-OxUzXAGfQ41_VcVJC7fKXIPhn1Lh2bI1J8yAP0vGnebMSX0S3NvrbaO8qRYN5UuumhWjh3dR1s1dJEYKTJMvst89sml-wLwWOplbsHnRAIF9ZzXd9_HsczJSXwlShp1q3Cuv4/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25287%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="373" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd0bP4Tf-OxUzXAGfQ41_VcVJC7fKXIPhn1Lh2bI1J8yAP0vGnebMSX0S3NvrbaO8qRYN5UuumhWjh3dR1s1dJEYKTJMvst89sml-wLwWOplbsHnRAIF9ZzXd9_HsczJSXwlShp1q3Cuv4/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25287%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was here behind the large windows that the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was convened pursuant to the London Agreement of August 8, 1945, which included a charter, signed by representatives from Britain, the US, the USSR, and the provisional government of France, for a military tribunal to try major Axis war criminals on four possible counts: crimes against peace (the planning, instigation, and waging of wars of aggression in violation of international treaties and agreements), crimes against humanity (exterminations, deportations, and genocide), war crimes (violations of the accepted laws and international conventions of war), and conspiracy to commit any or all of the criminal acts listed in the first three counts. As these offences had no particular or specific geographic location. Subsequently, 19 other nations accepted the tribunal provisions of the agreement.</span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The tribunal was made up of a member (and an alternate) selected by each of the four principal signatory countries. The first session was convened under the presidency of General I. T. Nikitchenko on October 18, 1945, in Berlin when 24 former Nazi leaders were charged with war crimes, and various groups (including the Gestapo) were charged as being criminal in character. After this first session, all others, beginning on November 20, 1945, were held in Nuremberg under the presidency of Lord Justice Geoffrey Lawrence, the British member.</span></span></span> <br />
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-QjKKwTAnvGkHoHaAaU0EcBM70_1dPgheyQpz-w-zK8iXhMCzFXd-KXfw59bc0GaKjNnGzELbNtc3Mlu4GEldPgM4SYTOpYVEQ2GLAzOc1pGd_v4fNVhXZ2pgM9P0g78JbKPYy3eXQ4np/s1600/ezgif.com-resize+%25289%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="334" data-original-width="501" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-QjKKwTAnvGkHoHaAaU0EcBM70_1dPgheyQpz-w-zK8iXhMCzFXd-KXfw59bc0GaKjNnGzELbNtc3Mlu4GEldPgM4SYTOpYVEQ2GLAzOc1pGd_v4fNVhXZ2pgM9P0g78JbKPYy3eXQ4np/s400/ezgif.com-resize+%25289%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">On the left is the bench where the accused sat. It was expanded during the trial, so it looks a bit smaller now.</span>
The video shows the October 17, 1946 U.S. Newsreel of the Nuremberg
Trials Sentencing when, at the conclusion of 216 court sessions, the
verdicts on 22 of the original 24 defendants were handed down. One
defendant, Robert Ley, had committed suicide whilst in gaol, and the
aged Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, the great German arms
manufacturer, was judged mentally and physically unfit to stand trial.
Of the 22 tried, three, Hjalmar Schacht, Franz von Papen, and Hans
Fritzsche, were acquitted; four, Karl Dönitz, Baldur von Schirach,
Albert Speer, and Konstantin von Neurath, were sentenced to 10 to 20
years in prison; three, Rudolf Hess, Walther Funk, and Erich Raeder,
were sentenced to life imprisonment; and 12 were sentenced to be
hanged. Of these, ten—Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher,
Alfred Rosenberg, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Fritz
Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Wilhelm Keitel, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart—were
executed on October 16, 1946. Martin Bormann was tried and condemned to
death in absentia, and Hermann Göring committed suicide before
sentence could be carried out.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg67cWZ-Y_SEbQL9IL4-roI0Hm-3YyNsGQNevbVAiMxYl6ZyqicrVSyRrjj3l5u5sFQc0pebEb0gIs0KvIVIVCI1ebNzxGIEUD1M_mlBYq8XRBPeHpe-2VhLuu_y54XjjwPh5LI4bYpcO8/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-05-17+at+10.35.55.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg67cWZ-Y_SEbQL9IL4-roI0Hm-3YyNsGQNevbVAiMxYl6ZyqicrVSyRrjj3l5u5sFQc0pebEb0gIs0KvIVIVCI1ebNzxGIEUD1M_mlBYq8XRBPeHpe-2VhLuu_y54XjjwPh5LI4bYpcO8/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-05-17+at+10.35.55.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 232px; width: 332px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6tzOiJOlGs_0XIZqRKA6ZWsWyMKdX1FOFMkgy1ZGVLTnJdfPvAA7Pqztugfc82yqJpPUpXbeQgLTFyXXc-p37AKa_8ZSOMRWo-CzvPOPRP6QNi1EzSeKbUquV3sS5ngbcrmTHeO9gK2M/s320/378990_10150361504479962_1591472930_n.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6tzOiJOlGs_0XIZqRKA6ZWsWyMKdX1FOFMkgy1ZGVLTnJdfPvAA7Pqztugfc82yqJpPUpXbeQgLTFyXXc-p37AKa_8ZSOMRWo-CzvPOPRP6QNi1EzSeKbUquV3sS5ngbcrmTHeO9gK2M/s320/378990_10150361504479962_1591472930_n.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 232px; width: 308px;" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Courtroom 600 in 1945 and today</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi60DiPQNza3AWG_JxvdI1VhRZbbVKZffdkSskZ54GgC15PBwEvvIUpslm0eubk-i71KL9Fq5mdGcxKLxtrMZNEdGzxbA-xypYMqS5EtKfUU53_iAi3Hh-9ucQunS5xgSce14xUpAXLKAg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-14+at+9.28.34+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi60DiPQNza3AWG_JxvdI1VhRZbbVKZffdkSskZ54GgC15PBwEvvIUpslm0eubk-i71KL9Fq5mdGcxKLxtrMZNEdGzxbA-xypYMqS5EtKfUU53_iAi3Hh-9ucQunS5xgSce14xUpAXLKAg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-14+at+9.28.34+AM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The judges and the accused; the seats the latter sat on today. Defendants had the right to receive a copy of the indictment, to offer an explanation or defence, to be represented by legal counsel, and to confront and cross-examine all witnesses brought against them.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The tribunal established certain enduring principles of international law, including those embodied in the rejection of the chief defences offered by the defendants. The tribunal rejected the contention that only a state, and not individuals, could be found guilty of war crimes. The court concluded that only by holding individuals to account for committing such crimes could international law be enforced. The tribunal also rejected the defence that the trial as well as its adjudication were<span style="font-style: italic;"> ex post facto</span>. All acts of which the defendants were found guilty, the tribunal held, had been universally regarded as criminal prior to World War II which created a precedent for subsequent war crimes trials relating to World War II as well as subsequent conflicts.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_PhfUmbeFxsYa_ScGBnwBuj0gmMwNnHtdAP0SzNGHzo1PoBE_GyxpSMhCAnZJOSR04PEirNyLSsD4cZ5dRSftmkxanq_howYYtuTC_lgfkyFZVkg1xRWHv6rfbvIK3z_LemhilQTlqsg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-14+at+9.31.09+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_PhfUmbeFxsYa_ScGBnwBuj0gmMwNnHtdAP0SzNGHzo1PoBE_GyxpSMhCAnZJOSR04PEirNyLSsD4cZ5dRSftmkxanq_howYYtuTC_lgfkyFZVkg1xRWHv6rfbvIK3z_LemhilQTlqsg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-14+at+9.31.09+AM.png" title="Fränkischer Hof" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Standing in front of the Arabella Sheraton Hotel on Eilgutstraße 15, formerly the Fränkischer Hof, which had originally mostly accommodated the press during Party Rallies.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTx3V4_XVgDI9P2zjuh6CqPYOLoVIHXtdCUlSdHBRQAo-2tLWBR7_BdWA6fctFc5DHu77wS5iM1JtaanMrbJKI3gvEASFelWkHjTvIVG7PJFUTTHgWEY9AIWRRg0Iw_XNp3AuO9qUT8qc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-05-16+at+20.27.19.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTx3V4_XVgDI9P2zjuh6CqPYOLoVIHXtdCUlSdHBRQAo-2tLWBR7_BdWA6fctFc5DHu77wS5iM1JtaanMrbJKI3gvEASFelWkHjTvIVG7PJFUTTHgWEY9AIWRRg0Iw_XNp3AuO9qUT8qc/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-05-16+at+20.27.19.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">This </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Nazi shield with its swastika somewhat intact was reinstalled in the front of this hotel, having originally come from </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">the Fränkischer Hof shown below which shows it and the three other shields high above the entrance. </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHDL5qdYd_pbCdXM3l_d_IwheL6JyOvFT2za-OFFppBqN2MJezaTlxJfbMnUesPq6jB2CNAkas9Q-hMbnJqSOreSjp60aRRgPbs__HFkBfl-jrCQy0kspAUsNuy0E5MThjNA8MObIts2M/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-14+at+9.31.37+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="CULTURAL CENTRES Amerika Haus (%230 690; Gleissbühlstrasse 13) Impressive range of cultural and artistic programmes each month. EMERGENCY Ambulance (%192 22) INTERNET ACCESS Netzkultur (%211 0782; Färberstrasse 11, 3rd fl; per hr €3; h10am-1am Mon-Sat) LAUNDRY Schnell und Sauber (%180 9400; per load €4; h6am-midnight) East (Sulzbacher Strasse 86; tram 8 to Deichslerstrasse); South (Allersberger Strasse 89; tram 4, 7 or 9 to Schweiggerstrasse); West (Schwabacher Strasse 86; U2 to St Leonhard) MEDICAL SERVICES Full-service hospitals close to the Altstadt: Poliklinik (%192 92; Kesslerplatz 5) Unfallklinik Dr Erler (%272 80; Kontumazgarten 4-18) MONEY Commerzbank (Königstrasse 21) Hypovereinsbank (Königstrasse 3) Reisebank (Hauptbahnhof ) POST Main post office (Bahnhofplatz 1) TOURIST INFORMATION Tourist offices (%233 60; www.tourismus.nuernberg .de) Königstrasse (Königstrasse 93; h9am-7pm Mon- Sat); Hauptmarkt (Hauptmarkt 18; h9am-6pm Mon-Fri, 10am-4pm Sun May-Sep, 9am-7pm Mon-Sat & 10am- 7pm during Christkindlesmarkt) Staff sell the Nürnberg + Fürth Card (€18), good for two days of unlimited public transport and admission to most museums and attractions in both cities. TRAVEL AGENCIES Plärrer Reisen (%929 760; Gostenhofer Hauptstrasse 27) Good all-round travel agency with a last-minute ticket desk at the airport." border="0" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHDL5qdYd_pbCdXM3l_d_IwheL6JyOvFT2za-OFFppBqN2MJezaTlxJfbMnUesPq6jB2CNAkas9Q-hMbnJqSOreSjp60aRRgPbs__HFkBfl-jrCQy0kspAUsNuy0E5MThjNA8MObIts2M/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-14+at+9.31.37+AM.png" title="Bunker Worhd" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">One of the largest air raid shelters during the war, High Bunker Worhd held 678 people; part of it is now used by the organisation to simulate blindness.</span> The photo on the extreme right shows an example of an air-tight door used in Nuremberg air raid shelters.</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 180%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reichsbahndirektion</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="" border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivzAkwRpTvZr78IGj4h6vwK8AtVyOxJKeNeGFV1ziA4eyfXLMeVekXPf_abT66FXE6tC0QOSObk3TObEVkuwWWRr1hX9AWnAm0aJ2XjcZ6UsodDxlRzBMSBkSAgZWRuFxmCMD3pS4a8_c/s640/Screen+Shot+2014-04-14+at+9.31.48+AM.png" title="Reichsbahndirektion" width="640" /><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">The Nazi eagle still adorns the main administrative building for the railway.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfOuZs9ZUwFNqhnAUhWxCLPPAl118KErbQON9q-4oHH0u8-mGzf4pyTYxcB-Q34Z7IEf-KTDALSgdCYi_qfc8lz0uDVZV2mypY6f2qWK4b8IO11rqakHEi3b1R4788wHaeUXlJlCkq5sI/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Hauptbahnhof is just outside the old city walls to the southeast. From here, pedestrian Königstrasse runs to the city centre, where the shallow Pegnitz River flows from east to west. About 4km southeast of the centre is the enormous Reichsparteitagsgelände, the Nazi rally grounds also known as Luitpoldhain. The courthouse where the Nuremberg Trials were held is just off the Altstadt. Information BOOKSHOPS Buchhandlung Edelmann (%992 060; Kornmarkt 8) Travel section upstairs and some English-language novels downstairs. Schmitt & Hahn (%2146 711; Hauptbahnhof; h5.30am-11pm) Full selection of international press and a decent section of current paperbacks for those travelling light." border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfOuZs9ZUwFNqhnAUhWxCLPPAl118KErbQON9q-4oHH0u8-mGzf4pyTYxcB-Q34Z7IEf-KTDALSgdCYi_qfc8lz0uDVZV2mypY6f2qWK4b8IO11rqakHEi3b1R4788wHaeUXlJlCkq5sI/s400/myphoto.jpeg" title="synagogue" width="400" /></a></span></span>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Nearby is the Monument at Essenweinstrasse, serving as a reminder of the destruction of another synagogue during Reichkristallnacht. Images of the destruction.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Although local officials used strong rhetoric when describing all preservation projects, their criticisms of Nuremberg's Jewish synagogue were especially virulent. Like other structures targeted for removal, the synagogue was built in a late nineteenth century historicist style, making it doubly objectionable to Nazi ideologues. Walter Brugmann, a local architectural consultant, had already identified this 'Moorish-style' synagogue as a 'building sin' in 1934.46 The building's perceived 'foreign' architectural style was compounded by its seemingly disproportionate size. Brugmann suggested a new porch as a partial remedy, but officials chose a more radical solution. In Mayor Liebel's view the synagogue was 'the worst building sin of past decades. ... A settlement can only be reached through the complete removal of the synagogue.' This 'foreign' building simply could not be reconciled with the 'Old German' image that local authorities endeavoured to create. Armed with" additional authority under the German Urban Renewal Law of 1937, Liebel completed the quasi-legal demolition of the synagogue shortly before the 1938 rallies began. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cultural Geographies, Vol. 13, No. 2 (April 2006) (169-170)</span></span></div>
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd3KysdJj4ey2XslAMpbG82RniTulhpKR5EFE6Ux0VMBUvpckLzWZpRG01Q-InI0KQJ7nUJTWTbKIcPfzSzUg1GbF6r5ARGuNci6aF6K5Hd5eA_nIjgEhpOVgk6Mq7WpFSbgOmW4n-CaU/s1600/1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596206727344049506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd3KysdJj4ey2XslAMpbG82RniTulhpKR5EFE6Ux0VMBUvpckLzWZpRG01Q-InI0KQJ7nUJTWTbKIcPfzSzUg1GbF6r5ARGuNci6aF6K5Hd5eA_nIjgEhpOVgk6Mq7WpFSbgOmW4n-CaU/s400/1" width="312" /></a></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Synagogue on Hans-Sachs-Platz was the main synagogue and was inaugurated on September 8, 1874 with a speech by the mayor Otto Stromer von Reichenbach. </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
building was often admired as the "pearl in the silhouette and
adornment of the city". In the 1920s however, hostile voices were formed
and attacks on Nuremberg Jews took place. After the seizure of power of Hitler in 1933, numerous Jews emigrated and Nuremberg's Jewish population decreased by 5,638 between 1934 and 1940. On the other hand, police
officers still protected the building in 1934, when SA men tried to
storm the synagogue after the Nazi Party Day. </span></span>On June 15, 1938, the Jewish community in Nuremberg held an extraordinary meeting of the members, in which it was announced that the synagogue was to be demolished "in the course of the law on the reorganisation of German cities." On August 10, 1938 Julius Streicher gave the signal to demolish the synagogue. Shortly before the demolition of the synagogue, the Jews secretly removed from the synagogue a 5-Z-heavy stone with an inscription in memory of the first synagogue burnt down 500 years ago in Nuremberg. The removal of the stone was procured by the Nuremberg master builder Fritz Frisch, who had been admitted to the Nazi Party only in 1937. Frisch was immediately expelled from the party. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Mostly on the night of October 29, 1938, Jews were taken from their
apartments as part of the so-called “Polenaktion” and transported to the German-Polish border in guarded trains and trucks and
chased over. A total of 1,631 Jews from Nuremberg were killed by the Nazis.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></div>
<span><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596206964425386258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibL1YSI9Kzkyi8xn3ept1R1ppWJLo9hrEI67uN5E4Pimy4T1lMQXAEX2VhfPbhN_EUfmCu1LUtlwNswHky_xgBrPcB1i_rqd_JAlMEpCEXY2ogBgbx6PdDtXUKtknpSk_hLFwu1oJ_KY4/s400/2" style="height: 413px; width: 310px;" title="" /></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Another memorial stone is at Spital Bridge commemorating the destruction of Nuremberg's main synagogue located on Hans Sachs Platz.</span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The main synagogue, which has been erased is
only remembered by this memorial stone which dates from 1988. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was demolished on August 10, 1938 on the instructions of Julius Streicher because they "seriously disrupt the beautiful German cityscape."<a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Dov_Kulka&usg=ALkJrhjHoUcdaGxwU_jZHuw_dRrpSigREA"> In a report</a> by the "District President of Upper and Middle Franconia" of July 7, 1938, “[o]n June 15, 1938, the Israelite religious community held an extraordinary meeting of the members of their general administration in Nuremberg, in which it was announced that the main synagogue in Nuremberg would have to be demolished in order to enforce the law on the redesign of German cities. This news had a devastating effect on the Jews present there; However, it was generally clear that objections to this measure were pointless. " Another document taken from the same source dated September 7, 1938 states that “Nuremberg's party rallies experienced a memorable day on August 10, 1938: Julius Streicher gave the signal to demolish the main synagogue on Hans-Sachs-Platz, which had to be removed in order to carry out urban planning measures. Tens of thousands of national comrades attended the historical hour. […] Shortly before the synagogue was demolished, the Jews secretly had a 5-centimeter stone with an inscription in memory of the first synagogue in Nuremberg that burned down 500 years ago removed from the synagogue and taken to the Jewish cemetery. The Nuremberg builder Fritz Frisch, who had only been admitted to the Nazi Party in 1937, took care of the removal of the stone. Frisch was immediately expelled from the party and his lack of character was appropriately denounced in public. " </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLkSjagmPNkstvflHg1O95vaUJxK8D3TUsulNwN_8pc7-J3G_PDrNIEgx-WbhBrjt1MOuTKqRMXInf9U3F3i24qsqE1eWTyo3znZr6Z6oFAqyysbW2AIVfrKoDmITlxAujSonG3Yk2uw14/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLkSjagmPNkstvflHg1O95vaUJxK8D3TUsulNwN_8pc7-J3G_PDrNIEgx-WbhBrjt1MOuTKqRMXInf9U3F3i24qsqE1eWTyo3znZr6Z6oFAqyysbW2AIVfrKoDmITlxAujSonG3Yk2uw14/w400-h290/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a>When asked during the Nuremberg trial if the synagogue had been destroyed on his orders, Streicher replied: “Yes. There were an estimated fifteen synagogues in my Gau , one main synagogue in Nuremberg and a somewhat smaller one and, I believe, a few more prayer rooms. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The main synagogue stood in the soft image of the medieval imperial city. Even before 1933, the so-called time of struggle , when we still had another government, I declared publicly in a meeting that it was a shame that such an oriental, immensely large building was placed in the old city. After the takeover , I told the mayor to have the synagogue demolished ... I cannot help that in November of that year the order was given to set fire to the synagogues." <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A
reconstruction of the synagogue never took place, although the
property would have been available after 1945. The winning design of the
architects' competition for the reconstruction of Nuremberg in 1947 did not foresee that. In the award-winning work of Heinz Schmeißner and William Schlegtendal the plot of
the demolished nine years earlier synagogue was otherwise over-planned,
the city plan was at this point overmoulded. A partial area was
later acquired by Eduard Kappler (an architect of the reconstruction
period) and built with an office and residential building. On the
southern part of the plot (to Pegnitz), a new riverside path was
created. In
the entrance hall of the Jewish Community of Nuremberg is the model of
the main synagogue of Nuremberg, which was destroyed in 1938. Through
the windows one can look at finely crafted interior with lighting.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Aufsessplatz</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMpfPhG2hxQTx6QAKDqPWj5LBKNk6nl7gLWdovROZAj37ituvMW3vGWHdsrRLAEJ1-2DpB7bUiGiSzI1fv9AZ8bRH-pt6obxGq82HNCOorDVVEbh4A1zUOJWBS506gPoIjzXfpXGmc5NU/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMpfPhG2hxQTx6QAKDqPWj5LBKNk6nl7gLWdovROZAj37ituvMW3vGWHdsrRLAEJ1-2DpB7bUiGiSzI1fv9AZ8bRH-pt6obxGq82HNCOorDVVEbh4A1zUOJWBS506gPoIjzXfpXGmc5NU/s640/myphoto.jpeg" title="Aufsessplatz" width="640" /></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The photo on the left shows a crowd outside the Schocken department store in Nuremberg on October 11, 1925. During the Third Reich Salman Schocken was politically forced to sell his department stores to the Merkur AG through the policy of Aryanisation) After the war Schocken sold his regained share of the company (51%) to Helmut Horten GmbH, which later became part of Kaufhof and is currently owned by Metro.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqb1fTEJi8tGIC3GH6qhvfeIsv1jSuavo1tMj5a5EgfGqSUKjtK5AeSPbXV601m4vl7ug74384NU-gMyVqeOY_Q0qmBx-YqCM8liz5F0uptYxR8hh8rLGweRWTVme9_51y_BFVjQlm1UPN/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Brandenburg Gate in a Nazi poster and my students from the Bavarian International School during our 2018 annual trip." border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="361" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqb1fTEJi8tGIC3GH6qhvfeIsv1jSuavo1tMj5a5EgfGqSUKjtK5AeSPbXV601m4vl7ug74384NU-gMyVqeOY_Q0qmBx-YqCM8liz5F0uptYxR8hh8rLGweRWTVme9_51y_BFVjQlm1UPN/w314-h358/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" title="Brandenburg Gate in a Nazi poster and my students from the Bavarian International School during our 2018 annual trip." width="314" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Brandenburg Gate in a Nazi poster and my students from the <i>Bavarian International School</i> during our 2018 annual trip. The first instance that highlights the Brandenburg Gate's role in Nazi propaganda was the Torchlight Parade held on January 30, 1933, commemorating Hitler's appointment as Chancellor, which was conducted under the arches of the Gate. It involved approximately 60,000 SA and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> men marching in torchlit ranks, and was widely captured and disseminated by media, showcasing Nazi dominance and the dawn of a new era. This spectacle was a tangible demonstration of the Nazis' power, depicting them as a formidable and unified force. As Richard J. Evans argues, this spectacle was strategically orchestrated to symbolise the beginning of the Nazi era, aiming to inculcate in the German populace a sense of awe and acquiescence towards the new regime. The parade was extensively covered in contemporary newspapers and newsreels, imprinting the Nazis' intended image of power and unity on the national psyche.<br />Moreover, the Nazis made strategic use of the Brandenburg Gate during their annual Labour Day parades. The diary entries of Joseph Goebbels, the Propaganda Minister, reveal that the location of these parades was deliberately chosen. Goebbels noted in his diary entry dated May 2, 1937, "The parade was a grand display of the strength of our movement... the choice of the Gate helped to elevate it." By staging these parades at the Gate, the Nazis visually aligned their ideologies with the spirit of German labour and manufacturing prowess, reinforcing their populist narrative. These parades were covered widely in Nazi-controlled media outlets like the "Völkischer Beobachter", maximising their propaganda impact.As part of the transformation of Berlin into the so-called "world capital Germania", the gate was to be located on the east-west axis and a seven-kilometre section between the Brandenburg Gate and Adolf-Hitler-Platz (Theodor-Heuss-Platz today) was expanded and put into operation in 1939. In the further expansion of the East-West axis the side pillared halls were to have been removed from the Brandenburg Gate and the traffic then would not only have passed through, but also around the gate. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtrxDUnt0dnDaHy3pIL8d68Bcx7rAWSg3uCo9KKJV07mAuE1YolSGBvA-eprqZyRtuUy93W3aaEHUE8deZjBz9VUyZBukMyoVCSzzjvmGvkIZBX8wFHA1VsyHVfmXhld0aBrkJyCZf6JOmsxjo7zENR-yu8EuZ7ViETDDaWUKKmAev01YLw5_ShwlcX6oO/s362/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(38).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="362" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtrxDUnt0dnDaHy3pIL8d68Bcx7rAWSg3uCo9KKJV07mAuE1YolSGBvA-eprqZyRtuUy93W3aaEHUE8deZjBz9VUyZBukMyoVCSzzjvmGvkIZBX8wFHA1VsyHVfmXhld0aBrkJyCZf6JOmsxjo7zENR-yu8EuZ7ViETDDaWUKKmAev01YLw5_ShwlcX6oO/w408-h328/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(38).gif" width="408" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>During the time of two totalitarian dictatorships. The depiction of the Quadriga, the statue atop the Brandenburg Gate, in Nazi-controlled media was another aspect of their propaganda strategy. The Quadriga, depicting the goddess of victory driving a chariot, held immense symbolic value. When the Nazis controversially remilitarised the Rhineland in March 1936, a move that directly violated the Treaty of Versailles, they employed the Quadriga's imagery as a tool of propaganda. Photos of the Quadriga were widely circulated in newspapers such as the "Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung," implying that the remilitarisation was a 'victory' for Germany. This manoeuvre sought to depict the Nazis as the torchbearers of German pride and resilience. Bachrach, in her book The <i>Nazi Olympics: Berlin 1936</i>, posits that the dissemination of the Quadriga's images was a deliberate tactic to align the provocative foreign policies of the Nazis with the nationalistic spirit of victory embodied in the Quadriga. To reinforce her argument, Bachrach refers to various editions of "Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung" from 1936, showing how the Quadriga's images were prominently featured following major policy. </span><span>During the war in 1942 a plaster cast was taken from the Quadriga, a chariot drawn by four horses sculpted by Johann Gottfried Schadow; through bombing and the battle for Berlin the Quadriga was severely damaged several times. In fact, of Schadow's original work only a horse's head was preserved which is on display today in the Märkisches Museum. The building itself was damaged with a pillar shot up.</span><span> T</span><span style="text-align: center;"><span>he state of the Brandenburg Gate at the end of the war also played a role in Nazi propaganda, albeit from a defensive standpoint. After the Gate's destruction, especially the missing Quadriga, it served as a symbol of German devastation in Allied propaganda. Yet, Hitler's last propaganda minister, Werner Naumann, attempted to use this destruction for a final act of Nazi propaganda. Naumann compared the subsequent restoration of the Quadriga to the prospective resurgence of National Socialism. This narrative is documented in Naumann's post-war letters, now preserved in the German Federal Archives. His correspondences, particularly a letter dated February 3, 1951, underline his efforts to galvanise remaining Nazi sympathisers by drawing parallels between the restoration of the Quadriga and the potential resurrection of the Nazi ideology.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">From the first British cover of the bestselling 1992 thriller by Robert Harris set in a world in which Germany won the war to providing</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> the inspiration for the entrance to a millionaire's estate on Xiaoyun Road here in the capital of 'communist' China. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Before the war Pariser Platz was the grandest square in Berlin, flanked by the American and French embassies, the finest hotel (the Adlon Hotel), the Academy of the Arts, and several blocks of apartments and offices. During the last years of the Second World War all of the buildings around the square were turned to rubble by air raids and heavy artillery bombardment. The only structure left standing in the ruins of Pariser Platz was the Brandenburg Gate, which was restored by the East Berlin and West Berlin governments. After the war and especially with the construction of the Berlin Wall, the square was laid waste and became part of the death zone dividing the city. When the city was reunited in 1990, there was broad consensus that the Pariser Platz should be made into a fine urban space again. The embassies would move back, the hotel and arts academy would be reinstated, and prestigious firms would be encouraged to build round the square. Under the rules of reconstruction, eaves heights had to be twenty two metres, and buildings had to have a proper termination against the sky. Stone cladding was to be used as far as possible. Interpretations of these constraints, however, have varied to a great extent.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgebREe9whUqC2xO22qGt0j8_pilvv08O2iqa6NMf2coOjAHqmlswm0bxo8oUU26LNdtIzucntaJdl42w_jgJThSy4UN7EzuQ9Ve2_LUkBBkZCWiXZ50_8NFAJVv1I5jsltLqlCHDVS_2Z3/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Pariser Platz during the official reception of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands in May 1901" border="0" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgebREe9whUqC2xO22qGt0j8_pilvv08O2iqa6NMf2coOjAHqmlswm0bxo8oUU26LNdtIzucntaJdl42w_jgJThSy4UN7EzuQ9Ve2_LUkBBkZCWiXZ50_8NFAJVv1I5jsltLqlCHDVS_2Z3/w640-h350/ezgif.com-resize.gif" title="Pariser Platz during the official reception of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands in May 1901" width="640" /></a><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Pariser Platz during the official reception of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands in May 1901; within two decades she would provide sanctuary for Kaiser Wilhelm II after his abdication. The square was named after the French defeat at the hands of the Anglo-Prussians in 1815 and now is again the main square in Berlin, after having fallen within the so-called 'Death Strip' during the time of the Berlin Wall. It had suffered severe damage during the war, especially during its last days during the Battle of Berlin. The East German regime had the remaining buildings demolished before the Berlin Wall was built with only the rear part of the Palais Arnim preserved. After the fall of the Wall in 1993, the reconstruction of the square was a matter of controversy leading to it being rebuilt according to the design specifications of Bruno Flierl and Hans Stimmann, supplemented by the specifications of the Berlin Senate which required that the height of the buildings not exceed 22 metres and that only vertical windows be used in the new buildings and that a maximum of fifty percent of the facade area be made of glass in order to tie in with the “golden days” of the square.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ4Fo7V775uFtiIRum5m8clb_9DnKASBvML8afaVy1t6wFcv4w_9bX9W1egk0qph4GFHPSf-tqoqv7Azz556OC6LuTDRhll_RFCkT3it64kXbVzm-_MlVKHOC6Kv5WM6kJSOEreDJ-7Pko/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252816%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School 2018 class trip and Provisional President Friedrich Ebert saluting returning troops from the war exactly a century earlier" border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="439" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ4Fo7V775uFtiIRum5m8clb_9DnKASBvML8afaVy1t6wFcv4w_9bX9W1egk0qph4GFHPSf-tqoqv7Azz556OC6LuTDRhll_RFCkT3it64kXbVzm-_MlVKHOC6Kv5WM6kJSOEreDJ-7Pko/w400-h298/ezgif.com-optimize+%252816%2529.gif" title="Bavarian International School 2018 class trip and Provisional President Friedrich Ebert saluting returning troops from the war exactly a century earlier" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>During my <i>Bavarian International School</i> 2018 class trip and Provisional President Friedrich Ebert saluting returning troops from the war exactly a century earlier </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>on November 10, </span></span></span>contributing to the so-called stab-in-the-back myth (</span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dolchstoßlegende) </span></span></span>with the declaration that "no enemy has vanquished you" (kein Feind hat euch überwunden!) and "they returned undefeated from the battlefield" (sie sind vom Schlachtfeld unbesiegt zurückgekehrt). The latter quote was shortened to im Felde unbesiegt ("undefeated on the battlefield") as a semi-official slogan of the Reichswehr. Ebert had meant these sayings as a tribute to the German soldier, but it only contributed to the prevailing feeling that Germany had been betrayed at home, widely believed and promulgated in right-wing circles that the German Army did not lose the Great War on the battlefield but was instead betrayed by the civilians on the home front, especially the republicans who overthrew the monarchy in the German Revolution of 1918–19. Advocates denounced the German government leaders who signed the Armistice on November 11, 1918, as the "November Criminals" (Novemberverbrecher). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUkv8bs_g7Bva8UKxltB889UXPoBR7meGPhH2lvkqrIhGTOF9OhV4nwgnD1FEGz9xPnWu0PH2Xz9D356hGf2jFmb3FivnVCIX807MaBUXBm5ikAL-8dr9Xs0Hg7t80iuo3UPi4C_pxKMsx/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25288%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Berlin March 1920 Kapp putsch" border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUkv8bs_g7Bva8UKxltB889UXPoBR7meGPhH2lvkqrIhGTOF9OhV4nwgnD1FEGz9xPnWu0PH2Xz9D356hGf2jFmb3FivnVCIX807MaBUXBm5ikAL-8dr9Xs0Hg7t80iuo3UPi4C_pxKMsx/w400-h266/ezgif.com-optimize%25288%2529.gif" title="Berlin March 1920 Kapp putsch" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>During the March 1920 Kapp putsch and the same site today, looking towards Unter der Linden. On March 13, 1920 Walther von Luettwitz personally activated a putsch, ordered Freikorps units into Berlin, and designated New York-born Dr. Wolfgang Kapp the new Chancellor. Kapp had been a member of the right-wing DNVP and, with like-minded individuals such as Erich Ludendorff, Colonel Max Bauer, and Waldemar Pabst, formed the Nationale Vereinigung (National Union) in October 1919. He was dedicated to the removal of the Republic and creation of a conservative dictatorship. At the start of the putsch, the legal government fled to Stuttgart. Because of insufficient preparations, the putschists failed to secure the support of Berlin’s bureaucracy, including the Reichsbank, and were greeted on March 14 by a general strike that doomed the action. Kapp resigned on March 17 and, with imprisonment threatening, fled to Sweden. When the 1922 trial of Traugott von Jagow, Kapp’s Interior Minister, fostered the view that the putschists had acted only as patriotic Germans, Kapp came home. Seriously ill with cancer, he surrendered to the Supreme Court and died before his case was decided. As aftermath to the foiled putsch, Germany’s internal politics were polarised: the Right became more adamant in its disapproval of the Republic, while the Left demanded resumption of the November Revolution. The uprising in the Ruhr of a so-called Red Army, a by-product of the putsch, compelled the hapless government to rely on the same Freikorps units that had just tried to displace it. German voters discerned the impairment of purpose. When elections were held in June 1920, the Weimar Coalition lost its majority; it would never regain it.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC5wgqIzwljYs_TjqnvXeSoFix0aOzDpOMGSt7ZeQq9uK54QSYt9bGgeUQRKl0yehvd_8dobDFkV-eNsQFhT0RQSm_pKRVqv0pKMDQV9tAYr8BdyczNjRnIwu_p0BzP8Qhq9f6SANGyii4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252813%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC5wgqIzwljYs_TjqnvXeSoFix0aOzDpOMGSt7ZeQq9uK54QSYt9bGgeUQRKl0yehvd_8dobDFkV-eNsQFhT0RQSm_pKRVqv0pKMDQV9tAYr8BdyczNjRnIwu_p0BzP8Qhq9f6SANGyii4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252813%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 483px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9WElcqcl9kxowKByX6kfSW7ZYfmGvDFhg8OCnsLwsVylpG_DYge3_jV8BZQBUmfZxNsBVz8uF4c1zq0ynmb91tz-pRNYrUjsKLH0B4Xa6L35kVYo1zzfIuRzu7y-zJ1E98zxnV042y609/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252815%2529.gif" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9WElcqcl9kxowKByX6kfSW7ZYfmGvDFhg8OCnsLwsVylpG_DYge3_jV8BZQBUmfZxNsBVz8uF4c1zq0ynmb91tz-pRNYrUjsKLH0B4Xa6L35kVYo1zzfIuRzu7y-zJ1E98zxnV042y609/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252815%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 157px;" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The site during the last stage of the Battle of Berlin. The "Altbau" from the IG-Farben </span><span> building </span><span>behind the T34/85 is now a Starbucks; it can be seen on the right when Goebbels had spoken in front only months earlier on the <i>Tag des Deutschen Volkssturm </i>of November 12, 1944. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgyAW1Ges66r6xkzpG7dYEIzlNh1MEmwEBoTx3rKq0XYOZNdHsEADZxlz7kEoBu2PAHYwbXFoF8DosOtCz13btf1mmAyh2yhKIl-tyE81PZxkQTEffJjeHZTtLxyT_IotwrmXAkWx2-t-7/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25286%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Adlon with the Volkssturm marching and my students from our 2016 Bavarian International School trip." border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="466" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgyAW1Ges66r6xkzpG7dYEIzlNh1MEmwEBoTx3rKq0XYOZNdHsEADZxlz7kEoBu2PAHYwbXFoF8DosOtCz13btf1mmAyh2yhKIl-tyE81PZxkQTEffJjeHZTtLxyT_IotwrmXAkWx2-t-7/w400-h338/ezgif.com-optimize+%25286%2529.gif" title="The Adlon with the Volkssturm marching and my students from our 2016 Bavarian International School trip." width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>From the same spot at the other direction towards the Adlon with the Volkssturm marching and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>my students from our 2016 <i>Bavarian International School</i> trip. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>It was here at the Pariserplatz that </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>the wounded were laid in the street wrapped in blankets. German Red Cross nurses and BdM girls continued to treat them. Just to the north, Soviet guns blasted into submission a group of doomed ϟϟ still holding out in a building on the Spree. In all directions, smoke from ruins continued to deform the sky. Red Army soldiers flushed out Wehrmacht, ϟϟ, Hitler Youth and Volkssturm. They emerged from houses, cellars and subway tunnels, their faces almost black with grime and stubble. Soviet soldiers shouted, `Hande hoch!' and their prisoners dumped their weapons and held their hands as high as possible. A number of German civilians sidled up to Soviet officers to denounce soldiers who continued to hide. Vasily Grossman accompanied General Berzarin to the centre of the city. He was staggered by the scale of destruction all around, wondering how much had been wrought by American and British bombers. A Jewish woman and her elderly husband approached him. They asked about the fate of Jews who had been deported. When he confirmed their worst fears, the old man burst into tears. Grossman was apparently accosted a little later by a smart German lady wearing an astrakhan coat. They conversed pleasantly. `But surely you aren't a Jewish commissar?' she suddenly said to him. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Beevor (393) <a href="https://erenow.net/ww/thefallofberlin1945antonybeevor/28.php"><i>The Fall of Berlin 1945</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" class="b-hbp-video b-uploaded" frameborder="0" height="275" id="BLOGGER-video-0f61223334ad12eb-13173" mozallowfullscreen="mozallowfullscreen" src="https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy1FlWu_kJh_luZnImqPVCsUw3GrtEsWiq2qnzGasfSbDM9YBQU6CRcFguF77HzezhIWiPtKnMbUXFJs1Ion3QzEryEe5e1DjgQYj93SVL37cZI_2pArgqkfsZYoaE2kIoFSZDe" webkitallowfullscreen="webkitallowfullscreen" width="277"></iframe><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Colour footage of the Nazis' triumphal procession January 30, 1933 upon Hitler's appointment as Chancellor. From dusk to midnight that day, tens of thousands of jack- booted, brown-shirted storm troopers, flaming torches held high, drums beating, bands playing, paraded through Berlin. The “river of fire,” as one observer described it, passed thunderously through the Brandenburg Gate, turning down Wilhelmstrasse, past the Presidential Palace and the Reich Chancellery. From a window in the Presidential Palace, the aged Reich president, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, watched the seemingly endless procession in bewilderment as farther along, in front of the Reich Chancellery, the massed storm troopers raised their right arms and voices in salute to the slight figure in formal dress standing at a Chancellery window—their leader, newly appointed chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">On 30 January 1933, the night of Hitler’s appointment to the chancellorship, massed Nazi marchers, mostly stormtroopers, poured through Berlin streets to the Brandenburg gate, waving torches and singing. They moved on past the Reich Chancellery where Hitler and Hindenburg stood on a balcony. Now the exodus began in earnest. Playwright Bertold Brecht left quickly for Vienna. Kurt Weill and Lotte Lenya, of “Three-Penny Opera” fame, fled to Paris. A number of conductors and composers fled to Switzerland or America. The unique, feverish, turbulent, and recklessly hedonistic Berlin of the twenties was gone.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Otis C. Mitchell (116): <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Stormtroopers-Attack-Republic-1919-1933/dp/0786439122" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6oAUHgsV2kcGvYz5veYdbuGXZJWP3b9GKXuRcfqKd4tcmgdSt5Qg4FbLpLWfNiszpnkwfSA9ekBVbJlVLppKpR1c8hnxNc2suTNgIHVtZgznEPUSCWY5Kv-49t_avqUwf2KG331kl4vo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-24+at+12.29.03+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6oAUHgsV2kcGvYz5veYdbuGXZJWP3b9GKXuRcfqKd4tcmgdSt5Qg4FbLpLWfNiszpnkwfSA9ekBVbJlVLppKpR1c8hnxNc2suTNgIHVtZgznEPUSCWY5Kv-49t_avqUwf2KG331kl4vo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-24+at+12.29.03+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">When Hitler had been appointed Chancellor January 30, 1933, SA troops marched through. </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">This painting by Arthur Kampf</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">depicting this march</span> makes a number of appearances in the video game <span style="font-style: italic;">Return to Castle Wolfenstein</span></span></span><span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTOT1PPFgizFjHeEOhd8kgEKonkNeEq5qRLx9PGrDGm0cqJPp3g073Z6k-XBBaJ_pwhIUZOuxQlbFxIifLIj0JUdtJIkiahzCO08h1sTyEVGHqBLtOFlL_jC-a9qCcA4IqDWDxpZ2xEe6b/s1600/ezgif.com-resize+%25282%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School" border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="500" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTOT1PPFgizFjHeEOhd8kgEKonkNeEq5qRLx9PGrDGm0cqJPp3g073Z6k-XBBaJ_pwhIUZOuxQlbFxIifLIj0JUdtJIkiahzCO08h1sTyEVGHqBLtOFlL_jC-a9qCcA4IqDWDxpZ2xEe6b/w640-h352/ezgif.com-resize+%25282%2529.gif" title="Bavarian International School" width="640" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>From a 1938 postcard and exactly 80 years later</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB-Y4GkF5V-8CqeTIlMN4xQXJXLLHwEIA3Z4sKiCZcen-oPXhQV9ugkvbKdApyTovUSYnP75DhUiQ-KiAJS7Kk2qcboGR4bI6NHtHZ58uywOYAa1NRJ99HAoYYIk8PU142rFwtTHyNbz0/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="550" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB-Y4GkF5V-8CqeTIlMN4xQXJXLLHwEIA3Z4sKiCZcen-oPXhQV9ugkvbKdApyTovUSYnP75DhUiQ-KiAJS7Kk2qcboGR4bI6NHtHZ58uywOYAa1NRJ99HAoYYIk8PU142rFwtTHyNbz0/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">On August 1st 1936 Hitler opened the Summer Olympic Games held in Berlin (and my students during my 2013 Bavarian International School tour)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">which afforded the Nazis a golden opportunity to impress the world with the achievements of the Third Reich, and they made the most of it. The signs ”Juden unerwuenscht” (Jews Not Welcome) were quietly hauled down from the shops, hotels, beer gardens and places of public entertainment, the persecution of the Jews and of the two Christian churches temporarily halted, and the country put on its best behaviour. No previous games had seen such a spectacular organisation nor such a lavish display of entertainment. Goering, Ribbentrop and Goebbels gave dazzling parties for the foreign visitors – the Propaganda Minister’s ”Italian Night” on the Pfaueninsel near Wannsee gathered more than a thousand guests at dinner in a scene that resembled the Arabian Nights. The visitors, especially those from England and America, were greatly impressed by what they saw: apparently a happy, healthy, friendly people united under Hitler – a far different picture, they said, than they had got from reading the newspaper dispatches from Berlin. And yet underneath the surface, hidden from the tourists during those splendid late-summer Olympic days in Berlin and indeed overlooked by most Germans or accepted by them with a startling passivity, there seemed to be – to a foreigner at least – a degrading transformation of German life.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://archive.org/stream/B-001-014-606/B-001-014-606_djvu.txt"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Shirer 206-207</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Brandenburg Regiment, so-named as it had initially been based in the town of Brandenburg an der Havel. The Brandenburgers were members of the Brandenburg German Special forces unit during the war. Originally the unit was formed by and operated as an extension of the military's intelligence organ, the Abwehr. Members took part in seizing operationally important targets by way of sabotage and infiltration and, being foreign German nationals who were convinced Nazi volunteers, constituent members, had lived abroad and were proficient in foreign languages as well as being familiar with the way of life in the area of operations where they were deployed. The Brandenburg Division was generally subordinated to the army groups in individual commands and operated throughout Eastern Europe, in southern Africa, Afghanistan, the Middle East and in the Caucasus. In the later course of the war, parts of the special unit were used in the fight against partisans in Yugoslavia before the Division, in the last months of the war, was reclassified and merged into one of the Panzergrenadier Divisions. They committed various atrocities in the course of their operations including the Lviv massacre s well as other mass shootings. Shortly after German reunification a newly established reserve formation of the Bundeswehr was named the Heimatschutzbrigade Brandenburg which led in June 1991 to a debate in the</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Brandenburg</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> parliament, calling on the state government to distance itself from this designation and to advocate a renaming, as it is "politically instinctive and human tasteless" to use the name of a Wehrmacht division of "fascist content and criminal character." The motion was <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&ajax=1&u=http://www.parldok.brandenburg.de/parladoku//w1/plpr/23.pdf">finally rejected</a> by 38 votes in favour agaonst ten with sixteen abstentions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Bavarian International School Brandenburg Gate" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSKedA4AhbKAM1rZ8wkwFLIHJIosLo3PRSVnKlQn2E54sKPVf4BgzkqtMSVEMlijQrc761jND4yhs5cMVwa6x0_1tEvEK_FciNLN97OzWGT4w3o6UVQbRvhCYjSY0fOWvQHeZTiSpVD0Q/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSKedA4AhbKAM1rZ8wkwFLIHJIosLo3PRSVnKlQn2E54sKPVf4BgzkqtMSVEMlijQrc761jND4yhs5cMVwa6x0_1tEvEK_FciNLN97OzWGT4w3o6UVQbRvhCYjSY0fOWvQHeZTiSpVD0Q/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 352px;" title="Bavarian International School" /></span></span></span></span></span></span> <img alt="Bavarian International School Berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmLBdugSBptDnFFAKctIuz_L9GcQ3AIPJdJBGsIH9EA6diiVRILtrZwKq4DrvtU3hQFx-6HVRlRrkMA-FjtqdXed9ycT_VYuAhyphenhyphen1J5JHUOL366mKZiVCxCJzOakKmOi3XirL_60CQuzidh/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529+copy+3.gif" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="429" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmLBdugSBptDnFFAKctIuz_L9GcQ3AIPJdJBGsIH9EA6diiVRILtrZwKq4DrvtU3hQFx-6HVRlRrkMA-FjtqdXed9ycT_VYuAhyphenhyphen1J5JHUOL366mKZiVCxCJzOakKmOi3XirL_60CQuzidh/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529+copy+3.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 292px;" title="Bavarian International School" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The and My 2012 and 2018 <i>Bavarian International School </i>cohorts with the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Aufziehen der Wache</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> on the left and Hitlerjugend right. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiyYKEj8398TpsXmZS8nEYsvpEIaxIhis94Ie1T31ulo2kyMV2NWmxhSkiUaUQlHJFyy5uEVZIaBw_q7kJMNDGsYGI79nQJHOsXbV96cb2Rc36j9wmWBLqxMrkN5MwlW73zlkVyKwiMxW8fBuYfLPJcWTpXAhd5MnN-_JunIc4mjn1LD12HxuszW4fZ3Q" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiyYKEj8398TpsXmZS8nEYsvpEIaxIhis94Ie1T31ulo2kyMV2NWmxhSkiUaUQlHJFyy5uEVZIaBw_q7kJMNDGsYGI79nQJHOsXbV96cb2Rc36j9wmWBLqxMrkN5MwlW73zlkVyKwiMxW8fBuYfLPJcWTpXAhd5MnN-_JunIc4mjn1LD12HxuszW4fZ3Q" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 255px; width: 339px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgnT30-crLw3nuesOqSsKnadjg7xIteJyqMxzxW237PJeZqGSuN6YHAcdVJ3cWHv2BgnJtCaS7-K3K9nLnr7Yad4FGf30Rug2JFiw0_NztAZb2v0Txwt-wDd8LCg8u71DgE4PEVMojAFjFGB1UrDtuFnLRbc9rVWgd8IUdFUkEKnvKC_hpiZVYPMDaOGg=s320" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="465" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgnT30-crLw3nuesOqSsKnadjg7xIteJyqMxzxW237PJeZqGSuN6YHAcdVJ3cWHv2BgnJtCaS7-K3K9nLnr7Yad4FGf30Rug2JFiw0_NztAZb2v0Txwt-wDd8LCg8u71DgE4PEVMojAFjFGB1UrDtuFnLRbc9rVWgd8IUdFUkEKnvKC_hpiZVYPMDaOGg=s320" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 255px; width: 285px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler's 50th Birthday celebrations</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrrjDfc5bqh0Iv4TV_0du2KVhBLTLONh5AbXnIqzWLYog0pOs8C-N5LGasZ21N57Ve_xlzB8lRaloW8KlMtJIRbMGiQ5QtuSkt8dU7LRs8458RMIDw9SgYuEk8pKPzVMI48qIirkTeT87H/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="599" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrrjDfc5bqh0Iv4TV_0du2KVhBLTLONh5AbXnIqzWLYog0pOs8C-N5LGasZ21N57Ve_xlzB8lRaloW8KlMtJIRbMGiQ5QtuSkt8dU7LRs8458RMIDw9SgYuEk8pKPzVMI48qIirkTeT87H/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>July 1940 as German troops return home victorious after quickly dispatching France</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjGFfOpgn_YDlStlZlAcP5FF0qqmr0aQJrl37Q7sPmGdQLLwATFT6wNpNoLbh5Fro7yONdaxlTgtbWkIYOKRtF0q83ocTKRzZF32V3IWU_gRvL2BLgr-6yM11YJqTmsrZZEi98jf786ZsU2Pl6D7ZDP368JMbgB6WhhbBw7M7i10T-y6wyTGh5Sw3XR_Q=s320" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="407" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjGFfOpgn_YDlStlZlAcP5FF0qqmr0aQJrl37Q7sPmGdQLLwATFT6wNpNoLbh5Fro7yONdaxlTgtbWkIYOKRtF0q83ocTKRzZF32V3IWU_gRvL2BLgr-6yM11YJqTmsrZZEi98jf786ZsU2Pl6D7ZDP368JMbgB6WhhbBw7M7i10T-y6wyTGh5Sw3XR_Q=s320" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 334px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjbNAv6C7nAb3OI_vTpsKVClydFHiSW1qWwJDoNDdPHcHiu5maVjxF2AmyQ4qNrmXD7aPW83qsKqUuOehXqdsRoxqWLOJ8XvKSnsdg4hJU6kjQmXp-ZrS743c3mPi31TdzMtIbmX56JERm13WcsAjqwrsCe4ZvtYIK4CIslDfplC9galtt9DN3yczNg0g=s320" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="401" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjbNAv6C7nAb3OI_vTpsKVClydFHiSW1qWwJDoNDdPHcHiu5maVjxF2AmyQ4qNrmXD7aPW83qsKqUuOehXqdsRoxqWLOJ8XvKSnsdg4hJU6kjQmXp-ZrS743c3mPi31TdzMtIbmX56JERm13WcsAjqwrsCe4ZvtYIK4CIslDfplC9galtt9DN3yczNg0g=s320" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 317px;" /><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery joining Deputy Supreme Commander in Chief of the Red Army, Marshal Zhukov, the Commander of the 21st Army Group, Marshal Sokolovsky and General Rokossovsky of the Red Army as they leave the Brandenburg Gate after decorating them at the July 12, 1945 ceremony.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZxeYoXKW9Ic5gekbQZ6eWkegUEEZ5BNDRnN_ViWj7k-ljMgbJy4RvxvAqmxsKUyfk2nOiy9rfO10-4XlGx8i0TtqpQGhO1EalvsSlIb8OkgHipPIhNYgVczD15OlD3kAFqDLCPniL934/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School" border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="443" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZxeYoXKW9Ic5gekbQZ6eWkegUEEZ5BNDRnN_ViWj7k-ljMgbJy4RvxvAqmxsKUyfk2nOiy9rfO10-4XlGx8i0TtqpQGhO1EalvsSlIb8OkgHipPIhNYgVczD15OlD3kAFqDLCPniL934/w400-h228/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Bavarian International School" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Brandenburg Gate as seen from the British Zone and during my 2013 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Bavarian International School </span></span></span></span></span></span>class trip.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The two guardhouses flanking the Brandenburg Gate were piles of rubble. Soldiers from the four powers walked around adding a living aspect to the landscape of ruin. Around the Reichstag building a black market had grown up. There were Russian graves on the Ranke Platz and abandoned tanks on the pavements. The latter served as kiosks, announcing dance schools, new theatres and newspapers and toys for urchins reminiscent of the pictures by Heinrich Zille. The Franziskus Hospital was the only undamaged building, and the nuns looked timeless in their habits, as if they had emerged from somewhere on the Castilian Meseta. Near by, the Tiergarten was a blackened shambles, looking more like a battlefield than a landscaped garden. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>MacDonogh (120-121) <i>After the Reich</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6Ct3ZQhdIYombyB9HbWkY443eQlbllPXcN63r9qFJfy_bnwpn98tnOwqW7E85olryVIi8HYj7VDew51gTGnIZq1x373DXO9cpsouVLidlSbcJ7_GTzWNMcoOCf-ZeDSsRhYjE9hdmJBbT/s1600/branden.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School" border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="588" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6Ct3ZQhdIYombyB9HbWkY443eQlbllPXcN63r9qFJfy_bnwpn98tnOwqW7E85olryVIi8HYj7VDew51gTGnIZq1x373DXO9cpsouVLidlSbcJ7_GTzWNMcoOCf-ZeDSsRhYjE9hdmJBbT/w640-h324/branden.gif" title="Bavarian International School history trip" width="640" /></a><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>From my 2018 Bavarian International School trip </span></span></span></span></span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYyevnjAtSH6FfRD4cZgDnSPrT8ReGhEtff6EeFFoFxr3xgzxxcFoRxokdNo_rHyentApXDv3M9ZrKgOVNBtNWcjuB9WxpP58v6LQhSBJHo-oDnVRxiEjmCxQTe_yPiRY2Bp_56IL9mhuy/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25287%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School" border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="550" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYyevnjAtSH6FfRD4cZgDnSPrT8ReGhEtff6EeFFoFxr3xgzxxcFoRxokdNo_rHyentApXDv3M9ZrKgOVNBtNWcjuB9WxpP58v6LQhSBJHo-oDnVRxiEjmCxQTe_yPiRY2Bp_56IL9mhuy/w640-h330/ezgif.com-optimize+%25287%2529.gif" title="Heath's Bavarian International School history trip to Berlin" width="640" /></a><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Taken from the other side of the Gate </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4nt4kqbNY3zZuTuqUj3MfuRQbDHVGpYThUJ9lMehnWkt1qniCqfI0FjAWD1CvavQ1oqqWdn42rqi6oOXe1hyDf3vJQyyEGGJZPu3vSlgA4qkK1s5Bk6epVZPN3j7RtV6WSUCu6TXm1qs/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="421" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4nt4kqbNY3zZuTuqUj3MfuRQbDHVGpYThUJ9lMehnWkt1qniCqfI0FjAWD1CvavQ1oqqWdn42rqi6oOXe1hyDf3vJQyyEGGJZPu3vSlgA4qkK1s5Bk6epVZPN3j7RtV6WSUCu6TXm1qs/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A T-34- </span></span><span><span><span><span>the most-produced tank of the war, as well as the second most produced tank of all time-</span></span> in front of the Brandenburg Gate after the battle. After 44,900 losses during the war, it is also recognised as having suffered the most tank losses of all time. When first encountered in 1941, German general Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist called it "the finest tank in the world" and Heinz Guderian affirmed the T-34's "vast superiority" over existing German armour of the period. Although its armour and armament were surpassed later in the war, it has often been credited as the most effective, efficient and influential tank design of the Second World War. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Brandenburg Gate had become the main focus for barter and the black market at the beginning of May, when liberated prisoners of war and forced labourers traded their loot. Ursula von Kardorff found all sorts of women prostituting themselves for food or the alternative currency of cigarettes. `Willkommen in Shanghai,' remarked one cynic. Young women of thirty looked years older, she noticed. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Beever (414) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0140286969%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0140286969%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb15">The Fall of Berlin: 1945</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8BnQhug-aq_dU1injbIuAFrktfgqZ_puDGJ2HcRxxzQexYR95NWXlRrhl95IdLMl-kbV-M-BAGw2Z8sZFfYYJRqLXF6Z3MscjT_VpLvgka59tc3J49RNOsPcfvZWMcrr1tREqaYaLd9A/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="398" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8BnQhug-aq_dU1injbIuAFrktfgqZ_puDGJ2HcRxxzQexYR95NWXlRrhl95IdLMl-kbV-M-BAGw2Z8sZFfYYJRqLXF6Z3MscjT_VpLvgka59tc3J49RNOsPcfvZWMcrr1tREqaYaLd9A/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="387" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dazed civilians receiving care from Red Cross personnel in front of the Brandenburg Gate and my 2016 cohort.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Once it had been decided that all Germans were guilty, the next job was to punish them. Despite the propaganda rations meted out by the Russians in Berlin, the Potsdam Conference decided that the Germans were not to be over-fed. Requests by the Red Cross to bring in provisions were waved aside, and in the winter of 1945 donations were returned with the recommendation that they be used in other war-torn parts of Europe – although the Irish and Swiss contributions had been specifically raised with Germany in mind. The first donations to be permitted reached the American Zone in March 1946, to some degree thanks to the intervention of British intellectuals such as Bertrand Russell and Victor Gollancz.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>... Despite the great wrong perpetrated against his people, Gollancz could not sanction another crime: ‘The plain fact is . . . we are starving the Germans. And we are starving them, not deliberately in the sense that we definitely want them to die, but wilfully in the sense that we prefer their death to our own inconvenience.’ Over and over again in his letters to his wife, he is struck by the fact that these suffering infants might have been his own children. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="bxgy_x_title"><span class="bxgy-binding-byline"><span class="bxgy-byline-text">MacDonogh </span></span></span><span>(361-362) </span><span id="btAsinTitle" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/After-Reich-Brutal-History-Occupation/dp/0465003389">After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>It is still possible to honour the Red Army's victory today (although an American tourist found reason to be offended in the contempt shown for her flag) provided one doesn't dwell on its "excesses"...</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Does Djilas, who is himself a writer, not know what human suffering and the human heart are? Can't he understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometres through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Stalin re<span style="font-size: small;">sponding to complaints about the rapes and looting committed by the Red Army during the Second World War. Milovan Djilas, <a href="https://www.bannedthought.net/USSR/Stalin/MilovanDjilas-ConversationsWithStalin-1967-OCR.pdf"><i>Conversations with Stalin</i></a>, p. 95. Stalin would also suggest that "We lecture our soldiers too much; let them have their initiative."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Conservative estimates place the number of Berlin women raped at 20,000. It began in Neukölln at 18.00 on April 27. The worst cases involved very young children or elderly ladies, and the victims were often killed afterwards. It was rumoured that the severity of the rapine was caused by the fact the Russians had sent in units made up of criminals – such as the Nazis had used at the time of the Warsaw Uprising – but this was later revealed to have been untrue. Rapists were threatened with gruesome punishments, but the prospect of satisfying their lust proved stronger than the fear of chastisement. One officer reprimanded a soldier with the words ‘ukas Stalina’ (Stalin’s orders), but the man answered back, saying the Germans had raped his sister. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpbhU-OlvOjiXxLguWQK5KAPa-mrwktH12AeGzA2bkjurk8ajUg0VzwZZhkDK-sF85bLXQaWX_DRgW2jlrLa2D7acjhUzK8dhBc3YeSg8HKfsKSTNLDWUHYuBKxI4BtLBLoFwVRoWuK7cj/s1600/1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5623971602147531426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpbhU-OlvOjiXxLguWQK5KAPa-mrwktH12AeGzA2bkjurk8ajUg0VzwZZhkDK-sF85bLXQaWX_DRgW2jlrLa2D7acjhUzK8dhBc3YeSg8HKfsKSTNLDWUHYuBKxI4BtLBLoFwVRoWuK7cj/s320/1" width="211" /></a><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Showing little has changed when it comes to Russians currently raping and torturing women and children in a Hitleresque war of extermination, a kind of gallows humour grew up that was encapsulated in the expression ‘Besser ein Iwan auf dem Bauch als ein Ami auf dem Kopf!’ (Better a Russki on the belly than a Yank on the head!), meaning that rape was preferable to being blown up by a bomb. In a frightful twist in the gallows humour of the time, Berlin children used to play the ‘Frau komm mit!’ game, with the boys taking the part of the soldiers and the girls their victims. There was a trade in stars of David, which sold for up to 500 reichsmarks, but in the end the Russians couldn’t care less if the woman was Jewish or the house they plundered had a Jewish owner, not having gone to war to protect the Jews after all. The rapes continued throughout the time the Russians had Berlin to themselves, but they slackened off markedly after May 4. Even when Berlin women were not driven so far as to take their own lives, the rapes had inevitable consequences in the form of disease and babies. <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/weissensee-abandoned-childrens-hospital">Some of these unwanted babies were placed in a home in Wilmersdorf.</a> In 1946 it was estimated that one in six of the children born out of wedlock had been fathered by Russians. Coping with syphilis and gonorrhoea without antibiotics was part of a woman’s life at the time.<a href="https://ia800407.us.archive.org/16/items/AfterTheReichTheBrutalHistoryOfTheAlliedOccupation/After%20The%20Reich%20%E2%80%93%20%20The%20Brutal%20History%20Of%20The%20Allied%20Occupation.pdf"> Ten percent of those raped were infected, and antibiotics cost the equivalent of two pounds of coffee. </a>Most of the unwanted Russian children were aborted, although there was the usual rumour that Stalin had forbidden the women to dispose of their children because he wanted to see an alteration in the racial mix. Abortion was a crude business, normally carried out without anaesthetic and costing about 1,000 reichsmarks. Many women performed the act on themselves, with inevitable consequences. Despite the massive incidence of abortion, it is estimated that <a href="https://library.fes.de/afs/pdf/afs-1998-215.pdf">between 150,000 and 200,000 ‘Russian babies’ survived unfancy</a>. The daily threat of rape petered out only when the Western Allies arrived in July, and when the Soviet authorities realised that it was damaging their chances of political success among the civilian population.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtq8KEB2UcLUNC4n0uWVoyf9Xp2wSVv4WPgITLl8V4XggrYpO6A_PDHKVuVpE_DGGj4CKOQvUIbPkp7h0iBKDC8lnA5JMH4zpNR1KLMGDOxxNiSBG_jV9ZLELUBs9sR-CZ4FWryUUNwldr/s432/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25286%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="432" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtq8KEB2UcLUNC4n0uWVoyf9Xp2wSVv4WPgITLl8V4XggrYpO6A_PDHKVuVpE_DGGj4CKOQvUIbPkp7h0iBKDC8lnA5JMH4zpNR1KLMGDOxxNiSBG_jV9ZLELUBs9sR-CZ4FWryUUNwldr/w400-h274/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25286%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></div>My 2020 <i>Bavarian International School </i>cohort and another group of students visiting the same spot in 1951. The denuded space behind the Gate in what is the Tiergarten is a result of its trees being felled to be used as firewood due to a coal shortage. The Quadriga statue on top was eventually returned to the gate in June 1958, replacing the Soviet flag that flew there for years after the closing off of East Berlin. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">After Germany's surrender and the end of the war, the governments of East Berlin and West Berlin restored it in a joint effort. The holes were patched, but were visible for many years. The gate was located in the Soviet occupation zone, directly next to the border to the British occupation zone, which later became the border between East and West Berlin. Vehicles and pedestrians could travel freely through the gate until the day after construction began on the Berlin Wall on Barbed Wire Sunday, August 13, 1961. West Berliners gathered on the western side of the gate to demonstrate against the Berlin Wall, among them West Berlin's mayor, Willy Brandt, who had returned from a federal election campaign tour in West Germany earlier the same day. The wall passed directly by the western side of the gate, which was closed throughout the Berlin Wall period, which ended on December 22, 1989. Today the Gate is again closed to vehicles and much of Pariser Platz has been turned into a cobblestone pedestrian zone. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2RdHBgdqGurw5ese0XQKJ3cHv6q6LIFtBraxkIThJuQxjbNyngpzxNUQ6fyRdvcdgCupFwNYY_IdV92lKwhK6MH3yMi6LyuGuvH7UWgnXTWw4j3yVvyr3JF0t7iYOGWS6XOSN90C5nDs/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2RdHBgdqGurw5ese0XQKJ3cHv6q6LIFtBraxkIThJuQxjbNyngpzxNUQ6fyRdvcdgCupFwNYY_IdV92lKwhK6MH3yMi6LyuGuvH7UWgnXTWw4j3yVvyr3JF0t7iYOGWS6XOSN90C5nDs/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 358px;" /></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpFfwVpJozO4WI5oGO6pEBVjy7eVGOp74zc4vZWtKuV20RUvYyr7fRFhCvB3k6D8xBgpdcQoY3Dr-D4ZZXS25tfxhvuubj5vrTYtDhcFeqvZnSnxCQM5U1VK8i1u0q6RGuC8ma1oNpqf0j/s320/berlin+wall.gif" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="433" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpFfwVpJozO4WI5oGO6pEBVjy7eVGOp74zc4vZWtKuV20RUvYyr7fRFhCvB3k6D8xBgpdcQoY3Dr-D4ZZXS25tfxhvuubj5vrTYtDhcFeqvZnSnxCQM5U1VK8i1u0q6RGuC8ma1oNpqf0j/s320/berlin+wall.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 277px;" /><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The site before and after the fall of the wall from the British zone </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>from my 2018 <i>Bavarian International School</i> history class trip</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="GIF: Bavarian International School at the Brandenburg Gate" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvGxtP7Txs9f2otHRx25sLQ42CN7-puh2R0CJKLX-drgTqnvNYN_cUAGC0Kdca9Lnh97QOD-1Z469PNoCXu7I2KE9_QKq1nk8vnKZvQ_ukLP0xda-VmioBqpabTpCbqQXtBi4LCNSRZNw/s320/studentbrandenezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvGxtP7Txs9f2otHRx25sLQ42CN7-puh2R0CJKLX-drgTqnvNYN_cUAGC0Kdca9Lnh97QOD-1Z469PNoCXu7I2KE9_QKq1nk8vnKZvQ_ukLP0xda-VmioBqpabTpCbqQXtBi4LCNSRZNw/s320/studentbrandenezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 312px;" title="Bavarian International School students in 2013." /></span></span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib6FEtadhmzJ_sOmiO2Oy1VPMmhCKU-xXiOVtLkeAJfL-H43iE54klk6ZS_p98F5CDHnNo94nW2y64uuuiNq6ZnljVUSyPr59jtwfwGfA7DH2qq53IE2HpzILsnhjix6O-6PKdg6yW73ar/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="509" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib6FEtadhmzJ_sOmiO2Oy1VPMmhCKU-xXiOVtLkeAJfL-H43iE54klk6ZS_p98F5CDHnNo94nW2y64uuuiNq6ZnljVUSyPr59jtwfwGfA7DH2qq53IE2HpzILsnhjix6O-6PKdg6yW73ar/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 317px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Tourists
posing in front of the Berlin Wall at the Brandenburg gate in the
British sector on June 6, 1989 and my Bavarian International School students in 2013.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj442L9qdtpTCaa9AYe3KMZmW-UddCl4sd2wUYFCCUl0Q-qQ3QCOXqmn5_zM9RdKrqJkPDQ91JAFB-lfBkYtqfvf_IzcS3mdzyAIuJ3eo7k5ziSx0DyriDj643IMn4LU_OJpHX9Fn8yBxs-/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="632" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj442L9qdtpTCaa9AYe3KMZmW-UddCl4sd2wUYFCCUl0Q-qQ3QCOXqmn5_zM9RdKrqJkPDQ91JAFB-lfBkYtqfvf_IzcS3mdzyAIuJ3eo7k5ziSx0DyriDj643IMn4LU_OJpHX9Fn8yBxs-/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Soviet IS-2 heavy tanks going past the gate and the site during the Cold War and today, wall gone. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ72oPKPK6f0O2HLrrKnDNUPd9iRF2kCq0QWnv0-gPfngCJqqqNcN3jwUEvc38i9PU7sjavEdTrByMFOWkTT_qQVI5f6X-a4HcNdBvAM7y5ss7mNZ-Y_2lunp29OHTpBjdAQB3wYissJE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-24+at+12.26.27+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ72oPKPK6f0O2HLrrKnDNUPd9iRF2kCq0QWnv0-gPfngCJqqqNcN3jwUEvc38i9PU7sjavEdTrByMFOWkTT_qQVI5f6X-a4HcNdBvAM7y5ss7mNZ-Y_2lunp29OHTpBjdAQB3wYissJE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-24+at+12.26.27+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The American embassy after the war and after its official opening July 4, 2008.</span><span>The night before he was murdered Rathenau spent at a dinner here given by Ambassador Alanson Houghton followed by a talk "that lasted until four o'clock in the morning with Hugo Stinnes, who disagreed often enough with him but at the same time admired many things he stood for." </span><span class="bxgy-binding-byline"><span class="bxgy-byline-text"><span>Davidson (179)</span> </span></span><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Making-Adolf-Hitler-Birth-Nazism/dp/0826211178/ref=pd_bxgy_b_text_b" style="font-weight: bold;">The Making of Adolf Hitler</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzE3i24PCAlaNBDuNBSo8HlMZKg2MqtGKeRj7Wdvis_8zDulBF8NHpAZXkYsh2-7GDW2KUSdNYrnq3rqNmU3Lwnj-nVgRjyiGRATa9LaPEK-tt1igdhRkXn28jcyNfSxZEmCNLKB9rkGg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-24+at+12.26.17+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzE3i24PCAlaNBDuNBSo8HlMZKg2MqtGKeRj7Wdvis_8zDulBF8NHpAZXkYsh2-7GDW2KUSdNYrnq3rqNmU3Lwnj-nVgRjyiGRATa9LaPEK-tt1igdhRkXn28jcyNfSxZEmCNLKB9rkGg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-24+at+12.26.17+PM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The US Embassy in 1939 is on the left in this picture. 'USA' is printed on the roof in an attempt to minimise damage from accidental aerial bombings which was impossible given its proximity to the Reichschancellery. The Brandenburg Gate is to the right. On the right is a photo of my school group in 2011.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Standing in front of Berlin's most famous hotel before the war, opened in 1907 when families of the high nobility sold their winter palaces in Berlin to reside in the suites of the hotel. Wilhelm II fled from the draughty rooms of his castle to its luxurious and well-heated rooms. The German Foreign Office also used the hotel as an "unofficial guest house" because there were no suitable accommodations for high visitors from abroad. Not only Europe's kings and emperors, the Tsar of Russia, the Maharajah of Patiala, but also industrialists and politicians such as Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, John D. Rockefeller, Walther Rathenau, Gustav Stresemann and Aristide Briand were famous guests in the early years. However, where the emperor used to spend the night, after the Great War rich Americans arrived who were on vacation in Europe and soon took the name of the hotel across the Atlantic. In 1919, the American occupiers had their headquarters in the Adlon. Above the hotel, however, was not the American flag, but that of the Red Cross. The "Golden Twenties" also brought golden times for the Adlon. Charlie Chaplin lost his pants buttons on the way to the hotel in Berlin and Marlene Dietrich was discovered here. Between 1925 and 1930, the hotel had almost two million visitors making it a veritable Berlin landmark. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEQ7TCBcRmQsrIUtpK4Jct7IQLLmx3qTFGXVUTcQweJXmEvn48qr-G4BqvUEwdaB61AC-4J1o5GfzJlHzY1a_afRyR9rqTBw1M-ziRn_gZOnk61F7ZnXxUx1Un7Zb6Yl0JQ7Vw28utZkLI/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25286%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="466" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEQ7TCBcRmQsrIUtpK4Jct7IQLLmx3qTFGXVUTcQweJXmEvn48qr-G4BqvUEwdaB61AC-4J1o5GfzJlHzY1a_afRyR9rqTBw1M-ziRn_gZOnk61F7ZnXxUx1Un7Zb6Yl0JQ7Vw28utZkLI/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25286%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>A parade of the newly founded Volkssturm marches through Berlin on November 12, 1944 with the Hotel Adlon in the background, and during my 2016 class trip.</b> Immediately after the Nazi seizure of power in April 1933, their foreign policy office was set up by Alfred Rosenberg </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>for a short time </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>in a wing of the building. The steady upswing of the hotel gradually came to an end with the beginning of the Nazi regime in the German Reich, mainly due to the declining number of American tourists. However, there were highlights, such as the 1936 Olympic Games when Louis Adlon, who had since taken over the management of the hotel with his wife Hedda, hoped that his house would become the new meeting place of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span> generals and leading politicians and that the hotel could emerge as the main venue for festivities. Instead, the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nazis themselves preferred the Hotel Kaiserhof a few blocks
south and directly across from the Propaganda Ministry and Hitler's
Chancellery on Wilhelmplatz. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Kaiserhof in Wilhelmstraße, possibly because the atmosphere of the Adlon was probably too conservative, too cosmopolitan, too international and so did not fit into the "fanaticism of Germanism."</span> The Adlon continued to operate normally throughout the war, even constructing a luxurious bomb shelter for its guests and a huge brick wall around the lobby level to protect the function rooms from flying debris. Parts of the hotel were converted to a military field hospital during the final days of the Battle of Berlin. The hotel survived the war without any major damage, having avoided the bombs and shelling that had levelled the city. However, on the night of May 2, 1945 a fire, started in the hotel's wine cellar by drunken Russians, left the main building in ruins.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihJ1HeV0693CFUhWdXMJqNAE-OkzarjIfmy3H6hqaSvICRUqa3x2M_BCQWynnuK1jZYjbxfyWu3_Ll-aap8iJecIHCbKCp4DduWSbviOPz_r0Orw5lYnmpHKir5ZqxZUwaspetlJlMxOmO/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="339" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihJ1HeV0693CFUhWdXMJqNAE-OkzarjIfmy3H6hqaSvICRUqa3x2M_BCQWynnuK1jZYjbxfyWu3_Ll-aap8iJecIHCbKCp4DduWSbviOPz_r0Orw5lYnmpHKir5ZqxZUwaspetlJlMxOmO/s320/ezgif.com-resize.gif" width="320" /></a></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>The Stalin portrait beside the Adlon and the view today down Unter den Linden- completely rebuilt. </b>After
Keitel had handed over document signed by Dönitz confirming the unconditional surrender arranged in Rheims the day before ending the
war, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">[t]here
were four full hours of toasts and many of the soldiers were literally
under the table. When the festivities came to an end there was a massive
cannonade, which some Berliners misinterpreted, imagining the war had
started up all over again. The Soviets had known where to find the wine:
65,000 bottles of claret had been located to this end, and others
beside. They had taken it from a walled-up section of the cellars of
Berlin’s best hotel, the Adlon. The fate of the hotel was sealed by the
discovery of the wine cellar. Russian lorries came to take away the
contents, and very soon a fire broke out that was to destroy one of the
few buildings in the street that had survived the conflict.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="bxgy_x_title"><span class="bxgy-binding-byline"><span class="bxgy-byline-text">MacDonogh </span></span></span><span>(104) </span><span id="btAsinTitle" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/After-Reich-Brutal-History-Occupation/dp/0465003389">After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAykEvO7Xj5o_UBVS6X6GAU7neaZ8etaUmmbXlhJxD5-5e1Y37Mt1jgrDkp4bmzKj8wTx6hxsNarUsU0XEZxdX2ZbQsIpP9PTuJ67iXVNpR10kNWrsnEwJiXyhqenygi6TcpjFamJRChI/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-24+at+12.25.25+PM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAykEvO7Xj5o_UBVS6X6GAU7neaZ8etaUmmbXlhJxD5-5e1Y37Mt1jgrDkp4bmzKj8wTx6hxsNarUsU0XEZxdX2ZbQsIpP9PTuJ67iXVNpR10kNWrsnEwJiXyhqenygi6TcpjFamJRChI/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-03-24+at+12.25.25+PM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Louis Adlon himself was arrested in his home near Potsdam by Soviet
troops on April 25 after they mistook him for a general due to his title
of "Generaldirektor". He died on a street in Falkensee on May 7, 1945,
of cardiac insufficiency according to the death certificate. Following the war, the East German government reopened the
building's surviving rear service wing under the Hotel Adlon name. The
ruined main building was demolished in 1952, along with all of the other
buildings on Pariser Platz. The square was left as an abandoned,
grassed-over buffer with the West, with the Brandenburg Gate sitting
alone by the Berlin Wall. In 1964, the remaining part of the building
was renovated and the façade was redone. However, in the 1970s what
remained of the original Hotel Adlon closed to guests and was converted
to serve mainly as a lodging house for East German apprentices. Finally,
in 1984, the building was demolished. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The Adlon was the hotel where Michael Jackson infamously </span><span class="body" style="font-size: 100%;"> dangled his baby out of the window of his room on the third floor, holding it with one arm under its shoulders in November, 2002:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSiUs_VXodefdds1h9f1TXdYgneYENuO6JpAzo_YWTPRopjZY7yvVABhsnwUT76gkMy_RkjEhrIM2Lwz6fgLw32z9IgzuLbJEfP22-0SZA2KXBKAKH5zT1XE2e7rXdXz-LLka7cTQ3jys/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="378" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSiUs_VXodefdds1h9f1TXdYgneYENuO6JpAzo_YWTPRopjZY7yvVABhsnwUT76gkMy_RkjEhrIM2Lwz6fgLw32z9IgzuLbJEfP22-0SZA2KXBKAKH5zT1XE2e7rXdXz-LLka7cTQ3jys/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Standing in front of the site of the former Central Office of the Inspector General for Construction in the Reich Capital at </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Pariser Platz 4</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Originally Palais Arnim, from 1907 to 1938 it was the seat of the Prussian Academy of Arts. A</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">fter the July 1937 campaign against the Degenerate Art had led to the closure of the New Department of the National Gallery, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Albert Speer used these premises as a workplace in his capacity as general construction inspector for the imperial capital given him by Hitler on January 30, 1937. In February 1937, Speer described its use as allowing for "the Führer to come through the ministerial gardens into the rooms of the new office, the only building in the immediate vicinity of the Reich Chancellery, whose corporation no longer fulfils any worthwhile purpose." Speer divided the rooms of the Arnim Palace into offices and studios, taking up quarters in the great hall. In his exhibition building, he had a large model of Berlin set up in the middle hall escape, which only partially retained its skylight. All eight remaining halls were replaced by skylights, rebuilt into studios and workshops, and overbuilt by two storeys with new stairwells. Often Hitler visited the building to visit the models and plans for the planned rebuilding of Berlin and to discuss it with Speer and his coworkers. Speer moved into the building in 1942 after Hitler had appointed him to succeed Fritz Todt in the Office of the Minister of Armaments and Munitions. From 1943 Speer and his staff, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"> headed by Rudolf Wolters,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> used the site and working staff for the reconstruction of bombed cities. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Speer's plans for Germania</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfGN3Uq8dka3gzNTP1SSJLUnljoePGGuSm-bJQVRkmmZBLVTJMdaPnUtzcQ78splVf5EJsdHGWzzaZTXRuMj4sjqwlTIg4gNqepnXjqMPzBNbWv_E28TkKgBUcNok0ilK2I7_yRF4ho74/s1600/6myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfGN3Uq8dka3gzNTP1SSJLUnljoePGGuSm-bJQVRkmmZBLVTJMdaPnUtzcQ78splVf5EJsdHGWzzaZTXRuMj4sjqwlTIg4gNqepnXjqMPzBNbWv_E28TkKgBUcNok0ilK2I7_yRF4ho74/s640/6myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>From
the "Mythos Germania: Shadows and Traces of the Imperial Capital'' in
Berlin, this was the model that was built for the movie "Der
Untergang"and later used in the movie "Speer & Er" with some
additions. It shows the re-planning of Berlin by architect Albert Speer
and Adolf Hitler which was to be renamed Germania. The plan was to make
a North/South axis with a triumphal arch and the so-called Great Hall
at the northern end of the avenue.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Standing beside the original model of the proposed Great Hall of the People (Große Halle, Halle des Volkes) designed by </span></span>Albert
Speer, who enjoyed a meteoric rise to power and prominence as Hitler's favourite architect. In 1925, Speer began to study architecture in
Berlin. In 1931, after hearing Hitler speak, he joined the Nazi Party.
When the Nazis came to power, Speer was given the job of redesigning the
ministerial residence of Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's chief of
propaganda. The work Speer did on this job brought him to the attention
of Hitler, who gave Speer the commission for the new Chancellery
building. Together Hitler and Speer then began work on monumental plans
to reconstruct Berlin and make it the capital (now to be called
Germania) of the new Nazi Empire, with enormous public buildings that
would dwarf all existing structures. The Great Hall was intended to be
several times the size of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, which was then
the largest single building in Europe. Speer managed to complete part of
his plan before the war. Part of Berlin was torn down and to house Aryan Berliners living in this neighbourhood, Speer forcibly evicted
Jews from almost six thousand apartments. As armaments minister during
the war, Speer worked slave labourers to death to keep the German war
machine going. When Germany was defeated, Speer did not think the
victorious Allies would prosecute him for war crimes because he had,
after all, been only an architect for Hitler. The Allies disagreed, putting Speer on trial in 1945 and sentencing him to twenty years in prison whilst his subordinate was hanged. For Speer's knowledge of the Holocaust despite his denials, <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/p/sample-dp-history-ias-did-albert-speer.html">see examples of my students' research projects</a> for the IBDP History course.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" class="b-hbp-video b-uploaded" frameborder="0" height="227" id="BLOGGER-video-4911dfda24142db9-17638" mozallowfullscreen="mozallowfullscreen" src="https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwg8Fu7u844OJRt7laJy5vqmJIIpxiVkEB60SE4oNDxBCjTrh3LYYVnztipRSsvwDk2wgO0IuNlzPkMhc7bsowmwYX1F2A_5De4G6tpKRzTCoG6EXJnvlt2LYfLIhFZYXOymTo8" webkitallowfullscreen="webkitallowfullscreen" width="273"></iframe><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnLIG36RMunJMDQm_v-k9I3kTDPoUcN59pUJYCqeXV0s2h0vVCFiex71gdBvknEVwDAkYekHz1UDiKc3m9ZvLWQvLESkzpkZsIHne-ZVeY7RFC5s-KRhPVerJaUuJDS5KK9o1bz6cjRUc/s1600/1"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5591085529321350114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnLIG36RMunJMDQm_v-k9I3kTDPoUcN59pUJYCqeXV0s2h0vVCFiex71gdBvknEVwDAkYekHz1UDiKc3m9ZvLWQvLESkzpkZsIHne-ZVeY7RFC5s-KRhPVerJaUuJDS5KK9o1bz6cjRUc/s400/1" style="cursor: pointer; height: 226px; width: 358px;" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">In this short trailer, Speer's work has been recreated in a detailed virtual 3D model, from his first commission for the Nazi Party in 1932, to the "Great Hall" that Hitler wished him to complete before 1950. This makes it possible to draw a direct comparison between the historic architecture of the old Berlin, and the buildings that were constructed and planned by the Nazis. Some of these buildings, which were originally erected under Albert Speer, still dominate the cityscape of modern Berlin, although their origin is largely unknown today. </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Focusing on the time period between 1932 and 1940, the historic buildings of Voss Street were digitally recreated for this film. Aside from the architectural highlights on the street, such as the Ministry of Justice, the Bavarian legation and Palais Mosse, the film also discusses the building where Albert Speer executed his first contract for the Nazi Party in 1932. The way in which the construction of the New Reich's Chancellery influenced the character of the street is demonstrated, as well as the expansion of Voss Street that would have taken place by 1950. This expansion was never carried out, and formed part of the plans for the new Reich's Capital -- "Germania".</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>According to Hitler, Berlin could now finally become a 'truly’ German capital city: it was to be totally rebuilt and renamed Germania. Historians have devoted considerable attention to Hitler’s plans for the rebuilding of Berlin, but they have rarely acknowledged their effect on both the face of tourist Berlin and the meaning of a visit to the capital between 1933 and 1945. Yet it is impossible to overestimate the degree to which Berlin’s new buildings – among them, the Reich Chancellery, the Reich Sport Field, the Reich Ministry of Transportation and the Reich Aviation Ministry – became key sights for visitors to the city.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Semmens (46)<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Seeing-Hitlers-Germany-Tourism-Third/dp/1403939144/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1292149993&sr=1-1">Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Pretty
much all that's left of Speer's mark on Berlin: a double row of
lampposts along the Strasse des 17. Juni designed by him. Around half
of the original 703 of these lamps survived the Second World War. An
original design by Speer, approved by Hitler himself.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSCUTEiZqagE_wkSgrkWR-0DIzx9mwe1QRrfgXzSKsVgeR32J1ZBcwKKfE4ZN5ms-TXIZrt0G8EiufTlaniZkiJV-81ELZRv_AiBeYU_Hdw1X-xcxl1yK5I7U7GoGuZZfxaS2K3ke3VVqRzPuiOKTqqvFyNpf7BaXGkpPW-jggE74KnJKuzooKIha3tw/s386/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-09T001321.026.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Reinhold Begas's Der Prometheus in Fesseln." border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="287" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSCUTEiZqagE_wkSgrkWR-0DIzx9mwe1QRrfgXzSKsVgeR32J1ZBcwKKfE4ZN5ms-TXIZrt0G8EiufTlaniZkiJV-81ELZRv_AiBeYU_Hdw1X-xcxl1yK5I7U7GoGuZZfxaS2K3ke3VVqRzPuiOKTqqvFyNpf7BaXGkpPW-jggE74KnJKuzooKIha3tw/w298-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-09T001321.026.gif" title="Reinhold Begas's Der Prometheus in Fesseln." width="298" /></a></div></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">At the rear of the building leading between Pariser Platz and Behrenstraße behind can be found </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Reinhold Begas's </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i>Der Prometheus in Fesseln</i>. It was one of Begas's last wrorks before his death when it remained in his widow's basement of her Berlin town house, until 1941 when the enthusiasm of the Nazi General Inspector Albert Speer acquired the sculpture in 1942 for the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Central Office of the Inspector General for Construction in the Reich Capital</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and two years later walled it off for protection against bombing </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">on the west side of the Ihneturm</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. It was finally unearthed in 1995 as shown here in time for the 300th anniversary of the Academy. However, in trying to chisel it out of its confines its penis was chipped off; it appears to have been restored today. This was only the most egregious indignity it suffered; the Nazis, before imprisoning it, had tried to clean the statue with sulfuric acid- possibly the worst thing one can do to </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Carrara marble</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">After
a 56 million Euro restoration, Berlin's Academy of the Arts re-opened
at its historic location at Pariser Platz 4 between the Adlon Hotel and
Brandenburg Gate. Founded in 1696, the Academy of the Arts offers a look
back at a turbulent history that includes Nazi domination, destruction
during the war, and the takeover by the East German Border
Patrol after the division of Berlin. Designed by architects Behnisch
& Partner and Werner Durth, the new glass and steel building is
meant to reflect the dimensions of its original structure. Remnants of
the former Academy have also been incorporated in the design, mirroring
the building's history and destruction. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 180%;">The Reichstag</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjgS2iX8TV3USX7zFAuJlIHGuM_08BnuncNO9OCy5myoBLXjQxiU3gC-n_0ws4HcpUdBMIX0HkikOAELmtjpjLjh087_iGh_kXzyfkYYWFGC0rG9lj89kGwTtnq7kNtN5WneVzBYMVwtA/s320/_th_445x558__scheidemann_ruft_aus__ratdervolks_sz_photo_94724.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjgS2iX8TV3USX7zFAuJlIHGuM_08BnuncNO9OCy5myoBLXjQxiU3gC-n_0ws4HcpUdBMIX0HkikOAELmtjpjLjh087_iGh_kXzyfkYYWFGC0rG9lj89kGwTtnq7kNtN5WneVzBYMVwtA/s320/_th_445x558__scheidemann_ruft_aus__ratdervolks_sz_photo_94724.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 209px; width: 167px;" /><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5ivdbanonPdG4FIBuMf5pQ9r5QcinQ5b7q44hYmaf2m8wboL5mbhIyK6fqol52_Q_jtoYuu13Fz2YwyTZAzc82TNaBXCMx77yWwH3A5-Lcvid_CG0IvgQ5h9BElWNhJtJjxyozXX8fZA/s320/reichstag-fire.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5ivdbanonPdG4FIBuMf5pQ9r5QcinQ5b7q44hYmaf2m8wboL5mbhIyK6fqol52_Q_jtoYuu13Fz2YwyTZAzc82TNaBXCMx77yWwH3A5-Lcvid_CG0IvgQ5h9BElWNhJtJjxyozXX8fZA/s320/reichstag-fire.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 209px; width: 314px;" /></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqyUOcVBX9eWh_9WfChGqHzOA-1bZUIacDWa-PUok47hTHNS2g_LiUfnTBunrG9qWt2xRt2LpoGpGNwlo4satOjXS31KaCWwkjbzbLMKUS6hitltUWLWBOZ5lrg3kH7OUPe4_8bYEFEys/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-03-08+at+09.37.32.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqyUOcVBX9eWh_9WfChGqHzOA-1bZUIacDWa-PUok47hTHNS2g_LiUfnTBunrG9qWt2xRt2LpoGpGNwlo4satOjXS31KaCWwkjbzbLMKUS6hitltUWLWBOZ5lrg3kH7OUPe4_8bYEFEys/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-03-08+at+09.37.32.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 209px; width: 114px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Three seminal photographs of 20th century Germany with the Reichstag as a backdrop all have one other thing in common- they have all been manipulated. The first photo shows Philipp Scheidemann (SPD) proclaiming the end of the monarchy and birth of the Republic on November 9, 1918 by a window of the Reichstag. In reality, no-one would have been in a position to have heard anything he said. Later that afternoon Karl Liebknecht from the communist Spartakusbund called out the socialist Soviet republic from the palace. The centre photo of the Reichstag fire was manipulated to appear that the fire had been more widespread and devastating than it actually was, limited mainly to the central council chamber. The third shows the iconic raising of the Soviet flag which had been altered to remove the extra watch worn by the soldier as it appeared to confirm the systematic stealing of watches from Berliners. The original photo (top) was altered (bottom) by editing the watch on the soldier's right wrist.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjffI7ngZ9OPg3myQlBpgVrS-Culq2X7I8A-gI9sCosgJ5Yca2yGCBR51NwK-E1E6BpbagCbY2_7_O9q-AEovrM5rvePsIEOlpFP_rhIYHWjcEy-437RgQWdja20ABd_e4_cNQfZfWxzT2/s1600/Reichstagezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School at the Reichstag" border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjffI7ngZ9OPg3myQlBpgVrS-Culq2X7I8A-gI9sCosgJ5Yca2yGCBR51NwK-E1E6BpbagCbY2_7_O9q-AEovrM5rvePsIEOlpFP_rhIYHWjcEy-437RgQWdja20ABd_e4_cNQfZfWxzT2/s400/Reichstagezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span><span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">My 2016 class in front of the Reichstag, Germany's parliament in Berlin. The name together with its monumental size make most people associate Germany's neoclassical parliamentary building with the Nazis, but Hitler and his party have little history here. After hosting parliamentary sessions since 1894, one month after Hitler was appointed chancellor in January 1933, it was set on fire by Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe. In the years during which it abutted the Wall as a conference centre, West Berliners played football on its lawn, whilst later artist Christo famously wrapped it in cloth. It did not serve as parliament again until a reunited German government returned to Berlin in 1999. Renovated by Sir Norman Foster, this building is perhaps the most public federal building in the world through its glass-dome tourist attraction. On the rooftop, photographs documenting the building's history circle the rim above the parliament chamber. Two ramps spiral up the side of the dome, an engineering feat even more fascinating than the panoramic view from the top.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpTinzreYQuN0a6Ov4VgGKyYcB5zWFnncufXJKOt0ynby5p0MYAHclVdjPC1PBRjvSRsvaf7PzZheA0T4qnfAg7OD9vEYl2Avjsr2Ck61Tv105TitBy49Ud64qiGCa6i9IiKIP6h364aQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-12-20+at+13.14.16.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="390" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpTinzreYQuN0a6Ov4VgGKyYcB5zWFnncufXJKOt0ynby5p0MYAHclVdjPC1PBRjvSRsvaf7PzZheA0T4qnfAg7OD9vEYl2Avjsr2Ck61Tv105TitBy49Ud64qiGCa6i9IiKIP6h364aQ/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-12-20+at+13.14.16.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On February 27 1933 the Reichstag was set ablaze whilst Hitler attended a dinner at Goebbels’s residence, from where “an underground passage” connected to the Reichstag was built. Their meal was interrupted by an important telephone call from Dr. Hanfstaengel stating that the Reichstag was on fire. Following this message Hitler and Goebbels immediately made their way to the crime scene, giving orders that all leaders of the German Communist Party should "be hanged that very night." Paul von Hindenburg vetoed this decision but did agree that Hitler should take "dictatorial powers". KPD candidates in the election were arrested and Hermann Goering announced that the Nazi Party planned "to exterminate" German communists. President Hindenburg and the vice-chancellor Von Papen also raced to the burning of the Reichstag straight away. The “night watchman Rudolf Scholz had started his customary round of inspection” after the last meeting had taken place in the Reichstag. “At 20:30 he passed the Session Chamber” reassuring himself “that everything was in order”. Additionally the Reichstag Postman, Willi Ott, who was also in the building around that time “had not noticed anything suspicious” either. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7GEUQtO1At1iZcGrqgS5LjBb68lh9DmlVfA6rIID0jc73vGjihEauQUt2n40dWawDxgujag6_-qsG6qEl19bMMUYlXA74gc3VLQzbDr0MW934VNrrluGk7kGJtAkbQ3giehh7uRFS384I/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25287%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="492" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7GEUQtO1At1iZcGrqgS5LjBb68lh9DmlVfA6rIID0jc73vGjihEauQUt2n40dWawDxgujag6_-qsG6qEl19bMMUYlXA74gc3VLQzbDr0MW934VNrrluGk7kGJtAkbQ3giehh7uRFS384I/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25287%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>He was the last person to leave the Reichstag at about 20:55. Shortly after 21:00, the theology student Hans Flöter passed by the southwestern side of the Reichstag on his way home from the State Library. A sound of breaking glass, which came from the Reichstag building, startled him. He immediately alerted the main staff sergeant Karl Buwert, claiming that he saw a figure holding a burning object. At 21:10 another Student, who also claimed to have seen someone, perhaps even more than one person, notified the Brandenburg Gate Guard Station about the fire. At 21.14 the first fire truck arrived. Right after Lieutenant Lateit peeked into the Chamber of the Reichstag, he was convinced that only one person could not have started so many individual fires. The right-wing political leaders where confident that the arsonist was a Communist. This accusation was confirmed initially when “the police arrested a young Dutch Communist, van der Lubbe, who was found in the deserted building in circumstances which left little doubt that he was responsible.” It was 21:27. During van der Lubbe’s interrogation, the young man confessed that: “something absolutely had to be done in protest against this system. I considered arson a suitable method.” Although Lubbe was blamed for the arson, some believe the Nazis exploited the fire to their advantage as they introduced an Emergency decree to suspend civil rights. Despite this decree the Nazis failed to get a majority in the March Election. The Enabling act of March 5 in 1933 was introduced, to effectively dissolve the Reichstag and ban all Communist parties. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyj-pXGCH29EuGC1JP-eFe2wFNxr-JrztLmG5Cky-aCkqeGxbk2EzHv5kFAr-nsXFrnfck5WLHVZqxzNST85pmwsY-8u9QfXjxhzXRqEAdzsxHhhHBsMqTQu4yYnFpJqdg_Gp-WuZN8vU/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-12-20+at+13.14.23.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="413" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyj-pXGCH29EuGC1JP-eFe2wFNxr-JrztLmG5Cky-aCkqeGxbk2EzHv5kFAr-nsXFrnfck5WLHVZqxzNST85pmwsY-8u9QfXjxhzXRqEAdzsxHhhHBsMqTQu4yYnFpJqdg_Gp-WuZN8vU/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-12-20+at+13.14.23.png" width="320" /></a><span>The burning of the Reichstag led to the so-called Reichstag Fire Decree, the
Enabling Act and ultimately Hitler’s rise to power, giving rise to the
question of who was responsible for this crime. </span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">On
March 23, 1933, the German Reichstag passed the Enabling Bill banning the German Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party from
taking part in future election campaigns. This was followed by Nazi
officials being put in charge of all local government in the provinces
(7th April), trades unions being abolished, their funds taken and their
leaders put in prison (2nd May), and a law passed making the Nazi Party
the only legal political party in Germany (14th July).</span></span></span> There are three main
arguments, which are debated until today; these include the involvement
of the Nazis, the sole guilt of Marinus van der Lubbe and whether or
whether not the crime had been a communist plot. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nazi involvement in the Reichstag Fire is supported by the fact that
the Nazis built an underground passage to the Reichstag in which storm
troopers dispersed “gasoline and self-igniting chemicals” on the
night of the arson under the order of the S.A leader Karl Ernst. Even
though the locksmith Wingurth declared that the tunnel into the
Reichstag had many locked doors, which where found to be closed after
the fire, one must know that the Nazis have asked him to advocate their
innocence at the Nuremberg Trials. Even the official of the Prussian
Ministry testified at the Nuremberg trials that Goebbels had the
initial idea of burning down the Reichstag. Additionally General
Franz Halder witnessed Goering shouting "The only one who really knows
about the Reichstag is I, because I set it on fire!" However Goering
denied his participation in the Fire at the Nuremberg Trials. It seems
most reasonable blaming the Nazis for the burning of the Reichstag as
according to Seftan Delmer “the fire was started by the Nazis, who used
the incident as a pretext to outlaw political opposition and impose
dictatorship.”<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVsKEO-kM8c3ooQKy2eFj2-lvnBsPlVOLaql6EPhAmR2f1m45X6SrhEVuZREkSnN76Nq4ORo6v3Y_UUteHsYRxXAk7918FB2JfpJ5-Htg8pZF4eqArLvYMGFSkQ_rIksX6ekuQWvPVrfhr/s1600/Screenshot+2020-05-25+at+15.44.30.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="tunnel that connected the Reichstag to Goering's office" border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="319" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVsKEO-kM8c3ooQKy2eFj2-lvnBsPlVOLaql6EPhAmR2f1m45X6SrhEVuZREkSnN76Nq4ORo6v3Y_UUteHsYRxXAk7918FB2JfpJ5-Htg8pZF4eqArLvYMGFSkQ_rIksX6ekuQWvPVrfhr/w338-h514/Screenshot+2020-05-25+at+15.44.30.png" title="tunnel that connected the Reichstag to Goering's office" width="338" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Standing inside the preserved section of tunnel that connected the Reichstag to Goering's office across the street and on October 18, 1933 when a delegation inspected the Reichstag's tunnel to piece together the conditions of its burning. <span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">According to Shirer, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>who worked as a reporter during the Third Reich in Germany and
had access to firsthand information</span> (since pretty much discredited),</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">From
Goering’s Reichstag President’s Palace an underground passage, built to
carry the central heating system, ran to the Reichstag building.
Through this tunnel Karl Ernst, a former hotel bellhop who h<span style="font-size: small;">ad become
the Berlin S.A. leader, led a small detachment of storm troopers on the
night of February 27 to the Reichstag, where they scattered gasoline and
self-igniting chemicals and then made their way quickly back to the
palace the way they had come. At the same time a half-witted Dutch
Communist with a passion for arson, Marinus van der Lubbe, had made</span> his
way into the huge, darkened and to him unfamiliar building and set some
small fires of his own.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span>(171) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>At the trial at
Leipzig enough evidence suggested that van der Lubbe “did not possess
the means to set so vast a building on fire so quickly.” The
testimony of experts at the trial shows that more than one person must
have set the fire, as such a widespread fire would have required large
quantities of chemicals and gasoline. It was therefore obvious “that one
man could not have carried them into the building alone.” However van der Lubbe, who already had a criminal record, had attempted several times earlier to arson different buildings in order to
protest against the German government. These failures could have
encouraged the 24-year old Communist to aim other sites such as in this
case the Reichstag. Additionally
van der Lubbe was caught with “flammable materials”, “sweating” and
“breathing heavily” during his interrogation as if he just came from the
crime scene. Lubbe’s behaviour during his interrogation and his
items he was carrying with him clearly show that he had to do something
with the fire. Why otherwise would he have carried around flammable
materials on that particular day? Furthermore Kellerhof supports the
theory of van der Lubbe being solely responsible for the fire as an own
initiative to protest against the German system. He claims that a
few flammable materials would have been enough to conduct the fire in
the Reichstag alone, as the breaking of the glass of the dome of the
Reichstag encouraged the contact between fire and oxygen, spreading the
fire even more. This is also supported by Dr. Walter Zirpnis
claiming at the Nuremberg trials that van der Lubbe acted by
himself, even though Ernst Togler, Dimitroff, Popov and Tanev gave
themselves up to the police. They only did this as a trigger to the
police’s announcement to hang Marinus van der Lubbe. <span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAn5wOi3su_yxMgdUNC3VnprDKdJdi8l3NyYS9MhaQ79YALe-DPUVeYqCV915BGGJ9FPo5ieY-SSnSntnhpLWVWusrNfQAYKp0HFit1_EfZfa6dSVZtoIV8lgWoZHyPQRn7EqUbgfaVtVM/s1600/12.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="413" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5618814936779635250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAn5wOi3su_yxMgdUNC3VnprDKdJdi8l3NyYS9MhaQ79YALe-DPUVeYqCV915BGGJ9FPo5ieY-SSnSntnhpLWVWusrNfQAYKp0HFit1_EfZfa6dSVZtoIV8lgWoZHyPQRn7EqUbgfaVtVM/w284-h413/12.jpg" style="height: 425px; width: 284px;" width="284" /></a><span>Standing within the Reichstag with Göring's former office shown behind across the street; the view would have been blocked by the Berlin wall during the Cold War. In his book published 1963 Tobias described the use of the famous tunnel from this building to the Reichstag was just an “ingenious communist speculation”. However, Tobias has been accused of dismissing “forensic evidence such as the testimony of fire experts who claimed the necessity of multiple arsonists to set the fire” whilst Richard Evans writes how “numerous forgeries and falsifications have been found among the documentary evidence purporting to prove Nazi involvement”. Indeed, Benjamin Carter claims that Tobias was a "senior official of Germany’s domestic intelligence services” who benefited from his personal ties to Gestapo officers. Nevertheless, in the so-called <i>Brown Book</i> published by the Communist activist Willi Münzenberg, there was enough evidence presented arguing that SA officers had accessed the Reichstag via the tunnel connected to Göering’s basement and started the fire. On the night of the fire Göering and Hitler were having dinner together at Göering’s apartment. In his book, Carter states ‘[t]he following day, a new draft now called Decree for the protection of the German people was set. This draft allowed the banning (..) of political meetings and political associations if they posed a threat to public security. But here again, Hitler demonstrated his sense of timing and political calculations”. For Hett, the fire happened so near the federal election that it could not have been just a mere coincidence; it was clearly done by the Nazis, who wanted to benefit politically from the event by pointing their fingers to both the Communists and Social Democrats. “Now the Red pest is being thoroughly rooted out.” (Goebbels) after communists were arrested by the SA. However, as Tobias explains in his book, the Nazis could not have been involved in the fire as by allowing Van der Lubbe to stand trial the Nazis already proved their innocence; if the Dutch communist had been in fact associated with them, the Nazis would have gotten rid of him before the police could have had the chance to question the suspect. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS8HGGJ4j2D2gCZ7SkmGXri2cexEJ7-geyJYl938QQPi4xUBxcvZN1beLx3eUBp-Ti1n1jXYJrBZq_xeFGQv5S0MoNyLFxnFTDPkL05VcTPuFYLde98ahI90FWgWmihloR5zvkDRc-p0xG/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%2528100%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="438" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS8HGGJ4j2D2gCZ7SkmGXri2cexEJ7-geyJYl938QQPi4xUBxcvZN1beLx3eUBp-Ti1n1jXYJrBZq_xeFGQv5S0MoNyLFxnFTDPkL05VcTPuFYLde98ahI90FWgWmihloR5zvkDRc-p0xG/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%2528100%2529.gif" width="320" /></a><img alt="Bavarian International School in the Reichstag" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt_CyBxWz7fLQdFy29fakJ-5s-aPEchadtYLg_kpzGtRr7oNUiKzIouA3uXM35g_E_TBLwzxlliBxND-iqEaItRqlzLkNvt_u6mxaqhEGPB7sm8JYO9VZSdULzCRe7SrltnyJ7yd54dQFi/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%252815%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt_CyBxWz7fLQdFy29fakJ-5s-aPEchadtYLg_kpzGtRr7oNUiKzIouA3uXM35g_E_TBLwzxlliBxND-iqEaItRqlzLkNvt_u6mxaqhEGPB7sm8JYO9VZSdULzCRe7SrltnyJ7yd54dQFi/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize%252815%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 294px;" title="Bavarian International School" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nazis entering the Reichstag and the council chamber o</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n August 30, 1932 and during my 2013 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><i>Bavarian International School</i> </span></span></span></span> trip.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hitler would utilise the Reichstag Fire to set the tone of his political trajectory. His speech on March 23, 1933, aimed at securing approval for the Enabling Act, underscores this. He declared, "The Reichstag fire was the work of the enemies of the German people. It was a terrorist act aimed at our new government's efforts to restore order." The narrative that the Nazi Party was Germany's guardian against threats of communism and internal chaos emerged through his words, leveraging the Reichstag fire as a political instrument. The 1935 Nuremberg Rally, officially known as the "Rally of Freedom", commemorated the Enabling Act. Goebbels, delivering the opening speech, underlined the Reichstag Fire's significance, stating, "Two years ago, Germany was still under the crushing yoke of the Treaty of Versailles... The Reichstag fire was a signal to rise up and fight this oppression." The fire was metaphorically represented as the impetus that propelled their struggle against the oppressive Versailles Treaty. Speer's ambitious architectural project also demonstrated the Reichstag's symbolic role. His memoirs reveal Hitler's vision for the new Reichstag: "It was to be crowned with a huge dome, inside of which there would be an assembly room for party leaders, a symbol of their dominance over the Reichstag, which Hitler regarded as synonymous with the weak and despised Weimar democracy."<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKW2cWrPt3Himu9J3JXmbdcWCj5gKb3yT0AkXnmGR2qiz11rCRPWUfil3TUoobF9-yOZOESvuNlzrkxAlYlY3ngnzCacg6SKEQR-lEDc_QYRpaayxaJm058v3FPG1mK0dv17zUIw8kxyw/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKW2cWrPt3Himu9J3JXmbdcWCj5gKb3yT0AkXnmGR2qiz11rCRPWUfil3TUoobF9-yOZOESvuNlzrkxAlYlY3ngnzCacg6SKEQR-lEDc_QYRpaayxaJm058v3FPG1mK0dv17zUIw8kxyw/s640/myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Dieter Appett's memorial directly in front of the Reichstag commemorating the 96 </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Social Democratic and Communist Reichstag delegates murdered under the Third Reich.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEagXc9M1Z4jep2EvrvuD-qg-DTDuoc2BtJI5rbxNt7wA-W8WIOoIOBsw5sD-0tHoywughakD_icTvR_mQSg-HUnUZuuRmmkqBQJ8XhYaG9TKNoS4bADNBudGtFdJ0PR9iOMTP65ohU4U/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEagXc9M1Z4jep2EvrvuD-qg-DTDuoc2BtJI5rbxNt7wA-W8WIOoIOBsw5sD-0tHoywughakD_icTvR_mQSg-HUnUZuuRmmkqBQJ8XhYaG9TKNoS4bADNBudGtFdJ0PR9iOMTP65ohU4U/s640/1myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Memorial room inside the Reichstag dedicated to those members killed or victimised during the Nazi regime.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Bavarian International School at the Reichstag" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdSYKELcPRVvzwmO5lvgtlSgfzcEhySBHJloAUSHDqJ1OjpmAZMesnS27QZ23_I0AT6YeScTzklWAa82OUf9G5L74l1ACp9KxS795MVKBE5i9UPRBZgqRZ7_snInRxemBYoJOSWrAZi39-/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdSYKELcPRVvzwmO5lvgtlSgfzcEhySBHJloAUSHDqJ1OjpmAZMesnS27QZ23_I0AT6YeScTzklWAa82OUf9G5L74l1ACp9KxS795MVKBE5i9UPRBZgqRZ7_snInRxemBYoJOSWrAZi39-/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 319px;" title="Bavarian International School" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <img alt="Bavarian International School at the Reichstag" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3GGPWXCccHNId7ZmlD9sjdmt3WlgKp3_YYtI4jKmbwk_f3ByDi3yA3rGtWBD3A2mb-OlAdLTb2rTPTVqCtAWAQ8oNot4t8MVv9-VG5_iB8OwylTd7Npo5K_QBz9ubrNsBoyaSVO1Qn5k/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3GGPWXCccHNId7ZmlD9sjdmt3WlgKp3_YYtI4jKmbwk_f3ByDi3yA3rGtWBD3A2mb-OlAdLTb2rTPTVqCtAWAQ8oNot4t8MVv9-VG5_iB8OwylTd7Npo5K_QBz9ubrNsBoyaSVO1Qn5k/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 309px;" title="Bavarian International School" /></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">From our 2011 and 2013 class trips, showing on the right the site on </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">May 15, 1919, amidst a protest against the Versailles treaty.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Bavarian International School at the Reichstag" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_E1cVWRjAg3oxjh3UPINoWho_JP2txACprarjtEnCu6rSdYa2k99iyXZLqYLmduOpWy8jik3frSbFJH_bHAnUHogJuEq7DxYLsZc46yrINgtqEnm9B03YlAwmXCZdVhAnWV4npJXp3_w/s320/reichsmakarov.gif" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="467" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_E1cVWRjAg3oxjh3UPINoWho_JP2txACprarjtEnCu6rSdYa2k99iyXZLqYLmduOpWy8jik3frSbFJH_bHAnUHogJuEq7DxYLsZc46yrINgtqEnm9B03YlAwmXCZdVhAnWV4npJXp3_w/s320/reichsmakarov.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 325px; width: 390px;" title="Bavarian International School" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha0OkGI26pyfTaX9RvAlmj2aYCB8d-ts485nlvbvc5Lv89LKg1n1SwxSUC-_0Xlj95xrJC2OFTILsvtCXaxUGnjqI9zp8dYMMC-LS7AgALQRCSgypSMv5KZrIT4YESIVubx_IBaI40vszY/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25286%2529.gif" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha0OkGI26pyfTaX9RvAlmj2aYCB8d-ts485nlvbvc5Lv89LKg1n1SwxSUC-_0Xlj95xrJC2OFTILsvtCXaxUGnjqI9zp8dYMMC-LS7AgALQRCSgypSMv5KZrIT4YESIVubx_IBaI40vszY/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25286%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 325px; width: 234px;" /></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Soviet soldier private Mikhail Makarov looks at the destroyed Reichstag and my 2017 cohort. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2e0rh9uwb0NHE8PSiaAvTdYuqpv2-Bc9eeAxeA_R4Z5OhWU3yxdskmxpqJdRqanSmhxtXtyBRlTueTFR4DCDVuJLMkgO9BvXCX3xFEHnxB1fMi4ItYdXH1H_HSHTrBJsabtkjtOZp-c06JFGVtFi82KqAFVfsVdLBEY9M5uIEWxoShNdm4bg0Y4HPIfel/s344/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-23T210206.190.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="310" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2e0rh9uwb0NHE8PSiaAvTdYuqpv2-Bc9eeAxeA_R4Z5OhWU3yxdskmxpqJdRqanSmhxtXtyBRlTueTFR4DCDVuJLMkgO9BvXCX3xFEHnxB1fMi4ItYdXH1H_HSHTrBJsabtkjtOZp-c06JFGVtFi82KqAFVfsVdLBEY9M5uIEWxoShNdm4bg0Y4HPIfel/w360-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-23T210206.190.gif" width="360" /></a></div>A total of 89 heavy artillery guns and Katyusha rocket launchers were trained on the Reichstag for a thunderous barrage before the infantry stormed it, turning the structure into a ruin. I'm sitting on the steps on the right, providing a comparison to its ruined state immediately after the war.<br />The GIF on the left shows the area around the Reichstag being cleared of rubble and the site today soon after my class of 2023 detrained and began their walk to our hostel. Immediately after the end of the war, the Reichstag building, which had been heavily contested for the last time, stood as a partial ruin in an environment characterised by rubble. The surrounding open spaces were used by the starving population to grow potatoes and vegetables. The city encouraged participation in clearing the rubble and helping rebuild by making the second-highest category of food ration cards available to the so-called 'Rubble Women', or Trümmerfrauen. The myth is one of smiling women cheerfully lugging stones and bricks which has now become ingrained in the German collective consciousness; her statue now erected all over the country in her honour. However, this campaign originally only worked in the eastern sector where the Trümmerfrau ideal became the role model for women seeking traditional male work and not in the area here within the British sector which maintained the traditional view of a woman’s role. In fact, <a href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/myth-of-the-trummerfrau.html">Leonie Treber calls the story of the Trümmerfrau a myth</a> given that not only was there not a particularly large number of women involved in the clearing of the rubble, those who did help did so involuntarily. Treber 's doctorate at Duisburg-Essen University about them. Before that, the subject had not been studied academically. She has recently published a book based on her research called “The Myth of the Trümmerfrauen.” According to Treber, the role that women played in clearing out all of that rubble was minor; whilst in Berlin 60,000 women are documented as having worked to clear rubble, this constituted but 5% of the female population of the city.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Bavarian International School at the Reichstag" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHQQl6-pDRa0fubEKUOm89N0p1otQRQZMmsK4xkhxVpP7nkJjYOr2lA6y01KN7zwm0JBWyQMpRZs4TvwcCbSzVZvfCnrO3apML0fWjMWJGBqjkIVeOeYt93yndKsrr4De3Iihp9b75IgA/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="528" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHQQl6-pDRa0fubEKUOm89N0p1otQRQZMmsK4xkhxVpP7nkJjYOr2lA6y01KN7zwm0JBWyQMpRZs4TvwcCbSzVZvfCnrO3apML0fWjMWJGBqjkIVeOeYt93yndKsrr4De3Iihp9b75IgA/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 296px;" title="Bavarian International School" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ZGfG1F1PFTNlBAHzE6XTscdvYStPHyMNij6x9kA6g5zD7g4FlMVsOICLUie2TtBwHOOBuRPcXzReBVFgAv4ceJNBAk6awedP86D2Bp94k1_45wGSVBdqrb2ZeCdhQGjtYFex3sxVZ5c/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="503" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ZGfG1F1PFTNlBAHzE6XTscdvYStPHyMNij6x9kA6g5zD7g4FlMVsOICLUie2TtBwHOOBuRPcXzReBVFgAv4ceJNBAk6awedP86D2Bp94k1_45wGSVBdqrb2ZeCdhQGjtYFex3sxVZ5c/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 339px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The day after the breaching of the wall and today with my </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><i>Bavarian International School</i> cohort of 2019.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn_HZuhLsY6E7_MlqFXe-UCbXJowC6MX1JwLaIZp8LSxzvfbF3AZET9WZ3cEdrK24saP93tIFZzzw5X0Ir-O29YP1SiWshQvvwb9atfCh3w16uhXXRCyooYt9nTxNshvm7HGaMAzd8mt8/s320/stu.gif" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn_HZuhLsY6E7_MlqFXe-UCbXJowC6MX1JwLaIZp8LSxzvfbF3AZET9WZ3cEdrK24saP93tIFZzzw5X0Ir-O29YP1SiWshQvvwb9atfCh3w16uhXXRCyooYt9nTxNshvm7HGaMAzd8mt8/s320/stu.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 265px; width: 181px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> <img alt="Bavarian International School" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj3pLpcElEbrjbqc51vdSPiK760KGYW0lh-FxfEXWL-96i1Qjj-Ni9JTEuh8lkQIHO1BYMGio52URaIiKvGw-4Bk0pyMD_v7OgFYmhKFDpKJiBmXzZ1-kvpl1MuU3CTu418YKfFZQ0yTxtNAnjUQ5ecdu8x0vlQYlUWp9llLZ31tAl7KkLvX567fKBYiA=s320" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="443" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj3pLpcElEbrjbqc51vdSPiK760KGYW0lh-FxfEXWL-96i1Qjj-Ni9JTEuh8lkQIHO1BYMGio52URaIiKvGw-4Bk0pyMD_v7OgFYmhKFDpKJiBmXzZ1-kvpl1MuU3CTu418YKfFZQ0yTxtNAnjUQ5ecdu8x0vlQYlUWp9llLZ31tAl7KkLvX567fKBYiA=s320" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 265px; width: 437px;" title="Bavarian International School in Berlin" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The photo on the right shows Berliners growing crops to supplement their rations in the south face of the ruin once the debris had been cleared. The same area today is parkland as seen in my photo below:
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7h-44SS4hbrcLIt9uKejKoXLqvkCbsjZOGtEPW6A58qT3QandEsSlAhzQPPoovyLqsYv6bvqHUNcEJqv6GEu1XySd4PCmIis_LaytiVwHYixJWtl7YUp8rNWw4Cy5BK-M9F0KwaAt5J-pFewCRdysY3jI0knqrwnvYG4joU52I7lwYPW02M-gpg0_DeMj/s391/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-23T205837.563.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="391" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7h-44SS4hbrcLIt9uKejKoXLqvkCbsjZOGtEPW6A58qT3QandEsSlAhzQPPoovyLqsYv6bvqHUNcEJqv6GEu1XySd4PCmIis_LaytiVwHYixJWtl7YUp8rNWw4Cy5BK-M9F0KwaAt5J-pFewCRdysY3jI0knqrwnvYG4joU52I7lwYPW02M-gpg0_DeMj/w400-h290/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-23T205837.563.gif" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">More Soviet soldiers died getting from where my Bavarian International School cohort of 2023 is standing to get the picture of the Soviet standard on the roof for Stalin than the British, Canadians and Americans who died storming the beaches at Normandy. </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">The
Reichstag had been seen as symbolic of, and at the heart of, the "fascist
beast." It was arguably the most symbolic target in Berlin. On April 30 there had been tremendous pressure from Stalin to
take the building in time for the International Workers' Day, May 1.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"> At 1300 hours, a thundering barrage from 152mm and 203mm howitzers, tank guns, SPGs, and Katyusha rocket launchers - in all, 89 guns - was loosed against the Reichstag. A number of infantrymen joined in with captured Panzerfausts. Smoke and debris almost completely obscured the<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span>bright, sunny day. Captain Neustroyev's battalion was the first to move. Crouching next to the captain, Sergeant Ishchanov requested and was granted permission to be the first to break into the building with his section. Slipping out of a window on the first floor of the Interior Ministry building, Ishchanov's men began crawling across the open, broken ground towards the Reichstag, and rapidly secured entrances at several doorways and holes in the outer wall. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYd8U5WOOqP03XRIDB0VCr_hHrSZvCMixR-WgmrzwOV6R0ZA0C5uXBDU0A18SziIUJqIH9YDirHckxvlFJNR7ErSJcFDcaqPzPblIDN_fHp0E33ZL7Hy27oXQeVgf2eOzoRmS2BzxnCzy2/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25285%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School" border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="588" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYd8U5WOOqP03XRIDB0VCr_hHrSZvCMixR-WgmrzwOV6R0ZA0C5uXBDU0A18SziIUJqIH9YDirHckxvlFJNR7ErSJcFDcaqPzPblIDN_fHp0E33ZL7Hy27oXQeVgf2eOzoRmS2BzxnCzy2/w400-h246/ezgif.com-optimize+%25285%2529.gif" title="Bavarian International School" width="400" /></a>Captain Neustroyev took the rest of the forward company, with their Red Banner, and raced across the space, bounding up the central staircase and through the doors and breaches in the wall. The company cleared the first floor easily, but quickly discovered that the massive building's upper floors and extensive underground labyrinth were occupied by a substantial garrison of German soldiers. One floor at a time, they began attempting to reduce the German force. The task uppermost in everyone's mind was to make their way to the top and raise the banner; the soldiers who succeeded in this symbolic act, it had been promised, would be made Heroes of the Soviet Union. Fighting their way up the staircase to the second floor with grenades, Sergeants Yegorov and Kantariya managed to hang their battalion's banner from a second-floor window, but their efforts to take the third floor were repeatedly thrown back. It was 1425 hours. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bahm (155-156) Berlin 1945: The Final Reckoning</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ6wpgjXhUJaw5HDVqKrZkURdosdw-Fy-JMtSawWafhEzBNkJu8eQ7QK0TWd_SNev_AD69-JXvoUF8I39xoQ1w9gHwQAWoDJl-3WsYwfnRFyKMhteG4t5-CLVolxtJZ9_x-n2bQmp6fe3Y/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-06-22+at+05.39.15.png" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ6wpgjXhUJaw5HDVqKrZkURdosdw-Fy-JMtSawWafhEzBNkJu8eQ7QK0TWd_SNev_AD69-JXvoUF8I39xoQ1w9gHwQAWoDJl-3WsYwfnRFyKMhteG4t5-CLVolxtJZ9_x-n2bQmp6fe3Y/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-06-22+at+05.39.15.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 264px; width: 353px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">The most costly photograph ever taken showing Mikhail Yegorov and Meliton Kantaria of the 756th Rifle Regiment raising a handmade Soviet flag over the Reichstag. Initially, two planes dropped several large red banners on the roof that appeared to have caught on the bombed-out dome. Additionally, a number of reports had reached headquarters that two parties, M. M. Bondar from the 380th Rifle Regiment and Captain V. N. Makov of the 756th might have been able to hoist a flag during the day of April 30. These reports were received by Marshal Zhukov, who issued an announcement stating that his troops had captured the Reichstag and hoisted a flag. However, when correspondents arrived, they found no Soviets in the building, but rather they were pinned down outside by German fire. After fierce fighting both outside and inside the building, a flag was raised at 22.40 on April 30, when 23-year-old Rakhimzhan Qoshqarbaev climbed the building and inserted a flag into the crown of the mounted female statue of "Germania", symbolising Germany. As this happened at night, it was too dark to take a photograph. The next day the flag was taken down by the Germans. The Red Army finally gained control of the entire building on May 2. When Khaldei scaled the now pacified Reichstag to take his picture. He was carrying with him a large flag, sewn from three tablecloths for this very purpose, by his uncle. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_sQ3S4agA7JAqbMPEpZMHI3iBcy4C8RZU50vQAE5dR3errAs0oGEl_iT8IrdCXdbHc4Rls_TjYefFhB2hUPum0cuviCiU33CkyKwG4hN_bNUvojIZcDUGXQ7bFJpSUcLCtX7yYQTALDZPQ4LNnh1lWd7LXkumS7oADajphx_DQVE6FsTmIMWZX7E8rg=s324" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="263" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_sQ3S4agA7JAqbMPEpZMHI3iBcy4C8RZU50vQAE5dR3errAs0oGEl_iT8IrdCXdbHc4Rls_TjYefFhB2hUPum0cuviCiU33CkyKwG4hN_bNUvojIZcDUGXQ7bFJpSUcLCtX7yYQTALDZPQ4LNnh1lWd7LXkumS7oADajphx_DQVE6FsTmIMWZX7E8rg=w325-h400" width="325" /></a>The official story would later be that two hand-picked soldiers, Meliton Kantaria (Georgian) and Mikhail Yegorov (Russian), raised the Soviet flag over the Reichstag, and the photograph would often be used as depicting the event. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Some
authors state that for political reasons the subjects of the photograph
were changed and the actual man to hoist the flag was Alyosha Kovalyov,
a Ukrainian, who was told by the NKVD to keep quiet about it. However,
according to Khaldei himself, when he arrived at the Reichstag, he
simply asked the soldiers who happened to be passing by to help with the
staging of the photoshoot; there were only four of them, including
Khaldei, on the roof:the one who was attaching the flag was 18-year-old
Private Alexei Kovalyov from Kiev, the two others were Abdulkhakim
Ismailov from Dagestan and Leonid Gorychev (also mentioned as Aleksei
Goryachev) from Minsk.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"> While the loose scrum fought in chaos, two men of the banner group tried to slip past to race for the roof with their red flag. They managed to reach the second floor before they were pinned down by machine-gun fire. The regiment claimed that a second attempt at 10.50 p.m. succeeded and the red flag flew from the cupola of the Reichstag. This version must be treated with extreme caution, since Soviet propaganda was fixated with the idea of the Reichstag being captured by 1 May. Whatever the exact time, the `hoisting of the Red Flag of Victory' was a superficial gesture at that stage, since even the official accounts acknowledge the ferocity of the fighting, which continued all night. As the Soviet troops fought their way upstairs, the Germans from the cellars attacked them from behind. At one point Lieutenant Klochkov saw a group of his soldiers crouched in a circle as if examining something on the floor. They all suddenly leaped back together and he saw that it was a hole. The group had just dropped grenades in unison on to the heads of unsuspecting Germans on the floor below. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Beevor (365-6)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0140286969%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0140286969%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb15">Berlin: The Downfall 1945</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHC83XNDVNwQDz8IUmmwlQoLhQO8cQ5DX8vFd26hdH1nhPqpvSAU1UIN6p74yGio57O2LTDkqretuwglodgdbmFS7Eb1EjVEwtk_nf_0EyZNbMqVJzPJ_gd2tSVJ3VnvI_-IPfrXQe0P8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School on the Reichstag roof" border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="466" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHC83XNDVNwQDz8IUmmwlQoLhQO8cQ5DX8vFd26hdH1nhPqpvSAU1UIN6p74yGio57O2LTDkqretuwglodgdbmFS7Eb1EjVEwtk_nf_0EyZNbMqVJzPJ_gd2tSVJ3VnvI_-IPfrXQe0P8/w400-h315/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Bavarian International School" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>My 2017 cohort surreptitiously holding the Bavarian International School banner above the Reichstag. When the fighting was over, Marshal Zhukov found over twenty reports and recommendations for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on his desk. The documents showed different and contradictory accounts of the time and location of hoisting the Banner of Victor)'. Zhukov announced that no one was to receive the HSU title until the confusion was sorted out. For the time being, the men would receive the lesser award of the Order of the Red Banner. Col. Fyodor Zinchenko, commander of the 756th Rifle Regiment, which stormed the Reichstag, was awarded the title of HSU on May 31, 1945, as was Lt. Col. Naum Peysakhovski of the 164th. However, the other men connected with the banner raising did not receive the HSU title until a year later, on the first anniversary of the end of the Great Patriotic War. On May 8, 1946, Capt. Stepan Neustroyev, Sgt. Mikhail Yegorov, and Jr. Sgt. Meliton Kantaria became Heroes of the Soviet Union, followed by Sgt. Maj. Ilya Syanov a week later. Lt. Alexei Berest, who surely deserved the award, was ignored. In 2002, veterans of Rostov sent a petition to President Putin to recognise Berest with the title of Hero of Russia. Berest had died long before, killed in 1970 whilst saving a girl from under the wheels of a train.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLv9FyHmSPevvItbuTko077qIzmbX3yfgL8eZ53-6Jzn60nEezoM5SI-eTCU36mHC4LrhMIX0VJ5-p5Ctc6csir36881FGn9E8Jd-zxC74s4vrdAZoRoA5XBlWwp3L2OPNZ6CvC2fd17_w/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School" border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="564" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLv9FyHmSPevvItbuTko077qIzmbX3yfgL8eZ53-6Jzn60nEezoM5SI-eTCU36mHC4LrhMIX0VJ5-p5Ctc6csir36881FGn9E8Jd-zxC74s4vrdAZoRoA5XBlWwp3L2OPNZ6CvC2fd17_w/w796-h304/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" title="Bavarian International School" width="796" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO_0YxKorTpVjOrMrbK5Ur1xAuMd6iwvk5jO0BtXhY8SnT73tLl3nOyeavTc-bz14hmLOdro8ZmCy7F-NU5HvbxYhPuSD-N-LlnKheVmL4e1YXepRjGlmEUx8QZuB3w203RLHvJLx4sUJevlWrirPUj1iNMhxx4LsZeoCXQixaHorYjTHtnEc-WLZCD5Mr/s352/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-23T205101.899.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="352" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO_0YxKorTpVjOrMrbK5Ur1xAuMd6iwvk5jO0BtXhY8SnT73tLl3nOyeavTc-bz14hmLOdro8ZmCy7F-NU5HvbxYhPuSD-N-LlnKheVmL4e1YXepRjGlmEUx8QZuB3w203RLHvJLx4sUJevlWrirPUj1iNMhxx4LsZeoCXQixaHorYjTHtnEc-WLZCD5Mr/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-07-23T205101.899.gif" width="320" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Zhukov, Marshal of the Soviet Union and commander of the 1st Belorussian Front during the Battle of Berlin, visiting the Reichstag the day after it fell on May 3, 1945 with Red Army General Nikolai Berzarin, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">commander of the 5th Shock Army during the battle, the first unit to enter Berlin,</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> and my </span><i style="font-family: georgia;">Bavarian International School</i><span style="font-family: georgia;"> cohort in 2018, and my cohort five years later on the left in 2023. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Tsarist military tradition awarded command of a successfully besieged city to the first general to enter it and so Berzarin was made commander of the Berlin Occupation Forces. He would die in a mysterious truck accident a few weeks later which bore all the hallmarks of the NKVD. Acting as their guide </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>on the left with a sling holster </span>is Arthur Pieck, son of Wilhelm Pieck who would later serve as the first President of East Germany. T</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">his younger Pieck served as an interpreter for Berzarin's 5th Shock Army. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Also with Zhukov is Lieutenant General Konstantin Telegin, Zhukov's deputy and political Commissar. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Already the building is completely covered in Cyrillic graffiti with some of the words on the pillar behind Zhukov reading "Misha" "Antokhin" and "cousins". </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Zhukov added his name to the graffiti before touring the ruins of the Chancellery and </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Fuhrerbunker, not knowing that his own 3rd Shock Army had found the bodies of Adolf and Eva Hitler. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5hRoONNy_Y9ayQJiraj4zK-10_kT8kUGHwhzE7rgu7onpSocf6BOx6sgIegE5RBy-jVlwiEQ8ynxj3twB3FtMB_8iW3dj4qdznv-tl39u74ZKE0YMgsFmXYuhqhpR-bpE4iD4xvBR1xk/s320/403483_10150914595184962_467581739_n.jpg" width="320" /><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkzwrQfLRsHbIj9Xh03i9EMR5PU71Z5cdaCp6jpc8EUN2yyi9rZeIO9fEVYkzDuE-OPHH40Nyw63IkYcrbuntLGlPuVDgSsxii_xNtWQOI_62FX_aiNWPuueAVMGw65Yg6TrmpQt4QsGU/s320/480056_10150914595424962_1287031898_n.jpg" width="320" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Standing in one of the rooms that keeps the preserved graffiti displayed. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTmWxxYS5jxYZG3vO36OqOx0ui1PhAwO5P4ILXfyjXndYl5qsM8VvLU2JTKsGDvtVGmLlq0JePFFl44AWfdU73OSs2XoIJgCST0KpsGapicPI5bGltTMnGM6sHP0vpt_VVS7eq980Kl965/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-07-08+at+15.56.14.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="775" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTmWxxYS5jxYZG3vO36OqOx0ui1PhAwO5P4ILXfyjXndYl5qsM8VvLU2JTKsGDvtVGmLlq0JePFFl44AWfdU73OSs2XoIJgCST0KpsGapicPI5bGltTMnGM6sHP0vpt_VVS7eq980Kl965/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-07-08+at+15.56.14.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hidden for fifty years, the graffiti was rediscovered by
architect Sir Norman Foster and his team when they began work on the
building in 1995 and preserved as part of the concept of the Reichstag
as a "living museum" of German history.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> When at the Reichstag a student alerted me to these ϟϟ runes scrawled onto the wall. They're of a different colour and, given they are an illegal symbol and other graffito had been removed by the authorities, I assumed they are a recent addition. However, when I directed my guide in 2022 to this, he remarked that they were probably made by an officer given the use of the colour. In his preface to <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0140286969%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0140286969%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2"><i>Berlin</i></a>, Beevor wrote </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Nazis' enemies had first been able to visualise their moment of vengeance just over two years before. On 1 February 1943, an angry Soviet colonel collared a group of emaciated German prisoners in the rubble of Stalingrad. "That's how Berlin is going to look!" he yelled, pointing to the ruined buildings all around. When I read those words some six years ago, I sensed immediately what my next book had to be. Among the graffiti preserved on the Reichstag's walls in Berlin, one can still see the two cities linked by Russians exulting in their revenge, forcing the invaders from their furthest point of eastward advance right back to the heart of the Reich.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="UIStory_Message"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik-UycITgcWtN4JaIh35sI00J2KmGAVSN-DtGFXF6BO8ENMARFULfsm3ESTO9XSXg6LjyPbMB5F8s6oQ5z4TsItrGVYiJy0_WpYQb8iJ1BWEqp7AAokZR1_wvJ33n_THW_nINWzirwPy6D/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252816%2529.gif" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik-UycITgcWtN4JaIh35sI00J2KmGAVSN-DtGFXF6BO8ENMARFULfsm3ESTO9XSXg6LjyPbMB5F8s6oQ5z4TsItrGVYiJy0_WpYQb8iJ1BWEqp7AAokZR1_wvJ33n_THW_nINWzirwPy6D/w230-h324/ezgif.com-optimize%252816%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 340px; width: 241px;" width="230" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyYJWFZuG1SeVH2wtES3Oz0RYZWba31k393MGXrFMnPUyZ38BULkLgTRWhoi0T-6UhubDF4IZlyPaJxwDe8PiV78JDb35Tn9roHUcS3biNyPnmkAhLlqwWv_mBdfh7yC9C9w5khliao70/s1600/DSC_1212.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyYJWFZuG1SeVH2wtES3Oz0RYZWba31k393MGXrFMnPUyZ38BULkLgTRWhoi0T-6UhubDF4IZlyPaJxwDe8PiV78JDb35Tn9roHUcS3biNyPnmkAhLlqwWv_mBdfh7yC9C9w5khliao70/w424-h334/DSC_1212.JPG" width="424" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgEfdnYfkEhgj-J90WesyUYfMiY2ClfUiFtp3ayNrvM9x1rbhUQThGNcYIOOgBvieqVw1Sep2G3c7phOrm1nLr3KND0DPKMN_qKtW2mCUcV86kVT5qXGkrQ5HJYFl-iKTC9dEBbcZOT8Y/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252824%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgEfdnYfkEhgj-J90WesyUYfMiY2ClfUiFtp3ayNrvM9x1rbhUQThGNcYIOOgBvieqVw1Sep2G3c7phOrm1nLr3KND0DPKMN_qKtW2mCUcV86kVT5qXGkrQ5HJYFl-iKTC9dEBbcZOT8Y/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%252824%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In the first week of March, 2011, a 30-year old Canadian tourist was arrested on Saturday for posing for a photograph while giving the infamous Nazi salute outside the Reichstag </span><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8350593/Tourist-arrested-for-giving-Heil-Hitler-salute-in-holiday-photo-outside-Reichstag.html" style="font-weight: normal;" target="_hplink">according to the <i>Telegraph</i></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Berlin police arrived on the scene within seconds, handcuffed him and took his camera's memory card. The pose is a chargeable offence of up to six months in prison, yet the man was freed after being held in custody for several hours.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPoQg1UG6EhgWszuVgKUJk5uUU7Dxfh99Azw90IJgR8EjOzQF0zTxJ9SPaJtggZZoPqYnMBw1cO_LJPZ-CWD3D2zn4VtpVqHVkXxoVnz31e1JvjLFI14H_qADmAiFC9FpRD2NZm89Z1Wo/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="469" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPoQg1UG6EhgWszuVgKUJk5uUU7Dxfh99Azw90IJgR8EjOzQF0zTxJ9SPaJtggZZoPqYnMBw1cO_LJPZ-CWD3D2zn4VtpVqHVkXxoVnz31e1JvjLFI14H_qADmAiFC9FpRD2NZm89Z1Wo/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">The
Swiss Embassy near the Reichstag was used as Soviet Red Army headquarters
during the battle for Berlin. This building is in fact the only one
to emerge intact after the war. It was completed by the architect Friedrich Hitzig in 1871 as a private city palace. The Swiss Confederation acquired the building in 1919 when, after renovations, it served as the chancellery of the Swiss legation from 1920. It survived both Hitler's demolition work for his "world capital Germania" and the Second World War to end up as the only building in the Spreebogen without serious damage. In the final phase of the struggle for Berlin in late April 1945, the embassy was temporarily occupied by Soviet troops and served as a base for the conquest of the Reichstag. During the bombing raids, the embassy was housed in Rauschendorf Castle near Sonnenberg. When in October 1992 after the final decision had been made in favour
of Berlin as the federal capital, the building became the seat of a
branch office of the Swiss Embassy in Bonn. The embassy building was
renovated and received a controversial extension on the east side by the
architects Diener & Diener as shown in the then-and-now GIF above. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Bt-8yGQYbU_fCXEKhRayQjel5UFfkGFoWAFFfj84rbWImk_FVFEokuoQmTHNKbY6lBtulMaFfBk7ST13DGKruTvYaxZHBodQkb72349p5WRnIH54QvVxutTJB1kIeVEIuWeKQxeMJ4O6/s524/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25284%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="524" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Bt-8yGQYbU_fCXEKhRayQjel5UFfkGFoWAFFfj84rbWImk_FVFEokuoQmTHNKbY6lBtulMaFfBk7ST13DGKruTvYaxZHBodQkb72349p5WRnIH54QvVxutTJB1kIeVEIuWeKQxeMJ4O6/w640-h266/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25284%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Past the embassy towards the central railway station across the river is the Moltke bridge which saw heavy fighting during the Battle of Berlin in April 1945 at
the end of the war. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">A
damaged griffin is left on the bank beside the bridge as a reminder,
shown inset and circled as it appeared during the fighting. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Though damaged, the bridge itself was one of the few to survive the
war and looks similar to the original construction, though it was
repaired and strengthened to take the weight of modern traffic. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zKWULM6AyN5IPkMbyGGNXrFmuPLg7HhJraMvAxvflyOdG68OJy4T7UitK8qvZboSzAraL4wxyExO9BNQERIIGZk6LFLUChFPIiOfjRqpG_Knh8AyqvgcEHQeNyqfcLNhFWXt2spMNnIA/s414/ezgif.com-gif-maker-15.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="414" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zKWULM6AyN5IPkMbyGGNXrFmuPLg7HhJraMvAxvflyOdG68OJy4T7UitK8qvZboSzAraL4wxyExO9BNQERIIGZk6LFLUChFPIiOfjRqpG_Knh8AyqvgcEHQeNyqfcLNhFWXt2spMNnIA/w400-h249/ezgif.com-gif-maker-15.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">The bridge before the battle when </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">German defenders, about five thousand members of
the <span style="font-size: x-small;">ϟϟ </span>and Volksturm, barricaded the bridge at both ends and wired it
for demolition, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>and my <i>Bavarian International School </i>seniors at the same spot in 2020. Beevor describes the action in Berlin: The Downfall 1945 (340, 347–349) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">when, on April 28, units of the Soviet 3rd Shock Army,
commanded by Major-General S.N. Perevertkin, fought their way down
Alt-Moabit towards the bridge</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>:<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><blockquote> Another 6oo metres beyond stood the Reichstag, which from time to time became visible when the smoke cleared. For the 15oth and the 171st Rifle Divisions, it seemed so close now, and yet they had no illusions about the dangers ahead. They knew that many of them would die before they could raise their red banners over the building chosen by Stalin as the symbol of Berlin. Their commanders, to please Comrade Stalin, wanted the building captured in time for it to be announced at the May Day celebrations in Moscow.The advance down to the Moltke bridge began on the afternoon of 28 April. The lead battalions from the two divisions left from the same start-line, further emphasising the race. The bridge ahead was barricaded on both sides. It was mined and protected with barbed wire and covered by machine-gun and artillery fire from both flanks. Shortly before 6 p.m., there was a deafening detonation as the Germans blew the Moltke bridge. When the smoke and dust settled, it became clear that the demolition had not been entirely successful. The bridge sagged, but was certainly passable by infantry. </blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQaLK4UAlsWKTS8eaD2Q3xadVOlcg3vNh54EVBlPB7r2P5kmT-eIczCFIEZ5jKJIrrwQ7EuV2nlXF7YeQPz9Jz9VZk4aoMnCh006p60NWyrAwLO7tUJjn4HXi2UNyZ989jbjLRxG9hmzs/s600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252835%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQaLK4UAlsWKTS8eaD2Q3xadVOlcg3vNh54EVBlPB7r2P5kmT-eIczCFIEZ5jKJIrrwQ7EuV2nlXF7YeQPz9Jz9VZk4aoMnCh006p60NWyrAwLO7tUJjn4HXi2UNyZ989jbjLRxG9hmzs/w640-h266/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252835%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">From the same spot, showing the bridge a month later with the griffin completely destroyed.By midnight, the Soviet 150th and 171st rifle divisions had secured the bridgehead against any counterattack the Germans could muster. From here they moved on the Reichstag, which they captured on May Day.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpwe78phZ004bX8cG2vQYSJmPBkvjesae9GyPj-TAvHiGZmiUr66FcbwDpld-WK03GUNKO-o_ZygKbvAcf-w-03jds1toBRmUDccOEhobotg8Gh6oAuNZa5m4N6T-B6W6ZiAbvJh2HAXbt/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-07-16+at+12.57.48+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpwe78phZ004bX8cG2vQYSJmPBkvjesae9GyPj-TAvHiGZmiUr66FcbwDpld-WK03GUNKO-o_ZygKbvAcf-w-03jds1toBRmUDccOEhobotg8Gh6oAuNZa5m4N6T-B6W6ZiAbvJh2HAXbt/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-07-16+at+12.57.48+PM.png" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrRZUn44gaAaxVVDVf98fozaCnImVNxMuzk0gYKr1fwtI_B1jPATS9Q772ZZ-kntJPqKjOcab4sOJCVl-rMUT94XWLm3WAsWpiAuZv44taHwMWc2m3PEddWDEFkV8MAD8aUDfc2uRTWpTb/s387/ezgif.com-gif-maker+-+2021-09-26T184533.663.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath Neue Wache" border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="387" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrRZUn44gaAaxVVDVf98fozaCnImVNxMuzk0gYKr1fwtI_B1jPATS9Q772ZZ-kntJPqKjOcab4sOJCVl-rMUT94XWLm3WAsWpiAuZv44taHwMWc2m3PEddWDEFkV8MAD8aUDfc2uRTWpTb/w400-h295/ezgif.com-gif-maker+-+2021-09-26T184533.663.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath Neue Wache" width="400" /></a></div><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Quickly jumping on board a Berliner site-seeing bus to take a pic of my Bavaraian International School cohort in front of the Neue Wache and as it appeared soon after the war. Unter den Linden is a boulevard in the centre of Berlin that runs from the City Palace to the Brandenburg Gate, named after the lime trees that lined the grassed pedestrian mall on the median and the two broad carriageways and links numerous Berlin sights and landmarks. Shortly after the "Machtergreifung," the Nazis began in 1934 to widen these lanes<span> with the intention of<span> making the boulevard </span></span>part of the fifty <span>kilometre</span> long east-west axis for the intended world capital city Germania. The construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 marked the street in the Volksmund as the "most representative cul-de-sac in the world". After German reunification, the Brandenburg Gate was closed for motor vehicle traffic although <span>t</span>he road nevertheless developed into a motor road. Between 1945 until 1948, many destroyed palaces and buildings had to be demolished leaving a rubble trail along the boulevard, and numerous volunteers were involved. In the course of the subsequent reconstruction, the first new building from 1949 to 1951 was the Soviet embassy, an example of Stalinist architecture and a symbol of the political affinity of the then newly<span>-</span>founded <span>D</span>DR with the Soviet Union. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the building now serves the Russian regime. After the initial reconstruction and use as an exhibition venue, the heavily damaged Berlin city palace was blown up in 1950. By the end of the 1960s most of the historic buildings had been rebuilt in the eastern part of the street, with the exception of the Old Commandant, which was reconstructed in 2003. The Palace of the Republic was built on the Spree-side of the <span>palace and a </span>new building for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the <span>D</span>DR was built along the Spree Canal. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>"Banner Over Berlin- A Bright, Sunshiny Day, With Unter Den Linden in Gala Dress. By far the most conspicuous is Germany's swastika-emblazoned flag. The Zeughaus (Armory) at right, begun in 1694, is now a military museum and Hall of Fame. It holds Hindenburg's death mask and busts of famous warriors and statesmen, as well as weapons, armour, and uniforms from the Middle Ages to the World War. Here, too, is Napoleon's hat, found near Waterloo! [with me beside it today]" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>From a </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>February 19</span><span>37 </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: italic;">National Geographic</span> article en</span><span>titled <a href="https://konigbooks.uk/blogs/news/changing-berlin-national-geographic-feb-1937">Changing Berlin</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The right shows the street after the war when</span></span></span></span></span><span><span> the road was almost completely destroyed by the air raids of the Allies and the Battle of Berlin. One of the few still usable buildings was the </span><span>Römischer Hof.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Here in front of Humboldt Universität, Berlin’s oldest university where Marx and Engels studied and the Brothers Grimm and Albert Einstein taught, was the site of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>a
symbolic act of ominous significance when, on May 10, 1933, its students
burned upwards of 25,000 volumes of "un-German" books, presaging an era
of state censorship and control of culture.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Opernplatz (now Bebelplatz) was thus the site of the first big official
book- burning in May 1933. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Within the square surrounded by the baroque Alte Königliche Bibliothek, now part of the
university, the State Opera, built in 1743
and the domed St Hedwigskirche, partly modelled on Rome’s Pantheon and
Berlin’s only Catholic church until 1854 is a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> simple but poignant memorial by Micha Ullmann consisting of an underground library with empty bookshelves which commemorates this event.<span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span><a href="https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bibliothek/01453.pdf">It was here on April 6, 1933</a>, the Main Office for Press and Propaganda of the German Student Association (Deutsche Studentenschaft) proclaimed a nationwide "Action against the Un-German Spirit", to climax in a literary purge or "cleansing" ("Säuberung") by fire. Local chapters were to supply the press with releases and commissioned articles, sponsor well-known Nazi figures to speak at public gatherings, and negotiate for radio broadcast time. On April 8 the students association also drafted its Twelve Theses, deliberately evoking Martin Luther; the theses declared and outlined a "pure" national language and culture. Placards publicised the theses, which attacked "Jewish intellectualism", asserted the need to "purify" German language and literature, and demanded that universities be centres of German nationalism. The students described the "action" as a response to a worldwide Jewish "smear campaign" against Germany and an affirmation of traditional German values.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhanlm4uit_qyE3QNFDIEsVzHkOXV3ICDzYaCnH1e0dElQJo6m4RjepBhAXi1MjhCI_I1395Fw3Ep0NdA2FxcC6mOCQlECZgtqriwscQPws2nwUxPpV1u92nhQYnrGnBMifckEYchozdz1f/s365/ezgif.com-gif-maker-22.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="365" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhanlm4uit_qyE3QNFDIEsVzHkOXV3ICDzYaCnH1e0dElQJo6m4RjepBhAXi1MjhCI_I1395Fw3Ep0NdA2FxcC6mOCQlECZgtqriwscQPws2nwUxPpV1u92nhQYnrGnBMifckEYchozdz1f/w400-h313/ezgif.com-gif-maker-22.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> My 2020 cohort of <i>Bavarian International School</i> students at the site of the of the public book burning on Bebelplatz when, on the night of May 10, in most university towns, nationalist students marched in torchlight parades "against the un-German spirit." In this way they stole a march on the National Socialist German Students' League. The assembly of the books had started on the sixth, when students dragged the contents of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft library into the square. At the Student Association's invitation Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels held an inflammatory speech prior to the burning. Besides other spectators, it was attended by members of the Nazi Students' League, the SA, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and Hitler Youth groups. They burned around twenty thousand books, including works by Heinrich Mann, Erich Maria Remarque, Heinrich Heine, Karl Marx, Albert Einstein <a href="http://www.verbrannte-buecher.de/?page_id=7">and many other authors</a>. Erich Kästner, whose books were also among those burned, was present at the scene and described it with bitter irony in his diary. The scripted rituals called for high Nazi officials, professors, rectors, and student leaders to address the participants and spectators. At the meeting places, students threw the pillaged and unwanted books into the bonfires with great joyous ceremony, band-playing, songs, "fire oaths," and incantations.</span><br /><span>Not all book burnings took place on May 10, as the German Student Association had planned. Some were postponed a few days because of rain. Others, based on local chapter preference, took place on June 21, the summer solstice, a traditional date of celebration. Nonetheless, in 34 university towns across Germany the "Action against the un-German Spirit" was a success, enlisting widespread newspaper coverage. And in some places, notably Berlin, radio broadcasts brought the speeches, songs, and ceremonial incantations "live" to countless German listeners.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht3zjquSovYKCjeGmRmM2aLxGs9wtFddUIAf7SHkDlkamjfPiZ8VkH3EXVBwzXXwpgDHZoQYsRmEcvWVCeHz54Z4KbcYsN2ap9aW5Xz78yImbdZJbh3WJhNeUUwmJNkCbUo1BDmN1EeE4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-05-04+at+18.02.28.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht3zjquSovYKCjeGmRmM2aLxGs9wtFddUIAf7SHkDlkamjfPiZ8VkH3EXVBwzXXwpgDHZoQYsRmEcvWVCeHz54Z4KbcYsN2ap9aW5Xz78yImbdZJbh3WJhNeUUwmJNkCbUo1BDmN1EeE4/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-05-04+at+18.02.28.png" width="640" /></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.dhm.de/ausstellungen/holocaust/audios/r2/11.mp3"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Goebbels's original address broadcast on German radio</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNnHT3wRbP0LiPnpSvAEWyduzXbQx13urJal6PY9YCCMRbBv8u5hrfqkNkL6yxGANxX7sYSZDKHiAZr8v1yA4fUmtoKK5CxaB_xfOeHdDU0Wc75hKLRXWAsTiUNBO52Jhwr-mKcFD7Wqrm/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-11-08+at+15.34.23.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNnHT3wRbP0LiPnpSvAEWyduzXbQx13urJal6PY9YCCMRbBv8u5hrfqkNkL6yxGANxX7sYSZDKHiAZr8v1yA4fUmtoKK5CxaB_xfOeHdDU0Wc75hKLRXWAsTiUNBO52Jhwr-mKcFD7Wqrm/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-11-08+at+15.34.23.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 339px;" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">In front of the the Royal Library, now the seat of the Faculty of Law, is</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> <i>The Empty Library</i> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>memorial by </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Micha Ullmann </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>consisting of a glass
plate set into the cobbles, giving a view of empty bookcases, commemorating the
book burning. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">When
viewed at an angle, one can see empty shelves capable of holding
20,000 books. When viewed from above, all one sees is their own
reflection. Both views are meant to remind us of the events that
transpired and the people responsible for them. The memorial exemplifies what art historian James E. Young terms as "negative form," sinking into the cobblestones of the Bebelplatz to create a void. The placement of the room under the plaza forces viewers to crane their necks in order to look into the memorial. The space inside the monument is air-conditioned to prevent condensation on the glass pane that sits level with the surface of the plaza and remains continuously lit so that whilst The Empty Library's low profile can make it difficult to spot during the daytime, at night it illuminates the Bebelplatz with a eerie white light. Nearby a </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>line of Heinrich Heine, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">a German poet of Jewish origin,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> from his play <i>Almansor</i> (1821), is engraved on a plaque inset in the square: "Das war
ein Vorspiel nur, dort wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man am Ende
auch Menschen." ("That was only a prelude; where they burn
books, they will in the end also burn people"). Students at Humboldt
University hold a book sale in the square every year to mark the
anniversary. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr6sNO487SgYeg4I86pMKQckxK9iMRXo2rq-IO52yRoehdJbW_uC1tucXmND7tIBoq5dql1pB6L9z0uIo0IHLrEHgy6q6LcVp6HNGe2t1eVvi4-iuDWuK68wzvTD7IH1mv1tob1y6qvqD-/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="389" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr6sNO487SgYeg4I86pMKQckxK9iMRXo2rq-IO52yRoehdJbW_uC1tucXmND7tIBoq5dql1pB6L9z0uIo0IHLrEHgy6q6LcVp6HNGe2t1eVvi4-iuDWuK68wzvTD7IH1mv1tob1y6qvqD-/w400-h359/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Across the street is the statue of Hermann von Helmholtz in front of the main building of the university, the entrance of which is little changed from the time it was the setting for a Nazi rally as seen during the time of my 2018 Bavarian International School class trip.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> At about midnight a torchlight parade of thousands of students ended at a square on Unter den Linden opposite the University of Berlin. Torches were put to a huge pile of books that had been gathered there, and as the flames enveloped them more books were thrown on the fire until some twenty thousand had been consumed. Similar scenes took place in several other cities. The book burning had begun. Many of the books tossed into the flames in Berlin that night by the joyous students under the approving eye of Dr. Goebbels had been written by authors of world reputation. They included, among German writers, Thomas and Heinrich Mann, Lion Feuchtwanger, Jakob Wassermann, Arnold and Stefan Zweig, Erich Maria Remarque, Walther Rathenau, Albert Einstein, Alfred Kerr and Hugo Preuss, the last named being the scholar who had drafted the Weimar Constitution. But not only the works of dozens of German writers were burned. A good many foreign authors were also included: Jack London, Upton Sinclair, Helen Keller, Margaret Sanger, H. G. Wells, Havelock Ellis, Arthur Schnitzler, Freud, Gide, Zola, Proust. In the words of a student proclamation, any book was condemned to the flames ”which acts subversively on our future or strikes at the root of German thought, the German home and the driving forces of our people.” Dr. Goebbels, the new Propaganda Minister, who from now on was to put German culture into a Nazi strait jacket, addressed the students as the burning books turned to ashes. "The soul of the German people can again express itself. These flames not only illuminate the final end of an old era; they also light up the new.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> <a href="https://www.academia.edu/42051423/THE_RISE_AND_FALL_OF_THE_THIRD_REICH_A_History_of_Nazi_Germany">Shirer (213-214)</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><b>St. Hedwig's Cathedral</b> at the back of Bebelplatz, built in the 18th century as the first Catholic church in Prussia by permission of King Frederick II. The cathedral was severely damaged by Allied bombing in an air raid on March 1, 1943 with only the damaged shell of the building left standing. Reconstruction started in 1952 and on November 1, 1963, All Saints' Day, the new high altar was consecrated by the Bishop of Berlin, Alfred Cardinal Bengsch. As can be seen on the left, it was reconstructed in a post-war modernist style significantly altering the roof as part of the Forum Fridericianum. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>It was here after Reichskristallnacht that Father Bernhard Lichtenberg</span><span><span>, a canon of the cathedral chapter of
St Hedwig since 1931,<a href="http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/lichtenberg.asp"> </a></span><a href="http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/lichtenberg.asp">publicly prayed for the Jews at Vespers services</a>. In addition, he protested in person to Nazi officials the arrest and killing of the sick and mentally ill as well as the persecution of the Jews. At first, the Nazis dismissed the priest as a nuisance. Father Lichtenberg was warned that he was in danger of being arrested for his activities, but he continued nonetheless. Deploring the regime of concentration camps like that of Dachau, he organised demonstrations against them outside certain camps. After November 1938's Kristallnacht pogrom, he alone among the churchmen publicly spoke out: “We know what happened yesterday, we do not know what lies in store for us tomorrow. But we have experienced what has happened today: Outside burns the temple. This is also a place of worship." From then on he continued to pray daily from his pulpit here at St Hedwig's Cathedral for the both Jews and Jewish Christians as well as other victims of the regime. After the outbreak of war, Lichtenberg prepared an application addressed to the Berliner the official responsible for air raid shelters, protesting against the racial segregation in the air shelters decreed by the order from December 14, 1939. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezuTVtNHjJeEfPPcnw1i6iCpahTH3iXPz56vMYYgb-eedXd1xqg-TICS_3Vh4d0r1EDSp0GOONP-HAU9F0hKbxAiBrNk5PyCdEiyy6Rhyyl7cIjksv5vVpuuphQkyBL6kTRhNLwDpF3lB/s1600/output_Tg9l7J.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezuTVtNHjJeEfPPcnw1i6iCpahTH3iXPz56vMYYgb-eedXd1xqg-TICS_3Vh4d0r1EDSp0GOONP-HAU9F0hKbxAiBrNk5PyCdEiyy6Rhyyl7cIjksv5vVpuuphQkyBL6kTRhNLwDpF3lB/s1600/output_Tg9l7J.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 310px;" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Lichtenberg had previously encouraged his congregation to watch the film version of Erich Maria Remarques' anti-war film A<i>ll Quiet on the Western Front,</i> which resulted in a vicious attack by Joseph Goebbels's paper <a href="http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/lichtenberg" target="_blank">Der Angriff</a>. In 1933 the Gestapo had searched his house for the first time. During the war on October 23, 1941 the Gestapo searched his home and found a sermon that Lichtenberg had meant to be read that upcoming Sunday crafted in response to a Nazi leaflet circulated by Goebbels’s Propaganda Ministry in which the Germans were warned not to offer help to Jews, or even offer any friendly greeting. Lichtenberg wrote: “An anonymous slanderous sheet against the Jews is being distributed to Berlin houses. This leaflet states that every German who supports Jews with an ostensibly false sentimentality, be it only through friendly kindness, commits treason against his people. Let us not be misled by this un-Christian way of thinking but follow the strict command of Jesus Christ: 'You shall love you neighbour as you love yourself’."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixBJmy2-BMcshym17iDw72m_SszNZu0aowVQEpc6Q0Lup79vL39MLHGKItjSeMIEIjULxhz-d_xuzOg0Fa9CMDncwguD9bufNtf3gP_I5X2HmC8rn3gu7nHngvNlRmk2qXF5-Q1iktDQDp/s1600/output_Em2ZHe.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixBJmy2-BMcshym17iDw72m_SszNZu0aowVQEpc6Q0Lup79vL39MLHGKItjSeMIEIjULxhz-d_xuzOg0Fa9CMDncwguD9bufNtf3gP_I5X2HmC8rn3gu7nHngvNlRmk2qXF5-Q1iktDQDp/s1600/output_Em2ZHe.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 340px;" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>In 1942, <a href="http://www.dioezesanarchiv-berlin.de/lichtenberg/english2/">Lichtenberg protested against the euthanasia programme</a> by way of a letter to the chief physician of the Reich:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">I, as a human being, a Christian, a priest, and a German, demand of you, Chief Physician of the Reich, that you answer for the crimes that have been perpetrated at your bidding, and with your consent, and which will call forth the vengeance of the Lord on the heads of the German people.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Lichtenberg was arrested and condemned to prison for two years on account of abuse of the pulpit and insidious activity [“Heimtücke”]. Asked if he had anything to add, Lichtenberg said - according to the trial transcript - : “I submit that no harm results to the state by citizens who pray for the Jews.” Because he was considered incorrigible, he was sent to Dachau, dying whilst in transit of pneumonia in hospital in <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Deutscher%20Hof">Hof</a> on November 5, 1943.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmT8zYpoXRStR5O5Af2O395fvM3ouZNz-OpxCzWeK2W0uLKcM2_k3rZGfinHT53ZinEcw4idhmeeu_FUc3f1VPrDoqYgViO-IWJ90iupoGG9o7SJgVn9TElNO8wI36UzqQ2L9VM-dBEN7a/s422/ezgif.com-gif-maker-61.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="422" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmT8zYpoXRStR5O5Af2O395fvM3ouZNz-OpxCzWeK2W0uLKcM2_k3rZGfinHT53ZinEcw4idhmeeu_FUc3f1VPrDoqYgViO-IWJ90iupoGG9o7SJgVn9TElNO8wI36UzqQ2L9VM-dBEN7a/w320-h258/ezgif.com-gif-maker-61.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="320" /></a> As Raul Hilberg wrote in his 2003 book <i>The Destruction of the European Jews</i>, he was "a solitary figure who had made his singular gesture. In the buzz of rumormongers and sensation seekers, Bernhard Lichtenberg fought almost alone." He was beatified as a martyr by Pope John Paul II on June 23, 1996 during during a Mass celebrated in the Olympic stadium on a visit to Berlin. In 2004, the Israeli Yad Vashem Memorial awarded him the distinction of "Righteous among the Nations". His grave was temporarily located in the memorial church Maria Regina Martyrum after his remains for transferred in 1965. In the Plötzensee memorial church, the reliquary is now housed in the sacrament altar under the organ gallery. After the renovation and redesigning work ended, his remains returned to Sankt Hedwig's crypt. On the initiative of the "Aktiven Museums Faschismus und Widerstand in Berlin e. V." Bernhard Lichtenberg was honoured with his own stolperstein set in the pavement outside the Bernhard-Lichtenberg-Haus which serves as the office of the archbishop of Berlin at Französische Straße on the corner behind the church.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The church itself burned out completely in 1943 during air raids on Berlin and was reconstructed from 1952 up to 1963. Here it's shown roofless and covered in scaffoding and as it appears today during my 2020 class trip two years after the cathedral closed for major renovations when the relics of Bl. Bernhard Lichtenberg were transferred to the crypt of Maria Regina Martyrum.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Behind is the<b> Gendarmenmarkt</b>, the site of the Konzerthaus and the French and German Cathedrals, all of which were left in ruins after the war.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFfEmz0Q7sQ6JPJ-8uzN0gPNCo0-LLTzOGl25Fy7s-lLRD5w-IhqBUd0HKJlrMaVOe5zINQeue-aN9M1nQLSn_U-BUsUcmFrfHQ4jeMACP_9acfqDmiRb2RXBoMPkh5ZCit2n0h0AjADel/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-06-25+at+23.00.36.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFfEmz0Q7sQ6JPJ-8uzN0gPNCo0-LLTzOGl25Fy7s-lLRD5w-IhqBUd0HKJlrMaVOe5zINQeue-aN9M1nQLSn_U-BUsUcmFrfHQ4jeMACP_9acfqDmiRb2RXBoMPkh5ZCit2n0h0AjADel/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-06-25+at+23.00.36.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 298px;" /></span> <img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigl1ZhlyjK0Xu_cPPgIEXGPFfIJKV4x09wC42Gepu2DcPa10bON9voDdBMHfJS3kUZHKIg3dF89H2dCz05SU7FJ_zuGvyeKg6_vcRsD0p2d9Yb2OMXePlzjo9Zhzx-vixlYmElsNeLtv8/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%25285%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigl1ZhlyjK0Xu_cPPgIEXGPFfIJKV4x09wC42Gepu2DcPa10bON9voDdBMHfJS3kUZHKIg3dF89H2dCz05SU7FJ_zuGvyeKg6_vcRsD0p2d9Yb2OMXePlzjo9Zhzx-vixlYmElsNeLtv8/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize+%25285%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 328px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Comparing the site today during my 2016 class trip </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>from the steps of the Deutscher Dom</span></span></span></span></span> with that shown in the 1938 book <u>Berlin in Bildern</u>
would not indicate such damage given the extensive reconstruction that
has taken place since the war. In 1936 the Nazis removed the ornamental
gardens in front of the theatre and replaced them with the square stones
still seen today. The square was then used as a parade square for
propaganda rallies and otherwise, except for the Lustgarten, as parking spaces. Thus from 1936 onwards, a large-scale pattern of square slabs, the main features of which are still there, replaced the Schiller monument and the horticultural decoration on the Gendarmenmarkt. Every year, <a href="https://splyuin2jjujsbdioraim5wjku-ac4c6men2g7xr2a-de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_die_Geschichte_Berlins">boys from the German Young People were accepted into the Hitler Youth on the Gendarmenmarkt</a>. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsUXwuU6IhFPbqWmznlpJOLQ6ymtZpY58rrbVjGVzou7Nm1T0XwbHqiWUeokEpOPL2UOsY72B2M8jGcidVp0wRn4m-dFImFUuC2YUD_0WeqShS_V_LbFHg4cChf81AwXwCYbqVmm1Nv5ni/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsUXwuU6IhFPbqWmznlpJOLQ6ymtZpY58rrbVjGVzou7Nm1T0XwbHqiWUeokEpOPL2UOsY72B2M8jGcidVp0wRn4m-dFImFUuC2YUD_0WeqShS_V_LbFHg4cChf81AwXwCYbqVmm1Nv5ni/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 278px;" /></span></span></span></span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4HgM_7DoeZnO4ubT9xs0w0aj5oRJ73qgpEwiy8pYM9Fe7jeiNUSCzJo1-BYnNajVVYu7x-6Sueez1D2W3G1VyGOAzDWPmtguC5z4gDG8DcFzrtrOh_KLvT_nAVTZbnRoQrrR8l852Bmzq/s640/frenchdome.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4HgM_7DoeZnO4ubT9xs0w0aj5oRJ73qgpEwiy8pYM9Fe7jeiNUSCzJo1-BYnNajVVYu7x-6Sueez1D2W3G1VyGOAzDWPmtguC5z4gDG8DcFzrtrOh_KLvT_nAVTZbnRoQrrR8l852Bmzq/s640/frenchdome.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 371px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>On the right </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>is the Französischer Dom,</span></span></span></span> shown on fire after bombing in 1944. During the war the Anglo-American air raids burned the nave on May 7, 1944, and the tower dome on May 24, 1944. The floors below were spared from the fire because of the concrete ceiling that was established in 1930. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5WfmuYMlukfilmiW_qs7D9ZTVzr6oM4pFk3kGQatZAd3YbpVu7ajgunpvHme1Ds0r90FPqsAwTxlYcjNyVj5DV0e9js59F60Lo5IEDOwlYNIUM9kE8MPUxQPNx__S-CIEyqxIY9aU4dil/s1600/ezgif.com-crop.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="411" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5WfmuYMlukfilmiW_qs7D9ZTVzr6oM4pFk3kGQatZAd3YbpVu7ajgunpvHme1Ds0r90FPqsAwTxlYcjNyVj5DV0e9js59F60Lo5IEDOwlYNIUM9kE8MPUxQPNx__S-CIEyqxIY9aU4dil/w400-h364/ezgif.com-crop.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span>The Französischer Dom, situated across from the Deutscher Dom, was heavily damaged in the war and eventually re-built from 1977 to 1981. From 2004 to 2006 the facade of the cathedral was renovated for six million euros and 18 of the sixty bronze bells were repaired or re-cast. Here <i>schwimmwagen</i> are shown displaying the insignia of the 11th ϟϟ Panzergrenadier Division "Nordland", and the tactical marking of a motorised divisional headquarters. Also known as Kampfverband Waräger or Germanische-Freiwilligen-Division, the Nordland was a Waffen-ϟϟ division recruited from foreign populations which had seen action in the Independent State of Croatia and on the Eastern Front during the war. By April 27 the remnants of Nordland were pushed back into the central government district (Zitadelle sector) in Defence sector Z. ϟϟ-Brigadeführer Gustav Krukenberg's Nordland headquarters was a carriage in the Stadtmitte U-Bahn station. Thereafter, the troops in the government district were pushed back into the Reichstag and Reich Chancellery. What was eventually left of the Nordland Division under Krukenberg fought hard in that area but Soviet artillery and anti-tank guns were too strong. The Nordland's last Tiger was knocked out attempting to cross the Weidendammer Bridge before hostilities officially ended on May 2 by order of Helmuth Weidling, Kommandant of the Defence Area Berlin and General of Artillery.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Aviatrix and test pilot Hanna Reitsch flying down Unter den Linden in 1937 and my students in 2020. The following year Reitsch became the first person to fly a helicopter, the Focke-Achgelis Fa-61, inside a building, Berlin’s Deutschlandhalle. She would eventually set over forty flight altitude records and women's endurance records in gliding and unpowered flight before and after the war</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi0igwxEYZHWt_ADSd-lyDlqbxNYtn8bTy26SCjIWPRBk7Y0UC17ngeVV1YRVPEmbk0Z2P_vkLJJz6BRWqF2HBnwDxkaMac8NNeaIDt6vlrA1gK8FdeWodU8dfJVNdVo1nCmHZj2oUJQqtmNpV-4ZjTWGD-dam5dOt4kuXAmiuYa4NKVkoHUppOS8B7ag" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="414" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi0igwxEYZHWt_ADSd-lyDlqbxNYtn8bTy26SCjIWPRBk7Y0UC17ngeVV1YRVPEmbk0Z2P_vkLJJz6BRWqF2HBnwDxkaMac8NNeaIDt6vlrA1gK8FdeWodU8dfJVNdVo1nCmHZj2oUJQqtmNpV-4ZjTWGD-dam5dOt4kuXAmiuYa4NKVkoHUppOS8B7ag=w400-h301" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span>The
Olympic bell being formally escorted across Unter den Linden on May 11,
1936 at the start of the 1936 Olympic Games and me at the site today.
The idea for this bell came from Theodor Lewald, and a sketch was made
by the graphic artist Johannes Böhland. The bell itself was then
declared the official symbol of the Olympic Games on July 18, 1933. The
sculptor Walter E. Lemcke based his design and model on Böhland's
sketch. Lemcke, a student at the Berlin School of Applied Arts, was
primarily entrusted with the design of coats of arms and friezes
throughout the Nazi period. The Olympic bell, a foundation of the
"Bochumer Verein für Gussstahlfabrikation AG", was hung in the bell
tower on Maifeld in 1936. After the war on February 15, 1947, the bell
fell when the British ordered the tower to be blown up (subsequently
rebuilt) and was then entombed within a bomb crater to protect it
against metal theft. It was eventually recovered on December 18, 1956
and placed the following year at the south gate. In 1982 NOK President
Willi Daume inaugurated the bell with an inscription plate as a supposed
anti-war memorial. Since 2005 the steel bell stood on three rectangular
concrete slabs on what was intended to be a provisional basis south of
the Haus des Deutschen Sports.</span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">My students in front of the Neue Wache during our 2018 class trip and as it appeared on April 20, 1939 for Hitler's 50th birthday with the<span style="font-style: italic;"> 1.Kompanie ϟϟ Adolf Hitler </span>en guarde. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Built under Prussian King Frederick William III<span> </span>as a guard house for the king's guard and as<span> a </span>memorial for the victims of the liberation wars and the Napoleonic wars, it first opened <span>on </span>September 18, 1818 on the occasion of the visit of Tsar Alexander of Russia by the Alexander Regiment. The Neue Wache served until 1918 as the main and royal guard. In 1931, Heinrich Tessenow transformed the building into a memorial for the fallen soldiers of the Great War. After heavy damage in the Second World War, the building was restored <span>in</span> 1955, and in 1960 it was redesigned as a memorial to the victims of fascism and militarism. Until German reunification in 1990, two soldiers of the guard regiment of Friedrich Engels stood as guard of <span>honour</span> in front during the day. Every Wednesday and Saturday, at 14.30, an honorary formation of the "Wachau" under the "Unter den Linden in Berlin" was launched. Since Memorial Day in 1993, the Neue Wache has served as the central memorial of the Federal Republic of Germany for the victims of war and tyranny. On Memorial Day the guard battalion is given an honorary guard for the building.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Hitler being honoured during his fiftieth birthday celebrations at the same site. For him the net results were poor:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Aside from the customary appearances and congratulations by foreign dignitaries, only a few of the Balkan states, Italy, Japan, and Spain had proven willing to still stand by Hitler. The Great Powers and the neutral states had displayed marked restraint. Moreover, the four-hour military parade completely failed of its purpose. It had not created the impression desired with the Western Powers. Even had Hitler ordered the parade to last twice or thrice as long, this provocative display could only reinforce the Western Powers’ determination and add justification to their military countermeasures. Chamberlain announced the introduction of universal conscription to the United Kingdom on April 25, three days before Hitler’s Reichstag speech. Reports in Germany’s print media revealed the embarrassing failure of the festivities. Given the conspicuous absence of any other laudations, bold-letter headlines were used to highlight an odd expert appraisal of the military displays. Its author was Lieutenant General With, the Commander in Chief of the Danish Armed Forces, a man unknown in Germany, who had distinguished himself merely as one of the few men favourably impressed by the parade. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Domarus (1560)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>Lecturing to my students during our 2018 class trip inside and from the same angles on March 12, 1933 when Hindenburg and Hitler marked Volkstrauertag and a year later on February 25 for Heldengedenktag in which are shown von Neurath, Count Schwerin-Krosigk, Lippert, Frick, Schmidt, Admiral Raeder, Hitler, von Papen, Goebbels, von Hindenburg, Goering, von Blomberg and von Fritsch. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>After the abdication of the Kaiser in 1918 the building fell into disuse, serving as emergency housing for the homeless, among other functions. On August 3, 1924, on the tenth anniversary of the beginning of World War I, Reichspresident Friedrich Ebert expressed his desire for a “national monument of honour” (Reichsehrenmal) that would “serve to mourn the past and embody the vital energy and the will to freedom of the German people.” Hindenburg wanted to erect a panoply of Prussian war heroes; however, the war veterans, many of whom were former members of various wings of the Youth Movement, pleaded for a national memorial in a natural rather than an urban setting. Controversy and indecision lingered on until 1929, when Otto Braun, Minister-President of Prussia, decided to transform the Neue Wache into a “Memorial Site for the Fallen of the World War” and asked for proposals for the interior. Heinrich von Tessenow’s design was accepted where light-grey limestone plates covered the walls, and dark basalt-lava stones formed a floor mosaic. In the centre a black memorial stone, marked “1914–1918” and bearing a large silver oak-wreath, represented the “Altar of the Fatherland.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiScClmiSyRzH2l66sL0mjcRmZ_VnvdR55gcq5quIhBlIx84xxpsTPHfp4BSxShEkC5yvtIgGAmI4MmJX-vMXWxGMFp5bmD424IwetcGKUnQLiKYLG9vkUxWfNolthY25TjvF6Y57NKjAGm/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25286%2529.gif" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="428" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiScClmiSyRzH2l66sL0mjcRmZ_VnvdR55gcq5quIhBlIx84xxpsTPHfp4BSxShEkC5yvtIgGAmI4MmJX-vMXWxGMFp5bmD424IwetcGKUnQLiKYLG9vkUxWfNolthY25TjvF6Y57NKjAGm/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25286%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 335px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="320" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In his review of the memorial for the <i>Frankfurter Zeitung</i> Siegfried Kracauer wrote: </span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Of course, one can erect emotional memorials and reinforce the interp</span>retation ascribed to them by means of some symbol or other—but haven’t we had enough of our Bismarck towers? It is simply the case that a positive statement is virtually impossible for us at this time. We cannot countenance it either in the literary language nor in the language of architecture... Why? In Germany in any case, it is because we are much too divided on questions of the most important and vital kind, so that we cannot come together through some insight that would unite us. Thus, with the memorial it can only be a question of a necessarily pragmatic solution. The deliberate presentation of content is not what is needed—what do most people today know about death?—but rather the most extreme abstinence of content. A memorial site for the fallen in the World War: if we want to be honest, it should not be much more than an empty room. And precisely this is the propriety of Tessenow’s design: that he only wants to give what we possess . . . that is not much, indeed it is very little, but in consideration of our present economic and intellectual life it is precisely enough. Tessenow’s proper modesty knew how to avoid smuggling in metaphysical contraband and restricted itself to the dignified proportions of the memorial site.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-mwopj8YsZviDi-ar_HB16nu7kUxV4H1WibhL4UDrt02eOdt4Qphw-TJMOAlqBfx7NzfTkO3DuoTLA1TCK3L49gvxVi_FQdWkaQLrA9EqxLj1z4l8U6H6Yl-SF81KhX9v9r3IrISEiuc/s1600/neuewache.gif" data-original-height="206" data-original-width="320" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-mwopj8YsZviDi-ar_HB16nu7kUxV4H1WibhL4UDrt02eOdt4Qphw-TJMOAlqBfx7NzfTkO3DuoTLA1TCK3L49gvxVi_FQdWkaQLrA9EqxLj1z4l8U6H6Yl-SF81KhX9v9r3IrISEiuc/w400-h258/neuewache.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 210px; width: 326px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /> </span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>As soon as Hitler took power the new regime immediately seized the first 'Volkstrauertag' on March 12, 1933, to make clear their intentions for the Neue Wache. The Wehrmacht paraded next to the SA as Nazi flags flew beside the black-white-red flags of the old empire. The flags were not at half mast as before, but flew boldly in the top. References to the warlike past had to make the people enthusiastic for a great future. Two months later, books by Jewish authors and others displeasing to the regime were burned on the Opernplatz opposite the Neue Wache.</span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In 1934 the Nazis used it as a “memorial of honour” (Ehrenmal) for fallen soldiers and an inspiration for new ones. A large oaken cross was affixed to the rear wall and candles and candelabras were placed around the altar to convey a greater sense of piety. To further emphasise their ideology, the Nazis made some changes to the monument- two enormous wreaths were attached to the two corner towers on the street side. Inside, an oak cross was erected against the back wall of the hall, right behind the granite column, as a sign that “wahres Christentum und heldisches Volkstumzusammengehören”. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjATBB-Bn6PSSQZksY17tDiW15d1k3zgd8-ov9tsv-5tBo1ImT0knNLZ4qk9dFEklqEnix12HCARrBejJRnWACPziEk0b8VHbt4B8b8sv-i9eJbhWNf4_sUQhAQcHLVJpVk3FX4-U4R9HJPc2Kl0BmP56e1QCvyA5qQs5H5vNUNsmxG9dbHrqEAKUIXxA/s378/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T065530.791.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="378" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjATBB-Bn6PSSQZksY17tDiW15d1k3zgd8-ov9tsv-5tBo1ImT0knNLZ4qk9dFEklqEnix12HCARrBejJRnWACPziEk0b8VHbt4B8b8sv-i9eJbhWNf4_sUQhAQcHLVJpVk3FX4-U4R9HJPc2Kl0BmP56e1QCvyA5qQs5H5vNUNsmxG9dbHrqEAKUIXxA/w400-h289/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T065530.791.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-size: normal;">The cross was not only a reference to the tens of thousands of soldiers' graves abroad, but was primarily to be seen as an attempt to win the churches over to the Nazis. It is also alleged that the Prussian Minister of Finance, von Popitz, had the cross placed to prevent a swastika from being placed. Burning candles on candelabra symbolised the eternal life of the fallen national heroes. The civil police posted before the building were replaced by an honour guard of Wehrmacht soldiers of the “Guards Regiment of Berlin”. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The changing of the guard on Sunday, Tuesday, and Friday was a public spectacle, as was the wreath-laying ceremony by Hitler on “heroes’ remembrance day” (Heldengedenktag), the precursor to Volkstrauertag. During the war fallen generals were given their final honours before the Neue Wache. Bombs damaged the building badly toward the end of the war: the roof burnt away, two columns were shattered, the southeastern corner collapsed, the memorial stone was partially melted in the heat of the bombing, and the wreath was eventually stolen. Tessenow said of the ruin, “If it were now up to me, I would not give the building any other form whatsoever. As damaged as it is now, it truly speaks history. A little cleaning up and straightening out, and let it stand as it is.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: 85%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0KOEZZtcvMNjB7FxxW8aEpRoU-LmSQrdCfxzAo013vSBYLWdnyYzX8nA4yOcJw10hhTJTvu7SCXAi6AirxChJVAxMvpYlCljvqbmVuvVUBWNDupoeGhuBuLqLA0bU_n5lUKT5vnhMgfQ7/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0KOEZZtcvMNjB7FxxW8aEpRoU-LmSQrdCfxzAo013vSBYLWdnyYzX8nA4yOcJw10hhTJTvu7SCXAi6AirxChJVAxMvpYlCljvqbmVuvVUBWNDupoeGhuBuLqLA0bU_n5lUKT5vnhMgfQ7/w400-h300/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">As it appeared in 1945 and <span>during my 2011 and 2016 school tours. The Neue Wache along with the other neoclassical buildings of Unter den Linden fell within the Russian sector of occupied Berlin. In 1948 the local communist government considered tearing down the Neue Wache because of its militaristic history and because people continued to lay flowers and wreaths there in remembrance of their (fascist) dead, even after the building’s iron doors had been chained shut. However, the Soviets interceded, reasoning that the building and its military symbolism represented Russian and German “friendship” in their having joined forces to defeat Napoleon: the military tradition was once again invoked and renewed. The Neue Wache was transformed into a museum of Soviet-German friendship, with slogans and large portraits of party members. The statues of Bülow and Scharnhorst were removed and their pedestals given Russian and German inscriptions honouring Stalin. Nevertheless by then the silver wreath was stolen and the granite block deformed by fire. In its deformation, the Neue Wache served as a jarring memorial to the destruction of war.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiq6fnZ5m78hd9RBiUIVRFVtb04SLLYXtz1dQspHVFPuoqmV7CnuCRXYB6ch2MNfaiNqhia2rv4V3azrSFIK1bUr9az7q1_HsUTh-GpkWk212WYq5exJgqdtp_Z3U8bPk27MgZBJnV816-/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiq6fnZ5m78hd9RBiUIVRFVtb04SLLYXtz1dQspHVFPuoqmV7CnuCRXYB6ch2MNfaiNqhia2rv4V3azrSFIK1bUr9az7q1_HsUTh-GpkWk212WYq5exJgqdtp_Z3U8bPk27MgZBJnV816-/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 354px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>A generation later the national crest of the DDR was chiselled into the rear wall, and the inscription was transferred to the side wall. Tessenow’s altar was removed and replaced by a gas-fed eternal flame as was the custom in the Soviet Union. Probably in imitation of the memorial to the unknown soldier in the Kremlin wall unveiled in 1967—itself an imitation of similar national war memorials in Britain and France erected after World War I—the remains of a resistance fighter shot by the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and the remains of a German soldier killed in Eastern Prussia were exhumed and placed under the stone floor; the unknown soldier was buried with the soil from nine battlefields, the unknown resistance fighter with the soil from nine concentration camps. A glass cupola sealed the ceiling opening, and the basalt-lava floor was covered by bright, polished marble plates. The honour guard’s watch station was moved to the adjoining Museum of German History (formerly the Prussian Armoury), and cameras were installed to monitor the eternal flame and the interior. The last changing of the guard took place on October 2, 1990. After reunification the East German </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>crest was removed from the rear wall, otherwise the interior was left intact but unused.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4pMmQViawubufU0ymFKrUgBhG4eOwigzMcgkZH65OsxF-U23aXku3zxWD3Tkbi_SruhucF4ZPP8ju_ckvlETzrogy_DPLwgJqcA0S_i-K6xiF4ulzQ9r_XorHXuHvCZQahglvwKzS9RMD/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+-+2021-09-26T112732.777.gif" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4pMmQViawubufU0ymFKrUgBhG4eOwigzMcgkZH65OsxF-U23aXku3zxWD3Tkbi_SruhucF4ZPP8ju_ckvlETzrogy_DPLwgJqcA0S_i-K6xiF4ulzQ9r_XorHXuHvCZQahglvwKzS9RMD/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+-+2021-09-26T112732.777.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 362px;" /><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTSfoZWwtDzX8qfJKjjp8MDJfzTFT3dx9hsi0ZgYfxWdQyvT2N07_NzDoqGhHI5NTpmdrEkYQgYsimMG53Cb9Zisx4sOJIf2fEXi-b8P9FFDqrpZ9U9c7vPMuW-Mt_BxvDzjCU1mVcWy-J/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTSfoZWwtDzX8qfJKjjp8MDJfzTFT3dx9hsi0ZgYfxWdQyvT2N07_NzDoqGhHI5NTpmdrEkYQgYsimMG53Cb9Zisx4sOJIf2fEXi-b8P9FFDqrpZ9U9c7vPMuW-Mt_BxvDzjCU1mVcWy-J/w288-h320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 248px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">With the November Revolution of 1918, the empty building in 1924 offered three homeless families emergency shelter before it was named as a location in the debates about a memorial for the fallen soldiers. Heinrich Tessenow, professor of architecture in Berlin, won the competition with his idea of a simple, cubic interior which </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">had
removed the interior walls and false ceilings</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. In 1931 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Ludwig Gies's iron-wrought wreath </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">made of gold and silver leaves </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>was </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>placed on a 1.67
metre high memorial stone made of black granite and placed in the centre of the room. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Above it,
the roof of the hall opened up in an oculus. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Today it is displayed in the neighbouring German Historical Museum. In 1934 two wreaths were
attached to the outer corner towers and a cross to the inner rear wall. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>On the right is the interior of the building after the war and during my 2011 class trip.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJWt3yVq5HCsbLKTfC5qZ9kkFwd0vX1UM_84BztKkyTDcRn3TzWfkfYKchq5lNuereZ1RjR2vTSdppx6Ge_Kr9uuxput2xdBM-Bf7wogFsUsyOc8WUKrlCW660v32GOa2ABUp4pFXgKhZM/s504/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="504" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJWt3yVq5HCsbLKTfC5qZ9kkFwd0vX1UM_84BztKkyTDcRn3TzWfkfYKchq5lNuereZ1RjR2vTSdppx6Ge_Kr9uuxput2xdBM-Bf7wogFsUsyOc8WUKrlCW660v32GOa2ABUp4pFXgKhZM/w400-h231/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25282%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></div>Inside, during the war and today where it has a memorial to the Victims of Fascism and Militarism located directly under the building's oculus, exposing it to the elements to further represent the suffering of civilians during the war.</span> Notice the highly ambiguous title, which includes German war dead just as much as the victims of the Holocaust. The memorial itself with its Christian-like pieta of mother and dead son would hardly seem appropriate to non-Christian victims. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The
enlarged Pieta proved problematic on both aesthetic and political
grounds. Enlarged and taken out of its original private context, the
work became a national symbol of self-sacrifice. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>he Akademie der Künste, for example, called for the "<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=de&tl=en&ajax=1&elem=1&u=http://www.helmutcaspar.de/aktuelles17/blnpdm17/wach.htm">self-pitying kitsch</a>" and for Tessenow's interior to be restored true to the original. At the time, <a href="https://www-zeit-de.translate.goog/zustimmung?url=https://www.zeit.de/1998/13/holocaust.txt.19980319.xml/komplettansicht&_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=de&_x_tr_pto=ajax,elem">Reinhart Koselleck questioned the appropriateness of the Kollwitz sculpture</a> because it excludes both Jews and women, “the two largest groups of those innocently killed and perished in World War II” leading to “[a] double mistake with consequences that result from an aesthetically secondary solution. The mistake of thinking gives rise to aesthetic deformities." Indeed, aesthetically, the enlargement distorted Kollwitz's original intention. As a powerful anti-war statement, Kollwitz's original 1937 sculpture-only 38 centimetres high-symbolised her personal grief after the death of her son, who had served as a volunteer in the Great War. The fact that another artist, Rolf Szymanski enlarged Kollwitz's work to 152 centimetres without the artist's consent invariably alters the original meaning. As the sculpture moves from the private to the national context in unified Germany, Kollwitz's message of senseless loss is absorbed within the larger framework of German victimhood. While the image of the Pieta clearly symbolises grief, to those familiar with Kollwitz's work, her ardent pacificism undercuts the traditional national symbol of meaningful self-sacrifice. Interestingly, her popularity in both Germanies made her well-suited to represent unified German victimhood and guilt. The personal context of Kollwitz's original sculpture shows the senselessness of war; within the context of the restored Neue Wache, however, Kollwitz's Pieta abstracts political death to a universal level.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFIb_TfA9P4JT1wCBTGq6NeQbxUk-8H5jCfcxbd7D14REn8Y372jMaPDqbi-g4hK0uQvrobQWFVZ1nv65GH9s4wyIzioyYr5Vz5Mxq-qJgSUN3PoDs-MOE8Qqt51-MS_C77QThKQXiRM1b/s819/Screenshot+2020-10-28+at+20.52.44.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj8JYZZdQdBw1EMEuXA3_Nb39cVyPHgNaqMFrepymDg_C5Ct2a0NicXpsBuiwBjaGi82cwGIGJW1bQEUpw8xUFfIp44UL87VgeFnDkkHZWv2lrP935tmN4xMM_oOxMI5LMMuZh0CBI3CbioehluUvE3fCwegWAX6sbWUPbE4PdiJAztdVLvtYSd80Hcsg=s483" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="299" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj8JYZZdQdBw1EMEuXA3_Nb39cVyPHgNaqMFrepymDg_C5Ct2a0NicXpsBuiwBjaGi82cwGIGJW1bQEUpw8xUFfIp44UL87VgeFnDkkHZWv2lrP935tmN4xMM_oOxMI5LMMuZh0CBI3CbioehluUvE3fCwegWAX6sbWUPbE4PdiJAztdVLvtYSd80Hcsg=w248-h400" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="248" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Koselleck argued that a national symbol of hope in the form of a Pieta<span class="st"> — based on depictions of Mary mourning Jesus — must inevitably symbolize the Christian </span><span class="st">message of salvation. Thus the memorial represents "the very rupture that divides Christians from Jews. Or should the (surviving) Jews be obliged to recognize the dead son as their saviour?" And not only Jews were implicitly </span><span class="st">excluded from the memorial; so were the women who died in World War II. The portrayal of a mother mourning her dead son was an appropriate memorial for World War I, when most of those who died were soldiers, but after a second war in which millions of women were themselves killed in bombing, mass executions, and gas chambers, "the surviving mother cannot be the central figure of our central memorial."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span class="st">Ladd (223) </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Ghosts-Berlin-Confronting-History-Landscape/dp/0226467627%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0226467627" id="link_Namecns!81C2730497AD62BA!5139">The Ghosts of Berlin</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>In addition, the reference to the dead as "victims" involves not only a leveling between perpetrator and victim, but also a double use of victimhood. Whilst "Victims of War and Tyranny" transforms all of the dead into victims of history, the definition of "victim" can be read as a victim for something or a victim of something. As Reinhart Koselleck,<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23737375"> who strongly objected to the use of Kollwitz's sculpture</a> notes, the term "victim" had a positive meaning before 1945 by implying that one was a "victim for their country" (Opfer für das Vaterland) and had chosen to sacrifice themselves for the higher cause of religion or the nation. After 1945, the term "victim" implied that one was a "victim of something" (Opfer von etwas). The meaning of Opfer slipped from active to passive. Thus, one became a victim of totalitarianism and war. Because of this semantic shift, everyone appears to have been a passive victim of something beyond their control. One no longer actively chooses to be a sacrificial victim for a higher cause, but is instead subject to victimhood by something beyond their control. One becomes a victim of unfortunate historical circumstances.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVY9zDO2aHDBCv2764PUFsU-d0TFQWznYtI-c8pIRn8Zx9L6K-7Ru-dnLiAshCC4KYp1olJslMYLp8QgGrZmNPNyHra1ly0ATBtm7R4Aquzg_rlabSVrVWTH7ExGCjD0a0-uFzpTNLudU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252840%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="520" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVY9zDO2aHDBCv2764PUFsU-d0TFQWznYtI-c8pIRn8Zx9L6K-7Ru-dnLiAshCC4KYp1olJslMYLp8QgGrZmNPNyHra1ly0ATBtm7R4Aquzg_rlabSVrVWTH7ExGCjD0a0-uFzpTNLudU/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252840%2529.gif" width="400" /></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The Zeughaus is the oldest surviving building on Unter den Linden and dates from the Baroque period. It was built as a weaponry arsenal and today houses the German Historical Museum. Whilst the Zeughaus played a minor role in the public consciousness in the Weimar Republic with its collection reorganised according to scientific criteria in order to no longer be regarded as a "patriotic-military edifice", under the Nazis it hosted a large exhibition on the role of Germany in the First World War. Hitler held his annual speech in March on Armed Forces Day. On March 21, 1943, Rudolf-Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff wanted to blow up with Hitler during a tour of an exhibition. As an instrument of war propaganda, the Zeughaus remained open until September 1944. During the war parts of the collections were removed and by the end the building suffered heavy damage from bombs and shells. The façades were perforated several times, the attic burnt out, and a large part of the sculptures burnt in the fires. The rebuilding of the building began in 1948 and lasted until 1967. Initially, it was intended to be used as a "House of Culture" and restored in its original form without the alterations and alterations of the 19th century. After the building fabric quickly turned out to be considerably worse than expected, the complete rebuilding of the Zeughaus began in 1950 when its interior was replaced by a steel and concrete construction and only the exterior walls preserved. It was also decided in 1950 to accommodate the Museum of German History founded by the Central Committee of the SED, intended to convey the Marxist-Leninist version of history. In September 1990 immediately before German reunification, it was dissolved by the last East German government. After several years of renovation work, the Zeughaus has been used by the German Historical Museum since 2003. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5-H8BQWmWUcOQXX6R924eCocsz682SOjJD34wVDkD5CdXFPnUlOodHC0nx0VHNd4BWvrTV33U7OXTA4xsozNWGmFLPnfNNH8Y5JSG62r9Lu28Ef_soSLSHDkPdlJaleXxgvViHPZWNR6V/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252810%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5-H8BQWmWUcOQXX6R924eCocsz682SOjJD34wVDkD5CdXFPnUlOodHC0nx0VHNd4BWvrTV33U7OXTA4xsozNWGmFLPnfNNH8Y5JSG62r9Lu28Ef_soSLSHDkPdlJaleXxgvViHPZWNR6V/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252810%2529.gif" width="312" /></a>The courtyard then and now. Located next to the Neue Wache, the former Armoury is now the National History Museum. It was where Baron Rudolf-Christoph von Gersdorff attempted to assassinate Hitler when he, Goering, Himmler and Keitel were due to be present at the Heroes’ Memorial Day (Heldengedenktag) ceremonies on March 21 1943 at the Zeughaus. Here was an opportunity to get not only the F<span>ü</span>hrer but his chief associates. As Colonel Freiherr von Gersdorff, chief of intelligence on Kluge’s staff, later said, ”This was a chance which would never recur.” He had been selected to handle the bomb, and this time it would have to be a suicidal mission where the colonel would conceal in his overcoat pockets two bombs, set the fuses, stay as close to Hitler during the ceremony as possible and blow the Fuehrer and his entourage as well as himself up. On the evening of March 20 he met with Schlabrendorff in his room at the Eden Hotel in Berlin. Schlabrendorff had brought two bombs with ten-minute fuses. But because of the near-freezing temperature in the glassed-over courtyard of the Zeughaus it might take from fifteen to twenty minutes before the weapons exploded. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Once again, astonishing luck had accompanied Hitler. The depressed and shocked mood
following Stalingrad had probably also offered the best possible psychological moment for a coup
against him. A successful undertaking at that time might, despite the recently announced
‘Unconditional Surrender’ strategy of the Allies, have stood a chance of splitting them. The
removal of the Nazi leadership and offer of capitulation in the west that Tresckow intended
would at any rate have placed the western Allies with a quandary about whether to respond to
peace-feelers. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Kershaw (822) <u>Hitler</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoqkHDlGkwqN8FNBmK6GD27D-zxS9ruKT_zA2AbxzhaW91HZ4-v2bkar7OyXGWzSUWLLpG4-ZKyqEhVyGe6nzncUbc8ESgq4vqlvto3vsZZHAqrqFjZQTgrlmRJeBv-uL6h_kNup6ggFY2/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+copy+5.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoqkHDlGkwqN8FNBmK6GD27D-zxS9ruKT_zA2AbxzhaW91HZ4-v2bkar7OyXGWzSUWLLpG4-ZKyqEhVyGe6nzncUbc8ESgq4vqlvto3vsZZHAqrqFjZQTgrlmRJeBv-uL6h_kNup6ggFY2/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+copy+5.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Hitler speaking in the Zeughaus courtyard March 1941 and me at the site today, minus the staircase. It was in this courtyard that Hitler, after his speech, was scheduled to spend half an hour examining an exhibition of captured Russian war trophies which Gersdorff’s staff had arranged. It was the only place where the colonel could get close enough to the Fuehrer to kill him. Gersdorff later recounted what happened:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The next day I carried in each of my overcoat pockets a bomb with a ten-minute fuse. I intended to stay as close to Hitler as I could, so that he at least would be blown to pieces by the explosion. When Hitler... entered the exhibitional hall, Schmundt came across to me and said that only eight or ten minutes were to be spent on inspecting the exhibits. So the possibility of carrying out the assassination no longer existed, since even if the temperature had been normal the fuse needed at least ten minutes. This last-minute change of schedule, which was typical of Hitler’s subtle security methods, had once again saved him his life.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Shirer (917-918) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7iYu7GgikhQ9O-1hQjvDBSaQ2V-i8cENvuW9HQUFxfTCyU7KuQbp0fRD43ik7YxG_0BKJWZWBKP1YKmtutn84IKWj6e7hvM_9pRSM8DWNXG-a-yAW0rnXgja49eePExp5_tjqljXY0J2e/s1600/bodes.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="648" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7iYu7GgikhQ9O-1hQjvDBSaQ2V-i8cENvuW9HQUFxfTCyU7KuQbp0fRD43ik7YxG_0BKJWZWBKP1YKmtutn84IKWj6e7hvM_9pRSM8DWNXG-a-yAW0rnXgja49eePExp5_tjqljXY0J2e/s16000/bodes.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqeaaBx3AryH9M_yD9wTfxKRowXryOZwXy6jU0UdMZWUcQGcslVlh5N-1B2YCYcm5CofhLAi-2UuTbG0v-1PhO2xnDPXv3EknaoM4Fwoi_mJEJll-278SlAKy5eyeFT5onrh_37csn2s8/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252855%2529.gif" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="495" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqeaaBx3AryH9M_yD9wTfxKRowXryOZwXy6jU0UdMZWUcQGcslVlh5N-1B2YCYcm5CofhLAi-2UuTbG0v-1PhO2xnDPXv3EknaoM4Fwoi_mJEJll-278SlAKy5eyeFT5onrh_37csn2s8/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252855%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 317px;" /><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLzJlvr4zBcDpG5yg61gFcCtse5bEjxtRFEk5gcZ5LXDZqe22i0COoXsgEPhljEzeb-uxvtoaq1m7gfwVOoFl2I1AehiffV5sSx3JkE2yjWajisyr2GGuxljnPxFIXq0vWrpzTJ_n4S9g/s320/template.jpg" data-original-height="610" data-original-width="940" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLzJlvr4zBcDpG5yg61gFcCtse5bEjxtRFEk5gcZ5LXDZqe22i0COoXsgEPhljEzeb-uxvtoaq1m7gfwVOoFl2I1AehiffV5sSx3JkE2yjWajisyr2GGuxljnPxFIXq0vWrpzTJ_n4S9g/s320/template.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 331px;" /></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The Kaiser Friedrich Museum (now Bodemuseum). During the war the building suffered the least damage on the Museum Island, but it did not get an emergency roof until 1951. After the war in 1945, the city administration had all references to former rulers expunged and eventually on March 1, 1956 Johannes R. Becher, the Minister of Cultural Affairs of the DDR, solemnly gave the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum the name Bode-Museum. The Egyptian Museum with its collection of Papyrus, the Museum of Prehistory and Early History, a picture gallery, a collection of sculptures and the coin cabinet were temporarily housed here. The museum appears as a playable level in the WWII video game<i> Sniper Elite V2</i> shown right.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcZWwYO2Wplf772WwLFwyjjgbqOV8XaC7qRRKZdprAPpc-GiPWSItk1VOrccWCpXK_FYOoyF1S0DXvUwYWjNl_Xr33YA6ad3e_fqtEFnzKR7R_s-FNVz_VrEhpsX8zfREZhafDHgoxHiNr/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="382" data-original-width="442" height="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcZWwYO2Wplf772WwLFwyjjgbqOV8XaC7qRRKZdprAPpc-GiPWSItk1VOrccWCpXK_FYOoyF1S0DXvUwYWjNl_Xr33YA6ad3e_fqtEFnzKR7R_s-FNVz_VrEhpsX8zfREZhafDHgoxHiNr/w400-h345/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Propaganda Minister Goebbels and Hitler speaking on the steps of the <i>Altes Museum</i> in 1938 and my students from <i>Bavarian International School </i>eighty years later. Albert Wolff's <i>Löwenkämpfer</i>, a copy of which can be found at the Philadelphia Museum of Art,remains.<span style="font-size: 100%;">
The Lustgarten ("Pleasure Garden") is in central Berlin, next to the
Dom and had often been used as a parade ground and site for mass
rallies. During the Weimar Republic, it was frequently used for
political demonstrations with frequent rallies held by Socialists and
Communists. In August 1921, 500,000 people demonstrated against
right-wing extremist violence. After the murder of Foreign Minister
Walther Rathenau in June 1922, 250,000 protested in the Lustgarten.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">In fact, Hitler wrote in <span style="font-style: italic;">Mein Kampf</span> (381) that</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In Berlin, after the War, I was present at a mass-demonstration of Marxists in front of the Royal Palace and in the Lustgarten. A sea of red flags, red armlets and red flowers was in itself sufficient to give that huge assembly of about 120,000 persons an outward appearance of strength. I was now able to feel and understand how easily the man in the street succumbs to the hypnotic magic of such a grandiose piece of theatrical presentation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_sXNYWkhObuDaZEFAUptV_O_3WkZbLAUR8VJITNuRiPL0j9J5T8MC3RzupZm6MaAtfKBTSZ6QdDCOYfkrtq84OOWbuotgGefvg3Re-W8G5vpr9A40H_9SW0WOjHuvm3RYijctDsxKgrn3/s326/ezgif.com-crop.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="221" data-original-width="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_sXNYWkhObuDaZEFAUptV_O_3WkZbLAUR8VJITNuRiPL0j9J5T8MC3RzupZm6MaAtfKBTSZ6QdDCOYfkrtq84OOWbuotgGefvg3Re-W8G5vpr9A40H_9SW0WOjHuvm3RYijctDsxKgrn3/s320/ezgif.com-crop.gif" width="320" /></a></div><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">William Shirer records in </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a> (3) <span style="font-size: 100%;">that</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: normal;">On Sunday, January 29, a hundred thousand workers crowded into the Lustgarten in the centre of Berlin to demonstrate their opposition to making Hitler Chancellor. One of their leaders attempted to get in touch with General von Hammerstein to propose joint action by the Army and organised labour should Hitler be named to head a new government. Once before, at the time of the Kapp putsch in 1920, a general strike had saved the Republic after the government had fled the capital.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIVOEGxveuAxqPPgjhmudo5k4Fc1GUQb_5Qy6uws6yE2_U-JPr2QAmNkg5RMkYJLI08xRUVZj4LNV4p5LxSfp4hstGd9ZfCGeIK3VDm0kmRDctnq9ISGn4ZH_EYwz7eR9TX-E6eUpYdEXV/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="428" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIVOEGxveuAxqPPgjhmudo5k4Fc1GUQb_5Qy6uws6yE2_U-JPr2QAmNkg5RMkYJLI08xRUVZj4LNV4p5LxSfp4hstGd9ZfCGeIK3VDm0kmRDctnq9ISGn4ZH_EYwz7eR9TX-E6eUpYdEXV/w400-h346/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">In February, 1933, 200,000 people demonstrated against Hitler as members of the Reichsbanner cheered during an anti-Nazi speech delivered at a rally there; shortly afterwards public opposition to the regime was banned. Under the Nazis, the Lustgarten was converted into a site for mass rallies. In 1934, it was paved over and Hitler would address mass rallies of up to a million people there.</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Later that same year the city government moved the Christmas market back to the Lustgarten in the city centre. Since 1893, when downtown commercial interests forced the Berlin senate to move the main market to protect holiday profits and ensure "public peace," the main market had been held in suburban Akronaplatz. By returning urban markets to public prominence, the party positioned itself as the champion of the "earth-bound folk festivities" (bodengebundene Volkfeste) of popular tradition. In Berlin, the response was remarkable: Record-breaking numbers of visitors visited the market in 1934 and again in 1936, when official totals recorded 1.5 million and 2 million visitors respectively. This climaxed on August 1, 1936 when 20,000 Hitler Youth and 40,000 brownshirts celebrated the end of the Olympic torch relay in Berlin in a “consecration hour.” The runner Siegfried Eifrig lit the Olympic flame, which burned in two "altars" in the pleasure garden and in front of the palace for the entire duration of the Olympic Games. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">By the end of the war, the Lustgarten was a bomb-pitted wasteland. The German Democratic Republic left Hitler's paving in place, but planted lime trees around the parade ground to reduce its militaristic appearance. The whole area was renamed Marx-Engels-Platz. The City Palace was demolished and later replaced by the modernist Palace of the Republic on part of the site.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZp2Fj17uMNkxpQbU0sI_FkkUd38qA9q-Nh797uoMieLG4sALyjmfghGE5kpy3BePB2S3M2N3RcApRA3FoLNeVa83a0oOBR5dQwCGHO1DGenVS_Y8ZLbyD5Wd7glVeUfLCLATqW7D8LO5L/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZp2Fj17uMNkxpQbU0sI_FkkUd38qA9q-Nh797uoMieLG4sALyjmfghGE5kpy3BePB2S3M2N3RcApRA3FoLNeVa83a0oOBR5dQwCGHO1DGenVS_Y8ZLbyD5Wd7glVeUfLCLATqW7D8LO5L/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 221px;" /></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Standing in front of the altes museum and as it appeared May 1, 1936 when, at 12:30 at the state ceremony in the Lustgarten, Hitler gave his main speech from its steps- “An Appeal to the Entire German Volk.” The Nazis used the Altes Museum as the backdrop for such propaganda, both in the museum itself and upon the parade grounds of the redesigned Lustgarten. One such event was targetted on May 18, 1942 by a resistance group led by Herbert Baum consisting mainly of Jewish men and women who attempted to destroy the propaganda exhibition <i>The Soviet Paradise</i> in the Lustgarten. This resulted in the discovery of the group, the death of Baum in Gestapo detention and the execution of at least 27 members of the group. In a "retaliation action," the Reich Main Security Office arrested five hundred Jewish men at the end of May, immediately murdering half of them. A memorial stone made by Jürgen Raue was installed in 1981 to commemorate this resistance group. In 1944 the statue of Friedrich Wilhelm III by Albert Wolff was melted down to reuse the metal in war production.</span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnEzQJGcWUBNqMlBD8F6dhQC9uWbSuq_0XMxHGmithoSgYmehaQXEVqFx4ZzJf1GcU2gkV6Q58yj-Mur_8eGs-rEyyeLIwvdMcfliLRUUDZVBWbRdVxup-MsJjydtP8k5fMGoADoMt8Wfp/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="439" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnEzQJGcWUBNqMlBD8F6dhQC9uWbSuq_0XMxHGmithoSgYmehaQXEVqFx4ZzJf1GcU2gkV6Q58yj-Mur_8eGs-rEyyeLIwvdMcfliLRUUDZVBWbRdVxup-MsJjydtP8k5fMGoADoMt8Wfp/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 427px;" /></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Just before the end of war the museum was badly damaged when a tank truck exploded in front of the museum, and the frescoes designed by Schinkel and Peter Cornelius, which adorned the vestibule and the back wall of the portico, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307125608/http://www.smb.museum/smb/standorte/index.php?lang=en&p=2&objID=24&n=2" target="_blank">were largely lost</a>. The Battle of Berlin saw all of Berlin’s historic sites fortified with old stone buildings like the Altes Museum, with their thick stone walls, cavernous basements and small windows<a href="https://kitatatsumi.com/2012/11/07/berlin-now-and-then-the-altes-museum/" target="_blank"> becoming mini fortresses</a> defended until the last man. Under General Director Ludwig Justi, the building was the first museum of Museum Island to undergo reconstruction and restoration, which was carried out from 1951 to 1966 by Hans Erich Bogatzky and Theodor Voissen. Following Schinkel's designs, the murals of the rotunda were restored in 1982. However, neither the ornate ceilings of the ground floor exhibition rooms nor the pairs of columns under the girders were reconstructed. The former connection to the Neues Museum has also not been rebuilt; instead, an underground passageway connecting all of the museums of Museum Island is planned as part of the Museumsinsel 2015 renovations.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFZKEybzn16XfIJ2vyKWuUKjSi2eQEk7DKF0qMbMNZrBsAPoPn9g01dES4AlZE5A_I3XH2uo7O4tF00-fxOeeYlmnL5MLdnr4dCPI1Aem8igRHL2ARgOA7r2FAUcgAdQSqflRP8-98Tirs/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker-12.gif" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFZKEybzn16XfIJ2vyKWuUKjSi2eQEk7DKF0qMbMNZrBsAPoPn9g01dES4AlZE5A_I3XH2uo7O4tF00-fxOeeYlmnL5MLdnr4dCPI1Aem8igRHL2ARgOA7r2FAUcgAdQSqflRP8-98Tirs/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker-12.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 355px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" /> <img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFJX4UpwTecZnm2Ra8VKUaG2rCqlmyMnfk8O1cWb19YwKLRQKuRJiZC3rEYZJL1kq8d9IXi_-RuQuilP7h6HHClb8LRcV0FPsRcIti8qB1Z8xwILWh6nheiVZmp-TrCnNnG2R5-knAZ0QA/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker-13.gif" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFJX4UpwTecZnm2Ra8VKUaG2rCqlmyMnfk8O1cWb19YwKLRQKuRJiZC3rEYZJL1kq8d9IXi_-RuQuilP7h6HHClb8LRcV0FPsRcIti8qB1Z8xwILWh6nheiVZmp-TrCnNnG2R5-knAZ0QA/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker-13.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 257px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" /><span><span><span> </span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Hitler returning the salutes of officers and soldiers during a military parade on June 6, 1939 in honour of the Condor Legion, after service fighting in support of General Franco and his Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War and my students during our 2018 class trip.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd_M90WxzeAUqdJY0BOouqwl-LFIjONIPPAcEYmfFPerXayUWAFZQj6Vrp5bIED_OJwOu7jBO776dt233O0oD-HTr8uTe8g8BMeeHvKqGqrut9UsRDo7oyjS49WnJDhKasJIglVAVQubPY/s640/output_4yL7Dp.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd_M90WxzeAUqdJY0BOouqwl-LFIjONIPPAcEYmfFPerXayUWAFZQj6Vrp5bIED_OJwOu7jBO776dt233O0oD-HTr8uTe8g8BMeeHvKqGqrut9UsRDo7oyjS49WnJDhKasJIglVAVQubPY/s16000/output_4yL7Dp.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 325px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJIQ_fUlrYMGEJIPz_rw72hMbGGY1GS5oQQ_i5sUhFfbvyBRBjXs59VZeLhEhUFXIWbYZH9QstnsaHOxX_mChdr8JnyYOdKVTNgdS5z28ZnDz8qbapcweoRdshtySyzVoLQna4aUiTDuQ/s400/altesmuseum.gif" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="599" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJIQ_fUlrYMGEJIPz_rw72hMbGGY1GS5oQQ_i5sUhFfbvyBRBjXs59VZeLhEhUFXIWbYZH9QstnsaHOxX_mChdr8JnyYOdKVTNgdS5z28ZnDz8qbapcweoRdshtySyzVoLQna4aUiTDuQ/s400/altesmuseum.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 317px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" /></span><br /></span></span>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>During my history class's 2013 and 2017 trips to Berlin with the altes museum behind. The latter photo shows Hitler walkin to his car after addressing an SA rally in the Lustgarten, convened to celebrate the third anniversary of his chancellorship on February 20, 1936.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGoq7R1feOdhVfmjk5N0cDxDmcWyGPcGvgALBQ0liQh71qgiPEvR6HVDBFsnx67TQLqGnWhkZOIvSbxiQrKCG5aWILMxl0jCAX3zoQEXNKfr97GrIbvBpaPok7OijYzFR61UgiMfmfTnX/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGoq7R1feOdhVfmjk5N0cDxDmcWyGPcGvgALBQ0liQh71qgiPEvR6HVDBFsnx67TQLqGnWhkZOIvSbxiQrKCG5aWILMxl0jCAX3zoQEXNKfr97GrIbvBpaPok7OijYzFR61UgiMfmfTnX/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 265px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" /><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuSuaRRPAM0nw8tP56019ZPKpXbW0IReTLDzkOjcsDCG7kvGFrar26xTMB7kKCMMnPqWo4akj0Vg6BYoayiFQDRu_Jh3cD6bfkEdBGYE4tjJ3gscR3L1olQy5P9020y9-scb7WIFlcKv22/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-12-16+at+21.44.59.png" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="1185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuSuaRRPAM0nw8tP56019ZPKpXbW0IReTLDzkOjcsDCG7kvGFrar26xTMB7kKCMMnPqWo4akj0Vg6BYoayiFQDRu_Jh3cD6bfkEdBGYE4tjJ3gscR3L1olQy5P9020y9-scb7WIFlcKv22/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-12-16+at+21.44.59.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 385px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>My 2011 class and the site directly after the war on the left. Shockingly, the museum was allowed to be covered in swastikas for a forgettable 'satire- <i>Mein Führer: The Truly Truest Truth about Adolf Hitler</i>, 2007. As Gertrud Koch, a cinema studies professor at the Free University of Berlin warns, "[t]</span><span>he danger is that the whole picture of the Third Reich becomes more and more blurred, and the horror gets lost." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3wV8iVPlVdGRovAHaW0hmSWhw7LMF6npP211uT3xMVG2gGjyF_VDe2VtWnnUYK9SN9J2sSZVoDyUg5o_OqCgQcW-W4Lz6An-MPsiaFJmGLgcCf1sTGjnCXSh9NxL9gzc-BZcqaOzDuy77/s738/Screenshot+2020-11-01+at+09.02.11.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="738" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3wV8iVPlVdGRovAHaW0hmSWhw7LMF6npP211uT3xMVG2gGjyF_VDe2VtWnnUYK9SN9J2sSZVoDyUg5o_OqCgQcW-W4Lz6An-MPsiaFJmGLgcCf1sTGjnCXSh9NxL9gzc-BZcqaOzDuy77/w400-h219/Screenshot+2020-11-01+at+09.02.11.png" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The planned extension to the museum by the Nazis. The Nazis planned monumental new buildings on the Museum Island as part of Albert Speer's redesign plans with the architect Wilhelm Kreis designing four additional huge museum buildings. On the north bank of the Spree, opposite the Bode Museum, a “Germanic Museum”, a “Museum of the 19th Century” and a “Museum of Egyptian and Near Eastern Art” were to be built, which in a later planning phase would become a pure Egyptian museum and as the largest the three buildings would have had up to 75,000 m² of exhibition space. Even Monbijou Castle was to have given way to the expansion on the site between Friedrichstrasse, Oranienburger Strasse and Monbijouplatz. As an extension of the military history collections of the armoury, Kreis planned a "World War II Museum" along the Kupfergraben. As a counterpart to the new museum buildings on the northern bank of the Spree, the Reich architect of the Hitler Youth, Hanns Dustmann, designed a new ethnological museum on the southern bank of the Spree, which was to extend between the Stadtbahn and the Spree as far as Friedrichstrasse. The war naturally prevented the implementation of all plans.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXditGGhWT4yy6F60j2OINgBWlr9QsSd414cr3jre11ciEQ_5Jwze6VCZApTKrtoQtyCprmhld4XElHYLH0jZwH9Sw1AO3D-1mtrj2O-Mn0U47IcsyFmCpVo-6skGyjodsa005m9MucEL5/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXditGGhWT4yy6F60j2OINgBWlr9QsSd414cr3jre11ciEQ_5Jwze6VCZApTKrtoQtyCprmhld4XElHYLH0jZwH9Sw1AO3D-1mtrj2O-Mn0U47IcsyFmCpVo-6skGyjodsa005m9MucEL5/w640-h200/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The Pergamon Museum</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> in 1925 and today. Opening in 1930, it was the last of the buildings on the Museum Island to be opened. It was designed by Alfred Messel from 1906 onward. After Messel’s death, it was built by Ludwig Hoffmann under extremely difficult conditions in terms of finance, cultural policy, and engineering. A fourth wing at the Kupfergraben and a portico in the central forum were not realised. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglFlNF_4wpQVzH5FtqUEBGuONpbYcQkk7h757TSQQ4am4ZW3W7uV0VWYJHneUACSfkf9PhLgQDpSAT5jmglE-L3WR0qEE3spJjrcZ4D-Kry7HZeJ1t7mVR6u7UVbQJqmJ_s9aBgh6mPVoJB6y3mNonhuNNUEQC3Ucj2lUr6cX2CsPXM-KCsAZ2liShfg/s345/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(25).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="345" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglFlNF_4wpQVzH5FtqUEBGuONpbYcQkk7h757TSQQ4am4ZW3W7uV0VWYJHneUACSfkf9PhLgQDpSAT5jmglE-L3WR0qEE3spJjrcZ4D-Kry7HZeJ1t7mVR6u7UVbQJqmJ_s9aBgh6mPVoJB6y3mNonhuNNUEQC3Ucj2lUr6cX2CsPXM-KCsAZ2liShfg/w400-h360/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(25).gif" width="400" /></a></div>Hitler, von Ribbentrop, Rust, Göring, Himmler, Schaub and Bormann leaving the opening of the ‘Altjapanischer Kunst’ exhibition in 1939. Due to its unique exhibition programme, the Pergamon Museum quickly became one of the most visited museums in Berlin. It suffered heavy damage from airstrikes in 1945. Rebuilding measures were undertaken between 1948 and 1959. In the early 1980s, an entrance pavilion was built for the growing streams of visitors. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Albert Speer had chosen the Pergamon Altar as a model, shown during the Third Reich and me in front t0day. In the middle of the grandstand, where the bronze Altar of Zeus stood in ancient Pergamum, Albert Speer built Hitler’s podium after Hitler proclaimed his desire create a "mass experience." The first Pergamon Museum structure opened on Museum Island in 1906. The centrepiece of its collection was the reconstructed Great Altar from Pergamon, first mentioned in history by Xenophon and which became the centre of importance when the Cretan King </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Attalus</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and his son Eumenes ruled. Pliny (i.c) had called it “<a href="https://search.proquest.com/openview/d7eb98850a1f6476a149c35a9599b5eb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817913">longe clarissimum Asiae Pergamum</a>.” After only six years the museum was razed to prepare the ground for a new, grander Pergamon Museum. The Great War and the economic and political chaos that followed delayed the opening of that new museum until 1930; it was not completed until 1936. This museum housed the sculpture and architecture from the great excavations in Asia Minor, as well as the Near Eastern and other collections. Ironically, this architectural nostalgia for Hellenism was to have one more dubious manifestation in the Hellenic-inspired architecture of the Third Reich. </span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZfRss5DNGv_VjpogRc8wpJ95BXZduajBcBSoDQepSCd2cJtpuB0dtXU2xJ7K4kGFufI4gzDQT0VbBeKv_jGkPp9xKbXz2X27XP0wVEBhgZk4nH_YqHKjcCm2SrDyTRZZHgF6zSTZkFRBmPtcXNhAKy1rO3MqGHSQv_UYF_L0sT8PMZkpWDMtps7at_g/s396/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="396" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZfRss5DNGv_VjpogRc8wpJ95BXZduajBcBSoDQepSCd2cJtpuB0dtXU2xJ7K4kGFufI4gzDQT0VbBeKv_jGkPp9xKbXz2X27XP0wVEBhgZk4nH_YqHKjcCm2SrDyTRZZHgF6zSTZkFRBmPtcXNhAKy1rO3MqGHSQv_UYF_L0sT8PMZkpWDMtps7at_g/w483-h344/ezgif.com-resize.gif" width="483" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>“If you read the German written by Speer, he gives all the credit to Hitler,” <a href="http://joetm.bluribbon.de/fs80ycpc/unter-den-linden-berlin-ddr-56cea5">according to Dr. Anthony R. Santoro</a>, Professor of History & President Emeritus of Christopher Newport University. “I think he's like a good interior decorator that someone hires, and that client already has the ideas of what he wants to do, and the decorator agrees with him. So that's what Speer did... If you look at the kinds of ceremonies that were on display at Zeppelin field with the reconstructed temple there patterned on the Pergamom Altar, you'll see photographs of Hitler, descending down the steps, like a tribune of the people from old Roman times.” He goes on to make the link to Hitler's the Holocaust, a word that comes from the Greek word meaning "a wholly burnt animal sacrifice." Thus in 92 CE Antipas was sacrificed on the altar of Zeus in Pergamum, the place the Book of Revelation calls <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#2:13" target="_blank">the Throne of Satan</a>. The traditional account goes on to say Antipas was martyred during the reign of Nero by burning in a brazen bull-shaped altar for casting out demons worshiped by the local population. Centuries later in Nuremberg, in the centre of a redesigned Pergamon Altar, the bronze bull was replaced by a podium from where Hitler announced his plans to the world with nearly </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>six million Jews comprising of much of this new </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>burnt sacrifice. I'm shown above in front of the altar and what was left of it shown after the war before the Soviets dismantled the Pergamon Altar and shipped into Leningrad in 1948 as war loot, returning it a decade later.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Vam7raSgW0AjvSEaZW4ePMvaZOz5xwWCWE62EBj5hW2onoEsRtEQE3C3WjxEq9PEA7d2wwjeiFGkDmyxdXalKlakh5KyO8FGy7ns_i23LfSdPnQjzO2MTcWpD5VQRFjRxZOv0rPMKt-b/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-03-02+at+21.33.02.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Vam7raSgW0AjvSEaZW4ePMvaZOz5xwWCWE62EBj5hW2onoEsRtEQE3C3WjxEq9PEA7d2wwjeiFGkDmyxdXalKlakh5KyO8FGy7ns_i23LfSdPnQjzO2MTcWpD5VQRFjRxZOv0rPMKt-b/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-03-02+at+21.33.02.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 165px; width: 221px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_vkYt9VVFzpWndgftxauBYr-VZwFH5F8h04_NwOyIOB7Dagae1DvRCSWRQCzNC2COSKm9-697oy9dEVLIfNerK3gCGkVWQJo4b6Mfv0VSgM3v_LSgTFMB5lQE8o4z2nQviEEPr7CgULd7/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-03-02+at+21.32.47.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_vkYt9VVFzpWndgftxauBYr-VZwFH5F8h04_NwOyIOB7Dagae1DvRCSWRQCzNC2COSKm9-697oy9dEVLIfNerK3gCGkVWQJo4b6Mfv0VSgM3v_LSgTFMB5lQE8o4z2nQviEEPr7CgULd7/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-03-02+at+21.32.47.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 165px; width: 416px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span">The
altar at the time of the Olympics, after the war and in June 2002 when
protesters occupied the site in memory of the anniversary of the
massacre of Distomo, Greece to demand compensation for the
victims of German war crimes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjt55Y5n1J_O0oeBJYQvxIEQ6SVXzjJ6WSE3u7Bmru_UTIwkjB1wIhwgNntYvtmwYzQaxGxOCsrZsrzUlxPsQnAMzrGGUUD4FSInU7Zbd_rTwwBwPV24lQIQ9Mgf1Fc_MX_kIHDYZT9jcu/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="400" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjt55Y5n1J_O0oeBJYQvxIEQ6SVXzjJ6WSE3u7Bmru_UTIwkjB1wIhwgNntYvtmwYzQaxGxOCsrZsrzUlxPsQnAMzrGGUUD4FSInU7Zbd_rTwwBwPV24lQIQ9Mgf1Fc_MX_kIHDYZT9jcu/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span"> Outside the museum and as it appeared in 1945. During the wartime air raids on Berlin, the Pergamon Museum was hit hard. Many exhibits were moved to safe places and the monumental pieces were partially walled. In 1945 much of the Exposita was transported by the Red Army for a large victory museum planned by Stalin in Moscow. In 1954, the first hall of the antique department was re-opened with the Miletsaal, and in 1955 the Hellenistic Hall, which was altered by Elisabeth Rohde, <i>inter alia</i> by the transfer of the Hephaistion mosaic. In 1957 and 1958 the Soviet Union returned a large part of its holdings to East Germany. The Pergamon altar was <a href="https://ermakvagus.com/Europe/Germany/berlin/pergamonmuseum.htm">largely rebuilt</a> by Carl Blümel and Elisabeth Rohde in the staging of 1930 whilst the German Museum, however, was not re-established. The collections that were once shown in it were mostly in the Gemäldegalerie and in the Sculpture Collection in West Berlin in the Museum Center Berlin-Dahlem. Other spoils were burned in the Flakbunker Friedrichshain or remain, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45302088">illegal under international law</a>, in the depots of the Pushkin Museum in Moscow and the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. The return of these spoils, including the famous treasure of Priam, was agreed in 1990 by the German Federal Republic and Russia, but has so far been prevented by the Russian Parliament and museum directors in Moscow. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih74B5KZ1-c47Rd7I_u3BJ7QJHLSJSnW2ZIh0gYSFDbt5GY3TzOd62g65LjifKUnOmQNOYPuCvtykpjaYM-1ys6vaDjC2SkNnIICEx9fkwyTpe8sAnQtd_ux9sTEK2WHARaP6oVwM8bC0/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="470" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih74B5KZ1-c47Rd7I_u3BJ7QJHLSJSnW2ZIh0gYSFDbt5GY3TzOd62g65LjifKUnOmQNOYPuCvtykpjaYM-1ys6vaDjC2SkNnIICEx9fkwyTpe8sAnQtd_ux9sTEK2WHARaP6oVwM8bC0/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></span></a><span>The Alte Nationalgalerie before the war and today. Together with the Altes Museum, the Neues Museum, the Bode Museum, the Pergamon Museum, the Berlin Cathedral and the Lustgarten, it makes up the Museum Island complex in Berlin. It is situated in the middle of the island, between the rails of the Berlin Stadtbahn and Bode Street on the eastern banks. When the Nazis assumed power in 1933, Ludwig Justi was appointed director of the National Gallery followed by Eberhard Hanfstaengl, who held the post until 1937 during which time he planned further museum reconstructions and had several reconstruction works carried out. His successor was Paul Ortwin Rave, who remained director of the museum until 1950. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>For those museum directors who were not National Socialists and who tried to </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpU_VG0eVRYbhCBfFAIhyGtjmc9eGrF6IezGXXeck6Hl5jLdUtRsUW3ShpfK0_zWdPpz_gDdUrVHVryj5KtI6YLevgG8jF_tu3Ejts-AhI5HsYyFp13TpSlk6kx1VX1HGNkwbIjh4GqdyU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252824%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="422" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpU_VG0eVRYbhCBfFAIhyGtjmc9eGrF6IezGXXeck6Hl5jLdUtRsUW3ShpfK0_zWdPpz_gDdUrVHVryj5KtI6YLevgG8jF_tu3Ejts-AhI5HsYyFp13TpSlk6kx1VX1HGNkwbIjh4GqdyU/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252824%2529.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span>resist from within, the challenges were often overwhelming. Between intrusive politicians and aggressive local organizations, such as the Combat League for German Culture (Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur), the pressures could be, and often were, tremendous. But the fact remains that the museum officials always had the option of resigning (and the choice of remaining in Germany or leaving). It is true that emigration, even before 1939, was not easy: museum professionals were tied to language and national culture more so than artists or musicians, and they often specialized in German art, which had less appeal abroad than in their native country. But these educated men had options and were not forced down the path of criminality. Eberhard Hanfstaengl, for example, even at the late date of 1937, when forced out as director of the Nationalgalerie in Berlin, went to work as an editor for the Bruckmann publishing house in Munich.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Petropoulos (16) <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=FyXoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=%22Eberhard+Hanfstaengl,+for+example,+even+at+the+late+date+of+1937,+when+forced+out+as+director+of+the+Nationalgalerie+in+Berlin,+went+to+work+as+an+editor+for+the+Bruckmann+publishing+house+in+Munich.%22+filetype:pdf&source=bl&ots=rUrG9-PDU9&sig=ACfU3U168rebnw93tui2HxhbxapLM571Ww&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIrL_5irXwAhVGDGMBHUNCCvYQ6AEwAXoECAQQAw">The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>At the start of the war the National Gallery was closed. During the war the National Gallery building was heavily damaged by bombing, bombardment and ground-fighting. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>It has not been clarified to date which art works were destroyed during this time and which reached the Soviet Union as booty. Already in 1945 there were first efforts to get money for the reconstruction of the building of the National Gallery. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-mfJzisgktj3o4lyGb3WpW7bLWOQcw_mZsm12-Ba8MWi0xU5XFzmJhYetoivrKNUy2eq2tZqA7_FAPYab3Te-X1irPQR1WqFn-fnv5RyKkr2x1pq8BJpRyDCCwrzx-JTYZfnnRab7RKuN/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-mfJzisgktj3o4lyGb3WpW7bLWOQcw_mZsm12-Ba8MWi0xU5XFzmJhYetoivrKNUy2eq2tZqA7_FAPYab3Te-X1irPQR1WqFn-fnv5RyKkr2x1pq8BJpRyDCCwrzx-JTYZfnnRab7RKuN/s200/ezgif.com-resize%25282%2529.gif" width="138" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In 1948 the reconstruction began and by the following year parts of the building of the Museum Island were first made accessible to the public in the National Gallery. In Hitchcock's 1966 spy film <i>Torn Curtain</i>, the museum was the scene of some key scenes, although the actual site was not used as permission to film had not been given. When Germany divided formally in 1949, its collection too was divided according to the Auslagerungsorten between East and West. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>After the war, a debate broke out in Germany over whether to rebuild exact copies of old buildings or to radically depart from pre-war Germany with many feeling that exact reproductions were tantamount to acting as if the war had never happen. Others felt that radical modernism ignored centuries of pre-war German history. Some projects, like the <i>Neues Museum</i> in Berlin, pictured here after a 1943 bombing raid and today, managed to find the balance between those two views. The museum today thus combines elements of the original building with modern accents. It preserves the ravages of war and pollution, providing an impressive fusion of the old and the new and simultaneously celebrating both ruins and contemporary construction. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm1YunNPSE_AWoGHogg_wT10qnog8lAxt7tI9xL8zA-lnX-nvoIp-0qjMhxhPPbQgi71BENvVkGv4m0tbG8vhr-fW72y6M1gviW321-lYHbynIOCQprtqFyMDnI5-pzo4MoUAo97kvgZo/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="249" data-original-width="535" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm1YunNPSE_AWoGHogg_wT10qnog8lAxt7tI9xL8zA-lnX-nvoIp-0qjMhxhPPbQgi71BENvVkGv4m0tbG8vhr-fW72y6M1gviW321-lYHbynIOCQprtqFyMDnI5-pzo4MoUAo97kvgZo/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Then and now from the same vantage point</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicb5Nsql5wHOPQ4oELevc-Kap4-QhX9JIAKLRT9DVyYfLlrgIf0QffyXbPl_CJ0jFzvpcUWc0gtQKNoThgz0lhHmPI5iiKkFXLhZVUuZTP8HxNrqNkLYODuoi1honODCAYVbXFgAlRjwg4/s320/schlo%25C3%259F-optimize%25282%2529.gif" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="642" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicb5Nsql5wHOPQ4oELevc-Kap4-QhX9JIAKLRT9DVyYfLlrgIf0QffyXbPl_CJ0jFzvpcUWc0gtQKNoThgz0lhHmPI5iiKkFXLhZVUuZTP8HxNrqNkLYODuoi1honODCAYVbXFgAlRjwg4/w400-h282/schlo%25C3%259F-optimize%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 319px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In these series of photographs taken over the course of several class trips to Berlin can be seen in the foreground the granite bowl with
its diametre of twenty feet which was created by Christian Gottlieb
Cantian in the late 1820s out of a single glacial boulder. It had been
commissioned for the Altes Museum's courtyard but ended up being too
large to fit inside the museum forcing Schinkel to create the base for
it to stand permanently in the lustgarten. In these photos taken from the steps of the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>altes museum t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>he Stadtschloß can be seen to be rebuilt where, on the eve of the Great War Wilhelm II, the last ruling Hohenzollern, rallied his subjects with a speech from one of its balconies. Four years later, the communist leader Karl Liebknecht is widely believed to have used the same balcony to proclaim</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> a ‘‘free socialist
Republic’’ on November 9 (Philipp Scheidemann had already proclaimed
‘‘the German Republic’’ from the Reichstag) before helping to found the
Spartacus League two days later. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>I<span style="font-size: normal;">t
appears that this was a target of Marinus van der Lubbe days before he
set fire to the Reichstag with the dire historical consequences. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/ReichstagFire/Reichstag%20Fire_djvu.txt">A report of this fire </a>was published on February 27, 1933: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfKsEK8xZuyUc6X3v3AX8avuukN6gJYqkK4tiW5tXt5DjLVhKhDtSSXdQwL5A-DvVUYl_78dYHcRc5vdtN4BzPDEk7h6pwXXbigc2i-2bYN_oD-6H9XTAsOoCnI52DR6dq8zXCNS-lEkZm/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252813%2529.gif" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="400" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfKsEK8xZuyUc6X3v3AX8avuukN6gJYqkK4tiW5tXt5DjLVhKhDtSSXdQwL5A-DvVUYl_78dYHcRc5vdtN4BzPDEk7h6pwXXbigc2i-2bYN_oD-6H9XTAsOoCnI52DR6dq8zXCNS-lEkZm/w400-h282/ezgif.com-optimize%252813%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 319px;" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></span><span> </span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">It has only now become known that a small fire broke out on Saturday in
an office room on the fifth floor of the Berliner Schloss, which was
quickly put out by a fireman stationed on the premises. The origin of
the fire is not yet fully explained. But it is thought to have been an
act of incendiarism. One hour before the fire started, the caretaker had
made his round through the Schloss and had even passed through the
room. At the time there was nothing suspicious to be seen. Soon
afterwards the room was in flames. Investigation showed that there was a
burning firelighter on the window-sill, and another under the window
and also on the steam pipes. The police investigation has not yet been
concluded.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">During
the preparations for the 1936 Summer Olympics, Ministerialrat Conrad
Dammeier redesigned the Lustgarten into a parade and parade ground area,
which was paved with large-format rectangular slabs, flanked by wide
lawns. Because the equestrian statue of Friedrich Wilhelm III and the
granite bowl shown in these GIFs interfered with the view of the Altes Museum, the outside
staircase of which was to serve as a grandstand at rallies, they had to
move to the edges of the square. The granite bowl was placed in the
green area north of the cathedral and Friedrich Wilhelm III was rotated by
90° and moved from the Spree Canal towards the cathedral portal.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFkiAJNdFC_UYCGk3dpF-8WWy_f6ATrZCGxbRTuk1BAdLkqTorg2lUFv8vV6ihgEwiz0Xemknz61DEcPh1G-64MWJ2bewA1ylQr5xVjkAl5vy5BIrzOfWbuFMRxFVrWqPsL-g-UiiXnaqU/s1600/3ezgif.com-optimize+%252820%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="406" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFkiAJNdFC_UYCGk3dpF-8WWy_f6ATrZCGxbRTuk1BAdLkqTorg2lUFv8vV6ihgEwiz0Xemknz61DEcPh1G-64MWJ2bewA1ylQr5xVjkAl5vy5BIrzOfWbuFMRxFVrWqPsL-g-UiiXnaqU/w400-h292/3ezgif.com-optimize+%252820%2529.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></a></span></span>This balcony was one of the few parts of the original building to have survived demolition, as the East Germans kept it and integrated it into one of their nearby government buildings, which is now </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">the ESMT European School of Management and Technology</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Although possible to repair at great expense, the palace was demolished in 1950 by the East German authorities, despite West German protests. Under the Nazis, which eventually extinguished monarchist hopes of a Hohenzollern restoration, the building was mostly ignored. During the war the Stadtschloss was twice struck by Allied bombs, on February 3 and February 24, 1945. On the latter occasion, when both the air defences and fire-fighting systems of Berlin had been destroyed, the building was struck by incendiaries, lost its roof, and was largely burnt out.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The Stadtschloss thus emerged as a burned-out shell of its former glory, although the building had remained structurally sound and much of its interior decoration was still preserved. It could have been restored, as many other bombed-out buildings in central Berlin later were. The area in which it was located was within the Soviet Union zone, which became East Germany. The building was used for the Soviet war movie <i>The Battle of Berlin</i> in which the Stadtschloss served as a backdrop, with live artillery shells fired at it for the realistic cinematic impact. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">As
for the Lustgarten itself, in the first years after the war it
continued to serve as a demonstration area, which the SED leadership
found too small. To expand the square, Walter Ulbricht ordered the party
to blow up and clear the schloß in 1950, which meant that the Lustgarten lost its urban design. The damaged monument of Friedrich Wilhelm
III. had already been melted down as non-ferrous metal scrap . The
wide parade area from the area of the castle, the castle square, the
castle freedom and Lustgarten was renamed Marx-Engels-Platz in 1951. The damaged, framing
trees were replaced by linden trees that year and in the decades that
followed, the Old Museum was rebuilt, the National Gallery and the
Cathedral were restored, and later also the Schloßbrücke. The Palace of
the Republic was built on the eastern part of the palace area in 1973
and 1976. The area opposite Lustgarten remained undeveloped and
served as a parking lot. A memorial stone made by Jürgen Raue served as a
reminder of the Baum resistance group from 1981 when the granite bowl returned to its original place in front
of the Altes Museum. </span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhysmn5-D1Fl661Q-bZIhBbBEr0YXycLMsSwCPT1q3i0zgHmok17I3afb7-yUn2p4PU7X-cVJ8NAFa6UnqG0Pg45IjVNQOJo6Y4gd8qIkZU13kFpqQ3vz0fqedFUuAeNvFZMCuzCfL6NmE/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="417" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhysmn5-D1Fl661Q-bZIhBbBEr0YXycLMsSwCPT1q3i0zgHmok17I3afb7-yUn2p4PU7X-cVJ8NAFa6UnqG0Pg45IjVNQOJo6Y4gd8qIkZU13kFpqQ3vz0fqedFUuAeNvFZMCuzCfL6NmE/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Following the reunification of Germany, it was decided to rebuild the Stadtschloß. Ladd argues that the discussion of this process is more confusing in English than in German given that in the latter, the word for a royal palace (Schloß) is entirely distinct from the name the East Germans gave to their parliament building, the Palast der Republik; possibly this linguistic confusion hampered the proponents of rebuilding the royal palace in their attempt to gain foreign support. Appended to a brochure they issued in 1992 were numerous letters of support solicited from prominent German scholars and cultural figures. Also included were three letters in English, all from prominent architects. Two of them- Frank Gehry and Michael Wilford- opposed the rebuilding of the old palace whilst the third, American architect Robert Venturi, came out "firmly against tearing down the royal palace! (249)"<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Berlin's preservationists saw the proposed reconstruction of the royal palace as a clear case of the falsification of history. For them, and for other <span class="st">opponents, the project amounted to a declaration that the entire </span><span class="st">existence of East Germany </span><span class="st"> had been some kind of aberration, not worthy of mention and best wiped from the urban tableau. Meeting at the old State Library just down Unter den Linden while the canvas façade was going up, many of them scorned the effort to erase authentic traces of one history in order to re-create a different one. For the preservationists, </span><span class="st">the proper course of action was to keep the Palace of the Republic</span><span class="st">, an authentic, existing monument... It was, after all, the site of the GDR's historic decision to join the Federal Republic in 1990. One of the leading Christian Democrats</span><span class="st"><i> </i>in the Berlin legislature immediately denounced any protection for this "architectural monstrosity" as an expression of "historical ignorance." (Ignorance of which history? Note that both sides make this charge.)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span class="st">Ladd (69) </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Ghosts-Berlin-Confronting-History-Landscape/dp/0226467627%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0226467627" id="link_Namecns!81C2730497AD62BA!5139">The Ghosts of Berlin</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote>
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</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoXYRs2J91HS0Za9Lrp6OAw7LINoZcF8WopJ2lVaESOkTzwAd5tXYJ_MUwKL8RIqUgx5D3lLlrw7j_cWCVpQzU_-vhYo7_OjBkigjAfwPLFo5_hzCQbtdtGihMHEwY1FQ63geNEUOhPsi7/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoXYRs2J91HS0Za9Lrp6OAw7LINoZcF8WopJ2lVaESOkTzwAd5tXYJ_MUwKL8RIqUgx5D3lLlrw7j_cWCVpQzU_-vhYo7_OjBkigjAfwPLFo5_hzCQbtdtGihMHEwY1FQ63geNEUOhPsi7/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Julius Raschdorff's neo-Renaissance </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Berlin Cathedral, intended to display Wilhelm II's importance as protector of Protestants and to compete with the grandeur of St. Peter's in Rome and St. Paul's in London, suffered substantial damage in the war. The East German authorities eventually decided to keep the massive old building. Its restoration, financed mainly by the West German Protestant Church, began only in the 1970s and was not completed until 1993. Less than a week after becoming chancellor, Hitler came here to attend a <a href="https://stadtgeschichte-muenchen.de/strassen/d_strasse.php?id=6432">funeral service for SA Sturmführer Maikowski and Senior Police Officer Zauritz</a>, both of whom had been shot in political riots following the torchlight procession of January 30, 1933 that commemorated Hitler's appointment as chancellor:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJrozC6FJIXRmhWslLYCtQMjGidSnVfZxheKQnUiY6irnMNU69Kx68cubx_Rn5C55P7Np9EtP3aYooWR2ryC4OC_qxrD7Pwh7rNpLN4vmDjp9079Um11qiAj0AWlieVgUOx8k60a5fOhEo/s360/ezgif.com-gif-maker+-+2021-09-26T182537.269.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="360" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJrozC6FJIXRmhWslLYCtQMjGidSnVfZxheKQnUiY6irnMNU69Kx68cubx_Rn5C55P7Np9EtP3aYooWR2ryC4OC_qxrD7Pwh7rNpLN4vmDjp9079Um11qiAj0AWlieVgUOx8k60a5fOhEo/w400-h384/ezgif.com-gif-maker+-+2021-09-26T182537.269.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drake Winston visiting in 2021<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span>The perfection of Nazi ritual culminated in the State funeral of Maikowski and Zauritz on Sunday. Maikowski was what we should call a gangster; he was the member of Storm troop 33, notorious for its “toughness”; he had confessed to the murder of a Communist in “ self-defence.” He had been amnestied during the Schleicher regime and was shot by a Communist on his return from the Nazi Torchlight procession on January 30th. In the same Nazi-Communist scuffle a policeman, Zauritz, was mortally wounded; the available evidence suggests that a Nazi, not a Communist, was responsible for his death. With their extraordinary flair for the dramatic exploitation of social emotion, the Nazis decreed that there should be a double State funeral, although only Ebert, Stresemann and Muller have been honoured in this way since 1918.<span>..</span> The Protestant Church of Germany, disestablished by the Revolution, has long had Nazi sympathies, but never before has she so completely sealed her submission to Hitlerism. Only it seemed strange that Christ should hang upon a cross above Maikowski — Odin, or even Loki, would have looked less out of place. Lastly came Monarchy to woo Hitlerism; the Crown Prince, mounting the altar steps to add his to the piles of wreaths, took care to be the most prominent individual inside the cathedral. And the crowds at last went home, satisfied that “Germany is awake.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Taken from <a href="http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2008/01/nazi-schleicher-government" target="_blank">The New Statesman</a>, February 1958 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Beginning under the cathedral's Dean Richter, the Nazis were able to fly swastika flags from the building and to use it for events as a platform for its own propaganda purposes. In July 1933 the Nazis signed a concordat with the Catholic church. The German bishops, displaying a complete lack of understanding of the Nazi regime, evidently thought that the Nazis would honor a formal document. The Nazis, however, had their own use for the concordat. With the cooperation of the papal nuncio, they staged a spectacle to celebrate the signing of the concordat so as to win over Catholics still opposing the state. The SA and </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> choirs assisted at a Mass celebrated here within the Berlin cathedral, and in his sermon Father Marianus Vetter compared the raising of the dead man to life by Christ to the renewed life given to Germany by the Nazis. He likewise claimed that the bishops by their oath of loyalty to the state were expressing the Catholic people's loyalty to the constitutional government. The ceremony ended with the singing of the Horst Wessel hymn and a blessing by the papal nuncio. Another ostensible clerical endorsement of the regime appeared in the presence of Bishop Berning on the Privy Council in Berlin.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisaOn4LntpThEeTq1bVHsjFjdUFRYe-4h4rrxGM5hPmPOsSPjsXnV8-5vgV1oDcNVnu8QtLM1Vh4XO3XkDDv-KhLNzwaugLwvNv5fOlb2n8qcYeAo-aJEME6hJQ1J20-gNes76ZIYU5vT57_Ch5k13iMBiibyp9O91b8Mm7z-jIYYVgm2xZf9ZC8pbNg/s571/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-09T100649.506.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="571" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisaOn4LntpThEeTq1bVHsjFjdUFRYe-4h4rrxGM5hPmPOsSPjsXnV8-5vgV1oDcNVnu8QtLM1Vh4XO3XkDDv-KhLNzwaugLwvNv5fOlb2n8qcYeAo-aJEME6hJQ1J20-gNes76ZIYU5vT57_Ch5k13iMBiibyp9O91b8Mm7z-jIYYVgm2xZf9ZC8pbNg/w668-h240/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-09T100649.506.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="668" /></a></div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">With my 2022 cohort of <i>Bavarian International School</i> Histry students</span><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinpWD24-eBKt_emUK6F82TmCNk3KBzBK7HnS6K2xcszEdms12gXi4D5BEvVSIdPQl4i8MGMj58dEFwijDTsF8nyEb2YTt_9LfAGEr8Fs4FsPViQ_5OAcvFFpvKLdiH9zMu3w1H0Pky5cY/s1600/goering.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="337" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinpWD24-eBKt_emUK6F82TmCNk3KBzBK7HnS6K2xcszEdms12gXi4D5BEvVSIdPQl4i8MGMj58dEFwijDTsF8nyEb2YTt_9LfAGEr8Fs4FsPViQ_5OAcvFFpvKLdiH9zMu3w1H0Pky5cY/w246-h320/goering.gif" width="246" /></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> In 1935 Hermann Göring married Emmy Sonnemann at the cathedral. Hitler was the best man at the ceremony. </span>A<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>s Irving (223) relates:</span></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Thirty thousand troops lined the route as he drove past in an open car awash with narcissus and tulips. Associated Press correspondent Louis P. Lochner wrote to his daughter: “You had the feeling that an emperor was marrying.” “A visitor to Berlin,” echoed the British ambassador, sitting in the diplomatic gallery facing the floodlit marble altar, “might well have thought . . . that he had stumbled upon preparations for a royal wedding.” Insensible to Nazi party feelings, Göring had insisted on a religious ceremony (although he granted the Reich bishop, Müller, only five minutes for his sermon). The wedding album shows Hitler standing bareheaded behind him in the cathedral, his postman’s hat nonchalantly upended on the floor beside him, his hands clasped in their familiar station below his belt- buckle. Göring’s hair was neatly smoothed back, a broad sash dividing the areas of saucer-sized medals covering his chest. As the newlyweds emerged from the cathedral, two hundred planes flew overhead, followed by two storks released by an irreverent Richthofen Squadron veteran. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Footage of the wedding can be seen <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fO-9vtp60vw" target="_blank">here</a>. <br /></span></div>
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</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEJOjm-u5J1Hjc8bPjwbO59qL6LZnLxrNsg5NAZnTwFbjHddowOFp_9kKvTfROI3iE-kwm8IBoUxcWXLfou64UYkYmFrZJJPTqh0cPntIvweToeqSXGhYc2lpwQ5ULu5GHK3Zwasa9FzWn/s1600/ezgif.com-crop.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEJOjm-u5J1Hjc8bPjwbO59qL6LZnLxrNsg5NAZnTwFbjHddowOFp_9kKvTfROI3iE-kwm8IBoUxcWXLfou64UYkYmFrZJJPTqh0cPntIvweToeqSXGhYc2lpwQ5ULu5GHK3Zwasa9FzWn/s640/ezgif.com-crop.gif" width="640" /></a></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The <i>Berliner Dom</i> festooned with swastikas with a giant maypole in front from private photographs taken by a Norwegian tourist in 1937 and me at the site in 2011. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLfSaEykg8IyAQbg0JbMZK69iQ84DxT-wEpf6D5r9YpHWCsOPi_3Dw76MPaIkAZuGKFJAoqn6mKgrL5_pJLgqjI9Khl09zZzwP3xi7oq5V1Aj9nx5UC4rNPDsEX6DXrVowzmesg7t90C9e/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="464" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLfSaEykg8IyAQbg0JbMZK69iQ84DxT-wEpf6D5r9YpHWCsOPi_3Dw76MPaIkAZuGKFJAoqn6mKgrL5_pJLgqjI9Khl09zZzwP3xi7oq5V1Aj9nx5UC4rNPDsEX6DXrVowzmesg7t90C9e/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a><span>On November 11 1918, Marshal Foch, as Supreme Commander, signed the armistice with Germany in the then-called "Wagon of Compiègne". This agreement ended fighting in the First World War. 22 years later, in May 1940, Hitler forced the defeated France to sign her surrender in that same </span><span><span>carriage 2419D-</span> at the exact spot where it happened, Compiegne. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>In
order to complete the reinstatement of the Armistice Clearing, another
carriage was obtained, constructed in the same 1913 batch as the
original. This was renumbered 2491D and placed inside a new
carriage-house. Inside it were placed the furnishings, documents and
personal items previously displayed in the original carriage, items
which had been removed and taken to a place of safety on the outbreak of
war in 1939. </span></span></span></span>Then he took the saloon car to Berlin, exposing it as a trophy at Lustgarten in front of the Dom, so that all Berliners could admire it as we seen in this photo. In 1944 as the allied bombing of Berlin intensified, it was decided to move the armistice carriage to a safer location in Crawinkel in Thuringia, where it was guarded by the </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. In March 1945 as Allied forces began their push into Germany, the carriage's guards, under orders not to let it fall into Allied hands, relocated it to Gotha near a huge tunnel system. There it was <a href="https://armistice-museum.com/the-armistice-carriage/">destroyed in March 1945</a> by the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> with fire and/or dynamite, in the face of the advancing American Army. However, some </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> veterans and civilian eyewitnesses claim that the wagon had been destroyed by air attack near Ohrdruf while still in Thuringia in April 1944. Even so, it is generally believed the wagon was destroyed in 1945 by the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Today people who come to the Crawinkel commune have a chance to <a href="https://war-documentary.info/armistice-memorial-compiegne/">visit the exact site</a>.<br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikXwr43fe5uYZmj1WPeO_qcq2dwh73_WgyUul1qi1LGyb3UcrMQdc6_42LP9nDFf9Ts9pqnZAXMmfpETGT5-RQh4tWoXlLSaNyfcIEw0LGWWSSxYBMZjO6gVRx86gy_p6c7HrOzvn9O1U/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="478" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikXwr43fe5uYZmj1WPeO_qcq2dwh73_WgyUul1qi1LGyb3UcrMQdc6_42LP9nDFf9Ts9pqnZAXMmfpETGT5-RQh4tWoXlLSaNyfcIEw0LGWWSSxYBMZjO6gVRx86gy_p6c7HrOzvn9O1U/w400-h277/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>In the Götterdämmerung of the Third Reich the Germans threw everything and the kitchen sink into the final battle, including two Great War era British Mark V tanks hauled out of the Altes Museum and used for the city's defence shown here and during my 2011 Bavarian International School trip. The results were predictable. Historians believe they weren't captured during the Great War, but <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105071915/http://beute.narod.ru/Beutepanzer/uk/MK_V/Mk_V.htm">actually captured during the invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in 1941. During the Russian Civil War, the British supplied the anti-Bolshevik forces with arms, including about seventy of the latest in tank technology. Most of those tanks were either destroyed or captured by the Soviets. The Soviets used them for a while, and eventually most of them ended up as museum or display pieces. The Bolsheviks captured these tanks and put them in a museum celebrating their victory, and when the Germans invaded they captured the museum and hauled the tanks out and brought them to their own museum in Berlin- according to Fletcher <a href="https://epdf.tips/mark-v-tank-new-vanguard-178-issue-178.html">probably the only British Mark V ever to fall into German hands</a>. Then in 1945 they were once again used against the Bolsheviks although there is <a href="Britain sent about seventy of those to the White Russian forces during the Russian Civil War. Most of those tanks were either destroyed or captured by the Soviets. The Soviets used them for a while, and eventually most of them ended up as museum or display pieces.">no actual evidence</a> of that having occurred. A more mundane explanation might be the fact that after the French capitulation, the Armistice Carriage that served both to mark Germany's Great War humiliation and which later was used by Hitler to accept the French surrender. Perhaps other Great War-era relics were displayed here. As of yet, no identification of the serial number visible on one of the tanks has been achieved. According to one source, one of the tanks <a href="https://twitter.com/PeteAJohnston/status/1159142212216786944">belonged to the Estonian army</a> before being captured by the Red Army in 1940 during its invasion before in turn being taken by the Wehrmacht following Barbarossa. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQMw5fPU1rbpAAmSs4S7TlZsQSL9tgdMhAFYlkkJ2m7DNKmXPKteVR2TCHQ_NoBBig5iWgsvlrjdkKV7fVIaGI4wdxVWx2uI6Up0LdqlpZ_cs7ZBYQ8CUk5_20tzT3pFMUUMTqV6HtZtQ/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="812" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQMw5fPU1rbpAAmSs4S7TlZsQSL9tgdMhAFYlkkJ2m7DNKmXPKteVR2TCHQ_NoBBig5iWgsvlrjdkKV7fVIaGI4wdxVWx2uI6Up0LdqlpZ_cs7ZBYQ8CUk5_20tzT3pFMUUMTqV6HtZtQ/w640-h202/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>More images of the tanks can be found here <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYMmtSRUNqvqLJ7YLsOYzDtCSxcIRnzn8jjnt7DWQFv_6WBhpGRSmw0uERfaVOVz8nbILEPQ-LpygsqZmQJFtnj3X5Mt9yn4RuyZEUlWRtQNpy6DykPEJ3MFO86c4U42kN5ebRdx64-8TS/s377/ezgif.com-resize-2.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="377" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYMmtSRUNqvqLJ7YLsOYzDtCSxcIRnzn8jjnt7DWQFv_6WBhpGRSmw0uERfaVOVz8nbILEPQ-LpygsqZmQJFtnj3X5Mt9yn4RuyZEUlWRtQNpy6DykPEJ3MFO86c4U42kN5ebRdx64-8TS/w400-h321/ezgif.com-resize-2.gif" title="Bavarian International School Heath berlin" width="400" /></a></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>During the war the cathedral had been bombed by the Allies and badly damaged, seen here and as it appears from the same spot during my 2020 school trip. In 1940 the blast waves of RAF bombing blew part of the windows away. On May 24, 1944 a bomb of combustible liquids entered the roof lantern of the dome. The fire could not be extinguished at that unreachable section of the dome forcing the lantern to burn out and collapse onto the main floor. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Despite this, the wartime damage was surprisingly light when considering how the entire inner city had been flattened by bombs. Its postwar reconstruction subsequently simplified much of the design with </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>the northern wing being completely eliminated.</span></span></span></span></span></span> This demolition and redesign <a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/reise/restaurierung-des-berliner-doms-am-liebsten-haetten-sie-alle-kreuze-verschwinden-lassen-1.1689478" target="_blank">cost 800,000 marks </a>compared to the mere 50,000 marks towards restoration. </span></span></span></span></span></span> Between 1949 and 1953 a provisional roof was installed to protect what remained and reconstruction started in 1975. The restoration of the interior was begun in 1984 and in 1993 the church reopened after a cost of 11.5 million marks. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ1vzXft9oMd-9nCq_tD_W85d94yJtPlyJI4KpTg5rfUS-HIEiMiCCeV-xwsXaJI-0O41ro0KO6UXRBiqC6xTAvOQ-2n_63bRfHKZc6oPNuQdys_7T9BS67_HbiK4Qdyx3bdm50NyFI7dD/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ1vzXft9oMd-9nCq_tD_W85d94yJtPlyJI4KpTg5rfUS-HIEiMiCCeV-xwsXaJI-0O41ro0KO6UXRBiqC6xTAvOQ-2n_63bRfHKZc6oPNuQdys_7T9BS67_HbiK4Qdyx3bdm50NyFI7dD/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Standing in front of the Berlin State Opera (Staatsoper). During the Third Reich, members of Jewish origin were dismissed from the ensemble. Many German musicians associated with the opera went into exile, including the conductors Otto Klemperer and Fritz Busch. During the Third Reich, Robert Heger, Herbert von Karajan and Johannes Schüler were the "Staatskapellmeister".</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Hitler gave spoke here a number of times- on January 3 1935, he addressed the German Leadership beginning with a long version of the “party narrative,” enumerated his own achievements, and then, ostensibly close to tears, confessed that he would not be able to continue the work of reconstructing Germany unless all of the leaders of the Party, the State and the Wehrmacht represented a single unit devoted to no one else but him. His performance was greeted with thunderous applause as Rudolf Hess, who chaired the rally, subsequently gave the floor to Göring, who expressed the unanimity of all present in moving words. Particular emphasis was put on the fact that he was speaking as a “high-ranking National Socialist leader and at the same time as a Reichswehr General and a Member of the Reich Cabinet”—thus personifying the synthesis of all “German leaders” present—when he read his “Address of Gratitude and Devotion.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler’s birthday that year [1944], his fifty-fifth, had the usual trappings and ceremonials. Goebbels had
Berlin emblazoned with banners and a new slogan of resounding pathos: ‘Our walls broke, but our
hearts didn’t.’ The State Opera house on Unter den Linden was festively decorated for the usual
celebration, attended by dignitaries from state, party, and Wehrmacht. Goebbels portrayed Hitler’s
historic achievements. The Berlin Philharmonia, conducted by Hans Knappertsbusch, played
Beethoven’s ‘Eroica’ Symphony. But the mood among the Nazi faithful at such events was
contrived. Goebbels was well aware from reports from the regional Propaganda Offices that the
popular mood was ‘very critical and sceptical’, and that ‘the depression in the broad masses’ had
reached ‘worrying levels’.
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Kershaw (799) <u>Hitler</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilGUZoC9h8NK_WDcffmpHPdmKVWFORVqFhKWAuc_qyrof-eVHuR9szfHIyvEeGJb17RLl7HzpcLzSsN2IA9D9nnm4_Xmx4aBNHn2w5XCYP2MCdJn6H4qHvcctGggBn4aVSKxiUeI2tiZlC/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker-5.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="339" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilGUZoC9h8NK_WDcffmpHPdmKVWFORVqFhKWAuc_qyrof-eVHuR9szfHIyvEeGJb17RLl7HzpcLzSsN2IA9D9nnm4_Xmx4aBNHn2w5XCYP2MCdJn6H4qHvcctGggBn4aVSKxiUeI2tiZlC/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker-5.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span>After the war and today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> On the evening of 12 April [1945], the Berlin Philharmonic gave its last performance. Albert Speer, who organised it, had invited Grand Admiral Donitz and also Hitler's adjutant, Colonel von Below. The hall was properly lit for the occasion, despite the electricity cuts. `The concert took us back to another world,' wrote Below. The programme included Beethoven's Violin Concerto, Bruckner's 8th Symphony - (Speer later claimed that this was his warning signal to the orchestra to escape Berlin immediately after the performance to avoid being drafted into the Volkssturm) - and the finale to Wagner's Gotterdlammerung. Even if Wagner did not bring the audience back to present reality, the moment of escapism did not last long. It is said that, after the performance, the Nazi Party had organised Hitler Youth members to stand in uniform with baskets of cyanide capsules and offer them to members of the audience as they left. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Beevor (188-9) </span><span style="font-size: normal;"><label id="tb15" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0140286969%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0140286969%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb15">Berlin: The Downfall 1945</a></label></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvlfkR2OMQLsvls1_MxfKPXXZXV3Rc0jPG8eQARZIwxyR-jQxV1vZv7pAEWiab8S4tz3ZbcsmM1TlxQqjqUYzvwt2ZxVd6pIqPcfCXCwMgO8JFB3X9MGMWBzaNBrz_vAiUseIb0ynB5-I/s1600/4myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvlfkR2OMQLsvls1_MxfKPXXZXV3Rc0jPG8eQARZIwxyR-jQxV1vZv7pAEWiab8S4tz3ZbcsmM1TlxQqjqUYzvwt2ZxVd6pIqPcfCXCwMgO8JFB3X9MGMWBzaNBrz_vAiUseIb0ynB5-I/w400-h138/4myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>German soldiers across the road in 1945 and as the embassy appears today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In 1837 Tsar Nicholas I bought the building which housed the embassy and served as the Royal residence of the Tsar and his family. It was vacant during the Great War after which it reopened as the embassy of the newly-formed Soviet Union. Beevor claims that the Soviet ambassador, known as the 'hangman of Baku' from his repressive activities in the Caucasus following the Russian civil war, had "a torture and execution chamber constructed in the basement to deal with suspected traitors in the Soviet community." After Operation Barbarossa the ϟϟ sealed off the building and Soviet citizens in Berlin were exchanged for staff members of the Reich embassy in Moscow. During the war it then served as the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories under Alfred Rosenberg. Gauleiter Dr. Meyer and Reich Office Director Dr. Leibbrandt from the ministry attended the Wannsee Conference in January 1942; later that year the building itself was bombed. The building was eventually destroyed in the Allied air raids in February 1944. Some files of the East Ministry, which were in a safe under the rubble, could only be recovered a year later, although it is still unclear why an American command was in the Soviet sector and was able to recover files. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>After the war the Soviets built a new building on the site and moved its embassy into it in 1952. Today one can't even walk on the pavement alongside it because Berlin has allowed the Russians to close it off to prevent freedom of speech against Russian bestiality in Ukraine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPm1b5sr1IlTw4fKaQeEx8tw0YLMLCK-6-PTezec7EVWc2F29HEn3K6qHnPB0chFp9WxTs2eaVS6l8WMCsge-tJN4nHDaQzjBglFFhRI0FNv6LDz798_k6pZV0GNP69lAx3iN3tVOY5may/s377/ezgif.com-gif-maker-8.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="377" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPm1b5sr1IlTw4fKaQeEx8tw0YLMLCK-6-PTezec7EVWc2F29HEn3K6qHnPB0chFp9WxTs2eaVS6l8WMCsge-tJN4nHDaQzjBglFFhRI0FNv6LDz798_k6pZV0GNP69lAx3iN3tVOY5may/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker-8.gif" width="320" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> The three-metre high Lenin relief on the Behrenstrasse side of the embassy was recently removed in February 2011 when the complex's swimming pool was completely renovated. This came after Berlin-based journalist Gunnar Schupelius complained in 2008 that “Lenin went down in history as one of the greatest criminals of mankind. And the Russian embassy is not taking its picture off? This is scary to me. I would rather avoid Behrenstrasse in the future.” Here I am nine years later to see the facade of the building entirely cleaned up. This was the last of the giant likenesses of Lenin to be removed in Berlin having earlier been removed from</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> the
entrance to the Russian House on Friedrichstrasse, Leninallee and as a colossal statue made of red granite on Leninplatz, now renamed United Nations Square</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, although his relief can still be seen at the Soviet memorial at Treptower. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgGPKFOj9YGbCuhAmZk-8k4IOPEWUvvM8NmsPVmXsV4lcKkEARAiEaDs6UDx8vLp-2qghtDy42-loQrspuG5S2-tUJOkNTIp5E5AdMfnlgw8HWXrdfSn3dHmj-HBOWhxUZhLyeIHh7xDnP0Mtz-Q2ksOjakRquhu9xACzV_GLR5j5tjkNqXfuk6RdCnjw=s433" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="433" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgGPKFOj9YGbCuhAmZk-8k4IOPEWUvvM8NmsPVmXsV4lcKkEARAiEaDs6UDx8vLp-2qghtDy42-loQrspuG5S2-tUJOkNTIp5E5AdMfnlgw8HWXrdfSn3dHmj-HBOWhxUZhLyeIHh7xDnP0Mtz-Q2ksOjakRquhu9xACzV_GLR5j5tjkNqXfuk6RdCnjw=s320" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Incidentally,
it was near this site on the afternoon of May 7, 1866 that Ferdinand
Cohen-Blind shot Bismarck twice from behind after the latter had just
reported to King Wilhelm and was walking home. Bismarck spun around and
grabbed his attacker, who was able to fire three more shots before
soldiers from the 1st Battalion of the 2nd Guards rushed up and took him
into custody. Bismarck continued on his way home. Later that night, he
allowed the King's physician, Gustav von Lauer, to examine him. Lauer
noted that the first three bullets had only grazed Bismarck's body and
the last two had ricocheted off the ribs and had caused no major
injuries. Some sources claim that Bismarck was saved because he had worn
a bulletproof vest.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>
<span><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Alte Kommandantur</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixf9D7OT-yrOojcn-XnFnnmjPOatPwBP0Yb_lyhIG9IifV-d0JOgViyTIaeG6FFSX47WEOYdnJgJOn5PHnZOE20DWwFRAq04HLk2MwkkXCAAVgm397gAkg_bmiachceUv4yyHfVAs5nrdY/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixf9D7OT-yrOojcn-XnFnnmjPOatPwBP0Yb_lyhIG9IifV-d0JOgViyTIaeG6FFSX47WEOYdnJgJOn5PHnZOE20DWwFRAq04HLk2MwkkXCAAVgm397gAkg_bmiachceUv4yyHfVAs5nrdY/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The Berlin Garrison and headquarters of Lt. General and Berlin City Commandant, Paul von Hase, later executed for his role in the failed July Plot and af</span></span></span></span></span><span>ter the failure of the assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler, was sentenced to death by the People's Court and executed on August 8, 1944, in Plötzensee prison.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Towards the end of the Second World War bombs struck the building and by 1955 it was demolished and the site used for the DDR's foreign ministry, built along the Spree Canal. This building was demolished in 1995. </span><span>Behind the schloß dome </span><span>can be seen</span><span> being rebuilt. The building was heavily damaged during the war and destroyed in order to make room for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the DDR. In 1995, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of East Germany itself was demolished in order to recreate the Werderscher Markt area. This has become extremely controversial:<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiMqk1jMCfabXFESYr5_isJDRxETqmUqfWDyZyi1k41EDT-S0LmOi_WisbNOhMbIdD1Nn6Ha-S6PQ4-sjkZw6MQeq24vtKxvIAMlG6odhP6E7aMZNOgz6TZdTPZ4vosnMy2y3bxRP6FUcZ/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="423" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiMqk1jMCfabXFESYr5_isJDRxETqmUqfWDyZyi1k41EDT-S0LmOi_WisbNOhMbIdD1Nn6Ha-S6PQ4-sjkZw6MQeq24vtKxvIAMlG6odhP6E7aMZNOgz6TZdTPZ4vosnMy2y3bxRP6FUcZ/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">March 8, 1936 and today</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Missing landmarks have reappeared at either end of Unter den Linden, from the commercial ventures of the Adlon Hotel on Pariser Platz to Bertelsmann’s Berlin offices behind the newly recreated façades of the Alte Kommandantur Haus. The latter proudly flaunts the address Unter den Linden 1 on its bogus neo-Renaissance front while its sleek modern glass and steel interior literally pops out behind. Bertelsmann, masquerading as a nineteenth-century aristocratic mansion, will soon be joined by the Schloss and, just a bit to the south, a few hundred feet along the Spree canal, by Karl Friedrich Schinkel’s Bauakademie, the architecture school he designed in the 1830s. Of all the projects realised and proposed, this last is the most debated among Berlin’s architects, who hold out faith that somehow its reconstruction can escape the prevailing sense of ersatz luxury and Disneyfication of Berlin’s historical centre that the Adlon and Bertelsmann ventures exude.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-style: italic;">The Berlin Journal</span><span style="font-size: normal;">, Spring 2005</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><p>
</p><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Unter Den Linden 72-73:<span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Reichsinnenministerium</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq5givobYYXgDCVVF2U9RJiqQiZGKGmt-7oHYIIJtV94ByssGHw5_cVN881AkfhgklLnHG16h6IStR-DzgGh4K2W-b8RTnfMC2QAzFzo-X2llMsMHZ4P52Fmyo4vUV85plPuv5PN_t8ws/s1600/1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="254" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5617032964269261794" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq5givobYYXgDCVVF2U9RJiqQiZGKGmt-7oHYIIJtV94ByssGHw5_cVN881AkfhgklLnHG16h6IStR-DzgGh4K2W-b8RTnfMC2QAzFzo-X2llMsMHZ4P52Fmyo4vUV85plPuv5PN_t8ws/s320/1" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>The
Reich Ministry of the Interior (RMI) was the interior ministry of the
German Empire during the Weimar Republic and the time of National
Socialism. On November 1, 1934 it was combined with the Prussian
Ministry of the Interior to form the Reich and Prussian Ministry of the
Interior. In particular, it was responsible for the entire police
apparatus. It was the successor to the Federal Chancellery of the North
German Confederation from 1867, called the Reich Chancellery since 1871 ,
and the Reich Office of the Interior from 1879 as well as the
predecessor of the Federal Ministry of the Interior. From 1837 two
buildings together housed the Prussian Interior Ministry, which Hermann
Goering assumed control of in 1933. Through it he controlled the
Prussian police force numbering 50,000 'auxiliary policemen', mostly
recruited form the SA and ϟϟ and used to persecute opponents. On
November 1, 1934 it was merged with the Reich Interior Ministry headed
by Wilhelm Frick who was responsible for drafting many of the
"Gleichschaltung" laws that consolidated the Nazi regime and was
instrumental in passing laws against Jews such as the notorious
Nuremberg Laws, in September 1935. He was succeeded in the post in 1943
by Himmler. Stephan Lehnstaedt's Das Reichsministerium des Innern unter
Heinrich Himmler 1943–1945 <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/2006_4_4_lehnstaedt.pdf&usg=ALkJrhhbEr4Lpgbm8EfdGMWt4OGj0gZ-_Q" target="_blank">can be found here</a>.<br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>The
Federal Chancellery of the North German Confederation had been located
at Wilhelmstrasse 74 since 1867. The Ministry, renamed the Reich
Ministry of the Interior , moved in 1919 to Königsplatz in the
Alsenviertel in the former General Staff Building (today Platz der
Republik ). During the war the building was destroyed and eventually
blown up in 1950 and 1951.</span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAKUkoCZO7kfh6EnFLBo-WDRKu_LhGoIpM5uGdr1XMSwVmBDKDk9okNnF1ekmksgyBzokdGuADSFtSn2Q4C7QwaPs9G7uzQwuJpg6fum47fL7Z0yKdl4kqb7RpcrOLap9nphgEj0FSd6ut/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-04-04+at+16.55.49.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAKUkoCZO7kfh6EnFLBo-WDRKu_LhGoIpM5uGdr1XMSwVmBDKDk9okNnF1ekmksgyBzokdGuADSFtSn2Q4C7QwaPs9G7uzQwuJpg6fum47fL7Z0yKdl4kqb7RpcrOLap9nphgEj0FSd6ut/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-04-04+at+16.55.49.png" /></a></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span> <span>Annex
of the former Reich Ministry of the Interior at Dorotheenstraße 93,
later used by the East German Ministry of Justice and now by the
Bundestag. After reunification </span><span><span>Dorotheenstraße,<span> named after the Great Elector's wife, </span></span>replaced
the DDR's Clara-Zetkinstraße. Zetkin, who was Jewish, spent four
decades as a Social Democrat and became an internationally recognised
feminist, but after 1919 joined the Communist Party and denounced the
Weimar Republic. The new authorities declared that the street leading
from eastern Berlin to the Reichstag could not be named after an
opponent of parliamentary democracy as leftists and feminists organised
marches in protest. </span></span></span></div></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>The
threat to Zetkin and other idols of the left redounded to the benefit
of the ex-Communist PDS, which emerged as eastern Berlin's strongest
party in 1994 elections by appealing to the separate identity of
misunderstood Ossis. To the frustration of some commission members, the
government had restricted its purview to the former East Berlin,
effectively limiting its purge to leftist opponents of Weimar democracy.
</span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Ladd (211) Ghosts of Berlin</span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY2WQXtsSWv10DUkv1EfucIuskUdO7MCzvAY2vwMUSP7olP09FjncnOsmVI7HcTWLfGL-Lddf73oiVxlifB6Jg2Qc_YdfiM-eHQSn6rVfaQXYTT2oTnrretUHdUBYAP9sxTVJFmEXRUETp/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-04-04+at+16.56.02.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY2WQXtsSWv10DUkv1EfucIuskUdO7MCzvAY2vwMUSP7olP09FjncnOsmVI7HcTWLfGL-Lddf73oiVxlifB6Jg2Qc_YdfiM-eHQSn6rVfaQXYTT2oTnrretUHdUBYAP9sxTVJFmEXRUETp/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-04-04+at+16.56.02.png" /></a><span>The
building itself was constructed from 1935 to 1937 to a design by
Konrad Nonn who had been a Nazi party member and activist of the <i>Kampfbund Deutscher Architekten und Ingenieure</i>. It was one of the first government buildings erected by the Nazis.</span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Architecture was not the only aspect of Nazi rule that survived. As Paul Meskil wrote in 1961 in his book <a href="http://ebookbrowse.com/hitlers-heirs-where-are-they-now-paul-meskil-pdf-d422066875" target="_blank">Hitler's Heirs: Where Are They Now?</a> (112): </span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">[Chancellor
Konrad] Adenauer's chief personal aide is Dr. Hans Globke, State
Secretary of the Bonn Chancellery. Though not a member of the Nazi
Party, he was a high official of the Nazi Interior Ministry and
co-author of a legal interpretation of the 1935 Nuremberg racial laws.
Those laws, defining a Jew as anyone with a Jewish grandparent, laid the
legal basis for the persecution of all Jews in Germany.
</span></span></span></span></blockquote><p><span style="background-color: black; font-size: 0.5%;"> World capital Germania planned capital of the National Socialists after they won the World War The term World Capital Germania for Berlin has been used since the post-war period to characterize National Socialism 's claims to power as gigantic . Adolf Hitler himself, however, never used the two words as a conceptual unit. He always spoke of either “Reich Capital” or “Germania”. Albert Speer 's employees introduced the concept of the imperial capital Germania . Since then, this synonym has stood for the overall construction plan for the imperial capital , with which it was to be transformed into the center of a greater Germanic world empire . To implement the idea, Hitler gave Speer the specially created title of General Building Inspector for the Reich Capital (GBI) [1] and placed the authority of the same name under his command, with which Speer carried out the partial reconstruction of Berlin. [2] The direct construction work for the redesign began in 1938 and continued until 1943. As a result of the German surrender in 1945, it was never completed. Some test buildings and other traces scattered throughout the city have been preserved. Previous major projects for Berlin Edit Speer's plans for a north-south axis were in the tradition of designs that were first developed with the Greater Berlin competition in 1910. Among other things, the architect Martin Mächler presented plans for such an axis with a republican government forum on the Spreebogen and the Platz der Republik in 1920 . Reichskunstwart Edwin Redslob supported these plans, which were never carried out, as a republican counterpart to the East-West axis , which runs from the Berlin Palace via the Unter den Linden boulevard and the Charlottenburger Chaussee (today Straße des 17. Juni ). [3] Designation of the world capital Germania Edit According to Henry Picker 's notes from June 8, 1942, Hitler considered renaming the newly redesigned city of Berlin Germania to provide a focal point for a greater Germanic empire . “Just as the Bavarians , the Prussians and so on were repeatedly pushed towards the German idea by Bismarck , the Germanic peoples of continental Europe must be steered systematically towards the Germanic idea. He even thinks it would be good to give this work a particularly lasting boost by renaming the imperial capital Berlin to 'Germania'. Because the name Germania for the imperial capital in its new representative form is suitable for creating a feeling of togetherness despite the greatest spatial distance between every member of the Germanic racial core and this capital. – Andreas Hillgruber : (Ed.): Henry Picker, Hitler’s table conversations in the Führer’s headquarters 1941–1942 . Munich 1968, p. 182. Hitler had already used the term world capital three months earlier. – On the night of March 11th to 12th, 1942 in the Wolf's Lair ; see Werner Jochmann (ed.): Adolf Hitler. Monologues in the Führer headquarters 1941–1944 . Munich 1980, p. 318 Background, planning and initial construction measures Edit Hitler's design sketch of the Triumphal Arch, 1925 Albert Speer (3rd from left) and Rudolf Wolters (right) in Lisbon , presentation of the models World Capital Germania 1942. Speer's participation in the project later continued with the presentation of the models [4] The Street of June 17th from the Victory Column towards the east Hitler wrote in his book Mein Kampf that, in contrast to ancient times , modern cities no longer had landmarks , “monuments of pride,” and that the state and its buildings should become more visible to the public again. The planned monumental buildings were intended to serve as representation for the Nazi state . The plans for the construction work, which had been drawn up under Speer since 1935, appeared in all major daily and specialist newspapers as illustrated advance notices in 1937 under the heading “Redesign of the Reich Capital”. On October 4, 1937, the law for the redevelopment of German cities was passed as a legal basis. [2] Plaster model of the Great Hall (Hall of Fame , Hall of the People) by Albert Speer (planning for the world capital Germania ), 1939 Construction work for the Great Hall began on June 23, 1938. The foundation stone for the north-south axis was laid on June 14, 1938 . [5] Albert Speer erhielt als Generalbauinspektor für die Reichshauptstadt (GBI) von Hitler umfassende, einem Minister vergleichbare Kompetenzen, sodass er auch auf Einwände der Berliner Stadtverwaltung keine Rücksicht nehmen musste. Die Umsetzung seiner Pläne hätte die bestehende Struktur der Stadt nachhaltig zerstört, etwa 50.000 Wohnungen hätten abgerissen werden müssen. Abrissaktivitäten liefen bis zur Einstellung der Umgestaltungsarbeiten im Frühjahr 1943, zirka 150.000 Menschen wären direkt betroffen gewesen. Im Rahmen der notwendigen Umsiedlung forcierte die Dienststelle des GBI die „Entjudung“ der Stadt, um die frei werdenden Wohnungen für eigene Zwecke zu nutzen. Einerseits, um sie den von der Zwangsumsiedlung betroffenen Volksgenossen zur Verfügung zu stellen oder um Bauarbeiter unterzubringen, andererseits wurden diese Wohnungen innerhalb der Dienststelle des GBI allerdings auch privilegierten Mitarbeitern oder Systemfreunden zur Verfügung gestellt. Darüber hinaus waren nicht nur lebende Bürger von der Umgestaltung betroffen, der Südwestkirchhof in Stahnsdorf wurde erweitert, um die Gräber der im Bereich der Nord-Süd-Achse liegenden Schöneberger Friedhöfe St. Matthäus und Zwölf Apostel aufzunehmen. Vom St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof wurden viele Grabstätten aus dem nördlichen Bereich nach Stahnsdorf umgebettet. Insgesamt wurden 15.000 Tote bis 1940 umgebettet. Betroffen waren darunter die Grabstätten des Regisseurs Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau (Nosferatu) und des Architekten Walter Gropius senior, Vater des Bauhaus-Gründers Walter Gropius. Artists involved Edit Bildhauer und Architekt Arno Breker, rechts Albert Speer, 1940 Die Ernennung Albert Speers zum Generalbauinspektor für die Reichshauptstadt zog einen Kreis von Architekten, Bildhauern, Malern und Kunsthandwerkern zur Bewältigung der bis dahin einmaligen Aufgaben herbei. Absoluter Favorit für die Skulpturengestaltung war der Bildhauer Arno Breker. Dessen ehemaliger Professor, der Architekt Wilhelm Kreis, wurde auf Empfehlung Brekers bei Speer bis Kriegsende mit zahlreichen Aufträgen bedacht. Der Bildhauer Josef Thorak, der sich wie Breker auf die Darstellung des Menschen konzentrierte, war für Bauvorhaben außerhalb Berlins vorgesehen, wie zum Beispiel in Nürnberg, Linz und im Raum Bayern. Weitere angesehene Künstler während der NS-Zeit waren jene, die bei der offiziellen Ausstellung im Haus der Deutschen Kunst in München präsentiert wurden und deren Figuren im Berliner Olympiastadion standen. Dazu gehörten neben Breker und Thorak die Bildhauer Georg Kolbe, Sepp Hilz, Fritz Klimsch, Richard Scheibe sowie Robert Ullmann. East-West axis Edit Siegessäule auf dem Großen Stern Die 50 Kilometer lange Ost-West-Achse sollte von Wustermark über die Heerstraße, Adolf-Hitler-Platz (vor 1933 und 1947–1963: Reichskanzlerplatz; seit 1963: Theodor-Heuss-Platz), Kaiserdamm und Bismarckstraße, Knie (seit 1953: Ernst-Reuter-Platz) mit der Technischen Hochschule Charlottenburg (seit 1946: Technische Universität Berlin) entlang der Charlottenburger Chaussee (seit 1953 Straße des 17. Juni) über den Großen Stern, das Brandenburger Tor und Unter den Linden über Frankfurter Tor und Frankfurter Allee verlaufen.[6] Auf Intervention Hitlers wurde die östliche Fortführung zurückgestellt. An der Museumsinsel sollte die Ost-West-Achse um eine Reihe von Museumsbauten erweitert werden, am Kupfergraben waren ein Weltkriegsmuseum und ein Rassekundemuseum nach Plänen des Architekten Wilhelm Kreis vorgesehen. Ein sieben Kilometer langes Teilstück der Ost-West-Achse, das zunächst vom Brandenburger Tor bis zum damaligen Adolf-Hitler-Platz führte, wurde 1939 nach zwei Umbauphasen ab 1935 zu Hitlers Geburtstag fertiggestellt. Die Siegessäule war dazu vom Königsplatz vor dem Reichstag auf den Großen Stern versetzt und hierbei um 7 1⁄2 Meter erhöht worden. Eine besondere Herausforderung war die Überquerung des Landwehrkanals am Charlottenburger Tor: Einerseits sollte das Straßenniveau so wenig wie möglich erhöht werden, andererseits sollte auch der Kanal schiffbar bleiben. Eine aufwendige Brückenkonstruktion war die Folge. Da mit Rücksicht auf die bereits in der Planungsphase befindliche Nord-Süd-Achse mit den repräsentativen Bauten keine Beleuchtung die Straße überspannen sollte, entwickelte die Berliner Kraft- und Licht-Aktiengesellschaft (Bewag) neue Leuchten, für die Albert Speer die äußere Hülle gestaltete.[7] Insgesamt stehen noch 800 dieser zweiarmigen OWA-Kandelaber links und rechts der Trasse zwischen Theodor-Heuss-Platz und S-Bahnhof Tiergarten. Sie wurden bislang dreimal instand gesetzt, zuletzt im Jahr 2000. OWA-Kandelaber am Charlottenburger Tor Eine beiderseitige Verlängerung dieser Trasse war dann zwischen dem östlichen und westlichen Autobahnring vorgesehen. Anfänglich zwei, später vier Ringe sollten den Verkehr von den Achsen in die Stadtfläche verteilen.[8] Nördlich des Schnittpunkts der Monumentalachsen, im Spreebogen, sollte die Große Halle als zentrale Versammlungsstätte liegen. Insbesondere die Nord-Süd-Achse sollte als Prachtstraße ausgebaut werden. Als Ersatz für die wegfallenden Flächen in der Innenstadt sollten unter anderem im Grunewald eine neue Hochschulstadt sowie im Osten und Süden Berlins völlig neue Stadtteile entstehen. In der zeitgenössischen Presse wurde der Straßenzug in Anlehnung an altrömische Gepflogenheiten als „Via Triumphalis“ bezeichnet. North-south axis Edit Berlin, Modell von 1939 zur Neugestaltung, Blick vom geplanten Südbahnhof über den Triumphbogen bis zur Großen Halle (Nord-Süd-Achse) Als 120 Meter breite Prachtstraße war ein rund sechs Kilometer langes Kernstück der 40 Kilometer langen Nord-Süd-Achse vorgesehen. Dieses sollte von einem neuen Nordbahnhof im Südosten Moabits bis zu einem ebenfalls neuen Südbahnhof in der Nähe des Bahnhofs Südkreuz in Tempelhof reichen. Neben dem Nordbahnhof, in direkter Nähe zur Großen Halle, war ein 1200 m × 400 m großes Wasserbecken vorgesehen, in dem sich die Große Halle spiegeln sollte. Wie die anderen geplanten Monumentalbauten waren die Bahnhöfe von ungekannter Dimension. Die Arbeiten zum Südbahnhof, für den die Reichsbahnbaudirektion Berlin bereits 1937 erste Entwürfe vorgelegt hatte, wurden ab 1940 von Speer persönlich geleitet und waren bei der generellen Einstellung der Umgestaltungsplanungen im März 1943 fast zur Baureife gediehen. Im August 1941 erteilte Speer die Anweisung, zu den geplanten 20 Parallelgleisen zwei weitere Gleise für die Einbindung der Breitspurbahn, eines anderen Lieblingsprojekts Hitlers, einzufügen. Auf dem südlichen Teil der Prachtstraße war nahe dem Südbahnhof ein kolossaler Triumphbogen (in Form eines Tetrapylons) vorgesehen, der 117 m hoch und 170 m breit werden sollte, beschriftet mit den Namen aller im Ersten Weltkrieg gefallenen deutschen Soldaten und geschmückt mit Reliefs von Arno Breker. Im Anschluss daran sollte die „Beutewaffenallee“ als Vorplatz des Südbahnhofs einen triumphalen Abschluss bilden. Entlang der Nord-Süd-Achse sollten alle wichtigen Reichs- und Parteibehörden sowie Firmenzentralen und kulturelle Einrichtungen angesiedelt werden. Größenvergleich: Triumphbogen mit dem Berliner Schloss Um die Bodenbelastbarkeit für den geplanten Triumphbogen zu ermitteln, wurde im Jahr 1941 ein Großbelastungsversuch in Form eines Betonzylinders in Tempelhof fertiggestellt. Der gewaltige Schwerbelastungskörper (21 m Durchmesser, 14 m Höhe, 12.650 t Masse) ist das einzige oberirdische Bauzeugnis der Nord-Süd-Achse und kann besichtigt werden.[9] Die Nord-Süd-Achse sollte als Siegesallee des III. Reiches auf der Trasse der wilhelminischen Siegesallee des II. Reiches beginnen, deren Figuren dafür 1938 abgeräumt und in der Großen Sternallee im Tiergarten neu aufgestellt worden waren. Städtebaulicher Höhepunkt der Nord-Süd-Achse sollte der Große Platz mit dessen umgebenden Gebäuden werden. Der Große Platz, als Aufmarschplatz für bis zu einer Million Menschen gedacht, sollte umgeben werden von der Großen Halle, dem Führerpalast, dem Großdeutschen Reichstag, dem Reichstagsgebäude, dem Dienstgebäude für das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht und dem neuen Dienstgebäude der Reichskanzlei. Um den Sieg über die Nationalsozialisten baulich zu dokumentieren, ließ die Rote Armee 1945 exakt auf der geplanten Nord-Süd-Achse, nördlich des Schnittpunktes der Ost-West- und Nord-Süd-Achse, in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Reichstagsgebäude und Brandenburger Tor, ein Ehrenmal errichten.[10] Great Hall (Hall of Fame, Hall of the People) Edit Größenvergleich: Große Halle mit dem Berliner Schloss Im Spreebogen, etwas nördlich des Reichstags, war das wichtigste Gebäude der Germania-Planungen vorgesehen, die Große Halle. Sie war mit 315 m × 315 m Grundfläche und 320 m Höhe als das größte Kuppelgebäude der Welt geplant. Military engineering faculty and university town Edit Im Grunewald, südwestlich des Olympiastadions, wurde 1937 mit dem Bau der Wehrtechnischen Fakultät begonnen. Sie war als erster Abschnitt einer Hochschulstadt geplant, die ihrerseits die Wehrtechnische Fakultät nach Westen fortsetzen sollte.[11] Bestandteil der geplanten Hochschulstadt war ein gigantisches, an den Parthenon erinnerndes Auditorium maximum. Ebenfalls in Planung war der große Neubau einer Universitätsklinik, die als Ersatz für die in der Stadt wegfallende Charité dienen sollte. Die Wehrtechnische Fakultät ist nicht über einen Rohbau hinausgekommen, dessen Ruine nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg mit Trümmerschutt überdeckt wurde. An dieser Stelle entstand der 120 m ü. NHN hohe Teufelsberg, ein Naherholungsgebiet. Auf seinem Gipfel befand sich jahrzehntelang eine Flugüberwachungs- und Abhörstation der US-amerikanischen Streitkräfte. Der Trümmerschutt wurde mit Sand und Mutterboden überdeckt und dann mit rund einer Million Bäumen bepflanzt. Die Planungen von Speer für die Welthauptstadt Germania sahen eine Reichsuniversität Adolf Hitler vor, der das Reichssportfeld mit dem Olympiastadion Berlin später zugeschlagen worden wäre. Es sollte als architektonischer Höhepunkt eine „riesenhafte“ Langemarckhalle errichtet werden, welche die zu den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1936 entstandene Langemarckhalle in den Schatten gestellt hätte. Sie sollten den Mythos von Langemarck propagieren. Südstadt Edit In Verlängerung der geplanten Nord-Süd-Achse war die Südstadt mit Wohnungen für rund 210.000 Bewohner und Arbeitsplätze für rund 100.000 Arbeiter vorgesehen. Keiner dieser Pläne wurde bis zum Ende der NS-Zeit realisiert.[12] Procurement logistics Edit Die notwendigen Flächen, Gelder, Baustoffe und Arbeiter für die Errichtung der Welthauptstadt Germania mussten beschafft werden. Hier zeigt sich exemplarisch die Verbindung mit dem nationalsozialistischen Unrechtsstaat.[13] Die für diese Projekte notwendigen, meist mit Wohnhäusern bebauten oder als Friedhöfe genutzten städtischen Flächen wurden teilweise abgerissen, trotz der großen Wohnraumnot in Berlin, die Toten in andere Friedhöfe überführt. Jüdische Wohnungsinhaber oder jüdische Mieter wurden ohne gesetzliche Grundlagen auf Anweisung von Generalbauinspektor Albert Speer aus ihren Wohnungen vertrieben (siehe unter Hintergrund und Planung und erste Baumaßnahmen).[14] Die gewaltigen Projekte sollten von den im geplanten Krieg unterjochten Völkern finanziert werden. Die Kosten wurden von Hitler wesentlich höher als für den Krieg eingeschätzt. Die Steinquader wären von Zwangsarbeitern in einigen von Konzentrationslagern aus betriebenen Steinbrüchen bereitzustellen gewesen. Granitquader sollten durch das KZ Flossenbürg und das KZ Mauthausen, Ziegelsteine in dem 1938 errichteten SS-eigenen Klinkerwerk Oranienburg hergestellt werden. Der Ort wurde durch die Nähe des KZ Sachsenhausen vorgegeben: Bei Produktionsaufnahme im Mai 1939 wurde festgestellt, dass die Tonmaterialien dort ungeeignet waren.[15] Deutsche Arbeiter wurden vor dem Krieg für kriegswichtige Produktionen, im Krieg zunehmend als Soldaten benötigt. Für Arbeiten im Zusammenhang mit der Welthauptstadt Germania wurde von vornherein mit Zwangsarbeitern und KZ-Insassen geplant, vor allem Juden, Sinti und Roma, Homosexuellen, Zeugen Jehovas und „Asozialen“. Remaining places Edit Platz des 4. Juli in Lichterfelde. Die Gebäude wurden Ende der 1930er Jahre von Telefunken als Unternehmenssitz und Stammwerk errichtet und waren von 1945 bis 1994 als McNair Barracks eine US-Kaserne Straßen, Plätze, Tunnel Bordstein der geplanten Nord-Süd-Achse, eingelassen im Gehweg der Straße des 17. Juni (Blickrichtung nach Süden), 2015 Der Bereich des heutigen Platzes des 4. Juli in Lichterfelde ist das einzige Teilstück des vierten Außenringes (Autobahn), der Germania umrunden sollte. Während der Besatzungszeit diente die Fläche den Soldaten der US-Army aus der angrenzenden Kaserne McNair Barracks (bis 1945: Firmensitz und Stammwerk von Telefunken) als Platz für Paraden und ähnliche Veranstaltungen, auch anlässlich des Unabhängigkeitstages der USA am 4. Juli. Im Jahr 1976 hat die Fläche ihren Namen erhalten. Für den geplanten Umbau des Adolf-Hitler-Platzes (1945–1963 wieder Reichskanzlerplatz, seitdem: Theodor-Heuss-Platz) für die Ost-West-Achse in den Mussoliniplatz wurde die Stuttgarter Firma Lauster 1937 beauftragt, 14 Travertinsäulen zu fertigen. Die Auslieferung wurde durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg verhindert. Sie sind noch beim Kraftwerk Stuttgart-Münster zu sehen.[16] Im Tiergarten wurde für das Achsenkreuz der Ost-West- und Nord-Süd-Achse ein System von Straßentunneln projektiert, um eine Verkehrsführung ohne Ampeln zu gewährleisten. Für die Rampen der Tunnel waren zur Vermeidung von Glatteisgefahr elektrische Heizsysteme vorgesehen. 1938 wurde eine unterirdische Bauvorleistung in Form von zwei Straßentunnelfragmenten errichtet, um ein erneutes Aufreißen der Ost-West-Achse zu vermeiden. Die Tunnelfragmente sind noch vorhanden und wurden 1967 entdeckt.[17][18] Einige unterirdische Bauten wurden allerdings beim Bau des Tiergartentunnels entfernt. Die in Teilen erhaltenen „Tunnelanlagen des Achsenkreuzes im Spreebogen“ sind entsprechend als Baudenkmal[19] eingetragen.[20] Von der Nord-Süd-Achse[6][21] blieb oberirdisch der erste Meter baulich sichtbar erhalten (siehe Foto). Erkennbar sind die im Gehweg eingelassenen Bordsteineinmündungen, an der Südseite der Straße des 17. Juni, gegenüber dem Sowjetischen Ehrenmal. Im Gegensatz zu der 47,7 Meter breiten ehemaligen Siegesallee[22] vom heutigen Kemperplatz zum früheren Königsplatz (1926–1935 sowie wieder seit 1948: Platz der Republik), heute ein Spazierweg zum Sowjetischen Ehrenmal, war am Südrand der Charlottenburger Allee (heute: Straße des 17. Juni) ein breiterer Anschluss vorbereitet[23] worden. Die 120 Meter auseinander liegenden Rundungen der niveaugleich im Gehweg eingelassenen Bordsteine[24] sind noch sichtbar, da sie beim Neubau des südlichen Gehwegs einbezogen wurden. Der westliche Bordstein liegt am Rand der Parkbucht Richtung Yitzhak-Rabin-Straße (westliche Ecke), der östliche Bordsteinrest gegenüber dem östlichen Panzer des Sowjetischen Ehrenmals, 15 Meter versetzt in Richtung Brandenburger Tor (östliche Ecke). Hochbauten Das Olympiastadion, das nach den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1936 ein Teil der Hochschulstadt werden sollte, sowie der Flughafen Tempelhof des Architekten Ernst Sagebiel, der bis zu sechs Millionen Passagiere pro Jahr abfertigen sollte – 1934 waren es gerade 200.000 Fluggäste –, waren nicht Teil der Germaniaplanung gewesen, zumal diese erst 1937 amtlich wurde. Das in der Folgezeit entstandene Flughafengebäude war lange Zeit, gemessen an der Bruttogeschossfläche von 307.000 m², eines der größten Gebäude der Welt (neben dem Pentagon in Washington und dem Parlamentspalast in Bukarest). Die meisten anderen Bauten des Projekts hingegen sind durch die immer stärkere Bindung aller Ressourcen in der Kriegsführung kaum über die Planungsphase hinaus gelangt. Schwerbelastungskörper in Berlin-Tempelhof Der Schwerbelastungskörper sollte Angaben zum Baugrund geben. Bevor Bauten von solcher Größe wie der geplante Triumphbogen oder die Große Halle in Angriff genommen werden konnten, musste eine Versuchsanlage zur Überprüfung der Tragfähigkeit des sandigen Berliner Bodens errichtet werden. Dieser Bau besteht aus einem 14 Meter hohen und 12.650 Tonnen schweren Betonzylinder, der auf einem schmalen Sockel ruht und so den hohen Druck auf den Boden simuliert, wie er durch den Triumphbogen entstanden wäre. Durch langfristige Messungen am Sockel sollten mögliche Senkungen festgestellt werden. Der Zylinder, im unteren Teil aus massivem Stahlbeton, im oberen Teil aus nichtarmiertem Gussbeton, konnte in der Nachkriegszeit wegen seiner Lage zwischen Bahnlinie und Wohnbebauung nicht gesprengt werden und ist daher noch am Loewenhardtdamm Ecke General-Pape-Straße vorhanden. Nach dem Krieg wurde er lange Zeit von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Bodenmechanik (Degebo) für Versuche genutzt. Seit 1995 ist er unter Denkmalschutz gestellt und wurde in den Jahren 2007–2009 restauriert. Das ehemalige Reichsluftfahrtministerium, seit 1992 Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus, an der Wilhelmstraße in Berlin-Mitte Das Reichsluftfahrtministerium in der Wilhelmstraße, ebenfalls bei Beginn der offiziellen Germania-Planungen bereits fertiggestellt, wurde nach den Plänen von Ernst Sagebiel gebaut. Der Komplex heißt seit 1992 Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus und ist Sitz des Bundesfinanzministeriums. Bestandteil der Germania-Planung war die Wehrakademie, deren unvollendeter Rohbau nach 1945 zum Teufelsberg aufgeschüttet wurde. Das Kulturforum Berlin entstand auf den Überresten des Runden Platzes, an dem das Haus des Fremdenverkehrs (Architekt: Theodor Dierksmeier) im Stil des Fehrbelliner Platzes bereits errichtet war. Es wurde nach dem Krieg zugunsten der Neuen Nationalgalerie abgerissen. Anblick der Straßensituation, Sowjetisches Ehrenmal auf der Nord-Süd-Achse (Blickrichtung nach Osten), 1983 Die im Verhältnis zum Gesamtprojekt Germania eher geringfügigen Umbauten der Charlottenburger Chaussee und der Standort der Siegessäule entsprechen noch der historischen Situation. Weitere erhaltene Spuren:[2] Finanzamt Charlottenburg Haus des deutschen Gemeindetages OWA-Kandelaber Postamt N4 Reichsbankerweiterung Gauarbeitsamt Palais Schwerin Reichsmünze Japanische, Italienische und Jugoslawische Botschaft Krupp-Repräsentanz Nordstern-Lebensversicherungs-Bank Karstadt-Verwaltungsgebäude Zentralflughafen Tempelhof Siedlung Grazer Damm Tunnelstücke unter der Achsenkreuzung, in den 2010er Jahren zugeschüttet Güterbahnhof Priesterweg Telefunkenzentrale, Zehlendorf Telefontunnel des GBI am Postfenn Hitlerjugendheim Rehberge Reichsluftschutzschule Atelier von Arno Breker Allianz- und Stuttgarter Lebensversicherungs-Bank, Mohrenstraße Getreidesilo am Westhafen Flakbunker Humboldthain Haus der Schweiz, Friedrichstraße Ecke Unter den Linden Hauptverwaltung der Deutschen Brauwirtschaft, Badener Straße. criticism Edit Der Berliner Religionsphilosoph Klaus Heinrich brachte in seinen Vorlesungen zu NS-Architektur und Klassizismus zur Sprache, dass Speers Monumentalarchitektur wie die „Große Halle“ zur Zerschmetterung ihrer Besucher angelegt sei und der Versuch unternommen werden sollte, unnahbare Räume zu schaffen.[25] Ein Wesensmerkmal der Speer-Bauten sei ihre Inszenierung bei völliger Gleichgültigkeit gegenüber den tätigen Menschen. Heinrich entschlüsselte das Lager als Kern der faschistischen Architektur: „Meine These ist, dass die Monumentalarchitektur im Inneren der Städte Lagerarchitektur ist. Die Stadt also wird zum Lager, aus dem man jederzeit ausmarschieren kann und in das man zurückkehrt.“ – Klaus Heinrich[26] See also Edit Architektur im Nationalsozialismus Planhauptstadt Films Edit Artem Demenok: Welthauptstadt Germania. Sonderpreis Kultur des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen beim Adolf-Grimme-Preis 2006, historische Dokumentation von 2005, 53 min literature Edit Matthias Donath: Architektur in Berlin 1933–1945. Ein Stadtführer. Hrsg. vom Landesdenkmalamt Berlin, Lukas, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-936872-26-0. Alexander Kropp: Die politische Bedeutung der NS-Repräsentationsarchitektur. Die Neugestaltungspläne Albert Speers für den Umbau Berlins zur „Welthauptstadt Germania“ 1936–1942/43. Ars Una, Neuried 2005, ISBN 3-89391-135-9. Bernd Kuhlmann: Eisenbahn-Größenwahn in Berlin. Die Planungen von 1933 bis 1945 und deren Realisierung. 2. erg. und erw. Auflage. GVE-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-89218-093-8. Hans J. Reichhardt, Wolfgang Schäche: Von Berlin nach Germania. Über die Zerstörungen der „Reichshauptstadt“ durch Albert Speers Neugestaltungsplanungen. Überarb. und erw. Neuauflage. Transit Buchverlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-88747-127-X. Dirk Reimann: Die „Welthauptstadt Germania“ und ihre Folgen für Berliner Friedhöfe. In: Friedhofskultur. 5 (2003), ISSN 0343-3544, S. 40–41. Christian Saehrendt: Belastungskörper „Germania“. Was blieb von Albert Speers Berlin? In: Die Neue Gesellschaft, Frankfurter Hefte. Bonn 2002, ISSN 0177-6738. Wolfgang Schäche: Architektur und Städtebau in Berlin zwischen 1933 und 1945. Planen und Bauen unter der Ägide der Stadtverwaltung (= Die Bauwerke und Kunstdenkmäler von Berlin. Beiheft Nr. 17). 2. Aufl. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-7861-1178-2. Albert Speer: Erinnerungen. Propyläen, Berlin 1969. Susanne Willems: Der entsiedelte Jude. Albert Speers Wohnungsmarktpolitik für den Berliner Hauptstadtbau (= Publikationen der Gedenk- und Bildungsstätte Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz, Band 10). Ed. Hentrich, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89468-259-0. Mythos Germania. Schatten und Spuren der Reichshauptstadt. Ausstellungskatalog. Edition Berliner Unterwelten, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-943112-00-9. Mythos Germania. Vision und Verbrechen. Ausstellungskatalog. Edition Berliner Unterwelten, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-943112-28-3. Web links Edit Erlass über den Generalbauinspektor für die Reichshauptstadt Skizzen und Kurzbeschreibung der Verkehrsplanung Ausstellung „Mythos Germania“ des Berliner-Unterwelten e. V. Individual evidence Edit ↑ Vgl. dazu Blatt 4233 aus dem Jahr 1936, sowie 1910–1994, in Karte auch unter Charlottenburger Chaussee, Suchwort: „Straße des 17. Juni“, X=22680, Y=20780. ↑ Hochspringen nach: a b c Tom Wolf, Manuel Roy, Roberto Sassi: Verborgenes Berlin. Hier: Hitlers und Speers ‚Welthauptstadt Germania‘. Jonglez Verlag, 2021, ISBN 978-2-36195-371-3, S. 192–197. ↑ Edwin Redslob: Ein Haus der Republik, 1929. In: Christian Welzbacher (Hrsg.): Der Reichskunstwart. Kulturpolitik und Staatsinszenierung in der Weimarer Republik 1918-1933. 1. Auflage. wtv-Campus, Weimar 2010, ISBN 978-3-941830-04-2, S. 95–98. ↑ Historiker über Albert Speer: „Er tat alles für den Endsieg“. taz.de ↑ Nikolaus Bernau: Der lange Schatten Germanias. In: Berliner Zeitung. 30. April 2005, abgerufen am 23. Juni 2017. ↑ Hochspringen nach: a b Pharus-Plan: Tiergarten um 1943 ↑ Herbert Liman: Mehr Licht. Haude & Spener, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7759-0429-8, S. 87. ↑ Die S-Bahn Verkehrsplanung für die Reichshauptstadt „Germania“. In: stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de. Abgerufen am 19. November 2022. ↑ Berliner Unterwelten ↑ Entwicklung des Kreuzungsbereichs Siegesallee/Charlottenburger Chaussee auf dem Plan 4233 aus den Jahren 1936/1937, 1939, 1950 und 1955. ↑ Wehrtechnische Fakultät und Hochschulstadt. auf forst-grunewald.de, abgerufen am 29. Dezember 2017. ↑ Werner Durth: Städtebau und Macht im Nationalsozialistischen Staat. In: Tilman Harlander, Wolfram Pyta (Hrsg.): NS-Architektur: Macht und Symbolpolitik (= Kultur und Technik). 2. Auflage. Band 19. LIT Verlag, Berlin 2010, S. 56. ↑ D. Thorau, G. Schaulinski (Hrsg.): Mythos Germania. Vision und Verbrechen. Edition Berliner Unterwelten, 2014, ISBN 978-3-943112-28-3. ↑ Susanne Willems: Der entsiedelte Jude. Albert Speers Wohnungsmarktpolitik für den Berliner Hauptstadtbau. (= Publikationen der Gedenk- und Bildungsstätte Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz, Band 10). Ed. Hentrich, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89468-259-0. ↑ C. Truvé: Strafkommando Klinkerwerk. KZ Zwangsarbeit für „Germania“. In: D. Thorau, G. Schaulinski (Hrsg.): Mythos Germania. Vision und Verbrechen. Edition Berliner Unterwelten, 2014, ISBN 978-3-943112-28-3. ↑ Travertinsäulen für den geplanten Berliner Mussoliniplatz im heutigen Stuttgart. In: D. Thorau, G. Schaulinski (Hrsg.): Mythos Germania. Vision und Verbrechen. Edition Berliner Unterwelten, 2014, ISBN 978-3-943112-28-3. ↑ Ingmar Arnold: Achsenkreuz unter dem Tiergarten. In: berliner-unterwelten.de. 21. Januar 2016, archiviert vom Original (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am 18. Mai 2022; abgerufen am 19. April 2022. Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis. ↑ zdfinfo: Das unterirdische Reich (2/2) Von Festungen und Führerbunkern. In: YouTube. 14. März 2015, abgerufen am 6. Oktober 2016. ↑ Straße des 17. Juni, 1938–1939, Entwurf Albert Speer ↑ Denkmalkarte Berlin: Lage der Tunnelstücke im Vergleich zum Sowjetischen Ehrenmal ↑ Stadtplan von Berlin. Richard Schwarz, Landkartenhandlung u. Geogr. Verlag, Tiergarten im Januar 1946 ↑ Blatt 4233 von 1936: Eintrag zur Siegesallee südlich der Charlottenburger Chaussee ↑ Blatt 4233 von 1939: 52 Meter, Blatt 4233 von 1950: 100 Meter ↑ Karte von Berlin 1:5000: Straße des 17. Juni in Höhe des Sowjetischen Ehrenmals ↑ Niklas Maak: An das Große glauben. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 19. August 2015, abgerufen am 23. Juni 2017. ↑ Bernhard Schulz: Klassisch dekorierte Nazi-Architektur: Wie sich Albert Speer den Stil des großen preußischen Baumeisters Karl-Friedrich Schinkel aneignen konnte, zeigen die Dahlemer Vorlesungen von Klaus Heinrich. In: Der Tagesspiegel. 27. August 2015, abgerufen am 23. Juni 2017. </span><br /></p></div></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-52141669339999603092008-01-18T22:08:00.218-08:002024-03-18T02:09:26.376-07:00Around Munich's Marienplatz: Between Isartor and Karlstor<div face="Georgia" style="text-align: left;">
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</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>When American soldiers from the 42nd Rainbow Division arrived here at the town hall on Marienplatz on the afternoon of April 30, 1945, it marked the end of the Nazi era in the ‘Capital of the Movement’ and the beginning of the confrontation with what Thomas Mann called <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1207102">the city’s “tattered past.”</a> The legacy of how this is still reflected in the way the city chooses to remember it is the subject of this page, and of my website in general. On the left is the view immediately after the war and me today
taken from the top of the Neues Rathaus next to the Marienplatz showing the roofless Altes Rathaus looking
up towards Tal road. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>It was at the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Altes Rathaus </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
where, on November 9, 1938 Goebbels gave his infamous speech initiating
the nationwide Reichskristallnacht
pogroms. The roofless Heilig-Geist-Kirche is on the right of the photo
and its spire, without the copper top, is behind the church. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The
Talbruck gate tower had been completely destroyed by 1945 at a time when <a href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/10394/1/Arnold_ku_0099D_12083_DATA_1.pdf">just under 3% of Munich’s buildings remained unscathed</a> from Allied carpet
bombing, which had targeted the city centre. Approximately 45% of the city's buildings had been destroyed, including more than 85,000
residential units which meant that 300,000 Munich residents were left
homeless. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOxRwwsoLFB6gDhoq_vHWgMxq0UFwmkvwjCG6VuuLQGJzDk3ocYWdt7BxpILdBWo9VUGKuWcjZ2UJ70Vflth8edZpbT9mPln_TzlL8oRIidQENUsIbq0JzACQpNGeoiRP3AMaZRTi6uwU09Cplquoptxdup1f09cMHKR94isJN5I3Vvj6RoFZEdsGyeFaD/s1248/Screenshot%202023-10-08%20at%2010.07.05.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1248" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOxRwwsoLFB6gDhoq_vHWgMxq0UFwmkvwjCG6VuuLQGJzDk3ocYWdt7BxpILdBWo9VUGKuWcjZ2UJ70Vflth8edZpbT9mPln_TzlL8oRIidQENUsIbq0JzACQpNGeoiRP3AMaZRTi6uwU09Cplquoptxdup1f09cMHKR94isJN5I3Vvj6RoFZEdsGyeFaD/w400-h289/Screenshot%202023-10-08%20at%2010.07.05.png" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler's supposed drawings of Marienplatz just before the Great War<i>.</i></span></span></span> The GIF on the right shows the square after the war and today with Drake Winston. One of the first tasks in the reconstruction of Marienplatz was the restoration of the Neues Rathaus, a neo-Gothic building that housed the city's government. Architect Georg von Hauberrisser, who had originally designed the building in the late 19th century, was posthumously honoured when his masterpiece was meticulously restored. The restoration was completed in 1958, led by architect Erwin Schleich. Schleich adhered closely to Hauberrisser's original plans, ensuring that the building retained its historical and architectural integrity. The famous Glockenspiel, a carillon situated in the tower of the Neues Rathaus, was also fully restored and resumed its daily performances in 1952. The commercial aspects of Marienplatz were also revitalised as Kaufingerstraße and Sendlinger Straße, the two main shopping streets leading off Marienplatz, were part of the reconstruction efforts. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Fischbrunnen, a popular fountain that had been destroyed, was rebuilt in 1954 by sculptor Josef Henselmann. The fountain not only served an aesthetic purpose but also symbolised the renewal of commerce and daily life in the heart of Munich. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirBq-LxuPnqw3mshUt5TdfPvo5Ozrh_uOWZ-G5O91bBoeInsmddcM-ElJyD6kFZR1gBSD9Up0un4k-hHRI6iYwfY-exX2aof-a4y1fdr3k3TTibq9Yc-kzyLINgK_kIe24WQY2wSi8VGs3/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25282%2529.gif" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirBq-LxuPnqw3mshUt5TdfPvo5Ozrh_uOWZ-G5O91bBoeInsmddcM-ElJyD6kFZR1gBSD9Up0un4k-hHRI6iYwfY-exX2aof-a4y1fdr3k3TTibq9Yc-kzyLINgK_kIe24WQY2wSi8VGs3/w383-h289/ezgif.com-resize%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 298px;" width="383" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The reconstruction of Marienplatz was not solely an architectural endeavour; it was deeply intertwined with the socio-political climate of post-war Germany. The square became a focal point for public gatherings and political events, symbolising Munich's resilience and the democratic aspirations of its citizens. In 1948, the currency reform was announced from the balcony of the Neues Rathaus, marking a significant step in West Germany's economic recovery. This event was attended by thousands of Munich residents, who filled Marienplatz to hear the proclamation by the then-Mayor of Munich, Thomas Wimmer. Wimmer's leadership was instrumental in not only the physical reconstruction of the city but also in fostering a sense of community and optimism among its residents. Marienplatz also regained its status as a hub for public transportation. The S-Bahn and U-Bahn stations, crucial for the city's public transport network, were modernised and expanded. The S-Bahn station was officially reopened in 1972, just in time for the Munich Olympics, an event that symbolised Germany's return to the international community (before being the stage through which Jews were <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/sites-around-munich-5.html">again being massacred</a>). The U-Bahn station followed suit, becoming operational in 1971. These developments were more than mere infrastructure projects; they were indicative of a city striving to move forward while respecting its past. The reconstruction of Marienplatz was a collective effort that involved not just architects and politicians, but also the citizens of Munich. Community involvement ranged from public consultations about the design elements to volunteer work in the actual rebuilding process. The square's restoration became a source of civic pride, a physical manifestation of the city's resilience and a tribute to its historical significance. By the late 1950s, Marienplatz had regained its status as the heart of Munich, pulsating with commercial, political, and social life. It involved the restoration of civic pride, the renewal of commercial activity, and the re-establishment of the square as a symbol of Munich's resilience and cultural heritage. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>From the time of the so-called Beer Hall Putsch and whilst taking a school group from <span>Naples, Florida on a tour.</span> Julius
Streicher, later publisher of <i>Der Stürmer</i>, is shown speaking in support of the putsch. The bus in the foreground transporting armed Nazis to Munich reads <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2007/01/darmstadt-university-of-technology.html" target="_blank">Hofbrauhaus F[reising]</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">At the Marienplatz the Nazi
column encountered a large crowd which was listening to an exhortation
of Julius Streicher, the Jew-baiter from Nuremberg, who had rushed to
Munich at the first news of the putsch. Not wishing to be left out of
the revolution, he cut short his speech and joined the rebels, jumping
into step immediately behind Hitler.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Shirer (67) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: small; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Marienplatz swastika" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVFh4gEBU3uj2XScEb9Txr2zGNYQ3q3K2azmuJhaZQT4wlrXMaKskcFHjcSM4wpa7rZZnaA0XAzkFc34p0KyYaE9J4jyi4s2l2Qy-izOjy7zv3a7B4ImG038FxfkeX3ElCjL-yJc67Lymp3upvE72Qmmc3Igqbi8Jw3UnbGs3ETutZLP01CyHBWrDpg/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker(1)%20(1).gif" height="459" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVFh4gEBU3uj2XScEb9Txr2zGNYQ3q3K2azmuJhaZQT4wlrXMaKskcFHjcSM4wpa7rZZnaA0XAzkFc34p0KyYaE9J4jyi4s2l2Qy-izOjy7zv3a7B4ImG038FxfkeX3ElCjL-yJc67Lymp3upvE72Qmmc3Igqbi8Jw3UnbGs3ETutZLP01CyHBWrDpg/w344-h459/ezgif.com-gif-maker(1)%20(1).gif" style="height: 400px; width: 300px;" width="344" /> <br /></span></span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>The
neues rathaus with Nazi banner from 1933 after it was first was hoisted
atop the tower on the evening of March 9 with the Nazi city councillor, Max Amann, announcing the "national uprising" to a "conspicuous crowd," <a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/vor-75-jahren-in-muenchen-machtergreifung-mit-verspaetung-1.285125">according to the Völkischer Beobachter</a>." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://www.nd-aktuell.de/artikel/1174154.antifaschismus-rotes-bayern.html">A little-known</a>,
belated united front action by Social Democrats and communists
attempted to prevent the hoisting of the flag, supposedly forcing the
Nazis to hoist their banner only under heavy police protection. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>That
day at a rally in front of the Feldherrnhalle, the Nazis made a
declaration of war on Communism an</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>d Judaism as opponents of the new
government were placed in "protective custody"and the first press bans
were issued. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>That day Hitler appointed Franz Ritter von Epp as Reichskommissar of Bavaria. Accompanied by Upper Bavarian Gauleiter Adolf Wagner, SA chief Röhm and SS chief Himmler, he then forced Prime Minister Heinrich Held to abdicate. Held's resignation and the legal measures taken by the Nazis, above all the laws for the synchronisation of the states with the Reich of March 31 and April 7, 1933, marked the so-called seizure of power in Bavaria and the end of independent state politics. Meanwhile as the flag was being hoisted, the incumbent Lord Mayor Karl Scharnagl was forced to run the gauntlet through a trellis of threatening SA men like the</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>two </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>on duty as auxiliary policemen in front of the gate at the entrance that same year</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> shown in my GIF below on the right, but was later able to leave the town hall unmolested and continue his business for another week and a half until replaced by Nazi Karl Fiehler over. He was joined by Christian Weber and personnel officer Karl Tempel, a lawyer and technocrat, acting as the chief ideologue in the town hall. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>Evans
argues that the takeover of municipal buildings like the Rathaus was a
calculated move to gain administrative control and to project an image
of order and authority. The Rathaus was not merely a symbol but also a
functional space where policies were formulated and executed. Its grand
halls and chambers were converted into offices for Nazi officials, and
its open spaces were used for public gatherings that propagated Nazi
ideology. In this way, the Munich Rathaus was not just an architectural
landmark but a multi-dimensional space that facilitated the Nazis'
political and administrative agendas. Its historical and cultural
significance was appropriated to lend legitimacy to a regime that sought
to rewrite history in its own image.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: small; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="SS men auxiliary policemen in front of the gate of Munich Town Hall" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAoxP0YUkVC2Puy3Dpbt84N34jSiXBFHjy1pjQXaq2tc1lgTF95D4huWDQMgzz7QX3IoJkPxpTz9Zcy2T4WDHKG4wdfX7VCvXAWc2ukAaLka5pX7EHJKwJZ3KWz0AkAe-QQ9ybPGjTWAHBE3bVyDxH-ZfDsB7Lmm--mnZ3IEDBzuhCyzT_82FssLdjcQ/w293-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T224031.688.gif" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAoxP0YUkVC2Puy3Dpbt84N34jSiXBFHjy1pjQXaq2tc1lgTF95D4huWDQMgzz7QX3IoJkPxpTz9Zcy2T4WDHKG4wdfX7VCvXAWc2ukAaLka5pX7EHJKwJZ3KWz0AkAe-QQ9ybPGjTWAHBE3bVyDxH-ZfDsB7Lmm--mnZ3IEDBzuhCyzT_82FssLdjcQ/w327-h446/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T224031.688.gif" style="height: 400px; width: 293px;" width="327" /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>In addition, the late Eric Hobsbawm's analysis of the rathaus as a "stage for political theatre" is particularly apt given the building served as a backdrop for mass rallies, speeches, and other public events that were crucial for the Nazis' rise to power. Hobsbawm contends that the rathaus's grandeur and historical significance provided the Nazis with a sense of legitimacy and continuity, linking them to Munich's rich history and cultural heritage. This perspective is critical for understanding how architecture and urban spaces can be co-opted for political purposes. The rathaus was not merely a passive structure but an active participant in shaping public opinion and political ideology. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>The rathaus's significance for the Nazis can also be understood through the lens of Kershaw's concept of "working towards the Führer." According to Kershaw, many lower-level officials and party members took initiatives that they believed would find favour with Hitler, even without explicit directives. The rathaus, in this context, became a site where local Nazi officials could demonstrate their commitment to the party's ideals. Public events held at the Rathaus were meticulously planned to showcase Nazi ideology, and the building itself was adorned with Nazi symbols and flags, effectively transforming it into a shrine for National Socialism. Moreover, the rathaus served as a locus for the Nazis' administrative activities most infamously following Kristallnacht in 1938 when a wave of anti-Semitic legislation was passed, much of which was announced or formalised within the rathaus. This dark chapter in the building's history is a focal point of Mason's work, which explores how architecture can be implicated in the machinery of state-sponsored discrimination and violence. Mason contends that the Rathaus, by virtue of being a seat of municipal power, lent an air of bureaucratic normality to the abhorrent policies being enacted, thereby making the unthinkable appear routine and even rational. Furthermore, the rathaus was instrumental in the Nazis' efforts to rewrite history, a point highlighted by Burleigh. The building was often the site of exhibitions and displays that propagated the Nazi version of history, particularly the notion of Aryan supremacy and the vilification of other races and ideologies. These exhibitions attracted thousands of visitors, including schoolchildren, and were a key element in the Nazis' propaganda machinery. Burleigh argues that the rathaus, as a respected public institution, gave these distorted historical narratives a veneer of credibility that they might not have had in a less esteemed venue. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXCjLTbHcaWIPk0OhvV571PD8XnFwCOPEgVouPKYqv-zjkkTS5J97u86qwAhDfDqh22PgD4YmOhjep8B83YtK8JzqmhC8PsycvCpEQR0O9ywyTiE5kFedlWGcnChb1UhcIRx0lJ-aY3FIkDIIR3Kzz2zseCrUD1Xd4H9HElD_pIBIb9Vn0MmmHbFaSNQ/s320/ezgif.com-optimize(7)%20(1).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Munich Kristallnacht" border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="288" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXCjLTbHcaWIPk0OhvV571PD8XnFwCOPEgVouPKYqv-zjkkTS5J97u86qwAhDfDqh22PgD4YmOhjep8B83YtK8JzqmhC8PsycvCpEQR0O9ywyTiE5kFedlWGcnChb1UhcIRx0lJ-aY3FIkDIIR3Kzz2zseCrUD1Xd4H9HElD_pIBIb9Vn0MmmHbFaSNQ/w360-h400/ezgif.com-optimize(7)%20(1).gif" width="360" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>The altes rathaus on November 9, 1938 on the night of Kristallnacht. Inside is the following plaque which reads: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>This ballroom of the Old Town Hall was for centuries the scene of magnificent civic gatherings and parties. The National Socialist regime abused this place for the planning of anti-Semitic crimes. In the course of a party meeting on the evening of November 9, 1938, a Germany-wide pogrom was instigated here leading to anti-Jewish riots. As "Kristallnacht," this pogrom was the preliminary stage of the destruction of European Jewry. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>It was here that Goebbels gave his infamous speech launching the pogrom after German diplomat Ernst vom Rath succumbed to his wounds that evening at 17.30 in Paris after being shot days earlier. Already by then several cases of antisemitic violence had already take place in two locations in Germany. Hitler and </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>Goebbels discussed these incidents before attending a dinner together here at the Old Town Hall. It's here where Hitler, who had ordered his accompanying doctor Karl Brandt and the respected trauma surgeon Georg Magnus to Paris to go to vom Rath's bedside, learned about the death of the diplomat. During the meal, he immediately spoke to Goebbels, who informed him about the riots that were already beginning, and decided to “[l]et the demonstrations continue. Withdraw police. The Jews should one day feel the anger of the people.” Contrary to his habit, he refrained from speaking and left the meeting after the meal. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://www.hdot.org/debunking-denial/kn2-hitlers-authorization/">In his diary entry for that day Goebbels wrote</a>: “I go to the </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>Party reception in the Old Town Hall. Colossal activity. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>I brief the Führer about the matter. He orders: let the demonstrations go on. Withdraw the<span> </span>police. The Jews must for once feel the people’s fury. That is right.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWDlYBYfKGZWqRbkZ1qo5m-ojh2A4-mhAGawqStaCqT6lXT8gYKUJuUAexx59NYGH1qwsUJ92tTl-p78qGuqclKnilV0_QgbVg1RrZ81IRNrJaZRTx0z4ezpAXryZHnfsYFxwkQrX6W8y_lrYBxitwL-bKT5q6f8hnrOd2AE2z5drAIFxq3qsoEWZUqg/s320/ezgif.com-resize%20(8).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Marienplatz Munich Kristallnacht" border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="243" height="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWDlYBYfKGZWqRbkZ1qo5m-ojh2A4-mhAGawqStaCqT6lXT8gYKUJuUAexx59NYGH1qwsUJ92tTl-p78qGuqclKnilV0_QgbVg1RrZ81IRNrJaZRTx0z4ezpAXryZHnfsYFxwkQrX6W8y_lrYBxitwL-bKT5q6f8hnrOd2AE2z5drAIFxq3qsoEWZUqg/w379-h499/ezgif.com-resize%20(8).gif" width="379" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Goebbels
then announced the news to the assembled party and SA leaders around
22.00. He used the death for an anti-Semitic interpretation of the
assassination, in which he made "the Jewish world conspiracy"
responsible for the death of vom Rath. He praised the anti-Jewish
actions throughout the Reich, in which synagogues were also set on fire,
and stated that the party did not want to appear as an organiser of
anti-Jewish actions, but would not obstruct them where they arose. The
Gauleiters and SA leaders present understood this as an indirect but
unmistakable request to organise the "spontaneous" actions of "popular
anger". After Goebbels's speech, they called their local offices at
around 22.30 and gathered in the"Rheinischer Hof" hotel to pass on
further instructions for actions from there. After the end of the
commemoration, Goebbels himself had telegrams sent from his ministry to
subordinate authorities, Gauleiters and Gestapo offices across Germany
which in turn, passed on corresponding orders to their teams</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>In the course of the riots and the chaos in which they took place, numerous Jews were murdered. In a suburb of Bremen, for example, the mayor and chief of the local SA storm believed, due to a transmission error, that all Jews should be killed. The passing of this erroneous order led to the murder of a Lesum doctor and his wife. In Austria, SA men didn't allow a newly married couple to take their few-month-old child with them when they were arrested. The baby was left uncared for in the apartment and died. How many Jews died in the pogroms cannot be determined with certainty. The Nazi Party's Supreme Party Court put their number at 91 although specialists in the event estimate it to be significantly higher. In addition to the approximately 300 suicides that took place, Richard J. Evans that up to 2000 Jews died in the November pogroms. Here in Munich the excesses of violence against its Jewish citizens doesn't appear to have triggered any particular horror. SA men had <a href="https://www.ikg-m.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/9-11-2018_Booklet_finale-Version.pdf">smashed the windows </a>of Joachim (Chaim) Both's shop at 185 Lindwurmstrasse. When the couple returned from a visit to the theatre, they surprised the looting SA men. "We hadn't entered the doorway when about ten men who were standing in the doorway jumped at us and hit us with their hands. (...) Some men threw themselves on my husband and dragged him into the first When I went there shortly afterwards, the men were already leaving the apartment, and one of them punched me in the face." Marjem Both then found her husband's body in their son Max's room. The Nazis later attempted to legitimise such terror through numerous mass rallies held to paint them as legitimate retaliatory actions. In the Circus Krone, Gauleiter Wagner went os far as to justify the murder of Chaim Both by declaring that they "used this opportunity to get rid of the last synagogue and the last prayer room of the Jews in Munich, after all the Jewish shops have been closed and the Jews have been properly arrested, who have been responsible for this for a long time. If a Polish Jew had to lose his life during these events, it was only because he presumed to be able to interfere in German affairs."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>Throughout this website- and further down this page- some specific examples of the terror are presented showing the sites as they appear today.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmaB-z8xlqIUjpslEYTr9ks40RPAOVDL9sRgZIcLuhGMnR7naYyW9NiFzjQkqEi80ni-Y6CgjoGogXamtChxBSL3at4Kv1nmKqBzaBuPE1l974ucOTrzHohalAEqXVH-1EAtKdxQthMU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler being driven through Marienplatz" border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="500" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmaB-z8xlqIUjpslEYTr9ks40RPAOVDL9sRgZIcLuhGMnR7naYyW9NiFzjQkqEi80ni-Y6CgjoGogXamtChxBSL3at4Kv1nmKqBzaBuPE1l974ucOTrzHohalAEqXVH-1EAtKdxQthMU/w473-h316/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Hitler being driven through Marienplatz whilst on his way to the state funeral of Dr. Gerhard Wagner" width="473" /></a><span><span><span>Hitler being driven through Marienplatz whilst on his way to the state funeral of Dr. Gerhard Wagner, the Reich Medical Leader (</span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Reichsärzteführer)</span></span></span>. Wagner was co-founder and later leader of the National Socialist German Physicians' Federation (NSDÄB), and from 1933 was a member of the Palatinate Landtag. He had also served as "The Führer's Commissioner for National Health." At the 1936 Nuremberg Rally, he discussed the racial laws. In 1937 when he was promoted to <i>SA Obergruppenführer</i> before dying at only fifty for reasons unknown. Wagner had been jointly responsible for euthanasia and sterilisation carried out against Jews and the handicapped, and showed himself at the Nuremberg Party Congress in 1935 to be a staunch proponent of the Nuremberg Laws, and thereby also of Nazi Germany's race legislation and racial politics. Under Wagner's leadership, the Nazi killing institution at Hadamar was established. After the war at the Nuremberg doctors’ trial, Dr Karl Brandt, former Reichskommissar for Health, testified that “[i]n 1935 Hitler told the Reich Medical Leader, Dr Gerhard Wagner, that, if war came, he would take up and carry out this question of euthanasia because it was easier to do so in wartime when the church would not be able to put up the expected resistance” whilst also providing much-needed hospital space for the wounded. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: none; clear: left; float: left; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="American occupation HQ Munich" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5X4M7Vtn9jn76cPClsqfjqiCCf4zjqU_hQJE-0WRefy7PrPWh8LRlpsln6nBDHQdThrbJkl5nozjKBIZC6S1_OYfUSvJY52Xv6Kbjs5yeM1XbUWNIdzW6o8Rq0aCjXvjEKjW05WIO9gvS/s1600/ezgif.com-crop.gif" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5X4M7Vtn9jn76cPClsqfjqiCCf4zjqU_hQJE-0WRefy7PrPWh8LRlpsln6nBDHQdThrbJkl5nozjKBIZC6S1_OYfUSvJY52Xv6Kbjs5yeM1XbUWNIdzW6o8Rq0aCjXvjEKjW05WIO9gvS/s1600/ezgif.com-crop.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 265px; width: 287px;" /><span> </span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The entrance when serving as the American occupation HQ and today in front and me below on the side of the building. The rathaus's role as the administrative headquarters for the American occupation forces was not accidental but a calculated choice. Its central location in Munich made it an ideal hub for governance and control. The building itself was relatively unscathed by the bombings that had devastated much of the city, making it one of the few viable options for setting up an administrative base. Evans notes that the American forces were keen on establishing a visible and centralised authority to facilitate the transition from war to peace, and the Rathaus provided just that. It became the site where key decisions about Munich's reconstruction, denazification, and governance were made. Military orders, policy decisions, and administrative functions flowed from this building, making it a nerve centre of American operations in post-war Munich. The site also served as a venue for interactions between the American forces and the local German population. It was here that American military officials met with German civic leaders to discuss plans for rebuilding the city and reintegrating it into the new Germany. Carr argues that these interactions were crucial in shaping the American occupation policy, as they provided firsthand insights into the challenges and opportunities of governance in post-war Germany. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span></span>The rathaus thus became a space where different cultural and political understandings met, clashed, and eventually found a way to coexist. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="American occupation HQ Marienplatz" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9yUjqn73B3dPuYVLRDXV7X0AAzff2XmgUPZKHHgdrBmBiy0pbnsm-mtzRUT7NsPW01NdYSb3HAyN_XejZxzqHEfzVUw7e2neeAEFMg3k1H8noU4A8YKpHYBmTnli_MEaTt63-E8KFGV2o/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="517" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9yUjqn73B3dPuYVLRDXV7X0AAzff2XmgUPZKHHgdrBmBiy0pbnsm-mtzRUT7NsPW01NdYSb3HAyN_XejZxzqHEfzVUw7e2neeAEFMg3k1H8noU4A8YKpHYBmTnli_MEaTt63-E8KFGV2o/w366-h287/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 265px; width: 338px;" width="366" /></span>It was a microcosm of the larger challenges faced by the American occupation forces in Germany, encapsulating the complexities of administering a defeated and divided nation. It thus served not merely a passive backdrop but an active participant in shaping the post-war landscape. Its grand halls and chambers were transformed into offices, meeting rooms, and even courtrooms where denazification trials were held. Hobsbawm emphasises the importance of these trials in purging German society of its Nazi past and laying the foundations for a democratic future. The rathaus, therefore, was not just a symbol of American authority but also a symbol of justice and the rule of law. It was in this building that former Nazi officials were tried and held accountable for their actions, making it a pivotal site for the moral and legal reconstruction of Germany. Finally, the rathaus's historical and architectural significance added a layer of complexity to its role during the American occupation. As a building that stood as a testament to Munich's rich history and cultural heritage, its use by the American forces was fraught with symbolism. Kershaw points out that the occupation of such a significant German landmark by foreign forces was a powerful reminder of Germany's defeat and the loss of its sovereignty. However, it also symbolised the beginning of a new chapter in German history, one that was guided by the principles of democracy and the rule of law, values that the Rathaus came to embody during the American occupation.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="plaque commemorating the Munich Jews who were murdered in Kaunas, Lithuania" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjRqAlpnGKPqvblwc1DStP0VJjgWs7EIgWWp4P_nnxxEfGJsabB2veC6AJOFFYfuntkUvoiyHZPF53a3-J4ibz_sDjQ9HeKwEUh54gUhWPl6APPHNiYK0ghSVRDULURzHEia89IDDfV3o/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-05-04+at+20.11.13.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjRqAlpnGKPqvblwc1DStP0VJjgWs7EIgWWp4P_nnxxEfGJsabB2veC6AJOFFYfuntkUvoiyHZPF53a3-J4ibz_sDjQ9HeKwEUh54gUhWPl6APPHNiYK0ghSVRDULURzHEia89IDDfV3o/s16000/Screen+Shot+2015-05-04+at+20.11.13.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 235px; width: 315px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Inside the building next to the staircase leading to the first floor is this plaque commemorating the Munich Jews who were murdered in Kaunas, Lithuania, in 1941. Put up in November 2000, the plaque was intended to express the “sorrow and shame of Munich’s population as well as their horror at the silence that prevailed at the time”. On November 20, 1941 one thousand men, women and children were deported from Munich to Kaunas and five days later murdered by firing squad marking the beginning of the systematic annihilation of Munich’s remaining Jews. Between then and February 1945 at least forty-three deportations of Jews were <a href="https://stadtgeschichte-muenchen.de/sehenswert/d_sehenswert.php?id=2339">transported to Kaunas, Piaski, Theresienstadt and Auschwitz</a>. Numerous people and institutions, including employees of the city, were involved in organising and carrying out the deportations. This memorial plaque, designed by Beate Passow, was put up on the initiative of the Munich City Archive which also donated a sign of remembrance at the memorial site in Kaunas which Passow used as a model for its Munich counterpart. The artist described how "[t]he pane of glass shows a photo of the memorial plaque in Kowno [Kaunas] together with portraits of Jewish citizens of Munich who were deported. The crime committed in Kowno is thus given an appropriate presence in Munich as well.” The photographs were taken from the identity cards marked with a red “J” that Jewish citizens were obliged to carry with them from 1939. In many cases these photos were the last visible traces of their owners.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On the first floor is this Memorial Room. In 1951 members of the Munich City Council belonging to the Christian Social Union, the Social Democrats and the Bavarian Party tabled a joint motion to have a plaque put up in the town hall to commemorate those members of the city administration who had fallen victim to the Third Reich or died in the two world wars. A hexagonal, chapel-like room on the first floor of the wing facing Marienplatz was proposed as a suitable location for the plaque. During the 1920s this room had already been turned into a memorial to the city officials, teachers and white and blue-collar workers killed in the Great War, but it was destroyed by bombing in 1944. The newly refurbished room was opened to the public again in 1958 when the city celebrated its 800th anniversary. In the centre of the room there is an altar-like stone table on which a leather-bound book lists the names of those who died in both world wars. Inscriptions on the walls commemorate both the war dead and those who suffered political persecution under the Nazi dictatorship. A stone slab in the floor is dedicated to the “employees who died in service,” arguably placing them on a par with the victims of the Nazi regime whilst questions about any political and moral responsibility have been ignored.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4KZ6a0PF1nOlsPyeUIT3Gt4sPPNiqVGFCjqnd92X5TKB8MXLtz8xWh-7fzTMLWnY75eau3ZyucrryG4BHmDa-vAAhXxyIu_CiqyHORY-YL3zX7e0JGfQhXWzs5kVAfQvt_wMqORouxBde/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252851%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="404" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4KZ6a0PF1nOlsPyeUIT3Gt4sPPNiqVGFCjqnd92X5TKB8MXLtz8xWh-7fzTMLWnY75eau3ZyucrryG4BHmDa-vAAhXxyIu_CiqyHORY-YL3zX7e0JGfQhXWzs5kVAfQvt_wMqORouxBde/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252851%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> The
Munich City Council (Münchner Stadtrat) has been, since 1919, the local government and is
elected for six years and meets inside </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>the
Great decorated boardroom</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, seen here in the meeting of July 25, 1933 when first led by the Nazis as
the <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783486708363-005/pdf">sole power in the city council</a> of seventeen members and today. Among the attendees were the representative
of the State Government, the Police Headquarters, the Reichswehr, the
Protestant church council and others. Lord Mayor Fiehler used the occasion to praise Munich as the home of Hitler and the heart of the Nazi movement, stating that "[t]he struggle for power is over; now the reconstruction work has to begin." A longtime colleague would later describe Fiehler after the war as not having "a fighter nature- he has no strong elbows." When Fiehler took over the office of the Lord Mayor in 1933, he was perhaps the most qualified candidate in the eyes of Gauleiter Wagner precisely because of his weakness. Here in the city council, Fiehler did most of the Nazis' political work. Although he liked to present himself as moderate and prudent, he helped formulate the theoretical foundations for the Nazis' obstruction policies in the city council and made no secret of his rejection of democracy as well as his strong anti-Semitism. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Corner of the building at the entrance to Marienplatz during the Nazi-era and today showing a dragon- the Lindwurm- which was unveiled on June 21, 1907 and which represents the local legend that in the time of the plague a huge dragon had flown through Munich and his poisonous breath brought death and destruction to its inhabitants. Instead of landing on the market square, it had been bested by a single well-timed cannon shot and thus spared the city the plague.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcNcnl11YXvJ38_LwWrQPMw2vkXU9b_zebe8DGG2Xcsq18rKT-gqyCMaeg1pJqunxVx3RrWoAc9unxkJDxHoAwE7kZELhcHhjpY8GNska_2Hwe2hMViEubOh8MJE9U48TTygvT-7GSalA/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252814%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcNcnl11YXvJ38_LwWrQPMw2vkXU9b_zebe8DGG2Xcsq18rKT-gqyCMaeg1pJqunxVx3RrWoAc9unxkJDxHoAwE7kZELhcHhjpY8GNska_2Hwe2hMViEubOh8MJE9U48TTygvT-7GSalA/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252814%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 350px; width: 331px;" /> <br /></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span> <span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> The arch underneath the Old Town Hall then and now. Today it contains the Memorial to [German] Prisoners of War shown below on the right, dedicated in 1954 to those citizens of Munich who were still being held prisoner. It was unveiled at a time when 12,500 citizens of Munich were still registered as missing, many in the Soviet Union where their conditions in captivity varied depending on the location and the captors. However, one common thread was the harshness of the environment, particularly for those held in the Soviet Union. Applebaum describes the Gulag camps as places where prisoners were subjected to forced labour, inadequate food, and extreme weather conditions and Munich's PoWs were no exception to this grim reality. They were often used for labour-intensive tasks such as mining, logging, and construction in inhospitable regions like Siberia. The mortality rate was high, with diseases like typhus and malnutrition being common causes of death. The Soviet authorities were less concerned with adhering to the Geneva Convention than with extracting maximum labour from the prisoners which led to a situation where PoWs were caught in a vicious cycle of deteriorating health and increasing work quotas. The numbers regarding the survival and return of Munich's PoWs are sobering. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9XX0Rs603lRJ6Bt4oY1WGsby7lkg1tW8UoyNtYhcSnzce7Ut01YXeZhWLkhGMUpz2BIRgevLWGjOi_J4uRFsG8cNCI68Cgckx2S-LxouWjUhaN_F9Ym5KwmSn8J9BsaSv5Q0f8kJ0LiU/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-02-26+at+10.58.13.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9XX0Rs603lRJ6Bt4oY1WGsby7lkg1tW8UoyNtYhcSnzce7Ut01YXeZhWLkhGMUpz2BIRgevLWGjOi_J4uRFsG8cNCI68Cgckx2S-LxouWjUhaN_F9Ym5KwmSn8J9BsaSv5Q0f8kJ0LiU/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-02-26+at+10.58.13.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 350px; width: 275px;" /></span>According to figures from the German Red Cross, of the 12,500 citizens of Munich registered as missing in 1954, only a fraction returned. Moeller indicates that approximately 3,000 Munich PoWs returned from the Soviet Union by 1955. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The rest were either confirmed dead, or their fates remained unknown. The psychological and physical toll on the returnees was immense. Many suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder, malnutrition, and other health issues that made their reintegration into post-war German society challenging. The stigma associated with being a PoW further complicated matters. In the context of a defeated and divided Germany, these individuals often found themselves ostracised, their experiences largely unacknowledged in the immediate post-war years. The political climate of the Cold War also played a role in the delayed return of Munich's PoWs. The Soviet Union was keen to maintain leverage over the Federal Republic of Germany, which was aligning more closely with the West. Thus, the release of PoWs became a tool in broader geopolitical negotiations. Naimark argues that the Soviet Union used the issue of PoWs to extract concessions, such as recognition of the German Democratic Republic by the Federal Republic of Germany. This political manoeuvring meant that the plight of Munich's PoWs was not merely a humanitarian issue but entangled in the larger East-West conflict that defined the era. That said, it would be decades before any such memorial would be erected to the victims of German aggression. The deliberately restrained stone relief by Franz Mikorey reflects the view of prisoners of war then prevailing in post-war Germany, showing three grieving women awaiting the return of prisoners of war, whose sufferings </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">the inscription tells us </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>should never be forgotten. The location was chosen given the central position of the Old Town Hall on Munich’s busy central square Marienplatz, which ensured that as many people would see it as possible. In fact, during the Nazi era Mikorey's works were regularly represented in the Great German Art Exhibition, such as his <a href="http://www.gdk-research.de/de/obj19362469.html"><i>Sonnengott</i> during the 1942 exhibition</a>. His <i>Springende Pferde</i> from 1934, dismantled in 1941, can now be found on Herzog-Wilhelm-Straße near the Karlsplatz-Stachus </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">S-Bahn station and <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/12/adolf-hitler-strasse-and-karolinenplatz.html"><i>Rosselenker</i> at Goethestraße 29-31</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.<br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>After the war and with the old town hall behind me during one of my tours, and the Ludwig Beck shop being built amidst the ruins and as it appears today. The war saw </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">the destruction of all the historic buildings on the south side including the "Peterhof" with its fine baroque gable façade. The
ruins on the south side of the square were demolished in the sequence
and the building line partly offset by several metres back, especially
in the east of the square to create more space. In place of Peterhof was
later rebuilt several times over the current Hugendubel book shop. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Alte Rathaus as it appeared after the bombing and today. By December 17, 1944 bombs further destroyed the tower and the south wing, forcing the remains to be torn down. On the right looking behind the rathaus from Tal is the former "Zum Meteck" guesthouse, now an hideous Sparkasse bank. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIMpaimiaOFR78HMOtXxsK7hbOOIdd4F42sJ-UhyphenhyphenUeGToB_-bGILmy89_h4i2ts1cdogmqYXgTGvQO6xozOg4IJfwo4Qe7xrLCSkL1doAtNsv02bRzhPfTYAF0H5tXWz7OQ6WjilOMFVQ/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252861%2529.gif" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="278" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIMpaimiaOFR78HMOtXxsK7hbOOIdd4F42sJ-UhyphenhyphenUeGToB_-bGILmy89_h4i2ts1cdogmqYXgTGvQO6xozOg4IJfwo4Qe7xrLCSkL1doAtNsv02bRzhPfTYAF0H5tXWz7OQ6WjilOMFVQ/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252861%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="320" /></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Indicative of the dominance of a traditionalist memory of the Third Reich in early postwar Munich was the stigmatisation and rejection of modernist construction projects as "Nazi." The proposal of Munich reconstruction chief Helmut Fischer in 1949 to demolish and erect a modern replacement for the ruin of the fifteenth-century city hall on the Marienplatz in order to ease the flow of automobile traffic through the Altstadt was eventually defeated after a petition campaign to save the structure found overwhelming popular support among the local citizenry. Importantly, a significant portion of the statements of protest expressed the belief that the proponents of demolishing the venerable old city hall were "on the same path as was Hider, who could ... not tear down enough in order to modernise our city." The presence of such historically-charged comments against the measure-which one journalist in the Suddeutsche Zeitung compared to a policy of "euthanasia for buildings"—suggests the popular acceptance of the traditionalist position that Nazism was at once the product and promoter of modern forces. The ultimate prevention of the old city hall's demolition and its eventual reconstruction in 1955 thus seems to have been substantially supported by the traditionalist tendencies of much of the local population.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23737287">Gavriel D. Rosenfeld (146-147) <i> Architecture and the Memory of Nazism in Postwar Munich</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXAM-qiS6yg5T-6v8NZBn-XgaAXgs1SdcXFnPa7IKavNb9U4vf3uINPrhNHBB3ZtMg_I57VUbXIeggAomGryozDqhTS1REcxNgLiHgDQiL69Gbq9XpHmYVBw7EV5vyuzUY2seY7roLmWTdh9gVWFDBcTieGyDWWER48mtkCnLbduhAbQSy49-iNqHHgA/s355/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-22T181706.662.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="355" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXAM-qiS6yg5T-6v8NZBn-XgaAXgs1SdcXFnPa7IKavNb9U4vf3uINPrhNHBB3ZtMg_I57VUbXIeggAomGryozDqhTS1REcxNgLiHgDQiL69Gbq9XpHmYVBw7EV5vyuzUY2seY7roLmWTdh9gVWFDBcTieGyDWWER48mtkCnLbduhAbQSy49-iNqHHgA/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-22T181706.662.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Auferstanden aus ruinen</span>: The Roman-Mayr-Haus on Marienplatz and its dreadful replacement- the </span><span style="font-size: normal;">Galeria Kaufhof</span><span style="font-size: normal;">. For the construction of the execrable Kaufhof in the 1970s, the richly decorated Roman Mayr House of the previous turn of the century had to give way to Theo Pabst's modern design for the Kaufhof department store chain, completed in 1951 only after a smaller conservative wing, topped by a hipped roof, was added to its northern edge to mute its modern appearance. It was here that Dr. Wilhelm Gutberlet had treated Hitler for a throat infection early in the latter's political career. Gutberlet was an astrologer, a shareholder in the Völkischer Beobachter who had been described as the “<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1880376">Master of the Sidereal Pendulum</a>,” who could divine the exact degree of Jewish blood in any person; he and Hitler were close personal acquaintances. Walter Schellenberg described him in his postwar memoirs as "a Munich physician who belonged to the intimate circle around Hitler" whilst Kater considers it "highly probable" that "another physician who helped the Nazi party financially from the outset, was also in this late nineteenth- century mould of anti-Semitism, even though his biography so far is still very sketchy."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0JwPg_XPjE_vbAJcH59_1r2IgF7NPn220TfM8fzn_8VMiLJut6YmoKNL0ap-NfNLqU0hqTtUe29sQ88yRUEHY6PNHLBaX8YCBt3mCA1N1UUXjV8UaQxDGkF4js0RnzsXrPkSztYbPlhdg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-22+at+15.15.55.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's "Standesamt und Altes Rathaus Muenchen"" border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0JwPg_XPjE_vbAJcH59_1r2IgF7NPn220TfM8fzn_8VMiLJut6YmoKNL0ap-NfNLqU0hqTtUe29sQ88yRUEHY6PNHLBaX8YCBt3mCA1N1UUXjV8UaQxDGkF4js0RnzsXrPkSztYbPlhdg/w400-h250/Screen+Shot+2015-04-22+at+15.15.55.png" title="Hitler's "Standesamt und Altes Rathaus Muenchen"" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>During the 1944 bombing of Munich, both the Alten Rathauses and the Kleine Rathaus were destroyed. The former was reconstructed by Munich architect Erwin Schleich from 1953 to 1977. On the left is Hitler's "Standesamt und Altes Rathaus Muenchen" </span></span><span><span><span><span><span>(Civil Registry Office and Old Town Hall of Munich) </span></span></span>painted in 1914 which recently <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/11248100/Painting-by-Hitler-sells-for-103000-at-auction.html" target="_blank">s</a><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/11248100/Painting-by-Hitler-sells-for-103000-at-auction.html" target="_blank">old for £103,000 (130,000 euros) at an auction in Nuremberg. </a><span>The <span>painting </span>is one of about 2,000 works that Hitler painted between about 1905 and 1920 as a struggling young artist. Asked before the auction whether it was tasteless to auction the Nazi dictator's works, generally considered to be of only limited artistic merit, the auctioneers said complaints should be addressed to the sellers – two unidentified German sisters in their 70s. Apparently the original handwritten bill of sale, dated September 25, 1916, had come with the painting and was a rarity for Hitler's art. That also explained the relatively high selling price, she said. But that has raised doubt among critics about the painting's provenance. They recall how hoaxer Konrad Kujau used supposed certifications of authenticity to trick some historians when he marketed what proved to be bogus "Hitler Diaries" in 1983.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Viktualienmarkt nsdap" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW-JkhR2E0GImSQIImYMt6qiSrwG9mUTdvzUiqqH-bVbiic0RNqqPVdd590RmUq1DkjR42iTjV-C0yMSTolxzm84n-QFuiYcAwyPKmaFQffB657xludO0aXOvDCGkBEx05H4BC5AVyYKo/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252885%2529.gif" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW-JkhR2E0GImSQIImYMt6qiSrwG9mUTdvzUiqqH-bVbiic0RNqqPVdd590RmUq1DkjR42iTjV-C0yMSTolxzm84n-QFuiYcAwyPKmaFQffB657xludO0aXOvDCGkBEx05H4BC5AVyYKo/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252885%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 370px;" title="Viktualienmarkt nsdap" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWMAulegta5MT6DGTyLsPxG4U0sybbw8pPhYWndnS_AlHyxfVcU2AhRJiARxue3aLejX1WjVzaTg9waDjJ3e9oM00hWVWOC0bI2_XOLbYK5Zf81fPlDcpSyi2kQfiUbeauyGJXRO-ov9c/s320/viktualienmarkt_muenchen_historisch.jpg" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWMAulegta5MT6DGTyLsPxG4U0sybbw8pPhYWndnS_AlHyxfVcU2AhRJiARxue3aLejX1WjVzaTg9waDjJ3e9oM00hWVWOC0bI2_XOLbYK5Zf81fPlDcpSyi2kQfiUbeauyGJXRO-ov9c/s320/viktualienmarkt_muenchen_historisch.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 275px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Viktualienmarkt during the Nazi-era when it was made off-limits to Jews, after the war and today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQJvv5bUd1PWrydJtTmL11L0W97juI3xlVwrW4louN0wXC2aHIqMNL5wM-twToV7SkEsV3s23qPESgiHAifYEFWaqoStQEAvAynl9ejlc1i_Fh1jgHLyJFI_W_vPUgpOi28Dq9l6TRYIQC/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Viktualienmarkt" border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQJvv5bUd1PWrydJtTmL11L0W97juI3xlVwrW4louN0wXC2aHIqMNL5wM-twToV7SkEsV3s23qPESgiHAifYEFWaqoStQEAvAynl9ejlc1i_Fh1jgHLyJFI_W_vPUgpOi28Dq9l6TRYIQC/w400-h275/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" title="Viktualienmarkt" width="400" /></a><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A bird's eye view of the site in 1858 and today showing the postwar development all around.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>When
Marienplatz became too small as a market for cereals and other
agricultural products, the Viktualienmarkt was created by a decree
issued by King Maximilian I on May 2, 1807. In the course of time many
additions were made to the market, as for example a butchers' hall, a
tripe hall, pavilions for bakeries, fruit vendors and a fish hall.
The White Rose resistance group scrawled the phrase “Mass Murderer Hitler” and crossed-out swastikas in Viktualienmarkt and on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>buildings on Marienplatz; such </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>slogans were <a href="https://www.weisse-rose-stiftung.de/widerstandsgruppe-weisse-rose/wandanschriften-der-weissen-rose/?fbclid=IwAR3iclM_aId1wd2V2DlXUvGkSfTZT3bM1dVD7A-00e4KwinlvNnRl9iPT5g">posted on a total of around thirty facades</a>. The Gestapo had the messages removed immediately, but this was not completely successful. The need to finally receive reactions to their acts of resistance motivated the friends to undertake the risky nighttime actions as acknowledged by </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hans Scholl who, af</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ter his arrest, justified the action to the Gestapo by saying that the thousands of leaflets distributed had “no particular effect”. During the war the square was badly damaged in air raids. People considered abandoning the market entirely and building high-rise buildings in a prime location on this valuable property, but instead, the
municipal authorities revitalised Viktualienmarkt with considerable
financial support, and the citizens of Munich added to it with memorial
fountains for the folk singers and comedians Karl Valentin, Weiß Ferdl
and Liesl Karlstadt. Later, further memorial fountains for the folk singers and
comedians Ida Schumacher, Elise Aulinger and Roider Jackl were added.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's painting of Peterskirche" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ULpJY2lIR3VN5-_1kM3omRFSX3tOnhHQ-LKmPtNeIUw2RJkfmsa_DOzXVE654u7Rdg2ocFSnLSHOrH1-l96gv2ADl1WLrSnVndQXrhPY_ga33H9m_ZaXhNbIpAizEntaR3xYl5QJcAA/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ULpJY2lIR3VN5-_1kM3omRFSX3tOnhHQ-LKmPtNeIUw2RJkfmsa_DOzXVE654u7Rdg2ocFSnLSHOrH1-l96gv2ADl1WLrSnVndQXrhPY_ga33H9m_ZaXhNbIpAizEntaR3xYl5QJcAA/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Hitler's painting of the Peterskirche from the Viktualienmarkt in 1914" /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><b><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>LEFT: Hitler's painting of the Peterskirche from the </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Viktualienmarkt </span></span></span> in 1914</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>One of the first prominent buildings to receive the people of Munich's concerned attention was the Peterskirche (St. Peter's church). Dating back to 1169, the oldest church in the city had been hit during Allied aerial attacks in 1944-45 and suffered severe damage to its tower (known as der Alte Peter), roof, nave, and choir, as well as its baroque and rococo interior, including several altars. Initial prospects for the church were grim. The head of the BLED, Georg Lill, initially felt enough frustration to consider tear[ing] down everything." While preparations were being made to demolish much of the ruin, however, public opinion intervened and played a decisive role in the decision to reconstruct the entire Peterskirche. Inspired by Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber's remark that "I cannot imagine Munich without the Peterskirche," saving the church became what parish priest Max Zisti described as eine urmünchnerische Angelegenheit - a matter of fundamental concern for the city. By 1950, a newly formed citizens' group, the Wiederaufbau-Verein Alter Peter, had collected extensive funds for reconstructing the church's tower. That and a declaration of support by the city council led church officials and historic preservationists to reconstruct the church to its exact prewar form.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The principle of creative historic preservation guided the reconstruction of the Peterskirche. "It was," as Oswald Hederer has written, "a matter not of conservation, but of restoration, ... of reconstructing, supplementing, and reproducing that which had been lost." Speaking about the restoration project in 1954, the main theorist of creative historic preservation, Rudolf Esterer, stressed the importance of "restoring the personality-value of the damaged original and once again granting it its former forceful radiance. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><img alt="Peterskirche" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpe9Jit5dGhBfqHGK7bnpv_yORZW_akz4_mplLinfIernIHl50BS_IBWFBK7giGT6EAy-PdrqJmR30PX6TWNEVpPBCMhI7vKZ9OdR_nRbLl_c6v0398kuflWYLG37Uv3S8ijZkLO6Q-9E-/s320/output_VziiPM.gif" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpe9Jit5dGhBfqHGK7bnpv_yORZW_akz4_mplLinfIernIHl50BS_IBWFBK7giGT6EAy-PdrqJmR30PX6TWNEVpPBCMhI7vKZ9OdR_nRbLl_c6v0398kuflWYLG37Uv3S8ijZkLO6Q-9E-/w292-h400/output_VziiPM.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Peterskirche" width="292" /></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Its ruins in 1945 and today.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Underpinned by such principles, the reconstruction effort first targeted the tower, whose Renaissance-era steeple was restored to its prewar form in 1951. Thereafter, the work shifted to the heavily-gutted interior. In this area, the efforts of numerous artisans, in particular the young architect Erwin Schleich, later to become the city's most influential advocate of reconstructing war-damaged buildings, were instrumental in successfully restoring the church. Although the Peterskirche's interior columns, pilasters, and vault were partially intact and merely had to be repaired, the heavily damaged altars and delicate rococo ornamentation had to be nearly completely reconstructed from prewar photographs. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Aware of the objections that such The exact manner of the Peterskirche's reconstruction, however, had problematic implications for the representation of the recent past. Not surprisingly, the "new" form of the church visually denied its wartime fate. As one observer noted in 1953, "We once again have the tower of St. Peter. Its trusted silhouette ... soars in the sky as if nothing had happened. According to another in 1954, "he who did not know the [church's) ruin will hardly believe that the grandeur that he sees today was reborn out of destruction. ... The image of before and the reality of today are nearly perfectly matched. 1994 For his part, Rudolf Esterer proudly asserted that church officials had little idea which parts of the Peterskirche were new and which were reproductions. In short, the impression that the reconstructed church was the same as the original marked the fulfillment of many citizens' desire to undo the war's destruction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Gavriel D. Rosenfeld (32-34) <i><a href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520219106/munich-and-memory">Munich and Memory</a></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Viktualienmarkt" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIDuPq_yLJVrt86cTJTVgy8ImKOIgqPxxaYVTyGdWX7-SjAExuULum8YMlQUWK82AKJhw2FNgOmSapw7CicuWDJHk6XlZNhNVhV_KNfEOW5hmAfawyZamdFGBmU2A682IajpaCZcwmxV9D/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="417" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIDuPq_yLJVrt86cTJTVgy8ImKOIgqPxxaYVTyGdWX7-SjAExuULum8YMlQUWK82AKJhw2FNgOmSapw7CicuWDJHk6XlZNhNVhV_KNfEOW5hmAfawyZamdFGBmU2A682IajpaCZcwmxV9D/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 245px; width: 469px;" title="Viktualienmarkt" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghfQmYhPI3_GHYD_usoI23YuZb5Q2YB1LmLURPDEwkvCHr-Jjc1rcb22GHwiuOEQezeljXqYF86hPwEGrRfB5j79Kc-y30GLfQyTL3lcTbzsoDrJGqV4WWgOzl7TYtmZiLBCmShGHlk7Ca/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghfQmYhPI3_GHYD_usoI23YuZb5Q2YB1LmLURPDEwkvCHr-Jjc1rcb22GHwiuOEQezeljXqYF86hPwEGrRfB5j79Kc-y30GLfQyTL3lcTbzsoDrJGqV4WWgOzl7TYtmZiLBCmShGHlk7Ca/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 245px; width: 175px;" /><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The ascent from the Viktualienmarkt to the Peterskirche in 1879 and today showing how, during the postwar reconstruction, the area was tidied up to provide more space. The right shows the church from the north of the Rindermarkt before the war and today.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fruaenkirche" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-35H_6_j8NODHebAL37R40rGAcg1KRkEQGr2Py3XBYj-Tzwhuh3MbIK-P-XXNs4B23uq9BZLhO2pJ1I3-YbOzItggi61zmDL0R7F6uDHnNOPcdIZsqVgarZ9A-A-Kbn7tnXV2VaKmDR2H/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-35H_6_j8NODHebAL37R40rGAcg1KRkEQGr2Py3XBYj-Tzwhuh3MbIK-P-XXNs4B23uq9BZLhO2pJ1I3-YbOzItggi61zmDL0R7F6uDHnNOPcdIZsqVgarZ9A-A-Kbn7tnXV2VaKmDR2H/w400-h291/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Fruaenkirche" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Showing
the area before and after the "New Town Hall" was built between 1867
and 1908 and in 1945 immediately after the war and today. The
Frauenkirche, or Church of Our Lady, is Munich's main cathedral and with
its distinctive twin towers, serves as one of the main landmarks in the
city. Just before the Nazi seizure of power between 1930 to 1932, the neo-Gothic furnishings underwent extensive restoration work. The colours of the walls and vaults were changed, whilst the furnishings were retained. The cathedral suffered severe damage during the war - the roof
collapsed and one of the towers suffered severe damage as shown below
with my uncle demonstrating the building today after a major restoration
effort which began after the war and which was carried out in several
stages, the last of which came to an end in 1994.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span>Although the late Gothic cathedral had suffered heavy damage to its trademark twin onion domes, vault, choir, and nave, as well as to its interior neo-Gothic pulpit and altars, in air raids during 1944-45, its immense importance to Munich's citizenry led to its swift reconstruction. Despite being preoccupied with their own problems in the immediate postwar months, many local citizens volunteered to clear rubble from the cathedral grounds. Citizens' groups such as the Domkirchenstiftung Unserer Lieben Frau and especially the newly expanded Bürgerbund Alter Peter-Frauentürme were formed to help with the reconstruction. No doubt expressing the sentiment of many, the <i>Süddeutsche Zeitung</i> concluded, "[t]here can be no argument against rebuilding the Frauenkirche. The structure is too venerable, too important to our heimatliches cultural legacy, too münchnerisch. ... Without the Frauenkirche, Munich would not be Munich."</span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"> <img alt="Fruaenkirche" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixIvVISr-z6ptZKPmeurxALrB90oqzUfbnoAQtWDn013ScSAW_w6MX4Ev2fp2arXeqper4ReaJq6PI_wD7F64ap__8kSMkkQf6xq2NHPePj52ETRdt1DTS57HdWfl_JTVVSr4NCuVqY8U/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252870%2529.gif" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="418" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixIvVISr-z6ptZKPmeurxALrB90oqzUfbnoAQtWDn013ScSAW_w6MX4Ev2fp2arXeqper4ReaJq6PI_wD7F64ap__8kSMkkQf6xq2NHPePj52ETRdt1DTS57HdWfl_JTVVSr4NCuVqY8U/w400-h300/ezgif.com-optimize+%252870%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Fruaenkirche" width="400" /></span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span>Despite this sentiment, however, the reconstruction of the Frauenkirche
was somewhat less exact than that of the Peterskirche. Although the
exterior of the cathedral was generally rebuilt to its prewar
appearance, the extensive destruction of the neo-Gothic interior required
a far simpler restoration. Painted white throughout, the interior was
sparsely outfitted with a new, relief-encrusted, reinforced-concrete
pulpit, modest stained-glass windows, and modern lighting fixtures. To a
degree, this inexact restoration reflected a certain willingness to
accept the extensive losses to the cathedral's interior identity. Other
reconstruction proposals voiced at the ambitious proposals were
defeated, however, in favour of a plan that allowed the cathedral to
once again approach its prewar form. Following the restoration of its
twin onion domes in 1953, work continued and the cathedral eventually
was reopened to the public in 1957. The towers and the interior were finally restored in 1989. Only the stained glass of the choir windows and individual paintings and sculptures have survived from the original furnishings, which were supplemented by other pieces that were taken to the <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/2007/01/darmstadt-university-of-technology.html">Diocesan Museum in Freising</a> after purification. Since the thorough restoration from 1989 to 1994, the interior of the church is richer than it was in the first decades after the war.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>BELOW: The interior then and now with Drake Winston </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Peterskirche" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh01pSOSlzIau3lNuBUefBkxJf44h3DdR-YciKJMBKmj42JlgQud6lvN5q9CH-Bu79llAEueDjlVKkU5-hgywtUDr7BqFzMfjL6gTpTd-oSweq9ve2XTYXoI2yHbKyupmSkP3iwOQMKbG4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="425" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh01pSOSlzIau3lNuBUefBkxJf44h3DdR-YciKJMBKmj42JlgQud6lvN5q9CH-Bu79llAEueDjlVKkU5-hgywtUDr7BqFzMfjL6gTpTd-oSweq9ve2XTYXoI2yHbKyupmSkP3iwOQMKbG4/w320-h241/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="Peterskirche" width="320" /></span>As
with the Peterskirche, the manner in which the Frauenkirche was rebuilt
reflected the intentions behind it. Only the reconstruction of the
Frauenkirche as exactly as possible to its prewar form could satisfy the
citizenry's desperate desire to preserve the city's cultural identity.
Still, as at the Peterskirche, clear signs of the inability to mourn
appeared at the Frauenkirche. The tendency to identify with the victim
was exhibited in the 1951 assertion by Karl Abenthum, a priest of the
cathedral, that the people of Munich had faced the "horror of
devastation" visible in the ruin of the Frauenkirche and had begun the
process of reconstruction in the same way that the Jews of antiquity,
returning from exile, had been forced to begin the long work of
rebuilding the temple destroyed by the Babylonians. Though cloaked in a
more distant historical analogy, this comparison with the historical
fate of the Jews-the most obvious victims of the Third Reich-allowed at
least some citizens to feel justified in rebuilding what had been
destroyed, in part, by the deeds of their fellow citizens.<span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=VHLfb3kljBwC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=%22Though+cloaked+in+a+more+distant+historical+analogy%22&source=bl&ots=f6DTYX_nz9&sig=ACfU3U0090CY7_eyqFwXSG9HOl35II9n5Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPs4mL8OWBAxWVc_EDHUaRDxUQ6AF6BAgJEAM" target="_blank"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Rosenfeld </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>(35-37)</a> </span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK3AGL3wMmmiICMO1u7uQ2KJAcDjHKivPKbZ9G6KaCkbVqahmqNLqKBuqWg12MEhQO0Rh469HwUQeg2kTnjVhovjcm_r_C5hIKnpkvQ_LPneRsN_MKdYMG-A0egdqoHFVVL1yID0MlplLd/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Maxburgstrasse Hiter" border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK3AGL3wMmmiICMO1u7uQ2KJAcDjHKivPKbZ9G6KaCkbVqahmqNLqKBuqWg12MEhQO0Rh469HwUQeg2kTnjVhovjcm_r_C5hIKnpkvQ_LPneRsN_MKdYMG-A0egdqoHFVVL1yID0MlplLd/w400-h271/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" title="Maxburgstrasse Hitler" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler in triumph down Munich's Maxburgstrasse towards Marienplatz after the return of Memel, March 26, 1939 in Hugo Jaeger colour photograph, and with Drake Winston today. This achievement had </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>restored the East Prussian frontier, in the Memel region, to the line confirmed by Napoleon and the Russians in their treaty at Tilsit-on-the-Niemen in 1807. This line in turn was recognised by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and it was the identical boundary established at the Peace of Thorn in 1466 between Poland-Lithuania and the German Order of Knights. It was evident that the March 1939 Memel agreement was a conservative step rather than a radical innovation. The Allied victors at Paris in 1919 had detached Memel from East Prussia.cThey had seized a city which in the seven centuries of its history had never been separated from its East Prussian homeland.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span>Hoggan (219-220) <a href="https://archive.org/stream/HogganDavidTheForcedWarWhenPeacefulRevisionFailedEN2007348S.Text/Hoggan,%20David%20-%20The%20Forced%20War%20-%20When%20peaceful%20Revision%20failed%20(EN,%202007,%20348%20S.,%20Text)_djvu.txt"><i>Forced War</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Q1rvg9aybHw4Pjg4sQtlPalKkxKov_zBUXa8YMZ78DKcHy4U_11FwQ3NkwovIOiyiXNIecysTCs9Q3VVC6FgmB1Yb1hYtdfoPo7y4IJPqP3UdQbbmHKIo4MlHMcA0wIFERYlPLeygTmn0kgHV_R3GX6GVlmmX0SlfpvTmxoLBfV3YrytUG08ch3XRA/s310/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-04-17T134547.688.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Alte Akademie" border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="310" height="375" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Q1rvg9aybHw4Pjg4sQtlPalKkxKov_zBUXa8YMZ78DKcHy4U_11FwQ3NkwovIOiyiXNIecysTCs9Q3VVC6FgmB1Yb1hYtdfoPo7y4IJPqP3UdQbbmHKIo4MlHMcA0wIFERYlPLeygTmn0kgHV_R3GX6GVlmmX0SlfpvTmxoLBfV3YrytUG08ch3XRA/w400-h375/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-04-17T134547.688.gif" title="Alte Akademie" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>In front of the Alte Akademie, also known as the Wilhelminum, shown after the war and today as it is currently being renovated. Dating from the 16th century, it fell victim to air raids in April 1944 <a href="http://www.zsm.mwn.de/zsm/pdf/Fittkau_Geschichte%20_ZSM.pdf">after collection catalogs and valuable archive material had already been destroyed the year before</a>. This included he original finds of the dinosaurs discovered by Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach in Egypt were destroyed during this Allied bombing raid on Munich including the first skeleton found of the Spinosaurus. Hans Krieg, the director of the Alte Akademie museum where these important fossils were kept, had ignored Stromer's desire to keep these dinosaurs in a safe place. Thanks to Stromer's exact records - which were also viewed by
the paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim in Grünsberg Castle - his findings were
able to eventually help create a digital skeleton model of what may be
the largest known carnivorous dinosaur. </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>After the war, only were window axes were left on the south wall of the building, which is adjoined to the east by St. Michael's Church. The building complex was rebuilt by Josef Wiedemann based on the old structures. He reconstructed the gabled building in the middle in its original form. The arrangement of the inner courtyards with the ornamental courtyard, the monastery courtyard, the jewelery courtyard and the economic courtyard (of the state office) has so far been retained.</span><br /></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRm3RBz453N3FMojVxfpHckPorxHzH7gkssb6Xq04BZnkCSpfRhRA5snRcLryb8f53Sil1MY0-sRJEWNggGv45sQH2v8UvMUTp1WvA6dGCm0pfJrsOquOaCAVvS4AT1iXYV18j6_buu31-/s320/template+copy.jpg" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="703" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRm3RBz453N3FMojVxfpHckPorxHzH7gkssb6Xq04BZnkCSpfRhRA5snRcLryb8f53Sil1MY0-sRJEWNggGv45sQH2v8UvMUTp1WvA6dGCm0pfJrsOquOaCAVvS4AT1iXYV18j6_buu31-/s320/template+copy.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 417px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOiCSgY4TuXATgshUm1E3h25iL9brHZzrYKGb64f7y6uQdG1vS_xAs3ORyrDD6OHnHkSFFmR6o3LXiYpRo3nI9v9NFkjzmYm8esBezty_ytHXPjHimsYRqVItOogKKdF_G3kGSsYCEUk6f/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOiCSgY4TuXATgshUm1E3h25iL9brHZzrYKGb64f7y6uQdG1vS_xAs3ORyrDD6OHnHkSFFmR6o3LXiYpRo3nI9v9NFkjzmYm8esBezty_ytHXPjHimsYRqVItOogKKdF_G3kGSsYCEUk6f/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 213px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Drake Winston in front of St. Michael's church at the same location. Having suffered severe damage during the <span style="font-size: normal;">November 1944 bombing</span>, the church was restored in 1946-48. It was not until the early 1980s that the stucco-work was restored. The spire which lost its steeple top during the wartime bombing is situated further north next to the former convent. Across the way is Altheimer Eck shown then and now. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCFXLJysn6jiT5bnwtfq4D9_20For0pxF6PteKnc7Ng9nF2Od_cB_MjTbSY1FuBoHkvVjuwWp4nrGmAxCma0qEIjkN8xL6Vq141BoAdlpPRmXEo23gJ21CHjlYqTjp-8Ez0hWNU6hJuZ7R03AnHOGOOycK0AzF5atsTWJer1_6v-n8eRLGy2BS88vM6NJf/s348/ezgif.com-animated-gif-maker(4).gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="337" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCFXLJysn6jiT5bnwtfq4D9_20For0pxF6PteKnc7Ng9nF2Od_cB_MjTbSY1FuBoHkvVjuwWp4nrGmAxCma0qEIjkN8xL6Vq141BoAdlpPRmXEo23gJ21CHjlYqTjp-8Ez0hWNU6hJuZ7R03AnHOGOOycK0AzF5atsTWJer1_6v-n8eRLGy2BS88vM6NJf/w277-h285/ezgif.com-animated-gif-maker(4).gif" width="277" /><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6orYttg0vi_Jvp869K9e23vseevM5nMuK_i2r7M7k_WbdCQ7jqhmnHKzW57C5Yh9ewUKsyyKtA8_lmCszCUCloeERpiozI0ZKzQ-uu-C37BIkm-FADC_zIY6JMxqB-kIzXQTwB3cXJeTpMO0X7eOgObmp33fR4q9P0zUh-FT2UFh3TjcVwkp8KVyKUeQv/s378/ezgif.com-animated-gif-maker(5).gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="316" data-original-width="378" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6orYttg0vi_Jvp869K9e23vseevM5nMuK_i2r7M7k_WbdCQ7jqhmnHKzW57C5Yh9ewUKsyyKtA8_lmCszCUCloeERpiozI0ZKzQ-uu-C37BIkm-FADC_zIY6JMxqB-kIzXQTwB3cXJeTpMO0X7eOgObmp33fR4q9P0zUh-FT2UFh3TjcVwkp8KVyKUeQv/w340-h285/ezgif.com-animated-gif-maker(5).gif" width="340" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Drake Winston inside showing how much of it has been reconstructed since its destruction on a foggy and rainy day on November 22, 1944. Just around the corner from Michael's church is the </span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Polizeipräsidium </span><span>(Hauptant - Oberstes ϟϟ und Polizeigericht):</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Mhttim0d8rWSLfwcjgC-tMkW-NuSZ70MUZbsIZ7q8EpWNvhya9ipRrgE8eBdmp1EeL2ffuoxjzyrumxqn912Hx4pqAfcv5huQR1I5pG5PoaLGWKkfZEjDFveUIdyApntkNYcRCF4rKs/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252827%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="518" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Mhttim0d8rWSLfwcjgC-tMkW-NuSZ70MUZbsIZ7q8EpWNvhya9ipRrgE8eBdmp1EeL2ffuoxjzyrumxqn912Hx4pqAfcv5huQR1I5pG5PoaLGWKkfZEjDFveUIdyApntkNYcRCF4rKs/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252827%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The blood flag being triumphantly reclaimed on March 15, 1933 from the police headquarters on Ettstraße where it had been confiscated after the Beer Hall putsch attempt a decade earlier. Behind at the main entrance are still Bernhard Bleeker's Liegende Löwen (Lying Lions) dating from 1914-15. His works can be found throughout Munich and this site. This is where the Nazis' bureaucracy of oppression started, at Ettstraße 2. Amongst Hitler's opponents, the house on Ettstrasse was known as <i>Mörderzentrale</i>. On the right below SA leader Ernst Roehm and a SA cohort raising a 'Sieg Heil!' to Hitler in 1933. In
July 1932, Heydrich's counterintelligence service grew into an
effective machine of terror and intimidation. With Hitler agitating for
absolute power in Germany, Himmler and Heydrich wished to control the
political police forces of all seventeen German states, and they began with the
state of Bavaria. The police here had already shown their political colours long before this point: in the suppression of the Soviet Republic by pre-fascist Freikorps, in the more or less undisguised sympathy of senior Munich police officers for nationalist and anti-Semitic thinking, legend and writing. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp4Rc-1_hUpz0ksVy8oqmAmxLBbxPZ5rAILd8kyH9fmSTMfdtkfgViuYklomDOo-Aunj22zJwOGtiWXP97ndufGwWVsZb70cWjYtOy14dS2R7aMbrVnxYAhpPBXm__rBhwmgG7yhb4pRfoNWNDwywrwu2SImBuvb8AUTKvWaXip0mRG8b_c8MugDN_Zg/s457/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T214623.166.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="457" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp4Rc-1_hUpz0ksVy8oqmAmxLBbxPZ5rAILd8kyH9fmSTMfdtkfgViuYklomDOo-Aunj22zJwOGtiWXP97ndufGwWVsZb70cWjYtOy14dS2R7aMbrVnxYAhpPBXm__rBhwmgG7yhb4pRfoNWNDwywrwu2SImBuvb8AUTKvWaXip0mRG8b_c8MugDN_Zg/w400-h278/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T214623.166.gif" width="400" /></a>Although the attempted putsch of 1923 was crushed by the Munich police, it is also true that <a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/polizei-im-nationalsozialismus-die-moerderzentrale-1.1518261">Ernst Pöhner, then chief of police, would have become prime minister of Bavaria</a> had the putsch succeeded. Pöhner had protected protective right-wing extremists wanted by the state as for example the leader of the Kapp putsch of 1920, captain lieutenant Hermann Ehrhardt and his followers, as well as about the murderers of former finance minister Matthias Erzberger. <br />The latter were able to remain in Munich for days after fleeing the Black Forest whilst warrants were already being issued to search for them. The police headquarters here even went so far as to give these terrorists false identification papers. In mid-September 1921, the social-democratic “Vorwaerts” also asked rather rhetorically: "Is it true that the traitors, Lieutenant Captain Ehrhardt and Colonel Bauer, who were on wanted papers, went in and out of Munich with the head of the local police force, Police Director Poehner?" Two years earlier on June 10, 1921, the left-wing social-democratic “Freiheit” newspaper based in Berlin damned Pöhner as a “dubious individual [who] bears the main blame for the utter demoralisation and decay of conditions. All this fellow's activity was directed towards the persecution of the workers' movement, whilst the bandits of order could always be sure of his loving support… Poehner belongs in court for abetting terrorist activity.” Despite this, Pöhner moved as a councillor to the Supreme Regional Court in Munich. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Like the other putschists, he was only sentenced to a light sentence and released after three months. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Shortly after the putsch attempt he died in a car accident. In contrast, Pöhner's right-hand man Wilhelm Frick, who also had to resign in 1921, was only at the beginning of his political career. In 1930 he took over the as the Nazis' Thuringian Ministry of the Interior and in 1933 he became Hitler's Reich Minister of the Interior.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfMqHSmsq6-48aqs775-MOAwBLcw7tTAfp2ZfuGqr5bAVqqZ-NBZ6fN789kyaMalhX-o2K0g_1QWuDixagNIc5Ol_vJqGwJCNV-Y2puSJTPiob0YPQY06LVNq_crRkH3KfDYm8ISDcUT-kELY-QQHmZqvhu1cD8FCm5DJgIvIn-2roCejKCEPF4D-KUA/s354/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T223145.715.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="354" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfMqHSmsq6-48aqs775-MOAwBLcw7tTAfp2ZfuGqr5bAVqqZ-NBZ6fN789kyaMalhX-o2K0g_1QWuDixagNIc5Ol_vJqGwJCNV-Y2puSJTPiob0YPQY06LVNq_crRkH3KfDYm8ISDcUT-kELY-QQHmZqvhu1cD8FCm5DJgIvIn-2roCejKCEPF4D-KUA/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T223145.715.gif" width="320" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>SA leader Ernst Roehm and a SA cohort raise a 'Sieg Heil!' to Hitler on the left in</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> 1933 when Heydrich gathered some of his men from the
SD and together they stormed this building and took
over the police using intimidation tactics seen on the left with men of the SA-Standarte 'Muenchen II' marching past the building with swastika flags during the Nazis' so-called seizure of power.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Himmler became commander of
the Bavarian political police with Heydrich as his deputy.<span> </span><span><span>The Bavarian officers knew that an ϟϟ take-over was inevitable and feared reprisals for all their past battles with the Nazis during demonstrations and street fights and expected, at the very least, to be fired. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In a long series of closed-door sessions, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Heydrich </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> subjected each officer to a gruelling interrogation on his methods and policies before calling the officers back and telling them one at a time that they would retain their jobs — as members of the SD. The officers were vastly relieved, assuring Heydrich that they were ready to serve without reservation. In one move, he had converted them from enemies to allies. One by one </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Himmler and Heydrich</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> extended ϟϟ sway over fourteen of the remaining fifteen state political police forces. In his </span><span>funeral eulogy for Heydrich in 1942, Himmler stated</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">After
we came to power, I became Munich police chief on March 12, 1933. I
immediately gave Heydrich the so-called political division of the
presidium. In no time he re-organised the division, and in a few weeks
transformed it into the Bavarian Political Police. Soon the division
became a model for political police departments in non-Prussian German
territory. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLLXI7iRWYY12wytq7Hb0TGVhf42IwMn2jL1opjrPGHImb4YjVR64ze4Y0Ey4sDaUuOdpoBihBRCX89qaht23u9ijSTBCXmIL7Y_FupBqEmDUF_ZIMOI7kaxP0omBbh1CcKbp2vWrojZlw/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="351" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLLXI7iRWYY12wytq7Hb0TGVhf42IwMn2jL1opjrPGHImb4YjVR64ze4Y0Ey4sDaUuOdpoBihBRCX89qaht23u9ijSTBCXmIL7Y_FupBqEmDUF_ZIMOI7kaxP0omBbh1CcKbp2vWrojZlw/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="275" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>From there, the duo moved on to the police forces of the sixteen remaining German states so that from 1933 all police bodies in Germany were subjected to the Nazis' claim to power and centralised. However, in the end there were only minor changes in personnel. The interior ministers of the federal states now exercised their police powers on behalf of the Reich. Bavaria's police forces may have lost their organisational autonomy, but not their power in the country. The Secret State Police, known in Bavaria as the Bavarian Political Police until 1936, became independent and was detached from the existing legal norms. In 1936 the police system received a new structure throughout the Reich. The uniformed security teams, the gendarmerie, the small community police and the water, fire and air protection police were combined into the order police. The criminal police and Gestapo now formed their own security police apparatus, which from 1939 was merged with the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> into the Reich Security Main Office. Another feature of the police force in the Nazi state was its pronounced militarisation. In 1935 the barracked Bavarian State Police was dissolved, as in the other states of the Reich, and transferred to the Wehrmacht. After that, however, the formation of new police battalions began, which were used from the beginning of the war in 1939 to secure the rear front area, to "fight partisans" and to carry out mass killings in the east. At the same time, police reservists were recruited to reinforce the “home front”.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizTm0ov__SzSTVqJcW32fV9oy_lPgaDtBIxk9c03o_r3M4lNlI-QQ6_DPXI3bGjfMibXBnbhHZjXjU73I8oiPG3oz_A7-3I7jOjd_nR-zMgTShsUo-e9UpcHIH3mFOuZ0HlTi_G3Ady9xhWxPX_WRTdf0k-ThyyZRTxUPWZ00KUpvBU5wVKNO3JrN3iw/s457/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T221857.942.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="457" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizTm0ov__SzSTVqJcW32fV9oy_lPgaDtBIxk9c03o_r3M4lNlI-QQ6_DPXI3bGjfMibXBnbhHZjXjU73I8oiPG3oz_A7-3I7jOjd_nR-zMgTShsUo-e9UpcHIH3mFOuZ0HlTi_G3Ady9xhWxPX_WRTdf0k-ThyyZRTxUPWZ00KUpvBU5wVKNO3JrN3iw/w400-h249/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-17T221857.942.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On the left, Franz Ritter von Epp leading a Nazi march past the headquarters in 1933, the year when, on the orders of Hitler and Frick, he abolished the Government of Bavaria and set up a Nazi regime with himself as Reichskommissar. On April 10 Hitler appointed him Reichsstatthalter for Bavaria. In this position he often clashed with Bavaria's Nazi Minister-President Ludwig Siebert. Epp's attempt to limit the influence of the central government on Bavarian politics failed. He, however, retained his post as Reichsstatthalter until the end of the war, although by then he was politically insignificant. The day-to-day service in the protection and criminal police during the Nazi regime was characterised by extensive responsibilities that were not bound by the rule of law. The police turned out not only to be an instrument of political persecution. For example, as part of the "preventive fight against crime" socially deviant behaviour patterns of all kinds came into the sights of the police officers. The police participated in the exclusion and deportation of the Jews as well as in the brutal disciplining of foreign forced labourers and concentration camp prisoners. In this way, police officers often became the perpetrators themselves, and the police the executors of a criminal regime. Any supposed positive image of the police as “friends and helpers” was deliberately misused. </span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPpqHeLRFHEhRN0vJc8fJlmxf3n6UkqZRI_08cbQNj6e3AvHzM6mly0uf0qu1i87GY9LksdWlOZBqrMrbTJcnylGv6PL9RJN-qv4nPxK8qgVOeEEeLAOcTwALad3icr1tyaH81Sg-CufbRCpV36_KDKZPRl7QYE7ucMylSzvZBOZspWH5MIPu6AQc7_A/s362/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-03T110140.215.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="326" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPpqHeLRFHEhRN0vJc8fJlmxf3n6UkqZRI_08cbQNj6e3AvHzM6mly0uf0qu1i87GY9LksdWlOZBqrMrbTJcnylGv6PL9RJN-qv4nPxK8qgVOeEEeLAOcTwALad3icr1tyaH81Sg-CufbRCpV36_KDKZPRl7QYE7ucMylSzvZBOZspWH5MIPu6AQc7_A/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-03T110140.215.gif" width="288" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On the left is the entrance on Augustinerstraße 2. Despite the clear Nazi-esque imagery, the fresco painting by Bruno Goldschmitt of a knight and woman representing fecundity is shown here from Theodor Fischer's <a href="https://archive.org/details/theodorfischerof00fisc/page/n3/mode/2up">Öffentliche Bauten</a> published in 1922. Goldschmitt joined the Nazi Party in 1932, described by Anja Prölß-Kammerer in Die Tapisserie im Nationalsozialismus as a keen party member. <a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/bruno-goldschmitt-wo-muenchner-politiker-unter-einem-nazi-wandteppich-tagen-1.2826633">In a 1935 letter to the board of directors </a>of the "Deutsche Kunstgesellschaft" of which served as head of alongside Hitler's chief ideologue Alfred Rosenberg, he wrote of Jews and communists as an "introduced rotten sponge" that had to be removed from the art of "awakened Germany". His controversial tapestry <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Pasing">with supposed hidden Nazi symbols </a>continues to hang in Pasing's town hall council chamber.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>This was also the location for the German TV series “Derrick”. In April 2013 it was revealed that the star, Horst Tappert, had joined the infamous 3.</span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span>-Panzergrenadier-Division Totenkopf, then employed on the Eastern Front, in March 1943. Jan Erik Schulte, an expert on the history of the </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span>, said that the circumstances of Tappert's membership in the </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> and the question of whether he was pressured or coerced to join remain unclear. The "Liebstandarte" division was the premier fighting unit of the Waffen-</span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span>, officered by committed Nazis and guilty of numerous war crimes and atrocities (especially on the Eastern Front).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Kershaw in <i>The End - The Defiance and Destruction of Hitler’s Germany</i> wrote how </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>[o]fficials in the Munich police department spent time and energy (as well as using reams of precious paper) in December 1944 making sure that five cleaning‑buckets were ordered to replace those lost in the recent air raid, deciding how to obtain copies of official periodicals that regulations said had to come from post offices (even though these were now destroyed), or obtaining permission for a usable iron heater to be taken to police headquarters, left without heating after the last bombing. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9pZIwcEnX8Bq_Nni9ICxuxLe47zjDdfVygiWZPrW1MQ_27GwY5NfJ_nN5oXVQAIiviUB7NPFMiDREfYXtnbwNV7SbVzxx2Bcscy_WyFdj78V4FquGVH2399jjdg-3BENY8VM970CEZmkW/s1600/ezgif.com-resize+%25289%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="500" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9pZIwcEnX8Bq_Nni9ICxuxLe47zjDdfVygiWZPrW1MQ_27GwY5NfJ_nN5oXVQAIiviUB7NPFMiDREfYXtnbwNV7SbVzxx2Bcscy_WyFdj78V4FquGVH2399jjdg-3BENY8VM970CEZmkW/w476-h209/ezgif.com-resize+%25289%2529.gif" width="476" /></a>On the corner of Ettstraße and Neuhauserstraße is an example of the 'aryanisation' of Jewish businesses: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">"Now Aryan"- newspaper advertisement for the Lindner photo shop.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> This process involved the transfer of Jewish property into "Aryan" hands in order to "de-Jew the economy". The process started in 1933 in with so-called "voluntary" transfers of Jewish property and ended with the Holocaust. At first the destitution of Jewish victims was concealed under a veneer of legality before property was more openly confiscated. In both cases, aryanisation corresponded to Nazi policy and was defined, supported and enforced by Germany's legal and financial bureaucracy. Before Hitler came to power Jews owned 100,000 businesses in Germany. By 1938, boycotts, intimidation, forced sales and restrictions on professions had largely forced Jews out of economic life. Of the 50,000 Jewish-owned stores that existed in 1933, only 9,000 remained in 1938. Munich became a testing ground for the implementation of such anti-Semitic laws and policies. Kershaw argues that the city's historical significance for the Nazi Party made it a focal point for the enforcement of racial purity laws. Indeed, records indicate that by 1938, nearly all Jewish businesses in Munich had been Aryanised, meaning they were either shut down or transferred to non-Jewish ownership. The speed and efficiency with which these laws were implemented in Munich underscore the city's role as a crucible for anti-Semitic policies. The Nuremberg Laws were not static; they evolved over time to include more prohibitions and restrictions, each more draconian than the last. For example, a decree in 1938 prohibited Jews from changing their residences without police permission, effectively confining them to specific areas and making it easier for authorities to monitor and control their movements.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Further along is a reminder of the boycott of Jewish businesses on April 1, 1933, that of Bamberger and Hertz on Kaufingerstraße 22 with Drake Winston on the left and me below showing the site today, extensively rebuilt. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Nazi authorities were quite sensitive to public opinion, and responded to public disquiet over Nazi policy towards the Catholic Church, for instance, by moderating policy. Similarly, after the initial failure of the economic boycott in April 1933, Nazi policy on Jews was ratcheted up gradually with one eye to public reactions. The fact that the authorities nevertheless continued increasing the level of persecution of Jews indicates both the centrality of antisemitism to Nazi ideology, but also the relative apathy with which non-Jewish Germans regarded the fate of their Jewish fellow citizens. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkyxmYriWR2ekWXcDlqY0etN8aHYdJMCUtYZdWpqXKC2WlHUZNADfUXrJJE35Rh_oVmoimzdaZDF9Sq6uflpXyU5pqmaDw7-f6ypXecMw8gIpLJgcFd3NgE15NHOzLlo0N6I9S-PYBYZ8C/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252882%2529.gif" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkyxmYriWR2ekWXcDlqY0etN8aHYdJMCUtYZdWpqXKC2WlHUZNADfUXrJJE35Rh_oVmoimzdaZDF9Sq6uflpXyU5pqmaDw7-f6ypXecMw8gIpLJgcFd3NgE15NHOzLlo0N6I9S-PYBYZ8C/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252882%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 286px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>There was simply not the same degree of outrage and resistance that there was on other issues.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://academic.oup.com/book/560/chapter/135297598" style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Beller (87) Antisemitism</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Another notable example of such Jewish-owned businesses being boycotted and later seized is the renowned Munich department store Hermann Tietz, which was Aryanised and renamed Hertie. The economic disenfranchisement was part of a calculated strategy to impoverish Munich's Jewish community, making them more vulnerable to further persecution and eventual deportation. Evans contends that the economic strangulation of Jews in Munich was a precursor to more violent forms of persecution, as it weakened the community's ability to resist or escape the increasingly oppressive regime. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> At Kaufingerstraße 15 the J. Speier shoe shop was attacked during Kristallnacht. Compared with how it appeared November 10, 1938 the building has completely changed due to the post-war reconstruction of central Munich but it still sells shoes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The pogrom of November 1938, known as “Kristallnacht” (Night of Broken Glass), or “Reichspogromnacht”, marked the beginning of the final murderous phase of the persecution of the Jews. Following the terrible events of 9/10 November 1938, which are today recalled by a commemorative plaque in the Old Town Hall, the Jews finally lost all their remaining rights. They were forbidden to visit theatres, cinemas, restaurants, museums or parks. Their driving licences were withdrawn, their telephones were cut off and they were forbidden to keep pets or use public transport. This persecution redoubled Jewish efforts to emigrate, and by 1942 almost eight thousand of Munich’s Jews had fled. However, starting in November 1941, close to three thousand citizens of Munich were deported to Kaunas, Piaski, Auschwitz and Theresienstadt, where they were murdered.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The aftermath of Kristallnacht saw the acceleration of anti-Semitic policies, including the imposition of a collective fine on the Jewish community and the exclusion of Jews from all economic activities. Jewish assets were seized, and many were left destitute. The city of Munich played a pivotal role in these events, not merely as a backdrop but as an active participant. Local authorities and the general populace often collaborated willingly in the enforcement of these measures. The city's police force and administrative machinery were complicit in the arrest and deportation of Jews, and there was a conspicuous absence of public outcry against these actions.</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span> Meanwhile KFC has recently been forced to apologise after sending a notification to German customers<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63499057"> encouraging them to commemorate the anniversary of Kristallnacht with fried chicken and cheese</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeWTaltCXaNrkxyDAUVhKOFtetXT_VJhyphenhyphenmX2GGentgQOGl3KvWkhOAOCndl9J4gllOW004eh4uUAnAW-bg0wdprMb0Fznjt3zcy3ny_etWYs_iInzXvbSbUqK2XUA-t-D-HlKLmmXgORU/s1600/IMG_3535.JPG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeWTaltCXaNrkxyDAUVhKOFtetXT_VJhyphenhyphenmX2GGentgQOGl3KvWkhOAOCndl9J4gllOW004eh4uUAnAW-bg0wdprMb0Fznjt3zcy3ny_etWYs_iInzXvbSbUqK2XUA-t-D-HlKLmmXgORU/s1600/IMG_3535.JPG" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 260px; width: 195px;" /></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTqus-acMYmWw5jqGU0uNcLJfOZR0Qz4yVuEJv0ndF6soVNy3PzGJCAZvyZBFRURWZUnyiU57L-GJI7guFghDu8aXb-s4IQ48ynGfbTN5GVGH_3UtCRtcDO4C3ysOafOuvXTlxwJuz4d8/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252861%2529.gif" data-original-height="382" data-original-width="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTqus-acMYmWw5jqGU0uNcLJfOZR0Qz4yVuEJv0ndF6soVNy3PzGJCAZvyZBFRURWZUnyiU57L-GJI7guFghDu8aXb-s4IQ48ynGfbTN5GVGH_3UtCRtcDO4C3ysOafOuvXTlxwJuz4d8/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252861%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 258px;" /></span></span></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEPIM2pW9YyyoXRk8Q6yuOhNbM0MX1n75retB2aog1CZK9W5YJlde4h_5FrFS3UQGBSpWzVcnnpJxBmtwkBBMVWdUM4IW4lM0dh9_CLda16G8G70DXYJoe8211zkvH4q3ip37cOK0H52E/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-01-07+at+13.41.01.png" data-original-height="676" data-original-width="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEPIM2pW9YyyoXRk8Q6yuOhNbM0MX1n75retB2aog1CZK9W5YJlde4h_5FrFS3UQGBSpWzVcnnpJxBmtwkBBMVWdUM4IW4lM0dh9_CLda16G8G70DXYJoe8211zkvH4q3ip37cOK0H52E/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-01-07+at+13.41.01.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 265px; width: 181px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Bürgersaal Church towards Karlstor on Kaufingerstrase contains the tomb of Rupert Mayer, a Jesuit priest and noted Nazi opponent who, after several trials and detention in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp and held under arrest at the Ettal Monastery in Upper Bavaria until the end of the war. He returned to Munich after the war, where he died on All Saints’ Day 1945 after suffering a stroke whilst giving a sermon. The prayer and assembly hall of the Marian Men’s Congregation was one of the places where Mayer preached and is also where he is buried after initially being buried at the Jesuit Cemetery in Pullach until three years later his remains were transferred to the crypt of the Bürgersaal Church in a ceremony attended by 120,000 people. The museum at the back of the church documenting the life and work of the pastor was opened in 2008.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: small; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgen8WMsgoVTfQ2DtCyAVTcMVNhOPwT3TgrjHnV5ClAcvHgdjCCPsF2RouyGjQB_QfEO2hz3TYVcxBXPk6i7WMf3NhfzG9MIUPSZR96N-92mMF_SN5kjQguaAC2v4tWFndtqdVxWpaZXWBw/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252820%2529.gif" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgen8WMsgoVTfQ2DtCyAVTcMVNhOPwT3TgrjHnV5ClAcvHgdjCCPsF2RouyGjQB_QfEO2hz3TYVcxBXPk6i7WMf3NhfzG9MIUPSZR96N-92mMF_SN5kjQguaAC2v4tWFndtqdVxWpaZXWBw/w400-h254/ezgif.com-optimize%252820%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 347px;" width="400" /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Karlstor, part of a large 14th century city wall that was removed in around 1800. Since then, the gate has served as the centrepiece of a new square, Karlsplatz (or Stachus), </span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">located between the central rail station and Marienplatz, representing the very centre of the city.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> <span>Badly damaged during the war, the Karlstor was rebuilt in a somewhat simplified manner as seen in the GIF on the left with me in front and when Hitler was driven through in 1939 after the conquest of Memel. Germany's first department store established after the war, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Kaufhof, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>is located on the west side of the square. </span></span></span>It during Mussolini's visit in 1937 when,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
</div><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>[a]lthough he was only there for nine hours the city had never been more "elaborately adorned", the pièce de resistance being a large triumphal arch in front of the Karlsplatz, draped with a fascist black, wreathed with laurel and crowned with a massive golden "M".</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Brendan (482) <a href="https://dokumen.pub/qdownload/the-dark-valley-a-panorama-of-the-1930s-0375708081-9780375708084.html"><i>Dark Valley</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="410" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbxl-fCBKWB_99M4ZNcQdjtfdOfGJZUuiSwDZHaI8rmW-JkHgSwg_OAasB0WoVsx7hupHuVY-nqi5VmmnH9vCzMPYThdcrXaJIHA7g5a8c-vgSlwFC0JqNhseQPsFQ8L5EXCIJ5zYJwsoL/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="320" /><span> <br /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span> The now-gone Cafe Karlsthor which Hitler would once frequent. It was there after Franz Joseph I broke off diplomatic relations with Peter I on Saturday, July 25, 1914 that the so-called 'Schlacht im Café Karlstor' took place </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span>when
some Serbs ordered their national anthem from the coffee orchestra and
the German guests then demolished the café right at the start of the
revolution of November 1918. On the right Hitler is driven through
Karlstor after return of Memel, March 26, 1939</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. <a href="http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Ringelnatz,+Joachim/Autobiographisches/Mein+Leben+bis+zum+Kriege/M%C3%BCnchen+vor+dem+Kriege">Joachim Ringelnatz wrote how</a> "the guests suddenly got up and smashed the window panes because a Serbian band was playing." Ödön von Horváth meanwhile wrote that the cafe had been smashed to pieces because of a homeless unshaven man was sitting at a table who was taken for a Serb. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span>On the right Hitler is driven through Karlstor after return of Memel, March 26, 1939 in another </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hugo Jaeger colour photograph. Hitler had earlier passed through the Karlstor during his triumphal return to Munich after the annexation of Austria in 1938, a moment captured in numerous photographs that were disseminated as propaganda making the gate a focal point for Nazi rallies and marches, its historical significance reinterpreted through the lens of National Socialist ideology. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCB3TU2bOBx0SPGtfqQ6Y8lOJObVHHQE3cBIDILvnVvMBwA0lFp0zcoq2OFJk_kNotcLRqWcrosgSflQIkswf7Q8-VRqPcfJ41scZZvu9M9lNgRqdPJ_WmxQ3RgVq0KyQ7aPxcqip-dVcE/s320/ezgif.com-resize.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCB3TU2bOBx0SPGtfqQ6Y8lOJObVHHQE3cBIDILvnVvMBwA0lFp0zcoq2OFJk_kNotcLRqWcrosgSflQIkswf7Q8-VRqPcfJ41scZZvu9M9lNgRqdPJ_WmxQ3RgVq0KyQ7aPxcqip-dVcE/s320/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 272px; width: 321px;" /></span>That said, the appropriation of the Karlstor wasn't without its controversies. Evans notes that whilst the Nazi regime was successful in transforming the gate into a symbol of their ideological might, this act also led to public debates about the erasure of history. Critics argued that the Nazis' ideological imprint on the Karlstor was a form of historical revisionism, aimed at erasing or altering the gate's original significance. These debates, however, were largely suppressed as dissenting voices were either silenced or co-opted by the regime. Such appropriation by the Nazis also had international implications. Mazower argues that the gate's transformation was not merely a domestic affair but was keenly observed by foreign powers as a barometer of Nazi intentions. The gate's prominence in Nazi propaganda was also noted by foreign journalists, who often used it as a backdrop for reporting on Germany's political climate. Therefore, the Karlstor served not only as a domestic symbol but also as an international representation of the regime, its image carefully curated to project power and ideological purity. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Tag der Deutschen Kunst karlstor" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-do061MJdL3Rx2LrCdc9I6W-FhnNeDIsl4vwsONIWNX8MmUk_-pwxXprH2DapHBYKI2NWnBl-rZD0Cq7pWixOR6PsbEADZxYacksnLW-Y7l9-yUo-N8lLNZ5yKkD2BZTXd_H7E-bPWOXh/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%252810%2529.gif" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-do061MJdL3Rx2LrCdc9I6W-FhnNeDIsl4vwsONIWNX8MmUk_-pwxXprH2DapHBYKI2NWnBl-rZD0Cq7pWixOR6PsbEADZxYacksnLW-Y7l9-yUo-N8lLNZ5yKkD2BZTXd_H7E-bPWOXh/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%252810%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 165px; width: 265px;" title="Tag der Deutschen Kunst karlstor" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd54NGtzRtTB9wd_duuAaUNhF9lOZiCzS5Cs81NOOpx3AvP8pXO9k9qGiexRdnzADcDgKMJiT5U1NoGSdTw48Hy1Z7B906I7mQSXnfszdtTbNeld2G-UzUoyyUBJIhXItdqm8ZKpnruCfK/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd54NGtzRtTB9wd_duuAaUNhF9lOZiCzS5Cs81NOOpx3AvP8pXO9k9qGiexRdnzADcDgKMJiT5U1NoGSdTw48Hy1Z7B906I7mQSXnfszdtTbNeld2G-UzUoyyUBJIhXItdqm8ZKpnruCfK/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 165px; width: 141px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJwrfxNmY-4FyB4wb1fQD0XEvbJw9Ji3oJ9kxnmzpJFKuTmrZgf66FAUeTV0sDf7i6zzxQooq_FWpEUXXbS6GlQbWnxkmCumlI49xBDNNMdhkLRqhHd3shsqM8r92ShBMjrMsfvNdR4yrc/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252826%2529.gif" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJwrfxNmY-4FyB4wb1fQD0XEvbJw9Ji3oJ9kxnmzpJFKuTmrZgf66FAUeTV0sDf7i6zzxQooq_FWpEUXXbS6GlQbWnxkmCumlI49xBDNNMdhkLRqhHd3shsqM8r92ShBMjrMsfvNdR4yrc/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252826%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 165px; width: 234px;" /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The photo on the left shows it during the <i>Tag der Deutschen Kunst </i>of June 10, 1938 and the right showing Germans being marched into captivity after the war, offering a remarkable contrast. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img alt="Hitler's painting of Karlstor" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgjx37WeTk2Rm1dj4A2Dyz5-mvvJCNECnD_CdHRHT6eG0wUAJMCmwVZBVPCpsWts5dna08XI-u2PQsP1IhsYtAokDnwMHAnZDM_rxx2K4p1mYZ0hp-1NzStDDR5uIK-X-WR-l8xRSF6Uk/s320/ezgif.com-crop+%25282%2529.gif" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="341" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgjx37WeTk2Rm1dj4A2Dyz5-mvvJCNECnD_CdHRHT6eG0wUAJMCmwVZBVPCpsWts5dna08XI-u2PQsP1IhsYtAokDnwMHAnZDM_rxx2K4p1mYZ0hp-1NzStDDR5uIK-X-WR-l8xRSF6Uk/w355-h310/ezgif.com-crop+%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 321px;" title="Hitler's painting of Karlstor" width="355" /> </span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1RisnRIeE0u3J3vU0DTXu7jQwsODstnad3C3QRm3J6eutMDgnxcVUgup6IKVcHr5lnNkdUtGrDvTPfaRJzpU2cEgCPZw9FsANimMBQtd7EQ4CpomK4vL7_tgnBh7mdHrN6KtHEE_FNDVb/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1RisnRIeE0u3J3vU0DTXu7jQwsODstnad3C3QRm3J6eutMDgnxcVUgup6IKVcHr5lnNkdUtGrDvTPfaRJzpU2cEgCPZw9FsANimMBQtd7EQ4CpomK4vL7_tgnBh7mdHrN6KtHEE_FNDVb/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 320px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Hitler's supposed painting of the monument with what was left of it after the war. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC20DG_SuLdhWs3wxRiSgynky_U4zzjMg6FCk4GROHXNx2y9IE6KDUonhek-vVq_cjcvY6YRKWA4ABpbHLwS7BkMfiCFY1Lh0klJOcj-SBySia8kyKvtd1XJbsCotrzZvlWjOERxkyt7o/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252893%2529.gif" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="491" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC20DG_SuLdhWs3wxRiSgynky_U4zzjMg6FCk4GROHXNx2y9IE6KDUonhek-vVq_cjcvY6YRKWA4ABpbHLwS7BkMfiCFY1Lh0klJOcj-SBySia8kyKvtd1XJbsCotrzZvlWjOERxkyt7o/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252893%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 195px; width: 330px;" /> <img alt="Game Stop terrorism" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0AAZMst92n5v8LumL-fiNeH-gxW4X_2xCY4Vchsc8l1_3RkccZ6-gYDVZ5hQPeBe5wmVHsuiVrLinPgxHAqW0XH40EQpBlzoPLXirXE-8t-p_biq2d9JTttT8NDNxvlkSpcQzHiG_l4/s320/900x600_BSL41RIJ4T8E0001.jpg" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="802" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0AAZMst92n5v8LumL-fiNeH-gxW4X_2xCY4Vchsc8l1_3RkccZ6-gYDVZ5hQPeBe5wmVHsuiVrLinPgxHAqW0XH40EQpBlzoPLXirXE-8t-p_biq2d9JTttT8NDNxvlkSpcQzHiG_l4/s320/900x600_BSL41RIJ4T8E0001.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 190px; width: 302px;" title="Game Stop terrorist" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">A brownshirt preventing anyone from entering the offices of Jewish lawyers Dr. Th. Erlanger, Ludwiger Erlanger, and Dr. Adolf Mayer with stickers reading "Jude!" over each man's sign at Karlsplatz 8 on April 1, 1933 and the site today<span> during yet <a href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/munich-shooter-obsessed-mass-shootings-article-1.2722879">another terror attack</a> in Germany on Friday July 22<span>, 2016 outside the Olympia shopping mall when 18-year-old Iranian-German David Sonboly opened fire on fellow teenagers at the McDonald's restaurant across the street before shooting at bystanders in the street outside and then in the mall itself. Nine people were killed, and 36 others were injured, four of them by gunfire; it was only a last-minute phone call from the wife asking me to look after Drake Winston that pevented me from being there at the time to pick up my bike. </span></span>According to Kershaw, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj1Lk056L1H_OZbu3Ak6HXshxaj3puuZfR59xgGGRZ1Jdv2z4nz9DAmURKoxac5EVcPJpyA0gJqDxzOXpspKaHM1vxZsgBN_Q80c5IDvgfH-5_TARA-XvjJ9Bzde3mCvuJcWEE-FY3dRw/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252855%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="367" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj1Lk056L1H_OZbu3Ak6HXshxaj3puuZfR59xgGGRZ1Jdv2z4nz9DAmURKoxac5EVcPJpyA0gJqDxzOXpspKaHM1vxZsgBN_Q80c5IDvgfH-5_TARA-XvjJ9Bzde3mCvuJcWEE-FY3dRw/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252855%2529.gif" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
<span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> <span>[t<span>]</span></span>he boycott itself was less than the success that Nazi propaganda claimed. Many Jewish shops had closed for the day anyway. In some places, the SA men posted outside ‘Jewish’ department stores holding placards warning against buying in Jewish shops were largely ignored by customers. People behaved in a variety of fashions. There was almost a holiday mood in some busy shopping streets, as crowds gathered to see what was happening. Groups of people discussed busy shopping streets, as crowds gathered to see what was happening. Groups of people discussed<span> </span>the pros and cons of the boycott. Not a few were opposed to it, saying they would again patronise their favourite stores. Others shrugged their shoulders. ‘I think the entire thing is mad, but I’m not bothering myself about it,’ was one, perhaps not untypical, view heard from a non-Jew on the day. Even the SA men seemed at times rather half-hearted about it in some places. In others, however, the boycott was simply a cover for plundering and violence. For the Jewish victims, the day was traumatic – the clearest indication that this was a Germany in which they could no longer feel ‘at home’, in which routine discrimination had been replaced by state-sponsored persecution. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnWkbsSFeN4zWHKSjPka4Oi4kgp-Razzkksp-5xqaG0PqkDWUVFsPKjrdQHq_tgQt0r1ccHataJi5ZqhmVzehZn1-7R_s4e_gZ9zQDmLBomft0GtJB-3BaLDK0mTgLjLm6hFD3TLHbZHFe/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25286%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="409" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnWkbsSFeN4zWHKSjPka4Oi4kgp-Razzkksp-5xqaG0PqkDWUVFsPKjrdQHq_tgQt0r1ccHataJi5ZqhmVzehZn1-7R_s4e_gZ9zQDmLBomft0GtJB-3BaLDK0mTgLjLm6hFD3TLHbZHFe/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25286%2529.gif" width="400" /></a>An American GI directing traffic on Karlsplatz in front of the building. Named Pini House, also known as the Imperial House, it is a seven-story building on the triangular plot of Schützenstrasse 1 at Stachus. The building stands at the fork in the road between Schützenstrasse and Bayerstrasse and is rounded at the sharp corner. The building had been designed by architect Joseph von Schmaedel as a solid masonry structure with wooden beam ceilings and was completed in 1877. It was renovated for the first time in 1907 and the wooden beam ceilings were replaced by reinforced concrete ceilings, steel columns were covered with concrete and a flat roof was replaced in place of the previous gable roof. Further conversions took place in 1933 and later from 2000 to 2002. The building received its original name Imperial House after the Café Imperial, which was managed there. It was later renamed Pini House after the Pini Optik optician moved there. There has been a cinema in the building since the beginning of the 20th century called the Imperial Cinema. During the war it was Munich's largest military cinema and was open 24 hours a day. Due to the many neon signs, it was said that the Times Square feeling brought to Munich. After the war, the Associated Press news agency temporarily used the rooms on the sixth floor. After a fire, the building was extensively restored around the turn of the millennium. Since then, the Anna Hotel has been housed in the building and is operated by the Geisel family, who also owns the nearby Hotel Königshof. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicm4GscKm3K9EWHFKQakEUD2MDUxf7nwrVRQ3K5NvcvDjY3zLliQeOViQ4HrueqO3Yia1aObKpcDwzPAQP9y8oJn5_1svbTjdX7ZKc8Y-YdeIw6W2Sl9h8ZYg2bKMHMer6OESkS7Gs1_lj/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25287%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicm4GscKm3K9EWHFKQakEUD2MDUxf7nwrVRQ3K5NvcvDjY3zLliQeOViQ4HrueqO3Yia1aObKpcDwzPAQP9y8oJn5_1svbTjdX7ZKc8Y-YdeIw6W2Sl9h8ZYg2bKMHMer6OESkS7Gs1_lj/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25287%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 275px;" /> <br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Panzerkampfwagen
V Panther tank outside the Imperial Lichtspiele cinema across the
street from Karlstor, now the Anna Hotel with Drake Winstn in front
today. the role of the Lichtspiele is a noteworthy aspect of the city's
post-war intelligence landscape. Lichtspiele, a cinema turned into an
intelligence operations centre, served as a crucial venue for
information gathering and dissemination during the early years of the
Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND). The conversion of a public entertainment
space into an intelligence hub is emblematic of the broader
transformation Munich underwent in the post-war period, shifting from a
city known for its cultural heritage to a focal point of Cold War
espionage activities. The choice of Lichtspiele on Karlsplatz as an
operations centre was strategic. Located in the heart of Munich, it
offered easy access to various parts of the city and was less
conspicuous than a dedicated government building, thereby providing a
level of anonymity essential for covert operations. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>According
to Eichner, the central location of Lichtspiele made it an ideal place
for agents to receive assignments and report back on completed missions.
Eichner further notes that the cinema's layout, with its multiple exits
and entrances, provided an added layer of security, allowing agents to
enter and exit without drawing attention. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-frV22SdABn5HreRskm7MdJQk2DB_psehhPZgTagZK3hXoVx7PQ4CdoQVL9BuvycgGtB4y96lMUGycs_JN42nYaGWDi6OSWNCaDPzW8ruSpoquHq6ljNKk10Gr8KEmU3ktkc46TAGcP_K/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25287%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-frV22SdABn5HreRskm7MdJQk2DB_psehhPZgTagZK3hXoVx7PQ4CdoQVL9BuvycgGtB4y96lMUGycs_JN42nYaGWDi6OSWNCaDPzW8ruSpoquHq6ljNKk10Gr8KEmU3ktkc46TAGcP_K/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25287%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 360px;" /></span>The
use of Lichtspiele as an intelligence centre has been the subject of
scholarly debate. While Eichner views it as a pragmatic choice, driven
by logistical considerations, others like Müller argue that the
selection of a cinema, a symbol of public life and entertainment, for
intelligence operations had symbolic undertones. Müller contends that
the transformation of Lichtspiele into an intelligence hub reflects the
extent to which the Cold War had permeated everyday life, turning even
spaces of leisure into arenas of geopolitical contestation. The role of
Lichtspiele also raises questions about the ethical dimensions of
intelligence operations in post-war Munich. The cinema, once a place for
public gathering, had been transformed into a space where activities
were conducted that had significant political and ethical implications.
Scholars like Wolf have questioned the morality of using a public space
for activities that were shrouded in secrecy and had far-reaching
consequences. Wolf argues that the use of Lichtspiele exemplifies the
ethical ambiguities that characterised the early years of the BND, as it
navigated the complex terrain of Cold War politics.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7DItG4AUfyVJlPKmytmO1dTwIURPyi_NJkQL9so81qBJBe6DIQvL85qEs73Gc4TbDOhZuDe6PXkFI27WpantmFftlZ5yaW7SSnyt3VxzEk8HwsMdqNLvTlQZrluifoh0job05V-MtcD7pU5irylHiouvupz2m3ql_JR19COEl-vEm8zP5lBu7wNgq7Q/s404/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-28T232619.431.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="404" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7DItG4AUfyVJlPKmytmO1dTwIURPyi_NJkQL9so81qBJBe6DIQvL85qEs73Gc4TbDOhZuDe6PXkFI27WpantmFftlZ5yaW7SSnyt3VxzEk8HwsMdqNLvTlQZrluifoh0job05V-MtcD7pU5irylHiouvupz2m3ql_JR19COEl-vEm8zP5lBu7wNgq7Q/w400-h278/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202023-01-28T232619.431.gif" width="400" /></a></div><span>The same tank parked at the Stachus with the Karlstor in the background and Drake Winston at the same spot today. This, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>the Fgst.Nr. 121455, was the</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>
last Panther to be manufactured and had been considered one of the best
tanks of the Second World War for its excellent firepower and
protection. The Panther was intended to counter the Soviet T-34 and to
replace the Panzer III and Panzer IV although, it served alongside both
the Panzer IV and the heavier Tiger I until the end of the war. Its
reliability however was less impressive. According to Albert Speer </span></span><span><span><span><span>(325) <i>Inside the Third Reich</i></span></span>,
"[s]ince the Tiger had originally been designed to weigh fifty tonnes
but as a result of Hitler's demands had gone up to fifty seven tonnes,
we decided to develop a new thirty tonne tank whose very name, Panther,
was to signify greater agility. Though light in weight, its motor was to
be the same as the Tiger's, which meant it could develop a superior
speed. But in the course of a year Hitler once again insisted on
clapping so much armour on it, as well as larger guns, that it
ultimately reached forty eight tonnes, the original weight of the
Tiger."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's painting of Senglingertor" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzIQMKVMXG9Y4otm6TBUWuhF02cpt9saDboC1HGNG5aaN9_2wuF7-CRNFHcz6uf_xM2i1Wrfw6e43EW_c3B2DrDiCZLg0z8v1m6xTEMdyt3P22wfdQtkxKnOnvVXdu1tcDKBXoL0X0nYlk/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzIQMKVMXG9Y4otm6TBUWuhF02cpt9saDboC1HGNG5aaN9_2wuF7-CRNFHcz6uf_xM2i1Wrfw6e43EW_c3B2DrDiCZLg0z8v1m6xTEMdyt3P22wfdQtkxKnOnvVXdu1tcDKBXoL0X0nYlk/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 342px;" title="" /></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler's supposed waterco</span></span></span>lour from 1913 of the Sendlinger Tor and the view with Drake Winston on the left. The original owner of the painting on the left was a teacher from Ingolstadt, Friedrich Echinger, who, according to Gaab (130) in <i>Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, & Politics</i>, "sold several paintings to the NSDAP archives for RM 5000 a piece, by far the best art investment Echinger ever made." Echinger sold these pictures to the Nazi main archive on March 23, 1939 for 15,000 RM <i>in toto</i>. He himself <a href="https://www.bartfmdroog.com/droog/niod/joachimsthaler.html#86">described how</a> "[a] well-known lady of mine, who knew about my inclination for good pictures, first bought the watercolour 'Die Propylaea' on my behalf in 1913 in a stationery shop in Munich. I liked the picture so much at the time that I commissioned the lady to buy more pictures for me by the same artist, if she could get them. In the same way, the lady then acquired the “Münzhof”, the “Sendlinger Tor” and the “Hofbräuhaus” for me. The 'Münzhof' is now owned by Pastor Friedrich Loy. The other three pictures are still in my personal possession." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Pastor Loy from Hamborn would later sell the picture to the Nazi main archive in Duisburg on May 11, 1939 for 5000 RM. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">On the right is another painting of the gate attributed to Hitler. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTv9aCPd259Is7am7ON3GZAa20lgiRUd8vGGX6A9mB8a9to2Mcr_xEPNBQ6LLM4bY89n3XX4uxeDPZYrrqnBmcatI1kFTUciQW58kJ07hyfMp4-5wLbdaB8OZ9wHqFqb-ujob6JytgQYQi/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="383" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTv9aCPd259Is7am7ON3GZAa20lgiRUd8vGGX6A9mB8a9to2Mcr_xEPNBQ6LLM4bY89n3XX4uxeDPZYrrqnBmcatI1kFTUciQW58kJ07hyfMp4-5wLbdaB8OZ9wHqFqb-ujob6JytgQYQi/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 266px;" /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">A 31-year-old goldsmith and gem cutter named Otto Paul Kerber would recall how "[i]n 1912 a young man came into the Georg Lotthammers Nachf. business, founded in 1880, in which I was a partner from 1913, and offered me a watercolour of the Munich Residenz. I liked the picture and subsequently bought several pictures of the young Hitler, who kept coming to see me. As far as I can remember, I paid him 15 to 20 marks for a picture, depending on the version." Dr Alfred Detig, who dealt with Hitler's pictures from 1935 and wrote several newspaper articles, reported that he bought his first Hitler watercolour from Kerber in the spring of 1936 when he "met the Munich chemist Dr. Schnell, Sendlingerstrasse, who showed me five watercolours in the room behind his shop, which he himself had bought from the Führer in the last few years before the World War. The pictures made a deep impression on me, as did the description of Dr. Fast. In the near future in Munich I saw a number of the Führer's watercolours from his time before the war in Munich, and I wrote several articles about them, some of them illustrated, which appeared in Reich German newspapers, especially in several party newspapers. Some editors informed me that among the readership there was an extraordinary interest in the Fuehrer's work as an artist, of which most had no idea. The various inquiries in the editors prompted me to continue to deal with this topic and to investigate all the traces available to me. In this way, the desire arose to own one or the other picture, if possible, and so I bought the watercolor of the Munich Residenz from the jeweler Kerber in Dienerstrasse in the summer of 1935 and a short time later from the widow of the Juweliers Haug in Türkenstrasse [26] which his wife Emma continued to run after his death....Both gave me the express assurance that they had bought the watercolors themselves from the Führer in Munich in the years before the World War. Kerber added that he bought a total of 21 watercolours from the Führer, two of which he still owns."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFlO3wuyX61KBUqXLv_VQowJz0WQUgkXr_kChkJ6D8HF9Tf06bp1U213yPhpRTWPj4PIcyoQJhROVg2u71cD_rMQLfpEmkYCjhsXYwp11LhszB5osyuapfDFgl1MzJwz_Mzx2WY4rlsqq_Y3kffzqKFhd-ztROL68s3lLXRdVqv_oze-kDMUabcRaacA/s834/Screenshot%202023-05-14%20at%2018.34.14.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="822" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFlO3wuyX61KBUqXLv_VQowJz0WQUgkXr_kChkJ6D8HF9Tf06bp1U213yPhpRTWPj4PIcyoQJhROVg2u71cD_rMQLfpEmkYCjhsXYwp11LhszB5osyuapfDFgl1MzJwz_Mzx2WY4rlsqq_Y3kffzqKFhd-ztROL68s3lLXRdVqv_oze-kDMUabcRaacA/w315-h320/Screenshot%202023-05-14%20at%2018.34.14.png" width="315" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Hardly damaged in in the war, Sendlinger Tor was completely renovated in the 1980s; a remnant of the city wall can still be seen which had continued up the Herzog-Wilhelm-Straße. Recently this sign in the Sendlinger Tor underground station was discovered during construction work which has left historians puzzled. In the course of the refurbishment and modernisation of the subway station the wall paneling was removed revealing an old instruction board for the staff came to light directly at the entrance to the U1 and U2 railway lines, reading "Caution, train operations - only enter the tunnel on the platform!" The notice itself isn't so surprising as the font used, reminiscent of the Nazi era. However, the tunnel couldn't have been built under the Nazis given that its construction only began in the 1970s, with underground lines 1 and 2 rushing through for the first time on October 18, 1980. The only pre-war structure of the Munich subway is the station at Goetheplatz from where the so-called Lindwurm tunnel leads 590 metres in the direction of Sendlinger Tor where </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">the U3 and U6 train lines run today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>- but the tunnel is one floor higher. The Lindwurm Tunnel had been built between 1938 and 1941 under the eponymous Lindwurmstraße, leading to Goetheplatz and which is now part of the Munich U-Bahn network. After Hitler gave the order to restructure the Munich railway system around a new main station near today's Friedenheimer Bridge, the Deutsche Reichsbahn decided to construct two S-Bahn tunnel routes through the city centre. On May 22, 1938 Hitler started the construction work for the tunnel of the Munich Stadtbahn network, in which an underground S-Bahn between Harras and Freimann was to run. The first trains had already been ordered, but <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=de&tl=en&hl=en-US&client=webapp&u=https://www.trambahn.de/lindwurmtunnel">construction was halted</a> after 590 metres had been completed by 1941 due to the war. During the wartime bombing the tunnel served as an air raid shelter. After the war, the building was partly filled with rubble, and in the early 1950s a mushroom farm was operated there. The tunnel and station remained unused until 1965, when it was decided to build the Munich subway. The old tunnel was supposed to connect to the new subway network but, according to experts from the city's subway department, it was almost too close to the street. And so in March 1965, the Lindwurm Tunnel was blasted free again with 125 kilogrammes of TNT. The route to Goetheplatz station, which was also built in shell form before 1941, was opened on October 19, 1971 and is still used today.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGl7CcCpFwREDc5BsWTnOLiIe18j7HtcAJpCzAvoaP3SrgkND2UfdNlJpF6qpbm7rJypKmegG8cjteT83CIpuLSreKT9lADrI43IveXbaoEDn0k563LOHkbb6wGcGhYqEgbaiOCpldu5c/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's painting of Asamkirche" border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="360" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGl7CcCpFwREDc5BsWTnOLiIe18j7HtcAJpCzAvoaP3SrgkND2UfdNlJpF6qpbm7rJypKmegG8cjteT83CIpuLSreKT9lADrI43IveXbaoEDn0k563LOHkbb6wGcGhYqEgbaiOCpldu5c/w361-h400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="361" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler's
drawing of the Asamkirche on Sendlinger Straße, built between 1733-1746. When painting such architecture in his paintings, rather than developing
his technique Hitler copied 19th century artists and many of the
masters preceding him. He claimed to be the synthesis of many artistic
movements but it is clear that he drew primarily from Graeco-Roman
classicism, the Italian Renaissance, and Neoclassicism. He liked the
technical ability of these artists, as well as the understandable
symbolism. He described Rudolf von Alt as <a href="https://artincontext.org/hitler-paintings/">his greatest influence </a>although, whilst both are similar in their use of colour and subject
matter, but Alt displayed fantastical landscapes giving as much
attention to nature and the surrounding environment as to the
architecture. In <i>Mein Kampf</i> <a href="https://www.academia.edu/17983097/Mein_Kampf_by_Adolf_Hitler">Hitler described how</a>, in his
youth, he wanted to become a professional artist, but his aspirations
were ruined because he failed the entrance exam of the Academy of Fine
Arts Vienna. Hitler was rejected twice by the institute, once in 1907
and again in 1908. In his first examination, he had passed the
preliminary portion which involved drawing two of the assigned iconic or
Biblical scenes in two sessions of three hours each. The second portion
was to provide a previously prepared portfolio for the examiners. It
was noted that Hitler’s works contained “too few heads” and it was felt that he had more talent in architecture than in painting. One
sympathetic instructor believing he had
some talent suggested he apply to the academy's School of
Architecture which would have required returning to secondary school
from which he had dropped out and which he was unwilling to do. Hitler would eventually frequent the artists' cafés in Munich in the unfulfilled hope
that established artists might help him with his ambition to paint
professionally. According to a conversation in August 1939 before the
outbreak of the war, published in the British War Blue Book, Hitler
told British ambassador Nevile Henderson, "I am an artist and not a
politician. Once the Polish question is settled, I want to end my life
as an artist."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzAqxvQyHLVG8vBJllzBUoKE4JDCbitJGUzTQH2nSka7wPp0Pkz4gbTKKL3Vw0yNHFly39OiOcYzBCgVrcBvAsBjOiASClAesSbMQ8d05UlR3lgpDVe8N4mv7p4qrHwhd-UGL3xKeyL4_44HTNrZtoP0SlZVmlnHvPDAaIvRZ3wZcsVIlNEaFhsu9X5Q/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-18T001133.961%20(1).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="242" data-original-width="320" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzAqxvQyHLVG8vBJllzBUoKE4JDCbitJGUzTQH2nSka7wPp0Pkz4gbTKKL3Vw0yNHFly39OiOcYzBCgVrcBvAsBjOiASClAesSbMQ8d05UlR3lgpDVe8N4mv7p4qrHwhd-UGL3xKeyL4_44HTNrZtoP0SlZVmlnHvPDAaIvRZ3wZcsVIlNEaFhsu9X5Q/w400-h303/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-18T001133.961%20(1).gif" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>Hitler's 1914 <span style="font-style: italic;">Alten Residenz</span>
painting, the Alter Hof, which was home to Bavarian dukes, electors
and kings. Destroyed during the wartime bombing, how it appears today with some of my Grade 11 and 12 <i>Bavarian International School</i> history students. In 1935 Hitler gave the painting as a fiftieth birthday present to his personal photographer Heinrich Hoffmann. Hoffmann came to own at least four of Hitler's watercolours – one was purchased in 1944, which provoked the remark from Hitler that it would have been "insane" to have paid more than 150 or 200 marks for it, at most. The painting itself shows its inner courtyard (bombed in 1944) </span></span></span>and
has been described as illustrating both Hitler's style and mastery of watercolour to create a strict delineation of the building whilst on the
left presenting two soft standing trees to contrast the harsh lines of
the house. In many of Hitler's watercolours, Charles Snyder notes the
"detailed attention to humble structures surrounded by water and
vegetation, [but] the architecture is of the prime importance... Note
plant life, especially leaves on trees. Leaves are typically daubed and
dappled in with little regard for accuracy or realism, often used to
'frame' the subject". A small fountain between two trees is painted on
the proper right. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>One
of Hitler's own favourites was the courtyard of the Old Residenz. He
must have done a good many of these as well, and presented one to
Heinrich Hoffmann for his fiftieth birthday in 1935. To Hoffmann's
daughter, Henriette von Schirach, he once commented that he had often
washed out his paintbrushes in the courtyard fountain there.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Frederick Spotts (131) Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
<span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> The
Courtyard of the Old Residency in Munich and a few other paintings by
Hitler are archived in the basement of the Army Centre of Military
History in Washington, D.C., never shown to the public eye because of
their controversial nature.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfVIHe75KL-vjmSX4CgG7rkhUuNdOTFnNAdpTh8n3BWsGyRDKcngX04BawG5QEBvE7PKpJ2M1OfxLQshyphenhyphenO38SxyJ3JtpXm0Fr9q1GBYjR-lxF2oB5nTA3DCeVgqizJ9OsJ6_5oEqsZui5H/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfVIHe75KL-vjmSX4CgG7rkhUuNdOTFnNAdpTh8n3BWsGyRDKcngX04BawG5QEBvE7PKpJ2M1OfxLQshyphenhyphenO38SxyJ3JtpXm0Fr9q1GBYjR-lxF2oB5nTA3DCeVgqizJ9OsJ6_5oEqsZui5H/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 245px; width: 334px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2X26NwG9MSevzgpQ6HqhkLUj55b8EYRvP7gSVHX3vFkesWvHe89kaGd4IKSvNvpuenYgVLzppnPniuyNqw_w_56rGR4_8XpuOkt7n7na43e2o9Twh4KrXGtSV_3ru9tUXVpA2jnXGnLg0/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%252810%2529.gif" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2X26NwG9MSevzgpQ6HqhkLUj55b8EYRvP7gSVHX3vFkesWvHe89kaGd4IKSvNvpuenYgVLzppnPniuyNqw_w_56rGR4_8XpuOkt7n7na43e2o9Twh4KrXGtSV_3ru9tUXVpA2jnXGnLg0/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%252810%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 245px; width: 316px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler's sketch of the Isartor and me in front. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0wqrjOsDo2Mk1bId-b6yBsdeM9DiJ76IGEtFgy-ISQiuyhBGsczEYnsFk5gmGX9u1M3-hIjpPFYEzK6nam_IXh_e8CP2SpDARKr-Zd57vreuAkRBNGxf5R71z5PNgj_XwqMgf8SNzi89q/s368/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="368" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0wqrjOsDo2Mk1bId-b6yBsdeM9DiJ76IGEtFgy-ISQiuyhBGsczEYnsFk5gmGX9u1M3-hIjpPFYEzK6nam_IXh_e8CP2SpDARKr-Zd57vreuAkRBNGxf5R71z5PNgj_XwqMgf8SNzi89q/w400-h281/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The Isartor in 1943; it was particularly damaged in 1944. From 1946 to 1957, its restoration, which was limited to the most necessary backup work, was initially completed. As a result, there were considerable construction defects, and war damage had in some cases only been poorly repaired. A simple tower clock system in the style of the standard station clocks was also installed. In 1971-1972 after tram traffic through the Isartor was abandoned, the Isartor was renovated, which brought the medieval appearance back to its best advantage and corrected some decisions made during the restoration of 1833. In 1971, for example, the complete tower clock system with the two glass dials and pairs of hands was dismantled in the course of the renovation of the Isartor and then not reinstalled. It wasn't until November 4, 2005 that a large clock was again attached to the main tower. On the west side the dial is a mirror image and so accordingly the hands run (deliberately) in opposite directions in homage to comedian Karl Valentin (who has a museum dedicated to him inside one of the towers) who declared that "In Bavaria the clocks go differently". Valentin himself was naive and skeptical about the Nazi regime although one of his routines had him say "Heil… Heil… Heil… yes what's his name - I just can't remember the name.” Another had him muse "It's a good thing that the Führer's name isn't 'Herbs' or else you'd have to greet him with 'medicinal herbs' (Heil Kräuter).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcQln0QEeWkoW_CotC2tyR1IjzHY7G7qNek_HS93-mGua_T96NPEKnLAlD8thK6objJ-GqDzbgzc4DUsE_YAgXeXWinXyAZ9l5gPO_vk3r8MY-4Uy79qtB2fQOM4ePKVwrcBaCFi-cOZyY/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25282%2529.gif" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="375" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcQln0QEeWkoW_CotC2tyR1IjzHY7G7qNek_HS93-mGua_T96NPEKnLAlD8thK6objJ-GqDzbgzc4DUsE_YAgXeXWinXyAZ9l5gPO_vk3r8MY-4Uy79qtB2fQOM4ePKVwrcBaCFi-cOZyY/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 344px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAsOawLZhyGsoyefcQkNgpJLVTxp1O-UnAee_mD3ONEIUmc1UeHETUJH9TWiJyCujJT5PKhHnJp3G_VWkmbE10phwTS85Mwtz3ZllYCRQjEqBPqNWxk7OxFslyrI7OT1_NMAHqjLK03T05/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="423" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAsOawLZhyGsoyefcQkNgpJLVTxp1O-UnAee_mD3ONEIUmc1UeHETUJH9TWiJyCujJT5PKhHnJp3G_VWkmbE10phwTS85Mwtz3ZllYCRQjEqBPqNWxk7OxFslyrI7OT1_NMAHqjLK03T05/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 305px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> After the war under American occupation -note the sign reading "Death is so Permanent- Drive Carefully". It covers the 1835 fresco by </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Bernhard von Neher - </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>"The triumphal procession of Ludwig the Bavarian after his victorious battle against the Habsburg Frederick the Handsome near Mühldorf in 1322."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6K9zCWjYjMgbqNLCHvnLrWWoy9Zj2JO06ULLrd4VgDZdnQp1abSC_awF-CWFKEote67iBuB965YoDE1hxsxV0WNlXJUkPqM7Yk8W5LU3KFUu9q01Gt7FqHv1ufJXREfmQmlqp4p6JxLb/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6K9zCWjYjMgbqNLCHvnLrWWoy9Zj2JO06ULLrd4VgDZdnQp1abSC_awF-CWFKEote67iBuB965YoDE1hxsxV0WNlXJUkPqM7Yk8W5LU3KFUu9q01Gt7FqHv1ufJXREfmQmlqp4p6JxLb/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 366px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghtxCx8b3AX8EVx5ZNMF5iqA25WqJIYNZYCsUxmF3UT_aaKVEFNyXpS__Jdz52PHy2m9LKDQNi-D4TFkewEQao2TsN-_Z23i_mynWJ1VkECyykeM8TbE8MvnVPuFWfv4dAG0Qqx0RMyJKw/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghtxCx8b3AX8EVx5ZNMF5iqA25WqJIYNZYCsUxmF3UT_aaKVEFNyXpS__Jdz52PHy2m9LKDQNi-D4TFkewEQao2TsN-_Z23i_mynWJ1VkECyykeM8TbE8MvnVPuFWfv4dAG0Qqx0RMyJKw/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; width: 307px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The American army in front in 1945 and how it still appeared as late as 1971.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoAj-xPQyshbo8h4H54dgoedep4NLTOcQtPDBDFDT_W_AAnezXaLRBtG8BGYwEObXjN3lqJA-c3v94uHZqjd1Mxry3yU4BXofYG366rMrrMlTz6w5524CIupovpCDE_YLlfk0iqP9D1j862M4febQDp4vc4567xGYVo39R-Yxfc-UlKxHPh7j5-_awnA/s456/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-22T162421.945.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="307" data-original-width="456" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoAj-xPQyshbo8h4H54dgoedep4NLTOcQtPDBDFDT_W_AAnezXaLRBtG8BGYwEObXjN3lqJA-c3v94uHZqjd1Mxry3yU4BXofYG366rMrrMlTz6w5524CIupovpCDE_YLlfk0iqP9D1j862M4febQDp4vc4567xGYVo39R-Yxfc-UlKxHPh7j5-_awnA/w400-h269/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-22T162421.945.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Through the gate one enters Tal road, shown during the</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> annual commemorative march in memory of those who died in the Hitler
putsch on November 9, 1923 in front of the Feldherrnhalle, taking place a
decade later with the Nazis now in power. The column is passing through
the Isartor </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>with Julius Streicher walking in front, directly past what is s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">upposedly
the oldest hotel in the centre of Munich. When it was founded in 1470 as
the Hotel Thaltor, the Hotel Torbräu was where the SA and ϟϟ recruited
and drank throughout the 1920s. The <span class="Normal-C2">SA
swore allegiance to Hitler in May 1923 and the precursor to the </span></span></span></span></span><span>ϟϟ</span><span>, the<i>
Stosstrupp Hitler</i>, was established in the bowling alley in basement here according to Guido Knopp: <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The SS started very small. In May 1923, the "Stoßtrupp Hitler" was born in the bowling alley of Munich's Torbräu tavern – 22 men formed the nucleus of the Black Order. Protecting the life of the “drummer” who wanted to be the “leader” in battles in the hall – that was their job. They wore the skull and crossbones on their black caps – borrowed from the emblem of the 1st Guards Reserve Engineer Regiment of the First World War, which operated in front of the front lines with flamethrowers. “Death-defying joy in fighting” – with such a trench mentality, the shock troopers wanted to overthrow the hated republic.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> (9-10) <a href="https://www.weltbild.ch/media/txt/pdf/9783641108410-095658428-die-ss.pdf">Die SS</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: small; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioT_5RbGzRQylXzPseom3MZOxPma-ZdT62sP_6acftBfdOUwG5dGk287PTDnma_gNzCSCD3dFmOKTFuIc-XqJooyFn45h1sSdVhecApsMiuKILx5TngbDYTYHDjK6z0Urvn-wY1m4_RQc1/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioT_5RbGzRQylXzPseom3MZOxPma-ZdT62sP_6acftBfdOUwG5dGk287PTDnma_gNzCSCD3dFmOKTFuIc-XqJooyFn45h1sSdVhecApsMiuKILx5TngbDYTYHDjK6z0Urvn-wY1m4_RQc1/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 315px; width: 417px;" /><span><span> </span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>He goes on to write (24) how </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>When inflation took hold in 1923, a pint of beer in the Torbräu SS hangout was already costing several billion marks. That money earned in the morning was worth nothing in the evening. Their job of protecting Hitler elevated the men from the bowling alley, as they saw it, from an average existence to the rank of an "elite." Hitler made his first attempt to overthrow the hated state almost six months after swearing allegiance in Torbräu. The course for a dollar was now at 420 billion marks. The patience of the people was exhausted, the situation for a "national revolution" seemed favourable...</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In the Torbräu, Josef Berchtold initiated the men into the putsch plans: “Comrades, the hour has come that you all, like me, have longed for. Hitler and Herr von Kahr have come to an agreement, and this very evening the Reich government will be overthrown and a new Hitler-Ludendorff-Kahr government formed. The deed to be carried out by us will be the impetus for the new events. But before I proceed, I urge those who for any reason object to our cause to resign.” No one made a move to leave. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: small; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy6bQN3X9_udQtWGxGCr2z41BFnTbKTkTv2EDhnpOt8mEVv0k_0QBevX6jox7HlfWnmvdX-NZbcsqLRk8O8HsFX_VYAAfgOGS0Yry9i0CtcISVk1KudhA_tCSeqEDmOJWs1zbSI_lb44re/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25286%2529.gif" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="305" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy6bQN3X9_udQtWGxGCr2z41BFnTbKTkTv2EDhnpOt8mEVv0k_0QBevX6jox7HlfWnmvdX-NZbcsqLRk8O8HsFX_VYAAfgOGS0Yry9i0CtcISVk1KudhA_tCSeqEDmOJWs1zbSI_lb44re/w297-h295/ezgif.com-crop+%25286%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 252px;" width="297" /></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler’s
first bodyguard was replaced with a new one in May of 1923, the
Stosstrupp Adolf Hitler. Its members by and large came from a differing
social and age group (older) than the quite young SA. The initial leader
of this group was Julius Schreck, a man who superficially resembled
Hitler and later served as his double from time to time. These recruits
were later described by one of their own: “Hard and rough and sometimes
quite uncouth were the customs, habits, and looks of the Stosstrup. They
did not know ... grovelling. They clung to the right of the stronger,
the old right of the fist. In an emergency they knew no command.... When
... called to action— to attack right and left—march! march!—then
things were torn to bits and in minutes streets and squares were swept
of enemies.... Soon we were known in village and town.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Otis C. Mitchell (55) <span id="btAsinTitle"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Stormtroopers-Attack-Republic-1919-1933/dp/0786439122">Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> By April 1925 Hitler ordered Schreck to set up a new bodyguard who then gathered his "old comrades" around him inside the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Torbräu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. The name that the troop then adopted in September suited the current needs of its leader: "Schutzstaffel" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(initially in a plural form, Schutzstaffeln)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, a ”Protective Squadron” with its name taken from air warfare terminology, referring to fighters escorting bombers.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB4PFQyRo_Ic3zHkyHfXTHzap4wD86swKV0FjQEyJbuyUG7DNbtVwFR7Qjk1_bi_HR3HePUsMEBNdGgm9t5RNNmV_LLt8zMCWhzv-uNZlQ33OGg6R7D1RFNRoqzJzS26VOj5YLomIXn8lX/w715-h350/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="715" /></span></span></div></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>Marching down Am Tal</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2dSULc_6JCIXFNntsf3A-kkYoWYcdOzh5ekM5egLFYZrSjbZ4ffeNUD3FGqfA7WLkV1mqRMhVFnCIO2M7A_2oY4HBIp3SZLLtMBW5kGCu0VbtwprITv07ByJjL6DVN0CjQ3bEVAe0b8r0/s1600/1ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Sterneckerbräu" border="0" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="272" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2dSULc_6JCIXFNntsf3A-kkYoWYcdOzh5ekM5egLFYZrSjbZ4ffeNUD3FGqfA7WLkV1mqRMhVFnCIO2M7A_2oY4HBIp3SZLLtMBW5kGCu0VbtwprITv07ByJjL6DVN0CjQ3bEVAe0b8r0/w400-h272/1ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Sterneckerbräu" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The Sterneckerbräu, so-called <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=SgQVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT289&lpg=PT289&dq=Sterneckerbr%C3%A4u+%22cradle+of+the+Movement%22&source=bl&ots=BuUIGRgwAp&sig=ACfU3U20PcVilFkfDoOVsM0_nWpTR0Ddsg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjuzOuiyLb9AhVWR_EDHWQWA4EQ6AF6BAgKEAM">'cradle of the Movement' </a>was located in Munich's old town in the Tal 38 (originally 54) on the corner of Sterneckerstraße, very close to the Isartor. This
is where Hitler first came across the German Workers' Party (DAP) on
September 12, 1919 whilst serving in the intelligence section of the
German army. Hitler apparently became involved in an heated political argument with a Professor Baumann, who had proposed that Bavaria should break away from Prussia and found a new South German nation with Austria. In vehemently attacking the man's arguments he made an impression on the other party members with his oratorical skills and, according to Hitler, the "professor" left the hall acknowledging unequivocal defeat. Impressed with Hitler, Anton Drexler invited him to join the DAP which Hitler accepted on September 12, 1919, becoming the party's 55th member (although officially member number 555 as they started from 500 to give the illusion of greater suport). When the DAP chief, Anton Drexler, signed the Party
membership form he wrote "Hittler" <a href="https://www.stadtarchiv.de/stadtgeschichte/rosenheim-im-3-reich/entwicklung-nsdap-1920-1933/">with two 't's</a>. This is also
significant as being the site where the Nazi Party was originally
organised on February 24, 1920.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">It can
scarcely have been a very impressive scene when, on the evening of 12
September 1919, Hitler attended his first meeting in a room at the
Sterneckerbrau, a Munich beer-cellar in which a handful of twenty or
twenty-five people had gathered. One of the speakers was Gottfried
Feder, an economic crank well known in Munich, who had already impressed
Hitler at one of the political courses arranged for the Army. The other
was a Bavarian separatist, whose proposals for the secession of Bavaria
from the German Reich and a union with Austria brought Hitler to his
feet in a fury. He spoke with such vehemence that when the meeting was
over Drexler went up to him and gave him a copy of his autobiographical
pamphlet, <span style="font-style: italic;">Mein politisches Erwachen</span>. A few days later Hitler received a postcard inviting him to attend a committee meeting of the German Workers' Party.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Alan Bullock (58) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitler-Study-Tyranny-Alan-Bullock/dp/0060920203/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top">Hitler: A Study in Tyranny</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4knPJP5IR7nFPDu0yfH-G8ieH7eBbp3Pvq8RFsMZIxzBXijiKPTEuA6p1hsjEAEJx1k9gieqC7UdBSpFspeSNgkmbwU_Pu_K96rtKCtdiig1As26jv0SqMCSDxURj_rAJoAIbJ2wBwxo-/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="392" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4knPJP5IR7nFPDu0yfH-G8ieH7eBbp3Pvq8RFsMZIxzBXijiKPTEuA6p1hsjEAEJx1k9gieqC7UdBSpFspeSNgkmbwU_Pu_K96rtKCtdiig1As26jv0SqMCSDxURj_rAJoAIbJ2wBwxo-/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The Sterneckerbräu was the lowest category of beer house and gained fame and historical significance only because Anton Drexler founded </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the German Workers' Party (DAP) on </span></span></span></span>January 5, 1919, together with Karl Harrer. It met once a week in the restaurant on the first floor of the new building. On September 12, 1919, Hitler attended a meeting of the DAP on behalf of the intelligence command of the army. The meeting took place in a meeting room of the Sterneckerbräu. According to Dr. Werner Maser, the first to evaluate the main Nazi Party archive and exposed the "Hitler Diaries" as a forgery, in his 1975 book <a href="https://ulis-buecherecke.ch/pdf_neben_dem_krieg/hitler_legende_mythos_wirklichkeit.pdf"><i>Adolf Hitler: Legende-Mythos-Wirklichkeit</i></a> (171-2), </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><blockquote>Hitler appears in civilian clothes and not as a training officer or as a representative of the troop, but rather as a "Private," stating his troop unit as the place of residence. Bored, Hitler listens to the lecture by the speaker Gottfried Feder, whom he had known since the end of June 1919 from the political course for demobilised soldiers. He only stays because the scheduled discussion interests him. However, when a professor named Baumann took the floor and demanded the separation of Bavaria from the Reich and a union between Bavaria and Austria, Hitler got hooked. "Then I couldn't do anything else," he writes in Mein Kampf, "than to announce myself and to tell the ... gentleman my opinion on this point." Two days earlier, on September 10, 1919, the peace treaty between German-Austria and the Entente states had been signed in St. Germain-en-Laye, which sealed the separation of Hungary from Austria and the recognition of Czechoslovakia and Poland, which was linked to the cession of territory, Hungary and Yugoslavia as independent states by Austria, which was no longer allowed to call itself “German Austria”. The disintegration of the Austrian "state corpse" that Hitler had longed for in Vienna had come about as a result of the war. The fact that a German professor, of all people, is recommending at this hour to separate part of Germany from the Reich and to advocate a union with Austria, which Hitler regarded as a dying state even before the war, has the all-German Hitler downright shocked. When he left the room immediately after his emotionally charged contribution to the discussion, which left most of the participants mute and astonished and caused the professor to "flee" in dismay, the first chairman of the DAP, <span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tool-fitter Anton Drexler</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, who was just as obviously struck by such brilliant eloquence, followed him and gives him a copy of the brochure he wrote, <i>My Political Awakening</i>, which Hitler reads in the barracks, considers it undemanding, but accepts the content.</blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK1OiavNvVulwV2gOgvQQAvpbdL6yESGntYT0u53oMHIYoWkyKBsdNSj7PnR56YwPfV8PULbQ6jqNykNKtN7ifcy_6oefKqHgjy6kQFkUHn6EjnNydkF4RTcYmcGIBpvtxIBngWvsZtRk/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252848%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Sterneckerbraukeller" border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="440" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK1OiavNvVulwV2gOgvQQAvpbdL6yESGntYT0u53oMHIYoWkyKBsdNSj7PnR56YwPfV8PULbQ6jqNykNKtN7ifcy_6oefKqHgjy6kQFkUHn6EjnNydkF4RTcYmcGIBpvtxIBngWvsZtRk/w400-h361/ezgif.com-optimize+%252848%2529.gif" title="Sterneckerbraukeller" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> In October 1919, the first branch of the DAP, which in February 1920 changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers Party, was set up in a side room of the Sterneckerbräu. In 1921, the Bavarian nationalist and royalist league<i> In Treue fest </i>was founded at the Sterneckerbräu. It was banned by the Nazis on February 2, 1933, and later re-established in 1952.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
<span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Of this first visit, <a href="https://www.academia.edu/17983097/Mein_Kampf_by_Adolf_Hitler">Hitler wrote the following</a> in Chapter IX: The 'German Workers' Party' in <span style="font-style: italic;">Mein Kampf</span>:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span></span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In
the evening when I entered the 'Leiber Room' of the former
Sterneckerbrau in Munich, I found some twenty to twenty-five people
present, chiefly from the lower classes of the population.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Feder's lecture was known to me from the courses, so I was able to devote myself to an inspection of the organisation itself.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">My
impression was neither good nor bad; a new organisation like so many
others. This was a time in which anyone who was not satisfied with
developments and no longer had any confidence in the existing parties
felt called upon to found a new party. Everywhere these organisations
sprang out of the ground, only to vanish silently after a time. The
founders for the most part had no idea what it means to make a party-let
alone a movement out of a club. And so these organisations nearly
always stifle automatically in their absurd philistinism.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The meeting didn’t impress Hitler, but he was given a
brochure titled “My Political Awakening” by founder
Anton Drexler, and he read it nonetheless. Hitler was invited to the next meeting of the DAP at the <i>Altes Rosenbad
Inn </i>and he was again ordered to attend and even join the
tiny party by his Intelligence superior, Capt. Karl Mayr.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
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<div class="column" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6nurU_okUe_GGccPPQp7MSgTPLAOznMKoz0GLGXpgkij6G-O7FY4yOR43lY49TxWcvFZSn4TVlSbIJW58kKUi3786SHf8D0XPJXIEC2y3l09prbrO1hIldHhWSOoAtaoltbpguGvBRHQz/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6nurU_okUe_GGccPPQp7MSgTPLAOznMKoz0GLGXpgkij6G-O7FY4yOR43lY49TxWcvFZSn4TVlSbIJW58kKUi3786SHf8D0XPJXIEC2y3l09prbrO1hIldHhWSOoAtaoltbpguGvBRHQz/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="385" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Standing in front with the Isa<span>rtor and </span>Hotel Torbrau behind. After joining, Hitler was said to have established an
office there in a former barroom with a light, telephone,
table, a few chairs on loan, a bookcase and borrowed cup-
boards. Thus, what would become the first headquarters of the
future Nazi Party was born, after Hitler changed its name,
direction and leadership. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/17983097/Mein_Kampf_by_Adolf_Hitler">Hitler would also write in <span style="font-style: italic;">Mein Kampf </span></a>when he rented the site to serve as the party offices that: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In
the old Sterneckerbräu im Tal, there was a small room with arched
roof, which in earlier times was used as a sort of festive tavern where
the Bavarian Counsellors of the Holy Roman Empire foregathered. It was
dark and dismal and accordingly well suited to its ancient uses,
though less suited to the new purpose it was now destined to serve.
The little street on which its one window looked out was so narrow
that even on the brightest summer day the room remained dim and
sombre. Here we took up our first fixed abode. The rent came to fifty
marks per month, which was then an enormous sum for us. But our
exigencies had to be very modest. We dared not complain even when they
removed the wooden wainscoting a few days after we had taken
possession. This panelling had been specially put up for the Imperial
Counsellors. The place began to look more like a grotto than an
office.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR5mWq1cEYWeh3CIGV6qddSNkKgKA7ERjSYlKK6qN-O-T4ZJNa3HzajtLZdIpzwMlJUqtVxk94e1kOc3bc1D8kdGjaU75dCvVEGOa_PGcHMeooAxsW5BCSiz6k5wid4Me5AixU-gv7YrHp/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25288%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Sterneckerbraukeller" border="0" data-original-height="316" data-original-width="357" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR5mWq1cEYWeh3CIGV6qddSNkKgKA7ERjSYlKK6qN-O-T4ZJNa3HzajtLZdIpzwMlJUqtVxk94e1kOc3bc1D8kdGjaU75dCvVEGOa_PGcHMeooAxsW5BCSiz6k5wid4Me5AixU-gv7YrHp/w400-h353/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25288%2529.gif" title="Sterneckerbraukeller" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Standing at the entrance on the side street off Tal which Hitler entered when first encountering the DAP.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
story is well-known; it has been told a thousand times. On 12 September
1919, on an assignment from the Reichswehr's Intelligence Section,
Hitler attended a meeting of the German Workers' Party in the
Sterneckerbräu, a pub near the Isartor, where slightly more than forty
people had assembled to listen to speeches by Gottfried Feder and a
Professor Baumann. During the subsequent discussion Hitler drew
attention to himself with a forceful contribution and was then invited
by the chairman of the local branch, Anton Drexler, to become a member.
After careful consideration Hitler agreed to do so and, thanks to his
rhetorical gift, soon became the party's main attraction. Under his
dominant influence it rapidly expanded, consolidating its organisation,
until he formally took over the party leadership. The story represents
the core of the party legend', invented by Hitler, outlined at length in
Mein Kampf, referred to again and again in hundreds of his speeches,
and continually repeated after 1945. The legend can, however, be
disproved with relative ease. For a start, during the 1930s, Drexler,
the chairman in 1919, understandably objected to Hitler's claim that he
joined the party as member No. 7. The only thing that is certain is that
Hitler was one of the first 200 or so members who had joined the party
by the end of 1919. But much more important is the fact that the success
of the DAP, later NSDAP, in Munich was not, as Hitler later maintained,
the result of his decision' to join it.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<a href="https://dokumen.pub/hitler-a-biography-0198796099-9780198796091.html" style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Peter Longerich (63-64) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i>Hitler: A Life</i></span></span></span></span></a></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN3eG8wFt2S9gxwDmH0bMqg2T3aOqfImKeM9GLfWZyKzvYSxOGKLPYZ62BZJ2qM9nKMVAThfHqkdqcLi-sllom8uTKXV07C5eJKxl27G-wQUoUhYGMWb9xl31tZb6p_afw3OXSMB46EMY/s1600/3myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN3eG8wFt2S9gxwDmH0bMqg2T3aOqfImKeM9GLfWZyKzvYSxOGKLPYZ62BZJ2qM9nKMVAThfHqkdqcLi-sllom8uTKXV07C5eJKxl27G-wQUoUhYGMWb9xl31tZb6p_afw3OXSMB46EMY/w400-h267/3myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">From
1933 the Sternecker housed a Nazi museum, opened November 8 that year by Hitler himself. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mentioned in Nazi-ersa Baesecker guides, for
twenty pfennigs one could visit the room of the first office that was
supposedly preserved and furnished as it was originally. The first
inventory and office furniture, as well as the members' rooms, could still
be viewed there. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Every year on November 8 the solemn
procession dedicated to the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch passed the Sterneckerbräu at which point marchers stopped
for one minute.</span></span></span></span> The building survived the war. In 1957 the restaurant was closed and the first floor was converted into a store whilst c</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">urrently preserved rooms are now used as office space for an </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Apple shop which
may be appropriate, given that in Latin the words for 'apple' ("mālum")
and for 'evil' ("malum") are nearly identical.<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?_r=1"> One particularly incisive piece from the New York Times</a> revealed the way the company exploits its own foreign workforce in Chinese concentration camps.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="272" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5552320310197518082" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-7Di7ozKr88V39NHWZC3zYsaUHvMv7lqNLxm-F2D3OI0tMrqoJAhb0YZusYBP4f2nVW2yS2YisW2EHFyZQKruuslPOq5kIsSjzADj4zt_b1SDWCawf-4dDW5u9ovwndCE9SeF2aGTePOp/s400/z" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hermann Otto Hoyer's 1937 representation of Hitler's political beginnings set in the Leiber Room of the Sterneckerbräu, <span style="font-style: italic;">Am Anfang war das Wort</span> (In the Beginning Was the Word) for the Great German Art Exhibition at the Haus der Deutschen Kunst. Note how Hitler’s arms are bent in the form of the swastika, matching that on the flag which hanging directly behind him. The lighting over Hitler seems to fall directly onto the audience, having him represent the bringer of light and further hint at the audience's 'enlightenment,' evoking the Pentecost. </span></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In the summer of 1920 alone <a href="https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1959_2_4_deuerlein.pdf">Hitler had given the following speeches</a>
here: 'Nationalism' (June 9), "About the Political Situation" (June 16),
"Spa and Moscow" (July 28) and "Financial Questions" (August 6).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Its small group of faithful followers— workmen, craftsmen, members of the lower-middle-class—assembled each week in the Leiber Room of the Sternecker-Bräu ‘for the discussion and study of political matters’. The trauma of the lost war, anti-Semitic feelings, and complaints about the snapping of all the ‘bonds of order, law and morality’ set the tone of its meetings. It stood for the widespread idea of a national socialism ‘led only by German leaders’ and aiming at the ‘ennoblement of the German worker’; instead of socialization it called for profit-sharing, demanded the formation of an association for national unity, and proclaimed that its ‘duty and task’ was ‘to educate its members in an ideal sense and raise them up to a higher conception of the world’. It was not so much a party in the usual sense, as a mixture of secret society and drinking club typical of the Munich of those years; it did not address itself to the public. Obscure visionaries would hold forth to the thirty or forty who had gathered together, discuss Germany’s disgrace and rebirth, or write postcards to like-minded societies in North Germany. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: right;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Fest <i><a href="https://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/festjc/chap2.htm">The Face of the Third Reich</a></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvs-jwS2GpZqDLPf__GIx9Giz4Hl3QeJqvwiTJLjkXAW1NCwf7_GC5uHDAkYAy4eL0P0JHJXj36J4jZus_esJo16jFygMT4aJRQwIhUkjNBrGiv38LHjLPrWESzZ5oB2dUeMOgZp9dfss/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252866%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's painting of am Tal" border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="450" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvs-jwS2GpZqDLPf__GIx9Giz4Hl3QeJqvwiTJLjkXAW1NCwf7_GC5uHDAkYAy4eL0P0JHJXj36J4jZus_esJo16jFygMT4aJRQwIhUkjNBrGiv38LHjLPrWESzZ5oB2dUeMOgZp9dfss/w400-h315/ezgif.com-optimize+%252866%2529.gif" title="Hitler's painting of am Tal" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler's
painting of Tal Road looking towards Marienplatz with
Heilig-Geist-Kirche on the left and the alte rathaus straight ahead.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">As he
had done in Vienna, he developed a routine where he could complete a picture every two or three
days, usually copied from postcards of well-known tourist scenes in Munich – including the
Theatinerkirche, the Asamkirche, the Hofbräuhaus, the Alter Hof, the Münzhof, the Altes Rathaus,
the Sendlinger Tor, the Residenz, the Propyläen – then set out to find customers in bars, cafés, and
beerhalls. His accurate but uninspired, rather soulless watercolours were, as Hitler himself later
admitted when he was German Chancellor and they were selling for massively inflated prices, of
very ordinary quality. But they were certainly no worse than similar products touted about the
beerhalls, often the work of genuine art students seeking to pay their way. Once he had found his
feet, Hitler had no difficulty finding buyers. He was able to make a modest living from his
painting and exist about as comfortably as he had done in his last years in Vienna. When the Linz
authorities caught up with him in 1914, he acknowledged that his income – though irregular and
fluctuating – could be put at around 1,200 Marks a year, and told his court photographer Heinrich
Hoffmann at a much later date that he could get by on around 80 Marks a month for living costs
at that time.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<a href="https://erenow.org/biographies/hitler/4.php" style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Kershaw <u>Hitler</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi4qRul-ajA30_YT9ccDqfjk9WKTesfFEXPD9MZC5INsQnA6FV3yFLR9lU7q8JPNTwNHT5PvvLSlgYSAHIAESs9YF3fyUKxt7wYDKMGw9nL9koOp5muojxKkWOgA-DAku74b3-XS-PuH4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252849%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's painting of the Hofbräuhaus" border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="463" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi4qRul-ajA30_YT9ccDqfjk9WKTesfFEXPD9MZC5INsQnA6FV3yFLR9lU7q8JPNTwNHT5PvvLSlgYSAHIAESs9YF3fyUKxt7wYDKMGw9nL9koOp5muojxKkWOgA-DAku74b3-XS-PuH4/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252849%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Hitler's painting of the Hofbräuhaus and standing in front today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
Hofbräuhaus in Munich holds a significant place in the history of the
Nazi Party. Established in 1589, this beer hall became a focal point for
political gatherings, particularly for Hitler and his Nazi Party. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>It
was here on April 13, 1919 (Palm Sunday) that the soldiers' councils proclaimed the Bavarian Soviet
Republic in the festsaal. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;">The Hofbräuhaus was one of the beer halls used by the Nazi
Party for functions and holds a particular significance in its
mythology. </span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
DAP—the future Nazi Party—held its first mass meeting there on October
16, 1919—less than a year after the war’s end—with an audience of
seventy people. On February 24, 1920, in its Festival Hall, Hitler
presented the Twenty-five Points that formed the political base of the
Nazis—this time with two
thousand in attendance. During this event, Hitler introduced the party's 25-point program, a foundational document that outlined the party's ideological stance and political objectives. The choice of the Hofbräuhaus for such a seminal event was strategic; its central location and popularity made it an ideal venue for attracting a large audience and disseminating propaganda.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjam4pK7dNSb9yAFLEOjXkMqnTSjya_m1KHmaqXVQh71KH6ejxkGMgJ8ERobZ50uvfgDywrmPgZicRhHoD2xGo5F37j0aZ1HR30QRbqLO2mc7eol5h_ccRm45V1BYc9t2nExLuBCS5LBOGPkvkDzEcz1-u8SIQBU_gtX7QfZzVE-_AhZwlYXFCmGvhtIw/s389/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-12T153554.828.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="389" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjam4pK7dNSb9yAFLEOjXkMqnTSjya_m1KHmaqXVQh71KH6ejxkGMgJ8ERobZ50uvfgDywrmPgZicRhHoD2xGo5F37j0aZ1HR30QRbqLO2mc7eol5h_ccRm45V1BYc9t2nExLuBCS5LBOGPkvkDzEcz1-u8SIQBU_gtX7QfZzVE-_AhZwlYXFCmGvhtIw/w455-h317/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-12T153554.828.gif" width="455" /></a><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Adolf
Reich's <a href="https://germanartgallery.eu/adolf-reich-hofbrauhaus-schwemme/">Hofbräuhaus- Schwemme</a> of 1939 on the right, showing a Wehrmacht soldier
sitting alone and seemingly lost in his thoughts as the rest throw
themselves into merriment upon the outbreak of the war in the Aufgabeort
(Place of Consignment) which is immdiately at the entrance on the left when one walks in. The painting itself is in the possession of the owner of the German Art Gallery (like 90% of the works found on the site) and<a href="https://germanartgallery.eu/adolf-reich-hofbrauhaus-schwemme/"> is for sale for € 9.000</a>.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">On Friday, August 13 1920, Hitler publicly denounced
the Jews for the first time in his <a href="https://archive.org/download/WhyWeAreAntisemitesByAdolfHitler/Why%20We%20Are%20Antisemites%20by%20Adolf%20Hitler.rtf" target="_blank">Why We Are Antisemites speech</a>, demanding their removal from Germany altogether. On November
4, 1921, there was a massive fight between the Nazis and their
opponents in the Hofbrauhaus, </span></span></span><span>the so-called "Feuertaufe der SA," </span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">but Hitler managed to complete his
address, despite the chaos of smashed tables and chairs and hurled beer
mugs all about him. </span></span></span><span>On February 25, 1939, Martin Bormann wrote to Bavarian Prime Minister Ludwig Siebert, that Hitler ordered that the Hofbräuhaus should no longer bear the "royal" designation but its official name should in the future be "Das Hofbräuhaus zu München". The Hofbräuhaus was actually renamed, but instead became "Staatliches Hofbräuhaus".</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj2tTokvG8M3MQTLpem6QNFbXqYSVRlzn-mdvU0gpM1_zO9v0SibB6K068zZmuuRKD5DOm1TV8EfwLkRTZzOoXiBV9rD9XljswHGKl3QYqXUIhbkvVhXS3YP4rjYg9z4YlwN-FIbzxoqKV/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252812%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj2tTokvG8M3MQTLpem6QNFbXqYSVRlzn-mdvU0gpM1_zO9v0SibB6K068zZmuuRKD5DOm1TV8EfwLkRTZzOoXiBV9rD9XljswHGKl3QYqXUIhbkvVhXS3YP4rjYg9z4YlwN-FIbzxoqKV/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252812%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler<a href="https://tadalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/English%20Volume2.pdf"> referred in his address</a> to the first assembly that was held at the <span>Hofbräuhaus:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i><span style="font-size: normal;">It was the first major rally our Movement had ever held in which we can say that the Volk participated.
For the first time the internal organisation was tested in a large
hall, and it worked. For the first time people came to us who wanted to
listen. We certainly had not lacked the courage to summon the masses,
but for a long time the masses lacked the courage to hear our call. </span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i><span style="font-size: normal;">At
that first rally we announced our twenty-five points—which our
opponents ridiculed—for the first time, to implement them item for item
in the years thereafter. And finally, I myself spoke to a large crowd of
people for the first time in this hall, although someone had told me I
had any number of talents, but speaking was not one of them. I had to
assert myself at that large rally, which was not as well-mannered as it
is today. </span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i><span style="font-size: normal;">Later
my opponents conceived of the idea of calling me “the drummer” for
years afterwards. In any case, that first rally was significant in that
it was the first mass rally of our Party, it announced our programme and
produced a new speaker.</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE9CMY6JGtdcA-_if1VGZFH65G_Rm2XOs6eNiiZtndEegD7OjyN-iQ1yfkgfOyAfsTb2xbcGwg4Q7mw2leo5SdZKMt2vL5cpcfuFg9AqsNaKHmA7jzbkNZdZeCH_UtbGuY288QhO2gyEcV/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-07-09+at+10.12.01.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="405" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE9CMY6JGtdcA-_if1VGZFH65G_Rm2XOs6eNiiZtndEegD7OjyN-iQ1yfkgfOyAfsTb2xbcGwg4Q7mw2leo5SdZKMt2vL5cpcfuFg9AqsNaKHmA7jzbkNZdZeCH_UtbGuY288QhO2gyEcV/s320/Screen+Shot+2019-07-09+at+10.12.01.png" width="320" /></a><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>This plaque (shown here during and after the war) commemorated Hitler's speech of February 24, 1920 in which he laid out the goals of the new Nazi Party in his 25 point programme, an event later declared to have been the founding session of the Nazi Party.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The principles were incorporated in the party programme that Hitler together with Anton Drexler and Gottfried Feder wrote out in twenty-five points and that Hitler presented to a meeting of February 24, 1920, in the Hofbräuhaus. They had appealed greatly to the party constituency even though they had no prospect whatever of being realized in any foreseeable future. The party's programme enunciated among other things the right to self-determination for Germany, with equal treatment and land and colonies to feed the German people. The Treaties of Versailles and St. Germain were to be abrogated. Only racial Germans could be citizens, and racial Germans were men and women of German blood regardless of religion, so no Jew could be a<span style="font-style: italic;"> Volks</span> comrade. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4LfQkLkfag_7r1l7Fl6mJFCrKjPN0yVXCQOmBwnHb34wKuPA1t5761SDLFZvCg0M59tTRazoXeJJly3OUVHW8ndhLBUnYi6drkweajawmsIPBdd7417HixhZCWVDaSu2kOtRsVM4oTy2j/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-07-09+at+10.12.09.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="367" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4LfQkLkfag_7r1l7Fl6mJFCrKjPN0yVXCQOmBwnHb34wKuPA1t5761SDLFZvCg0M59tTRazoXeJJly3OUVHW8ndhLBUnYi6drkweajawmsIPBdd7417HixhZCWVDaSu2kOtRsVM4oTy2j/s320/Screen+Shot+2019-07-09+at+10.12.09.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Battle would be waged against the corruption of the parliamentary system based on party considerations, which took no account of character and ability.<span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Every citizen had the same rights and duties; the general need came before the individual need; only a man who worked was entitled to an income; war profits were to be confiscated, the serfdom of interest broken. Profiteers, common criminals, and black marketers were to be executed. Trusts already nationalised were to remain so. In the interest of a healthy middle class, the party platform declared that big department stores would be communalised. It demanded land reform and the abolition of speculation in land. Poor children were to be educated by the state, child labour was to be prohibited, and health services were to be provided for mothers and children and young people. A people's army was to replace mercenary troops, and a strong central authority was to be established with complete authority over the Reich and its organisations.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Making-Adolf-Hitler-Birth-Nazism/dp/0826211178/ref=pd_bxgy_b_text_b" style="font-weight: bold;">The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism</a><span class="bxgy-binding-byline"> <span class="bxgy-byline-text"> </span></span>, Eugene Davidson (130-1)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The plaque can be seen behind the 'blo<span>od flag' behind Hitler on left, </span><span>speaking in the Hofbrauhaus o</span><span>n February 24, 1940 on the twentieth anniversary of the formation of the Nazi Party, and Adolph Wagner shown speaking in the centre. Hitler's </span><span>speech can be read <a href="http://preview.tinyurl.com/ygk3bta" target="_blank">here</a>. </span><span>I'm standing at the location today with the plaque being replaced with a fire escape sign. Kershaw argues that the Hofbräuhaus served as a "propaganda machine" for the Nazis. The beer hall's large gathering space allowed for the mobilisation of supporters and the dissemination of Nazi ideology. Hitler's oratorical skills were particularly effective in such a setting, where he could engage directly with the public and sway opinions. The Hofbräuhaus thus became a platform for Hitler to gain political traction and build a following in the early years of the Nazi Party's existence. A fight that broke out on November 4 1921 made the site a Nazi shr</span><span>ine as it was claimed that the SA had met its baptism of fire. </span><span>As Hitler wrote at the beginning of Chapter VI, The First Period of our Struggle in </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Mein Kampf</span><span>,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmFQVvupBwmnHb5KLX6QZrGwkZt9rYSdWVtuTI-88uTHJIz3GrTDH8UZvN6J4YG0xlcGgBwa6PFpUZiXcZkvIGSotHunZYjlBmI8Pd8Rca4Y_8Ih1SmgKFwJrDV5fREjrw7r8KmxvsTrmP/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-07-09+at+10.15.50.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="415" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmFQVvupBwmnHb5KLX6QZrGwkZt9rYSdWVtuTI-88uTHJIz3GrTDH8UZvN6J4YG0xlcGgBwa6PFpUZiXcZkvIGSotHunZYjlBmI8Pd8Rca4Y_8Ih1SmgKFwJrDV5fREjrw7r8KmxvsTrmP/w320-h205/Screen+Shot+2019-07-09+at+10.15.50.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
<span> <span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">During that period the hall of the Hofbrau Haus in Munich acquired for us, National Socialists, a sort of mystic significance. Every week there was a meeting, almost always in that hall, and each time the hall was better filled than on the former occasion, and our public more attentive.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Festsaal on the third floor where, in 1920, the Nazi Party held its first meeting.</span> The following year on November 4 Hitler spoke to a crowd of two thousand, a number of whom belonged to the Social Democrats, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>concerning an assassination attempt on one of the SPD's spokemen, Erhard Auer.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> The ensuing clash is <a href="https://mondopolitico.com/library/meinkampf/v2c7.htm">recounted by Hitler</a> in Chapter VII: <span style="font-style: italic;">The Struggle with the Red Front</span> in the Second Volume of <span style="font-style: italic;">Mein Kampf</span>:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGIb2UABz1j95_6FKcz_YVE93f1uADGCyqPpEXAOBRTo-bEsVChVK8tjGBM1aLIJdE31E_bE-k2tjs3ZH-IICY-CuBFK6zOY_iNRAr3lVtmcOMCevTC46A2KRhjzyCDI3HM97vSKa6E8d0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-07-09+at+10.15.57.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="363" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGIb2UABz1j95_6FKcz_YVE93f1uADGCyqPpEXAOBRTo-bEsVChVK8tjGBM1aLIJdE31E_bE-k2tjs3ZH-IICY-CuBFK6zOY_iNRAr3lVtmcOMCevTC46A2KRhjzyCDI3HM97vSKa6E8d0/s200/Screen+Shot+2019-07-09+at+10.15.57.png" width="200" /></a><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In the Festsaal of the Hofbräuhaus I always stood on one of the long sides of the hall and my platform was a beer table. And so I was actually in the midst of the people. Perhaps this circumstance contributed to creating in this hall a mood such as I have never found anywhere else. In front of me, especially to the left of me, only enemies were sitting and standing. They were all robust men and young fellows in large part from the Maffei factory, from Kustermann's, from the Isaria Meter Works, etc. Along the left wall they had pushed ahead close to my table and were beginning to collect beer mugs; that is, they kept ordering beer and putting the empty mugs under the table. In this way, whole batteries grew up and it would have surprised me if all had ended well this time...</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
presence of the SA at the Hofbräuhaus underscored the venue's
importance as a hub for both the ideological and operational aspects of
the Nazi movement. Fest contends that the Hofbräuhaus was instrumental
in creating a sense of community and belonging among Nazi Party members.
The beer hall culture, characterized by camaraderie and social
interaction, facilitated networking among party members and
sympathizers. This sense of community was vital for the Nazi Party's
grassroots organising and recruitment efforts. The Hofbräuhaus thus
served as more than just a physical space; it was a symbol of the
party's identity and a catalyst for its growth.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbxUwcg49HNjJKdXi1nhFOS4MMA6J4Qwa4jeCSI-hg4eihzxBwbRN86WtO7bdl-Yku5E2GRuPXx1SeYLOTcfe3seGOU-SFy6SDpRLOpfqy4yeB1pgmw1q9t-YwbTiNnNA4W3PmAdXPZ1J1kfiTe39SIQWtqXMqjkalIHibIvUCkqM7R6uqofDy0lhSLw/s365/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-18T165955.215.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="swastikas hofbrauhaus ceiling" border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="351" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbxUwcg49HNjJKdXi1nhFOS4MMA6J4Qwa4jeCSI-hg4eihzxBwbRN86WtO7bdl-Yku5E2GRuPXx1SeYLOTcfe3seGOU-SFy6SDpRLOpfqy4yeB1pgmw1q9t-YwbTiNnNA4W3PmAdXPZ1J1kfiTe39SIQWtqXMqjkalIHibIvUCkqM7R6uqofDy0lhSLw/w385-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-18T165955.215.gif" title="swastikas hofbrauhaus ceiling" width="385" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Until a few years ago, above each lamp the Bavarian flag was seen in the form of a swastika, painted by Hitler's supporters after he took power. After the war the owners found they couldn't paint over them as the swastikas were still visible after several coats of paint, and so decided to 'decorate' them as oddly shaped Bavarian flags</span><span>. Recently the shape itself was altered as seen in the before-and-after photos above. The ceiling paintings were the work of Hermann Kaspar, a well-known Nazi artist whose work was featured in the monumental mosaic frieze on the gallery walls in the congress hall of Munich's Deutsches Museum in 1935 as well as the remaining swastika-decked ceiling mosaic over the colonnades of the Haus der Kunst. With sculptor Richard Knecht he'd been responsible for the overall design of the marches and parades for the “Day of German Art ” in Munich in 1937 and 1938. At the parade of his kitschy floats, Kaspar was allowed to sit right next to Hitler. Works by Kaspar were also shown in the 1944 art exhibition Deutsche Künstler und die ϟϟ in Breslau organised by Himmler and the main office of the ϟϟ. Kaspar was on the God-gifted list in 1944. In the late 1960s, he was seen as an example of failure to denazify because, despite his initial dismissal from the Americans, he remained an academy professor and received numerous government contracts. The ceiling of the Hofbrauhaus had suffered war damage in 1945 <a href="http://tivolifoto-com/2019/02/09/so-schon-ists-im-hofbruhaus/?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp">and was not painted until 1965.</a> Since then Kaspar's painting became a victim of tobacco smoke and its restoration took place after the smoking ban from 2007. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAEFubANODj71wkzGCQgz48HPDKmlR0iwtDG0gBJtaNQqJYEcn7CZa57brAf-eeX_OoBrhxJhRLRR656qzF6EVwaVx-cQgd-0Ac1_1kBLMu2VvP7zNDDLhaSv75xSC93DWeGxEOHmORW7a/s320/1382962_10151811954404962_498497459_n.jpg" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAEFubANODj71wkzGCQgz48HPDKmlR0iwtDG0gBJtaNQqJYEcn7CZa57brAf-eeX_OoBrhxJhRLRR656qzF6EVwaVx-cQgd-0Ac1_1kBLMu2VvP7zNDDLhaSv75xSC93DWeGxEOHmORW7a/s400/1382962_10151811954404962_498497459_n.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>According
to Wikipedia, the Hofbrauhaus "also held a 1889 baby photo of Hitler
as recent [sic] as 2006" and furthermore, according to a post at
http://worldwartwozone.com: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>"On the left hand side of the main hall is small room with sort of a racks where locals can keep their beer steins. They wash them in a copper sink, then put into mailbox size padlocked lockers. When I visited Hofbrauhaus one of the locals told us that Hitler's stein is still there. No one knows which one it is, but is worshipped. Indeed one of the racks was decorated with green applications. Apparently faithful locals decorate it every year before Adi's birthday - 20th April."</span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span>Given that Hitler was supposedly a teetotaller, it's hard to credit that... </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Although Hitler indeed consumed little alcohol and did not smoke, his image as a vegetarian teetotaler was carefully crafted propaganda used, in the words of Ian Kershaw, to evoke the image of of a “Führer without sin.” Such a cultivated reputation was one element in an effort to portray Hitler as the sober, well-intentioned, moderate leader of a Nazi state that took extreme actions. it helps to explain why Hitler's personal popularity remained elevated when Germans' opinion of the Nazi Party began to decline. although Hitler did not allow himself to be seen drinking, he never avoided association with the trappings of alcohol that make up everyday German life, and which devout Mormons avoided by the early twentieth century. Faithful Latterday Saints would not be seen in a tavern, but Hitler gave one of his most famous speeches at the Bürgerbräukeller beer hall in Munich in 1923.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nelson (139) <i><a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/132842089.pdf">Moroni and the Swastika: Mormons in Nazi Germany </a></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2FHDbPuC-9oRpefFzc1PIkWjwyVYH3amzUbsl2vKNIN8xkYkvGjjxocHPNyInoCbSnhrrWmS3Fp0TmGGl-p6_UgMIHEwMwF9KxvKvLAXp91ZC7JDdWVnD7WLsKO6xJTtl85THkB1e-aUJ/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2FHDbPuC-9oRpefFzc1PIkWjwyVYH3amzUbsl2vKNIN8xkYkvGjjxocHPNyInoCbSnhrrWmS3Fp0TmGGl-p6_UgMIHEwMwF9KxvKvLAXp91ZC7JDdWVnD7WLsKO6xJTtl85THkB1e-aUJ/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 425px;" /></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> T</span>he day Hitler committed suicide and now showing the entrance when</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>
the site served as the Command Post for the American 45th Division.
The 45th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army, most associated with the Oklahoma Army National Guard. It was reactivated and deployed in late June 1943 to North Africa and subsequently took part in various campaigns in Europe. Under the command of Major General Robert T. Frederick, the division was involved in taking several cities and faced intense resistance from enemy forces. During the war the Hofbräuhaus was almost completely destroyed by air
raids starting on the night of April 25, 1944 followed by three more air
raids. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Only a part of the Schwemme , the ground floor, remained intact. The rest of the beer hall, and most of the buildings on the Platzi, lay in ruins. For example, the Talbruck gate tower near the Hofbräuhaus had been completely destroyed by 1945, and less than 3% of Munich's buildings remained unscathed from Allied carpet bombing, which had targeted the city centre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiRaFL3t6At7IJcO3O5vEqduhA-ugjrV8hq9yBj6n3M5oof0_AorGOk9Vmiqlk8KqATyJ0woIFRbUU3URVYz13-Xwiyfqk-Po9CpX7w2yObxOtyC-LzGOBisXBRoJYLfVp4wZZ6PO5PBsc/s320/hofbrauhaus.gif" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiRaFL3t6At7IJcO3O5vEqduhA-ugjrV8hq9yBj6n3M5oof0_AorGOk9Vmiqlk8KqATyJ0woIFRbUU3URVYz13-Xwiyfqk-Po9CpX7w2yObxOtyC-LzGOBisXBRoJYLfVp4wZZ6PO5PBsc/w242-h308/hofbrauhaus.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 216px;" width="242" /></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In June 1945 the occupation authorities banned the brewing of beer to conserve grain and took over most of the major beer halls and breweries in the city. The Bavarian authorities tried to convince the military authorities that beer was not a luxury item but a major staple of the Bavarian diet which provided much nutrition, but they had little success. “Dunnbier” and “Hefe-sud” a poor, non-alcoholic substitute, made their debut, at least until the military authorities got the breweries running again and the food situation stabilised.” Ironically, perhaps, American troops, often accompanied by attractive Munich women, drank so much beer in their off hours, in some cases paying with American dollars, that they inadvertently resurrected the Munich food and beer industry in spite of military government prohibitions. They also clearly ignored the “non-fraternisation” orders by finding German girlfriends so quickly. The Bürgerbraukeller, for example, now became a popular American canteen.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Jeffrey S. Gaab (86) Hofbrauhaus & History— Beer, Culture, & Politics </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRlOYicbuXpCVI0CkJC3HXiIXhJdC5gzdjQXL2nB9PUmPLFjKQAkBHfPEKc-4B_l07xTzCc-prHH6A53XK7h3fVCPEnq8D3xLJF80HdVWP25lcoWmwdHBitWMP8hdjYapniHjkDFpmv40/s1600/4myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRlOYicbuXpCVI0CkJC3HXiIXhJdC5gzdjQXL2nB9PUmPLFjKQAkBHfPEKc-4B_l07xTzCc-prHH6A53XK7h3fVCPEnq8D3xLJF80HdVWP25lcoWmwdHBitWMP8hdjYapniHjkDFpmv40/s400/4myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Nearby is the Pfeffermühle, founded by Erika and Klaus Mann in January 1933 which satirised the Nazis before the two emigrated to New York after Hitler's seizure of power. Erika defined clearly the aims of his political-satirical cabaret: “Wir wollten die Nazis bekämpfen." </span></span></span><span>Only a few weeks after its highly successful premiere, the troupe had to flee from the Nazis to resume as an exile cabaret on September 30, 1933 in Zurich<a href="https://kuenste-im-exil.de/KIE/Content/EN/Objects/pfeffermuehle-hotel-hirschen-zuerich-en.html?single=1"> at the Hotel Hirschen</a>. The second exile programme was launched on January 1, 1934, with clearer references to the Nazis followed by the third and most biting programme on October 3, 1934 in Basel. One performance ended up triggering riots by Swiss Nazis, so that the performances could only be continued under police protection. The performances had attracted criticism from the <i>Neue Zürcher Zeitung</i> in 1934, and various cantons even banned its performances. </span><span>When Nazi pressure became too strong, Erika tried to reëstablish The Peppermill in New York at the start of 1937 without much success.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other Munich Pages</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-feldherrnhalle.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Odeonsplatz</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-konigsplatz.html">Around Königsplatz</a><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-hofbrauhaus.html"> </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-war-memorial.html">Sites around central Munich (2)</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-reich-press-office.html">Sites around Munich (3)</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2011/03/sites-around-munich-4.html">Sites around Munich (4)</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/sites-around-munich-5.html">Sites around Munich (5)</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/dachau.html">Around Dachau</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span>Between Wilhelm-Tell-straße and Brucknerstraße </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>residential blocks, which were conceived as Versuchsbauten for an unrealised Südstadt, </span></span></span></span>were built between 1941-1943 and flanked at both ends by square air-raid shelters, which form part of the building block. Südstadt was to have been extended as a model Nazi estate with around 14,500 residential units which would have been provided from the outset with high bunkers, either as found at the <i>Versuchsbauten</i>, or in the middle of the building with direct access from the apartments. The <i>Versuchsbauten</i> are today virtually unchanged, one of the two seven-story bunkers now containing an art exhibition centre since 1993 featuring national and international individual pieces and group exhibitions.</span></span></span><br />
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<span><span> </span><span><span><span style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;">House of German Art</span> <span style="font-size: normal;">(Haus der Deutschen Kunst)</span></span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcFF0PotKGa39YhLJ0csVexwusKMyyeFjXYgSswiqk21hLgqwoFMlFj-2Q-3AuaakK04wZqNFjexP0geW26mENaKvo9ywQ1yoxMcjH2iBlcEbHfpMYGVhDJ3MU5tmLoKauurHhR-We4DjV/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Troost's original plans" border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcFF0PotKGa39YhLJ0csVexwusKMyyeFjXYgSswiqk21hLgqwoFMlFj-2Q-3AuaakK04wZqNFjexP0geW26mENaKvo9ywQ1yoxMcjH2iBlcEbHfpMYGVhDJ3MU5tmLoKauurHhR-We4DjV/s640/myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Troost's original plans</span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>The House of German Art was described by Hitler as "the first beautiful building of the new Reich" and "a temple for genuine and eternal German art." In designing the structure in 1933, Hitler already revealed his plan for eventual war by providing for an air raid shelter in the basement. Irreverent locals nicknamed the building "the Athens railway station" and "a sausage stand."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Spotts (170) <span id="btAsinTitle" style="font-size: small;"><span><span id="btAsinTitle"><span><span><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitler-Power-Aesthetics-Frederic-Spotts/dp/1590201787%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1590201787" id="link_tb0">Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgilM0m8eW9yfjcYKJb1pfPbq9ly0LXeB8S7HLs1FzcP9rWjSZ-AIfuZe9N6QnlOa8-tEgeXRREm4kEK2qO5UJWUNKuEICUep3NfPgbbf40cJHHcVT9pfMMqwpe1S3AhgHvjrk10dDf3gUW/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-04-08+at+00.09.17.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="767" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgilM0m8eW9yfjcYKJb1pfPbq9ly0LXeB8S7HLs1FzcP9rWjSZ-AIfuZe9N6QnlOa8-tEgeXRREm4kEK2qO5UJWUNKuEICUep3NfPgbbf40cJHHcVT9pfMMqwpe1S3AhgHvjrk10dDf3gUW/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-04-08+at+00.09.17.png" width="640" /></a><span><span> </span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Troost and Hitler in front of a model of the building in 1933</span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPFUSDlwrjGEKD2SXAX1Z4yq1RyRhxFr22bbdoZUKHZPs9i3fl3Nl9FQ0WdSpF2R55fkqLri-7soSLYuEH_zGrz0h-hd8cdF7wdKIJoNQ9zD_MhOATot0CohXVzFxkcFUfPNy3La3oN8Tt/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="460" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPFUSDlwrjGEKD2SXAX1Z4yq1RyRhxFr22bbdoZUKHZPs9i3fl3Nl9FQ0WdSpF2R55fkqLri-7soSLYuEH_zGrz0h-hd8cdF7wdKIJoNQ9zD_MhOATot0CohXVzFxkcFUfPNy3La3oN8Tt/s400/ezgif.com-crop+%25284%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Josef Wilk's<i> Porträt Prof. Troost</i> showing the Haus der Deutschen Kunst in the background, now at the <i>Deutsches Historisches Museum</i>- my students from the Bavarian International School are seen behind looking at Adolf Wissel's <i>Kahlenberger Bauernfamilie</i> (</span></span><span><span><span><span>Farm Family From Kahlenberg) </span></span>which had been included in the <i>Großen Deutschen Kunstausstellung</i> of 1939 in room 33 at the Haus der Deutschen Kunst. Described by 'Monuments Man' Lincoln Kirstein as "<a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=o1tZpr06WPsC&pg=A389&lpg=PA389&dq=%22a+kind+of+Bavarian+Grant+Wood,+but+more+careful,+smug,+and+laudatory%22&source=bl&ots=mhuZvJqzMx&sig=ACfU3U24AwYdTuVjbCGfSWOCQJ04y6q3dA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjki5aYl6n7AhUjSfEDHS_pBZMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=%22a%20kind%20of%20Bavarian%20Grant%20Wood%2C%20but%20more%20careful%2C%20smug%2C%20and%20laudatory%22&f=false">a kind of Bavarian Grant Wood, but more careful, smug, and laudatory</a>" in the article shown in the GIF on the right in a 1945 article entitled ‘Art in the Third Reich,’ on the face of it the subject of this work is the depiction of an Aryan family in which blond children with light skin and blue eyes represent the ideal of the Aryan race. The boy represents the future of the Aryan race. The father's role is to protect his family and prepare his son for the future and therefore is portrayed as the head of the family, supervising and protecting his children. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfLBRp1k1LtSTcdLBtgwEM1RbUq7rDe8_ZhJDdOzQDaz11oaBqCLoMuZnnY_FBZGNlwOOvZHuuP2EEp0U2xuLKUbkn6fBnUYoCvRUVa3rlcWvn7y3XRkSYNCT1Xw0F3fB67wDbYrMvHB6CIu-ty0kXwog5qdn7uvD_c8ti5k0PbuAXfCWPYv4tBOOVEg/s433/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-12T182149.296.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="433" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfLBRp1k1LtSTcdLBtgwEM1RbUq7rDe8_ZhJDdOzQDaz11oaBqCLoMuZnnY_FBZGNlwOOvZHuuP2EEp0U2xuLKUbkn6fBnUYoCvRUVa3rlcWvn7y3XRkSYNCT1Xw0F3fB67wDbYrMvHB6CIu-ty0kXwog5qdn7uvD_c8ti5k0PbuAXfCWPYv4tBOOVEg/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-12T182149.296.gif" width="320" /></a></div>The mother must procreate to guarantee the descendants of her family and the future of the <i>herrenvölk</i>, to take care and protect them, but also to guarantee the tasks destined for the family. The lack of a grandfather may represent one died during the Great War. Therefore, this painting aims to spread the Nazi ideologies (the Aryan race, the soldier). In his BBC documentary on German art during the time it was ruled under two dictatorships however, British art historian Andrew Graham-Dixon described this painting, which Hitler himself bought for 12,000 Reichsmarks for what he felt represented the Nazi 'Blut und Boden' ideology revolving around race and homeland, as a Trojan horse- none of the participants make any eye contact but instead are shown in deep melancholy and unease with a doll lying on the floor in the bottom corner serving as, in Graham-Dixon's words, "a surrogate corpse"; a painting of great distress and sadness as opposed to Nazi-supported heroism.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibedWTid_0UyeXl3pGQC8pFlNHgluVrdB92Lb8ziegQd2_Fxj1Gd7kX3DPL-GaaYWwaUpGRJweMAluxO8T00FByDvPpulGJpm1wLI7Q7BoXmAALT5uYS3BSQgJ-0buEATW4oTSA20XLj4J/s1600/800px-Haus_der_deutschen_Kunst_(Modell).jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibedWTid_0UyeXl3pGQC8pFlNHgluVrdB92Lb8ziegQd2_Fxj1Gd7kX3DPL-GaaYWwaUpGRJweMAluxO8T00FByDvPpulGJpm1wLI7Q7BoXmAALT5uYS3BSQgJ-0buEATW4oTSA20XLj4J/s400/800px-Haus_der_deutschen_Kunst_(Modell).jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Golden model presented by Hermann Göring to Hitler on the latter's fiftieth birthday. <br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Internationally
the building was highly appreciated during the construction period. At
the world exhibition Paris 1937, a model of the House of German Art was a
central exhibition of the German House. Gerdy Troost received the Grand
Prize of the Architecture Jury. The fact that Christoph Vitali,
director of the Haus der Kunst, described the building as an example of "wonderful
museum architecture" and praised the architectural
quality of the exhibition rooms, the beauty and balance of proportions
and spatial sequence, <span>and the lighting which further </span>contributes to the quality of the
monumental spaces. On the other hand, architecture historian Winfried Nerdinger argued that this ignores the ideological and systematic framework of N<span>azi</span> construction. Vitali
justified his statement in retrospect with the fact that the walls are
not to blame. It was the fault of those who had been responsible for the
work from 1937 to 1944.</span> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaz2eu2NhYVbvLreWvUIqaybs96rXFtEhoK5TCl982yNbbvpdoH-rO8fjWZGdkyjLCGqUFeYmL3BylR6RCcEZBrUUXgAKgxdVUEbo2Lasx495TP4BTXZYKb4IyB4rrtNA5VVjTmdufrXVI/s1600/wth.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaz2eu2NhYVbvLreWvUIqaybs96rXFtEhoK5TCl982yNbbvpdoH-rO8fjWZGdkyjLCGqUFeYmL3BylR6RCcEZBrUUXgAKgxdVUEbo2Lasx495TP4BTXZYKb4IyB4rrtNA5VVjTmdufrXVI/s400/wth.jpg" width="400" /></a><span>During construction of the building. The double-axis symmetrical building is in the style of a reduced neoclassicism, 175 metres long and 50 metres wide, based on a continuous grid<span> constructed of steel beams clad with stone slabs so that the building looks like a stone building. The main entrance is in the middle of the south façade, further entrances lead from the middle of the north side to the north gallery and the narrow sides into the side wings. A 21-axle portico of colossal, non-desalted columns, occupying the entire building height, is enclosed in each of the longitudinal sides, each of which is terminated by corner pillars. The portico on the southern side of Prinzregentenstra<span>ß</span>e was originally a full-width staircase, which was reduced in the course of road reconstruction in 1971<span>. In the rear of the building t</span>he ground floor is accessible on the ground floor due to a drop in the terrain. There, a staircase leads to the level of the ground floor. The two vestibules and the stairs provide a total depth of 75 metres. The base area is covered with Nagelfluh, the exterior façades with limestone from the Donautal near Kelheim. The stairs and outer floor surfaces are made of granite. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Hitler viewing the progress on the construction of the House of German Art with architects Professor Gall and Albert Speer. </span>After Hitler became Reichskanzler in January 1933, he gave the order for a new planning personally to Paul Ludwig Troost, who had already converted the </span></span><span><span><span><span>Braunschweig </span></span>Nazi head office for Hitler. The site in the old botanical garden was not sufficient for Hitler's monumental plans. He ordered the new entrance to the southern entrance to the English Garden. Originally, Hitler wanted to build a "Part<span>e</span>iforum" there, which would consist of the House of German Art, a Museum of Contemporary History, and a House of the Party-Statthalter, arranged around a representative square. Troost rejected these plans because their space requirements would interfere too strongly with the English Garden. At this early stage of his career, Hitler was still able to convince himself of professional arguments and limited the project to the House of German Art at this point. </span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO8WK8pfVEJblxh7xmCrJ6vbideDzXDOmpIMzQ6u9BMogt67OTY5WzUs_2JDWo-5ZkH8IXYDhesqBwHk4kzOozmfi7Hga9bkiGwej8DKZNhZ7nX-6y5UAh8uLZ0V4KtUFnDDqBrSAipj3N/s400/1" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5544250129478427218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO8WK8pfVEJblxh7xmCrJ6vbideDzXDOmpIMzQ6u9BMogt67OTY5WzUs_2JDWo-5ZkH8IXYDhesqBwHk4kzOozmfi7Hga9bkiGwej8DKZNhZ7nX-6y5UAh8uLZ0V4KtUFnDDqBrSAipj3N/s200/1" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="191" /></span><span>The plaque engraved on bronze over the entrance reading "Die Kunst ist eine erhabene und zum Fanatismus Verpflichtende Mission" (Art is an Ennobling Mission Demanding Fanaticism). In Nazi cultural policy, the building was designed as the decisive exhibition building of the German Reich. The Kunsthalle, planned from 1936 onwards, should not be in competition with the House of German Art. This should also restore the role of Munich as the leading art city in Germany, which was the capital of German art for the Munich capital. The planning was expanded to a new design of the environment. Prinzregentenstraße, which was originally built under "picturesque aspects", was demolished, and the development on the south side of Von-der-Thann-Strasse at the financial centre was demolished. On the north side the Jugendstil façade of the Elvira studio had to be simplified. The Von-der-Thann-Straße was also widened and expanded.<br />For funding, Nazi Party Gauleiter Adolf Wagner organi<span>s</span>ed an initiative of Bavarian and German industrialists with the invitation to give Hitler the building. He was able to submit his first pledges to Hitler on April 20, 1933 on his birthday. As the bearer of the house, an institution of public law was founded. The constituent meeting took place in June 1933. The statutes of the <i>Anstalthaus der Deutschen Kunst</i> were formally adopted on July 14, 1933.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><i>Haus der Deutschen Kunst</i> ("House of German Art")</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> at <span style="font-style: italic;">Prinzregentenstrasse</span> 1 </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">was constructed from 1934 to 1937 following plans of architect Paul Ludwig Troost as the Third Reich's first monumental propaganda building. Its inaugural exhibition was the <span style="font-style: italic;">Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung</span> ("Great German art exhibition"), which was intended as an edifying contrast to the concurrent Entartete Kunst exhibition.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Hitler at the official cornerstone laying October 15, 1933. After Troost died in 1934, the construction was continued by his co-worker Leonhard Gall with the widow Gerdy Troost. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Numerous activities were scheduled for that day, such as a procession through town depicting “2,000 years of German culture.” In the presence of the Führer, a performance of Tristan und Isolde in the Munich National Theatre opened the festivities. The dedication of the Haus der Deutschen Kunst in the Prinzregentenstrasse took place on July 19. Hitler had laid the cornerstone there in 1933. The new building was to serve as a replacement for the old “Glass Palace,” that had been an art gallery located at the old Botanical Garden. In former times, art collections had been exhibited in the building until it had been completely destroyed by a fire in 1931. The opening of an art exhibition complemented the dedication of the new building. </span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><a class="title titleHover" href="http://www.amazon.com/Complete-Hitler-Reference-Proclamations-1932-1945/dp/0865166587/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1296893737&sr=1-1" style="font-weight: bold;">The Essential Hitler</a> </span><span style="font-size: small;">(489)</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Hitler and Himmler at the opening, 1937.</span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler formally opened the ”House of German Art” in Munich in a drab, pseudoclassic building which he had helped design and which he described as ”unparalleled and inimitable” in its architecture. In this first exhibition of Nazi art were crammed some nine hundred works, selected from fifteen thousand submitted, of the worst junk this writer has ever seen in any country. Hitler himself made the final selection and, according to some of the party comrades who were with him at the time, had become so incensed at some of the paintings accepted by the Nazi jury presided over by Adolf Ziegler, a mediocre painter who was president of the Reich Chamber of Art, that he had not only ordered them thrown out but had kicked holes with his jack boot through several of them. ”I was always determined,” he said in a long speech inaugurating the exhibition, ”if fate ever gave us power, not to discuss these matters [of artistic judgement] but to make decisions.” And he had made them. In his speech – it was delivered on July 18, 1937 – he laid down the Nazi line for ”German art”:</span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><i>Works of art that cannot be understood but need a swollen set of instructions to prove their right to exist and find their way to neurotics who are receptive to such stupid or insolent nonsense will no longer openly reach the German nation. Let no one have illusions! National Socialism has set out to purge the German Reich and our people of all those influences threatening its existence and character . . . With the opening of this exhibition has come the end of artistic lunacy and with it the artistic pollution of our people . . .</i></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Shirer (216) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Hitler speaking at the opening of the third "Great German Art Exhibition" July 16, 1939 in the Ehrenhalle. From 1937 until 1944, the hall was used
exclusively for opening exhibitions and holding press conferences, and every
year the Nazis would meet here for the <i>Grosse Deutsche Kunstausstellung</i>. It was Hitler who had determined that the plinths and the wall and pillar
covering of the three-nave sky-lit hall should be clad in blood-red
marble from Tegernsee. The omnipresence of the colour red, so
prominent on the Nazi flag, served to reinforce the
ubiquity of the National Socialist world view. The monumental exhibition hall<span> </span>is not a specific, <span>Nazi</span> style, but Troost simplified the formative language of neoclassicism from its pre-war period before the Great War, reduced details and enlarged them into a monumental one. According to his own account, in contrast to "modern practicality," Troost wanted to build a "building sensed from the soul of the people," "noble proportions and solid material" should give the construction "the character of a temple of art." Troost and Hitler repeatedly claimed to create a "temple" or "sanctuary" of art. The architectural elements portico and colonnade were therefore borrowed from ancient architecture, but they remain backdrops. The excessive emphasis on the horizontal is counterbalanced against contrasting verticals, contrary to classical or classical architecture, but remains unilateral. Therefore, an "intrusive, overwhelming character" of the structure remains.<span> </span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185422/http://www.dehio.org/organisationen/denkmalschutz.html">The Dehio Handbook</a> describes the effect: "In its formal hardness, unadorned monumentality, the solidity of craftsmanship and materiality, the uniform arrangement of members of the body and its importance in political life," the Haus der Kunst "is a programmatic example of the self-representation of the Hitler regime Of architecture."</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Inside the "Hall of Honour", the central hall joining the entrance to the centre and leading to the Nordgalerie. The swastika motif around the skylight has been altered. To the left and right of each side are large stretched exhibition halls, surrounded by a succession of smaller rooms. These surfaces, which make up the central component, reach the full building height. On the south side are the administrative rooms, in the north the former restaurant, today Nordgalerie. Only these parts of the building are two-stories, each with exhibition rooms upstairs. The halls in full height and the exhibition rooms on the upper floor were illuminated by skylights. The total exhibition area is 5,040 m². The exhibition rooms on the ground floor can be divided or assigned as desired, so that several exhibitions can take place at the same time. The building had from the beginning of several elevators, a complex heating and air conditioning and an air-raid shelter, which has been used since 2011 for exhibitions. </span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5apJHNDAFCGK7FFWRifPt9JZnAggLhVuXdEex7poebTZIJ2TqKvXzrFDWOcOPv4zaYlt6ndho1QHaIbSidDwNd4CbtGC2ZJM0ei-45pYTn7iZ_ObBDTMyjQyibrNP9OtPmZKbW2KXmqZ7/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252890%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="562" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5apJHNDAFCGK7FFWRifPt9JZnAggLhVuXdEex7poebTZIJ2TqKvXzrFDWOcOPv4zaYlt6ndho1QHaIbSidDwNd4CbtGC2ZJM0ei-45pYTn7iZ_ObBDTMyjQyibrNP9OtPmZKbW2KXmqZ7/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252890%2529.gif" width="400" /></a> Inside, the floors are covered with Solnhofen slaked lime whilst the door sills and baseboards are made of Jura marble. In the hall of honor are floors, staircases and coverings from a red marble from </span><span><span>Saalburg</span> marble and the doors and baseboards from Tegernseer marble. In the eastern end of the northern gallery lies the Golden Bar in the former artist festival room. The wall paintings by Karl Heinz Dallinger were left uncovered until 2004. On gold leaf background, they show maps and partly exotic motifs on the origin of alcoholic beverages and luxury foods. In the basement of the west wing, Club P1 uses the former Bierstüberl. Th<span>is</span> cent<span>ral</span> hall, originally designated as an "honorary hall", adjoins centrally to the entrance and leads through to the north gallery. To the left and right of each are a large, stretched exhibition hall surrounded by a series of smaller rooms. These surfaces, which make up the central component, reach the full height of the building. On the south side lie the administrative areas, in the north the former restaurant, today Nordgalerie. Only these parts of the building are two-storey, with exhibition rooms on the upper floor. From the beginning, the building had several elevators, a complex heating and air-conditioning system, and an air-raid shelter which has been used for exhibitions since 2011.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Leaning against a wall displaying the history of the building inside is the dedication to the gallery's original sponsors which used to feature much more prominently. </span></span><span>The <span>eighteen</span> founders were, according to <span>this</span> memorial plaque:
Hermann Schmitz (IG Farben), August von Finck (Merck, Fink & Co.),
Robert Bosch (Boschwerke), Friedrich Flick (Mitteldeutsche Stahlwerke),
Adolf Haeuser (IG Farben) , August Diehn (Deutsche Kalisyndikat),
Theodor Feise (Kaliwerke Friedrichshall), Fritz Rechberg (family group
of the Textilbranche and many supervisory boards, eg Commerzbank), Jacob
Hasslacher (Vereinigte Stahlwerke), Paul Müller (Dynamit Nobel AG),
Gustav Krupp von Bohlen and Halbach Kruppwerke), Wilhelm von Opel (Adam
Opel AG), Ludwig Roselius (Kaffeehandels Aktiengesellschaft), August
Rosterg (Wintershall AG), Willy Sachs (Fichtel & Sachs), Karl
Friedrich von Siemens (Siemens AG), Ludwig Schuon (BASF) Philipp
Reemtsma (Reemtsma). They brought together three of the original
five million Reichsmark, another 400,000 marks the city of Munich.
The construction industry and the Reichsbahn. A large number of
small and medium-sized donations of money and money increased the total
sum of the funds raised by supporters to just over 10 million. As
construction costs finally rose to 12 million marks, donations were not
enough. Therefore, an interest-free loan from the Deutsche Gesellschaft
für Öffentliche Öffentliche was collected, despite the fact that its
conditions were not met<span>.</span> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>One artist honoured at the Haus der Kunst was Ai Wei Wei, an artist who knows only too well the constant threat of living under a capricious, totalitarian regime. Indeed, </span><span><span><span>the gallery now displays anything but German art. </span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Hitler descending from the rear of the building </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJxs0eft7csDZxxEI-qG1i6soZDrWTDfH7CKNvHlZdNbE-0gGMp5EuSWCHg3qDXPeNr9GdeyVXTk1jxbdFRUDUv2cjZEgaSILh_6Nbr5sSIfqaygX8zDGoPbOZTwnXPYxKFlTr8rU5JwB/s320/output_SlsWGs.gif" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJxs0eft7csDZxxEI-qG1i6soZDrWTDfH7CKNvHlZdNbE-0gGMp5EuSWCHg3qDXPeNr9GdeyVXTk1jxbdFRUDUv2cjZEgaSILh_6Nbr5sSIfqaygX8zDGoPbOZTwnXPYxKFlTr8rU5JwB/s320/output_SlsWGs.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="212" /><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPQsuxM_2si3shkRtSWv5q-MrUKqWRP8J7UWQeMs_61p-IFy61coAPCC4trKvMUPrcKOA0Y6veUngLJPwihKNrfPpGbQE2po4RHyVNsYW266upnH4SIqmFsyAIZ-a1iO_GeJ9_Uqta-yTN/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="359" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPQsuxM_2si3shkRtSWv5q-MrUKqWRP8J7UWQeMs_61p-IFy61coAPCC4trKvMUPrcKOA0Y6veUngLJPwihKNrfPpGbQE2po4RHyVNsYW266upnH4SIqmFsyAIZ-a1iO_GeJ9_Uqta-yTN/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="307" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Then and now, with Hitler giving his speech at the opening, in which he expressed his great satisfaction that he, and not his political opponents, had erected the building:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhByo4KoRqX3hNj14R26Fkbm3cqQwMzzse0nCMluAWov6R081RLAY60lmAnGjEcWt8a4-9L8JWcnZYlEwRede1TRoXMBIp-dq2MnQXsybzWR4j018Dmk0Awk8jmmhBrHwDFO87VHeP4OeEJ/s320/ezgif.com-resize%25286%2529.gif" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhByo4KoRqX3hNj14R26Fkbm3cqQwMzzse0nCMluAWov6R081RLAY60lmAnGjEcWt8a4-9L8JWcnZYlEwRede1TRoXMBIp-dq2MnQXsybzWR4j018Dmk0Awk8jmmhBrHwDFO87VHeP4OeEJ/s320/ezgif.com-resize%25286%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="248" /></span><i><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In 1931, the National Socialist takeover was still so far off in the distant future that there was no way of foreseeing the construction of a new exhibition palace for the Third Reich. In fact, for a while it did seem as though the “men of November” would provide an edifice for the exhibition of art in Munich that would have had as little to do with German art as it, conversely, reflected the Bolshevist affairs and circumstances of their time. Many of you perhaps still recall the plans for that building that was intended for the old Botanical Garden that has now been given such a beautiful design. A building quite difficult to define. An edifice that could just as easily have been a Saxon thread factory as the market hall of a mid-sized city—or perhaps a train station, or then again even an indoor swimming pool. I need not press upon you how I suffered at the thought back then that the first misfortune would be followed by yet another. And that therefore, in this case in particular, I was truly glad, really happy about the faint-hearted lack of determination on the part of my political opponents at the time. In it lay the only chance of ultimately saving the erection of a palace for art exhibitions in Munich to become the first great undertaking of the Third Reich.</span></span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">After the </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">war, the building was used by the American occupation forces as an officer's mess; in that time, the building came to be known as the "P1", a shortening of its street address.</span> <span style="font-size: 100%;">The building's origins can still be seen such as in regards to the swastika-motif mosaics in the ceiling panels of its front portico, designed by Frieda <span style="font-size: small;">Thiersch who also bound the text to Hitler’s speech for the opening of the House of German Art <a href="https://boingboing.net/2014/06/02/hitlers-bookbinder.html">as related by expert Michael Shaughnessy</a>. As an aside, Thiersch had been the daughter of renowned Munich architect, Friedrich von Thiersch for whom she had served as a model for the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2011/03/sites-around-munich-4.html">statue of Athena which stands on the Maximiliansbrücke</a>. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>
The work itself was actually completed by Hermann Kaspar, a well-known
Nazi artist whose work was also featured in the monumental mosaic frieze on
the gallery walls in the congress hall of Munich's Deutsches Museum in
1935. With sculptor Richard Knecht he'd been
responsible for the overall design of the marches and parades for the
“Day of German Art ” in Munich in 1937 and 1938. At the parade of his
kitschy floats, Kaspar was allowed to sit right next to Hitler. Works by
Kaspar were also shown in the 1944 art exhibition Deutsche Künstler und
die SS in Breslau organised by Himmler and the main office of the SS.
Kaspar was on the God-gifted list in 1944. In the late 1960s, he was
seen as an example of failure to denazify because, despite his initial
dismissal from the Americans, he remained an academy professor and
received numerous government contracts. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The war left the building <span>a</span>lmost undamaged. </span></span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">During the American occupation, the building was used as an officer's casino with an entertainment programme. </span></span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">According to an anecdote, a basketball field was created in the building so that during the reopening as a museum, markings were still visible on the floor. </span></span></span><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7KEFvnsHzqcYpxtgnxyigXwS4PSNjjBWOMXvsU_MUeN0H4RHQadVGe7ybNTAv7AUA-n4Ue7WXwOY_7DfOrwMJUfnllcT7X3QUsRfLGVNGy2aRm-WO1PW8MPOLRZvPHVZNOt9MMrTjoDWx/s1600/image.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="147" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5708310048780335682" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7KEFvnsHzqcYpxtgnxyigXwS4PSNjjBWOMXvsU_MUeN0H4RHQadVGe7ybNTAv7AUA-n4Ue7WXwOY_7DfOrwMJUfnllcT7X3QUsRfLGVNGy2aRm-WO1PW8MPOLRZvPHVZNOt9MMrTjoDWx/s200/image.jpg" style="height: 158px; width: 214px;" width="200" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>At the opening on July 16, 1939</span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">In the summer of 1946 it was the first after the war to house a special exhibition of individual works from the Alte Pinakothek and the Internationale Jugendbuchausstellung. Today there are plans for a £68 million refurbishment of the museum which includes the removal of a line of trees that were planted after war specifically to obscure the building's façade. Historian Magnus Brechtken, vice-director of the Munich Institute for Contemporary History, damns the project as he describes how this example of “racial ideology in stone” has evolved since it was built through changes such as replacing the exterior steps and planting the trees to reflect Germany's “coming to terms with the past”: “Every architectural answer in 2017 must take fully into account the whole process after 1945 and the wider area around the building. The answer must reflect the society of 2017, not emulate 1937.”</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='407' height='337' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz0oAlm0hbb-eseQudRjzxn46meshY-c5Qy8yYfyBalE8COAjdJvUyUbJIoroZUfJICqrBj50wY9_QVTfINhA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8AQxopKrhO0T4P3vNbIRlVEKcM9Oj9M-yB7LERGEqxHV0k_jAKlrMEeptlywYrtss3FWC3XA4QE0w4Vm7SALkYhPJV-yMuCyUms7gDCCoD7U0j3YDu_K6xdFMV-V8-OCX0uAqiDIwIj8/s1600/1"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593268364110475186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8AQxopKrhO0T4P3vNbIRlVEKcM9Oj9M-yB7LERGEqxHV0k_jAKlrMEeptlywYrtss3FWC3XA4QE0w4Vm7SALkYhPJV-yMuCyUms7gDCCoD7U0j3YDu_K6xdFMV-V8-OCX0uAqiDIwIj8/s400/1" style="cursor: pointer; height: 341px; width: 248px;" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Excerpt from Nazi propaganda film of the summer 1939 German Art Festival in Munchen. </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">On October </span></span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">15 and 16 </span></span>1939, the <span style="font-style: italic;">Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung </span>inside the <span style="font-style: italic;">Haus der Deutschen Kunst </span>was complemented by the monumental <span style="font-style: italic;">Tag der deutschen Kunst </span>celebration of "2,000 years of Germanic culture" where luxuriously and pretentiously draped floats (one of them carrying a five metre tall golden Nazi Reichsadler) and thousands of actors in historical costumes paraded down Prinzregentenstraße for hours in the presence of Hitler, Göring, Goebbels, Himmler, Speer, Ley, Heydrich, and many other other high-ranking Nazis, with minor events taking place in the Englischer Garten nearby.</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> <span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
Day of German Art celebration on October 14, 1933, marking the setting
of the cornerstone, opened modestly with a press reception followed by
several concerts. The more impressive events began the following day
with formations of SA and </span></span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span> paramilitary units marching past the House location. After greeting
attending dignitaries, Hitler delivered a speech positioning himself as
the redeemer of German culture. He also aimed to solidify Munich's
artistic standing by declaring the city as the Capital of German Art.
Yet the carefully choreographed ceremony took an embarrassing turn when
Hitler's ceremonial hammer broke as he struck the cornerstone. If Hitler
hoped the celebration's climatic parade a few hours later would end the
festival on a high note, he was probably disappointed. </span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEyzNe41L79EFHbpjEJHrZjAc9_Ch4MLz8GqFsi8So6d80gqAQgEYwqLIHRyFezgzvOjF0YgiokSd8NvZFRo0MNblXqjiP9n4Oeo1DMsvKHMCQvmIp_5XIQnZ9r0WzEjZFeA4rB3Wj9Q/s320/2myphoto.jpeg" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEyzNe41L79EFHbpjEJHrZjAc9_Ch4MLz8GqFsi8So6d80gqAQgEYwqLIHRyFezgzvOjF0YgiokSd8NvZFRo0MNblXqjiP9n4Oeo1DMsvKHMCQvmIp_5XIQnZ9r0WzEjZFeA4rB3Wj9Q/s400/2myphoto.jpeg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
parade, titled <i>Glory Ages of German Culture </i>(Glanzzeiten Deutscher
Kultur), consisted of nineteen pseudo-historical floats suggesting a sense of
historical and cultural continuity between previous 'golden ages' and
the new era of cultural rejuvenation heralded by the Nazi Party. The
parade marked a 'turning point' heralding the 'dawn of a new, better
time'. The staging of parades had been common since the
nineteenth century when they and other mass public spectacles emerged as
popular activities often associated with nationalist movements. Since
much of the Nazi rise to power occurred through marches, intimidation
and violence in the streets, it likely seemed fitting that the party
marked its political ascendancy with massed public displays.</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY2N1jKy7nPcdiOe-R24J8cOeLNPd0IQIThyphenhyphen-siQLRiTlImBa3cMLicLpGIXhsDyl_13J9ne5cKLeAuHBCth35o1OTKstyEZfXIdiuzDMFyMnjSQuowIiYiqt4LhtaU3WodbcdXAmeGkgr/s1600/230-ne-jmi-gdkdatabase-02.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5708311073428005826" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY2N1jKy7nPcdiOe-R24J8cOeLNPd0IQIThyphenhyphen-siQLRiTlImBa3cMLicLpGIXhsDyl_13J9ne5cKLeAuHBCth35o1OTKstyEZfXIdiuzDMFyMnjSQuowIiYiqt4LhtaU3WodbcdXAmeGkgr/s400/230-ne-jmi-gdkdatabase-02.jpg" style="height: 158px; width: 227px;" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>At the opening on July 16, 1939</span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Although
existing accounts are cursory and differ on some details, it is
possible to piece together the parade's basic content from the official
programme. Despite a rhetoric of historical continuity and cultural
renewal, successive floats did not present a chronology culminating in a
Nazi artistic 'revival', while the intended symbolism of some floats
seemed obscure. </span></span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The initial group was pretty straightforward: a large
eagle, an established icon of Germany, accompanied emerged by a group of
twenty-six men carrying Nazi regalia. The next four groupings
celebrated Greece. A float featuring an ionic column paid homage to
classical architecture; an 'ancient' mural for painting; and a
reproduction of a Hercules public torso for sculpture. A statue of
Athena rounded out this classical tribute. The
next two groupings celebrated the gothic and Bavarian rococo periods.
While maintaining a chronological order, it was curious that the float
symbolising the rococo period presented as a more narrow tribute to
Bavarian, rather than German, achievements. The eighth float, roughly
the parade's midpoint, centred on a scale model of the House of German
Art surrounded by representatives of the craft guilds. The overall
effect up until this point was to suggest a historical trajectory with
the Nazi art gallery symbolising a revival of past cultural greatness.</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Hitler leaving the building in 1937 and students during my 2012 <a href="https://ista.co.uk/">ISTA</a> tour. The building had opened on July 18 that year with the first "Great German Art Exhibition" on the second "Day of German Art" with a monumental pageant, "2000 Years of German Culture". The first director was Karl Kolb. The following day, the exhibition Entartete Kunst began in the gallery building at the Hofgarten (today's German theatre museum). Both exhibitions were coordinated by the Munich Academy Professor Adolf Ziegler who held positions both in the Reichskulturkammer and in Joseph Goebbels <i>Reichsministerium für Volksunklärung und Propaganda</i>. Until 1939 the "Day of German Art" took place every year with Hitler appearing as a speaker. The "Great German Art Exhibition", conceived as an annual sales exhibition, took place until 1944 and attracted several hundred thousand visitors during its many months' duration because its visit was part of the programme of the Nazi mass organisations.<span> </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In
his opening speech, Hitler gave an extensive account of the Nazi
understanding of "German art", to be considered in the future as the
only one. He outlined, according to Stefan Schweizer, a fundamental,
racially based, racist -based guiding structure of historical and art
historical ideas and interpretations. He identified the art of the
Weimar Republic with the political system of his day with his idea that
art was the direct expression of the time that characterised them. On
the other hand, he saw the art he valued as legitimised by politics and
at the same time as legitimising politics. He defined the new German art
both stylistically and ideologically with the words: "to be German
means to be clear." But that would mean that being German is logical
and, above all, true." </span></span></span></span>In spite of the claim to be a temple of "German" and thus "Nazi" art, the concept was designed commercially from the outset. All the exhibitions were mainly for sale, with Hitler appearing as the main buyer and acting as chief patron.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAxH0nfjGIJvLdi6SfClr9Ia7XR9CL6Nbh0QaH-mDmtwmVUxhuty7-18NfQ_9oj5GnMOUY6ARXIsupz5e088xScNci5FgbDxamvSshrpNcv6qC3aOtPBoSydekFygbmwFA3GDO4c2F8ijJ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%2528100%2529.gif" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAxH0nfjGIJvLdi6SfClr9Ia7XR9CL6Nbh0QaH-mDmtwmVUxhuty7-18NfQ_9oj5GnMOUY6ARXIsupz5e088xScNci5FgbDxamvSshrpNcv6qC3aOtPBoSydekFygbmwFA3GDO4c2F8ijJ/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%2528100%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 315px; width: 344px;" /></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkD_0zg7Ba5QfU4vaIe-d4YBhNT6Y1K5PUbmXiO8Bzg4uU-1bSFyTO7UVxQ_1q_bU_pdezA9jgASN9cJ7vgkX-pwRE3OYXE0MyIvmwGUKwmeVypdJLkBWfww8T82xawexNs5cGL8ougD9V/s320/painting-the-standard-bearer.jpg" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkD_0zg7Ba5QfU4vaIe-d4YBhNT6Y1K5PUbmXiO8Bzg4uU-1bSFyTO7UVxQ_1q_bU_pdezA9jgASN9cJ7vgkX-pwRE3OYXE0MyIvmwGUKwmeVypdJLkBWfww8T82xawexNs5cGL8ougD9V/s320/painting-the-standard-bearer.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 297px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Hubert Lanzinger's 1938 "Der Bannerträger" on the wall along the staircase showing Hitler as a medæival knight, a painting which had corresponded exactly to the ideological requirements of National Socialism and was a frequently reproduced work of art. Heinrich Hoffmann, Hitler’s official photographer and an exhibition judge, had the image made into a postcard around 1938. It had been discovered by American personnel in the Führerbau and moved to Munich's Central Collecting Point in the Verwaltungsbau, where American Army Air Force Captain Gordon Waverly Gilkey seized it in 1946, </span></span><span><span><span><span>an American soldier having first pierced the painting with a bayonet before the work having been transferred to the American Army Art Collection where it remains to
this day.</span></span> </span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYXGIsEXjPiQ5rq2oFb9XUEHQZ1KFG6nDSLiU62VutjK32mPzyfGQflSB5maWP8QSt5rbY5I2HwHgsvXhoVpPr3LylIHk0VrRT-5N4V6CqAIsuX7mjJPgEbdB9gRM0xoTOkVSxjHF5d1Nj/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252899%2529.gif" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="447" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYXGIsEXjPiQ5rq2oFb9XUEHQZ1KFG6nDSLiU62VutjK32mPzyfGQflSB5maWP8QSt5rbY5I2HwHgsvXhoVpPr3LylIHk0VrRT-5N4V6CqAIsuX7mjJPgEbdB9gRM0xoTOkVSxjHF5d1Nj/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252899%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span><span><span>[K]nowledge of the whereabouts, the full contents, and the provenance of this collection, the largest surviving remnant of Nazi visual arts culture, has eluded researchers for seventy years. Exhibited under its original title Führerbildnis [Portrait of the Führer) at the 1937 Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung, Der Bannerträger is one of the most frequently exhibited pieces in the Army Art Collection held at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. However, until the opening of the exhibition Kunst und Propaganda im Streit der Nationen, 1930-1945 [Art and Propaganda in the Conflict of Nations) at the Deutsches Historisches Museum in January 2007, Lanzinger's painting had not been reunited with works of art from the other branches of the German War Art Collection or with the NS-Reichsbesitz objects' since its seizure by Gilkey. Of additional interest is the fact that Der Bannerträger was one of only a handful of contemporary paintings selected for the Linzer Sammlung [Linz Collection), artworks associated with Adolf Hitler's personal collecting activity.</span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Gregory Maertz (19) <a href="https://www.perlego.com/book/862218/nostalgia-for-the-future-modernism-and-heterogeneity-in-the-visual-arts-of-nazi-germany-pdf"><i>Nostalgia for the Future </i></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>On the right<span> is Harry Christlieb's "Elch". The central painting in front is Ferdinand Schebek's "Leoparden" on the right of which is Carl von Dombrowski's "Brunfthirsch" f</span>rom the 1940 Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYd5ox59SVtx22NojjWYIPBv4UQf_FVx46i1cRWsmiuvzurdO6bQmcW8KSVcNaQ3kFwiez9ZpLFNiHg9vvVbxiy-Hi0CWENp9jSC11yVljpSUWVEvedvWv-FxOAO6ushuV-wcdqszNHCYF/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252893%2529.gif" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="484" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYd5ox59SVtx22NojjWYIPBv4UQf_FVx46i1cRWsmiuvzurdO6bQmcW8KSVcNaQ3kFwiez9ZpLFNiHg9vvVbxiy-Hi0CWENp9jSC11yVljpSUWVEvedvWv-FxOAO6ushuV-wcdqszNHCYF/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252893%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>From the Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung 1939. On the left is Ottmar Obermaier's statue "Jung-Deutschland"and beside it is Fritz Klimsch's famous reclining "Galatea". </span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Thirteen
of Obermaier's works had been exhibited in the Great German Art
Exhibitions, two of which were bought by Hitler. His ‘Schreitendes
Mädchen’ (Striding Girl) which had been exhibited in the 1939 </span></span><span><span><span><span>Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung </span></span>can still be seen on the grounds of Munich's Nordbad. Klimsch, who had been a co-founder of the Berlin Secession in 1898, benefited enormously from Nazi patronage, receiving RM 300,000 from Göbbels's Reich Propaganda Ministry for the monument to Mozart in Salzburg. Klimsch signed the June 1938 letter confirming the commission, “Mit deutschen Gruss und heil Hitler!" He had twenty-one works exhibited in the Great German Art Exhibitions, and modeled busts of Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick and Hitler, amongst various Nazi clients. He also created sculptures for the gardens of Göbbels and Ribbentrop at the Reich Propaganda Ministry and Foreign Ministry, respectively. Klimsch had modernist roots but adapted his work to suit the new regime. He received the highly prestigious Eagle Plaque of the Reich award in 1940 and was declared an “irreplaceable artist” during the war," becoming one of only twelve visual artists to be featured on the list. After the war Klimsch and his family settled in Salzburg but was deported in 1946 by the local burgermeister, Richard Hildmann, </span></span><span><span>for being a German citizen. Klimsch was never a member of the Nazi Party, but being honoured by the Nazi regime made him a controversial post-war figure, and led to his expulsion from the academy of the arts in 1955. However, shortly before his death in 1960 Klimsch received the Federal Cross of Merit from Hans Filbinger, the Minister President of Baden-Württemberg, on his 90th birthday.</span></span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="479" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6PZqLbPes-zVkVzPtFYrYc-4qdOJMVmO7He-95VyjRQVW3qG27ARx9dSCOOpLSKfZsMBe_34tWLrkfmp7DO-_W4smXoXtVjdyXm2YSFz8TUUqpKgLxV0efuMzPb12LF9F2MbnDb00sjRa/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252894%2529.gif" width="400" /></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span> On the right image is Fritz </span></span><span><span><span><span>Behn</span></span>'s "Leopard" and Walter Hauschild's "Diana mit Hund". </span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Behn </span></span>had enjoyed a special relationship with Mussolini, and was described as "philofascist like-minded artist" and "uncritical admirer of the Duce" of whom Behn was repeatedly invited to audiences in the summer of 1934. According to Wolfgang Schieder in his book <i>Mythos Mussolini</i>, Behn depicted Mussolini with the "highest possible admiration" as "a large, noble animal, loaded with energy and strength" in the manufacture of a martial porphyry bust that came into being after his visit to Rome. Behn published a book in 1934 in which he described himself as an anti-Semite, stating how he hoped from Mussolini "a precise answer" to the "Jewish question", "because the Jews also seem to be gathering there [in Italy]." In 1942 Baldur von Schirach commissioned Behn with a bust of the Nazi composer Richard Strauss which is now owned by the State of Austria, and in 1943 and 1944 he acquired further commissions for music busts: Knappertsbusch , Wilhelm Furtwängler and Edwin Fischer. In 1943, Behn, together with Asmus Jessen , Erich Klahn and Hans Heitmann, he received the first and last Emanuel Geibel Prize from the City of Lübeck which had required Nazi approval. That same year Hitler awarded him the Goethe Medal for Art and Science. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2B2yXR5Lni8a0RRBytsY0KO2HwQZM-zO4YWILl4PQBgTXWbtZBwXVSvlh2l4cCOQkhFVxEjloc8ys26g2yJHCqgwfbUYMFnaBUOip1pVPPKB3ySjDcTmnVn6txHtLMBIicxXznh7zkbv0/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252891%2529.gif" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="529" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2B2yXR5Lni8a0RRBytsY0KO2HwQZM-zO4YWILl4PQBgTXWbtZBwXVSvlh2l4cCOQkhFVxEjloc8ys26g2yJHCqgwfbUYMFnaBUOip1pVPPKB3ySjDcTmnVn6txHtLMBIicxXznh7zkbv0/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252891%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 216px; width: 329px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3914E5hsPNtd0PVjIY_zjdx61-pudAIK19SipPNGEldSTiDSU36-c4nLxNW3O1DGCE8lpEe3B8ZsiuYQ8UDv6dQILR-uZtwrMAnD0iBreRdcJgbq2LkRZy_zTysp0BarY7-g8ljL7ZjNO/s320/Screenshot+2020-06-11+at+17.53.47.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3914E5hsPNtd0PVjIY_zjdx61-pudAIK19SipPNGEldSTiDSU36-c4nLxNW3O1DGCE8lpEe3B8ZsiuYQ8UDv6dQILR-uZtwrMAnD0iBreRdcJgbq2LkRZy_zTysp0BarY7-g8ljL7ZjNO/s320/Screenshot+2020-06-11+at+17.53.47.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 303px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>From the <i>Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung </i>1940: Michael Kiefer's "Die Wacht"in the centre which Hitler himself bought, showing two sea-eagles in flight over a tempestuous sea with Heligoland in the background, leaving the viewer in no doubt about <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/arts-hanging-hitlers-painters-1118865.html">the martial intent of the German Luftwaffe</a>, flanked by Friedrich Lange's "Jugendlicher Athlet"and Fritz Klimsch's "Der Kämpfer." </span></span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhn4LV9ld3naib3o4G9SLAX1u324IyPKrE9y_G0i0UsE8DpNuqnT4nA9J9bxSAjXvKAo0OVi6d3yV01IEFuOnxGl5Wx_-u4jzuRtx_YZvRmldfLOODVJhA2V3U2GJzVTwuWleocbi6cQ7C/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252892%2529.gif" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="358" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhn4LV9ld3naib3o4G9SLAX1u324IyPKrE9y_G0i0UsE8DpNuqnT4nA9J9bxSAjXvKAo0OVi6d3yV01IEFuOnxGl5Wx_-u4jzuRtx_YZvRmldfLOODVJhA2V3U2GJzVTwuWleocbi6cQ7C/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252892%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="353" /></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>The image on the right shows Andreas Rauch's "Adler" with Harry Christlieb's "Junge Elche" beside it.</span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>In the words of Peter Adam, “The cult of heroic death became a major obsession in the arts. Painting, sculpture, film, and literature constantly glorified death and the deeper meaning of sacrifice". The favourite theme of Nazi artists, together with idealized depictions of peasant life, was the war. They portrayed it as an epic struggle yet almost entirely without suffering. One critic wrote in 1938 of the canvases by Nazi artist Franz Eichhorst: "The beauty and singularity of these frescoes is the almost total absence of blood and screams ... [and] the ... readiness to fight and to be sacrificed. ...". In a similar spirit Nazi animal painters like Michael Kiefer celebrated the predations of eagles and lions. This impulse toward a hygienic death, divorced from sorrow or physical decay, seems to join many features of Nazi society from the animal protection laws to the gas chambers. The entire society was engaged in a perpetual homage to death. </span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Boria Sax (170) <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=T5aN5S6AhXQC&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170&dq=%22The+entire+society+was+engaged+in+a+perpetual+homage+to+death.%22&source=bl&ots=Rc0B-l9CuI&sig=ACfU3U2qAwrDV3-Z7zfc6ra_b2SC_g8ZDg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji_6XZ56r7AhW4XvEDHcjfAN8Q6AF6BAgJEAM"><i>Animals in the Third Reich: Pets, Scapegoats, and the Holocaust</i></a><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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</span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo-kRAX-hZefj6oiqfSIFn59bb46fJ8GgbxqQ5xXyI4aL7t9sMspgBHudKDmE9c_Q32BcFHuTWLYTBmChFRQ-8MG14F5W-gX3PcXqo9xXotWoWk1xQsoQhuMsNVu3zdpVcUU3wapiOgGfTcYsdvq1bZs89wYkt37DWB_wUNcj_YZ6iXdEf0HY1VO6gKw/s433/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-13T094653.748.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="433" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo-kRAX-hZefj6oiqfSIFn59bb46fJ8GgbxqQ5xXyI4aL7t9sMspgBHudKDmE9c_Q32BcFHuTWLYTBmChFRQ-8MG14F5W-gX3PcXqo9xXotWoWk1xQsoQhuMsNVu3zdpVcUU3wapiOgGfTcYsdvq1bZs89wYkt37DWB_wUNcj_YZ6iXdEf0HY1VO6gKw/w411-h260/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-13T094653.748.gif" width="411" /></a></div>Room 1 of the Haus der Kunst during the 1937 Großen Deutschen Kunstausstellung with Heinrich Knirr's <i>Adolf Hitler, der Schöpfer des Dritten Reiches und Erneuerer der deutschen Kunst</i> in the centre flanked by two pintings by Elk Eber- on the right, <i>Appell am 23. Februar 1933</i> currently held at the US Army Centre of Military History and, on the left, <i>Die letzte Handgranate</i> with me beside it today at the Deutsches Historisches Museum. This painting had been personally acquired by Hitler himself who went on to appoint Eber a professor on the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the Nazis' so-called seizure of power.<br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Below is the</span><i> Porträt des Führers </i><span>by Fritz Erler, 1939, bought for RM 25,000 by Edoardo Dino Alfieri, the Italian Minister of Culture and Propaganda, recently rediscovered after having been thought to have been destroyed in 1945, and the interior today. On the right showing the </span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>A painting by Fritz Erler confirms both the central function of art in the new regime and the constant identification of artists with the desires of Hitler. Erler's “Portrait of the Führer", painted in about 1939, shows Hitler booted, in uniform, and facing the spectator. He stands erect, on the top of some building, in front of a gigantic statue brandishing the eagle and the sword that protect the Reich, its dark silhouette looming over the city. </span></span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwVZ1CEP1fLPsQzvimDOQSzyqhSgGqT3IWnWsiLfGssScUKJDjdpP5jFGjuKnE-Hj6oJbg9GlobMgKKmm_NxOH6vshdqGm_APrOM7O2GZgxrUf7ciWLy81SPK3UTddqKY-FQMLwKg8bJE/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwVZ1CEP1fLPsQzvimDOQSzyqhSgGqT3IWnWsiLfGssScUKJDjdpP5jFGjuKnE-Hj6oJbg9GlobMgKKmm_NxOH6vshdqGm_APrOM7O2GZgxrUf7ciWLy81SPK3UTddqKY-FQMLwKg8bJE/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" /></span>Below Hitler can be seen two vast public buildings: the one on the right is Munich's Maximilianeum; the other, in a severe neoclassical style, is a building commissioned by the new regime and completed two years earlier, the House of German Art. "Our buildings are rising in order to increase our authority," Hitler declared in 1937, in line with his belief expressed in the earliest days of the regime that German art constituted “the proudest defence of the German people.” The instruments lying at his feet, designed for chiseling stone, are reminders of his function as the builder of the Third Reich, but also as the sculptor of the German people. Erler's painting shows that in 1939 Hitler's authority was still claimed to be based on symbols of the body of the people that he himself had built up with art, drawing on forms from the past. This image certainly realized the Führer's dream: in it he saw himself as the man who had restored not only the signs of the Reich's sovereignty but also its authority, rendering it unshakeable by founding it on the supreme authority of artistic tradition.</span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Michaud, Lloyd (14-15) <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=%22+This+image+certainly+realized+the+F%C3%BChrer%27s+dream%3A+in+it+he+saw+himself+as+the+man+who+had+restored+not+only+the+signs+of+the+Reich%27s+sovereignty+but+also+its+authority%2C+rendering+it+unshakeable+by+founding+it+on+the+supreme+authority+of+artistic+tradition.%22&ei=TLRwY-KpM7i9xc8PyL-D-A0&ved=0ahUKEwji_6XZ56r7AhW4XvEDHcjfAN8Q4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=%22+This+image+certainly+realized+the+F%C3%BChrer%27s+dream%3A+in+it+he+saw+himself+as+the+man+who+had+restored+not+only+the+signs+of+the+Reich%27s+sovereignty+but+also+its+authority%2C+rendering+it+unshakeable+by+founding+it+on+the+supreme+authority+of+artistic+tradition.%22&gs_lcp=Cgxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAQA0oECEEYAUoECEYYAFD-BliPDGC1DWgBcAB4AIABT4gBT5IBATGYAQCgAQGgAQLAAQE&sclient=gws-wiz-serp#:~:text=The%20Cult%20of,de%20%E2%80%BA%20books"><i>The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany</i></a></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>In fact, Erler was actually criticised in a </span></span><span><span><span><span>May 1940 </span></span>letter from the Ministry of Home Affairs for his depiction of Hitler's hands. </span></span><span><span><span><span>In it, Minster Adolf Wagner expressed how on the</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> occasion of his March 14, 1940</span></span></span></span> visit to the Bernheim House, he had been "horrified by Prof. Erler's portrait of the Führer because he had no idea of his hands. In the past few days he had sent relevant literature and pictures from which the artists could study the hands of the Fiihrer in a rich way. The artists make it too easy for themselves today. Today, one usually works out a much too short preliminary study of the object. The Minister of State intends to summarise the studies mentioned above and send them to the Munich artists so that they have the opportunity to take a closer look at the hands of the Fiihrer." </span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Hitler would make a reappearance in Maurizio Cattelan's <span style="font-style: italic;">Him</span> at the Haus der Kunst in 2003 as seen on the right.</span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Now a <a href="http://www.gdk-research.de/db/apsisa.dll/ete?action=setLanguage/en&sstate=eJyNlN1O2zAUx5uC1JKWFQ6gdWifTNq4GFWStpCyi6EBmtgmvjruKkVu4rZe8zXbofAse5A9xV5lzzA7qaGRqLY7-39-53-OT-yUNbB1wF7c-JFgettgHIUeot7K75-__lTrhS2dRZQ7yO8nwXbB1g70z2XFbL7S12SmH0XjJL5LhcJmYVuzU4MtXV84Ng3QzLq2tSzXJiyOogCL7YrcWlDikdu4CXyhvJVKE54PvbFlmOZOTCMvcTmJwgZl7JZxHDQ8mZq6tjLXily3oRhGKrALmqH896B0Gl3IoynUhqIlw6ty04GyF7lJgEMupCW9eGxlrmsiahkwc3ohVqVowgJi7pRuZqVqYtmC0iCiEzEAIYAQ2qDv2C3LbButtrR8IrQOrPaRO94335nvSYjE2a7leZ6moXWGY0QRj2ga_8_oszS6Ma29v2Plrdf1YteEKiPh0MeXmCU-z2bTlbO_Joz0fZx2LJQ2LJHwXqtKbRcW3IApYu8BwlZEuuuonS4qW1D0lLsYZy63LjUTaoFoicSqOZZdlK5lwaJPmGrWakLJwxwRn6nU1kOpaSFxjPSTOdmHqkht9_6zdy0byjQJvSEKh8qt85DbY3GEJtQUe3TXgOywaeQ6bJqzHa6IzBaUBxQTjm942kWxu6dmIy5M1569mi_1ijdw3BGKOaYMagPii4UzTkLGfUwF8SJPPFIEwskgBV7nAZgC4kkOMXNioQloKw-t5qEhjv5p1EfJZL4Rx-4oJGMHh_NbnjLzK41RMojF5BgN5kN8hMWzNcys1Jz5KSh9JzmiOiW-oxGVt_FNPrwxDU8IH8XE5QnFWaE53cxw6aNbFlCAbrIoA60j1Au9QkIiJPGQ-QgOer0PvcP9HopZz-v3Ph19cc6vPn49OXTOL8-Org6_nZydOpbREoAgpv_E3gT3aRRxmVHX_gI28ZC6" target="_blank">publicly accessible online archive</a> of the images displayed reveals the full extent of the Nazi aesthetic -- and includes details about who bought<span> </span>which work of art. </span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/Non_Hitler_Speeches/1941-xx-xx_-_Joseph_Goebbels_-_Eroeffnung_der_Kunstausstellung_im_Muenchener_Haus_der_deutschen_Kunst_2.mp3">Joseph Goebbels's speech at the opening of the 1941 art exhibition at the Haus der Kunst</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Footage and Documentaries relating to Art and its importance to Hitler and the Third Reich:</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><b><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://archive.org/details/1939-Tag-der-Deutschen-Kunst" target="_blank">Tag der Deutschen Kunst (1939) </a></span></b></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><b><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://art.docuwat.ch/videos/art-of-germany/art-of-germany-03-in-the-shadow-of-hitler/?channel_id=35&skip=0" target="_blank">German Art- In the Shadow of Hitler</a></span></b></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><b><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://iai.tv/video/hitler-s-art-war" target="_blank">Hitler's Art War- Provocative and engaging lecture by Godfrey Barker </a></span></b></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">At the Prince Carl-Palais, the official residence of the Bavarian Prime Minister; here German president Paul von Hindenburg and Prime Minister Heinrich Held leave the palace, 12 August 1925. Named after </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Prince Carl, </span></span></span>the brother of King Ludwig I who handed it over to on November 14, 1825, who had the palace extended considerably by Jean Baptiste Métivier. After his death, the palace became the seat of the Austro-Hungarian Embassy in 1876, and remained so until 1919. Bavaria had repeatedly asked for the re-establishment of an Austrian embassy in Munich in the immediate post-war years, but Vienna did not respond to this request out of consideration for the interests of the German government and the Allies. In 1924 the palace was designated the official residence of the Bavarian Prime Minister. After the Nazis abolished the Bavarian state government, it was used as the official residence of Reich Governor von Epp. In 1937 the palace was extensively converted into a guest house by Fritz Gablonsky. The occasion was an upcoming visit from Benito Mussolini. The palace was extended considerably to the west; the north wing of Métiviers, which was torn down due to the simultaneous widening of Von-der-Tann-Strasse, was replaced by a new one based on plans by Fritz Gablonsky, which were modelled on the south wing.<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler at the opening of the House of German Art with the </span><span style="font-size: normal;">the Prinz-Carl-Palais<span> in the background, where </span><span>Mussolini stayed in 1938 during the Munich Conference.</span> Mussolini came here for the last time on September 18, 1943 after being rescued four days earlier in a remarkable <span style="font-style: italic;">coup de main</span> at the Gran Sasso where <span style="font-style: italic;">il Duce</span> had been interned at a mountain hotel, and brought to Germany.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Mussolini was brought to the Prince Carl Palace in Munich, from where he addressed the Italian people in a radio address that evening. During Hitler’s years of triumph in 1937 and 1938, Mussolini had always set up quarters at the Prince Carl Palace. But his speech now lacked the enthusiasm of earlier years. Mussolini cared about only one thing, his mistress Clara Petacci. He would not rest until Hitler finally had <span style="font-style: italic;">ϟϟ Obergruppenführer</span> Sepp Dietrich bring her from Italy.</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><a class="title titleHover" href="http://www.amazon.com/Complete-Hitler-Reference-Proclamations-1932-1945/dp/0865166587/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1296893737&sr=1-1" style="font-weight: bold;">The Complete Hitler</a> </span><span style="font-size: small;">(2820)</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoPvlr0AxHZ75XMVzJOBNx9Q6RM7lWl9fshWwEzbqB2N_kvURT69YOOvI_cKSzL-MWn3FUymAGPpWs7BjmJBQDPUhwRRG1nNxiZGWy5aceN-JRRBwX1Klima0uZGT10Wn8JbXikoDp8tl-/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoPvlr0AxHZ75XMVzJOBNx9Q6RM7lWl9fshWwEzbqB2N_kvURT69YOOvI_cKSzL-MWn3FUymAGPpWs7BjmJBQDPUhwRRG1nNxiZGWy5aceN-JRRBwX1Klima0uZGT10Wn8JbXikoDp8tl-/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">As seen from the photo from 1937, the<span style="font-style: italic;"> reichsadler</span> that had been added during the regime has been removed without any trace.</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span><span><span>That year Hitler personally ordered some modifications and additions. The Troost couple provided a new interior design "in a tasteful style" as reported by the <i>Völkischer Beobachter</i>, which devoured another 1.3 million marks. During his two stays Mussolini could enjoy a black marble bathroom, an espresso machine and Lenbach's "Hirtenknabe." There was even a cinema with a piano built in. Towards the end of the war an hundred of the "Volkssturm" were quartered in the palace. Valuable furniture and carpets disappeared again during the months of the occupiers guarding the undestroyed building; some were later found in an American club. The
Prinz-Carl-Palais survived the wartime air raids on Munich only
slightly damaged. In 1948 it became the seat of the newly founded
Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts. In addition, the palace was used from
1967 as a temporary shelter for the Glyptothek and the State Antiquities
Collection. The Prince Carl Palais has been the official residence of
the Bavarian Prime Minister since 1968, but not as an apartment and only
for representation purposes. When the Altstadtring tunnel was built in
1970, the basement had to be demolished with a reinforced concrete slab
for the underpinning; since then, the Prinz-Carl-Palais has been
standing on the ceiling of the old town ring tunnel. In the years
1971–1975, the Landbauamt München restored and rebuilt the palace for
around 87 million Deutschmarks. The front of the garden was slightly
advanced and a central two-storey lobby was added in modern forms with
stairs, gallery and skylight. The walls of the hall are made of hand-cut
bricks. The palace was used by the Prime Minister and the head of the
State Chancellery. The meetings of the Council of Ministers (the
cabinet) also took place here.</span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span> Surrounded by destruction in 1948. On the right is t</span>he ruined shell at the end of the war and today, restored with the Nazi eagle removed. Today the Prinz-Carl-Palais is reserved for the Bavarian Prime Minister; despite the 87 million Deutschmarks to restore, even state ministers are unable to hold events in the house. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>The construction of </span><span>the altstadtringtunnel at Von-der-Tann-Straße in front of the </span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Prinz-Carl-Palais</span></span>, completed in February 1937; the <i>Haus der Kunst </i>is on the left. </span></span>Munich was one of the five “Führer Cities” in the planned Greater German Reich, whose urban fabric was to be radically transformed. The monumental plans, which were drawn up in close consultation with Hitler himself, involved the construction of a grand avenue, the Great Axis, which was to be 2.5 kilometres long and 120 metres wide and lined with over-dimensioned cultural and prestige buildings, as well as a six-kilometre east-west axis. The city was to be visually dominated by a huge dome structure for the new main railway station and a 200-metre-high “Monument to the Movement”. Planned completion date for the building work was 1950, but in fact only a few of these projects were ever actually built. Those that were include the redevelopment of Königsplatz with the nearby Nazi Party buildings and the widening of Von-der-Tann-Straße to create a connection between the Haus der Kunst and the party headquarters on Königsplatz </span></span><span><span>as the reconstruction of Schwanthaler and
Landsberger Straße.On April 15, 1937 at the city council meeting for administrative, financial and construction issues, Lord Mayor Fiehler approved the Munich Road Construction Programme which that year had carried out 101 road construction projects and traffic improvements at a total cost of 5,255,000 marks. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>In front of the former site of the 'Exhibition of Degenerate Art' at the Hofgartenarkaden which</span></span> was organised by the Nazis and opened in the Hofgarten arcades on July 19 1937, ending in November of that year. The day before had been opened the "First Great German Art Exhibition" allowing the regime's conception of art to be compared with what it deemed 'degenerate.' The Munich exhibition was followed by a travelling exhibition under the same title to other twelve cities, displaying some other exhibits until 1941. The Munich exhibition was organised by Adolf Ziegler, who also led the previous seizures from collections and museums such as the Wallraf-Richartz Museum in Cologne, the Folkwang Museum in Essen, the Kunsthalle in Hamburg, the Landesmuseum in Hanover and the new division of the National Gallery in Berlin for use in the show, of which 600 were then actually shown. They represented the maligned art styles of Expressionism, Dadaism, Surrealism and New Objectivity. To achieve a "chaotic" effect, the works were hung in the showrooms in a deliberately disadvantageous perspective and provided with abusive slogans on the walls. The exhibition, according to official figures, saw 2,009,899 visitors and was at that time one of the most visited exhibitions of modern art. </span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWQ-OWCuSMEGAfMu4SA9gfLybYjxybRpr4FtvWNlcjue9vuob1KxL2zAI3zZiBBHyee4I_4RlR64lVYsbBrHl88bO6wfi1cfZ9wGiS_ap7Cqiip-jrjDMogxoO8tGzwEY8kx3bkMYMXbA/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWQ-OWCuSMEGAfMu4SA9gfLybYjxybRpr4FtvWNlcjue9vuob1KxL2zAI3zZiBBHyee4I_4RlR64lVYsbBrHl88bO6wfi1cfZ9wGiS_ap7Cqiip-jrjDMogxoO8tGzwEY8kx3bkMYMXbA/s400/myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a><span><span>Hitler defamed the "modern art" that was "degenerate" and announced </span></span><span><span><span><span>in his speech for the opening of the Great German Art Exhibition on July 18, 1937</span></span> that </span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>From now on we will wage a relentless cleansing war against the last elements of our cultural degradation. But if among them there is one who still believes he is destined for higher things, then he has four years to prove this probation, but these four years are sufficient for us to come to a final judgment. But now - and I want to assure you here - all the mutually supportive and thus holding cliques of babblers, amateurs and art swindlers will be dug up and eliminated. These prehistoric prehistoric culture-Stone Age and art stutterers may return to the caves of their ancestors for our sake, to apply their primitive international scribbles. </span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHmLFAQW3EIfakyXTn-V-B5NknMX4bD3ilfcQ4Beha4L-VDCoqvXEwea5dJCHwrSXtjYCVO0NmbdK0M-1Bmjbt2GAC9WB-eKkOsKzap8eQ5pxdafkd4cVBNS2wWFe2fIKrRkBNtS_TmBY/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHmLFAQW3EIfakyXTn-V-B5NknMX4bD3ilfcQ4Beha4L-VDCoqvXEwea5dJCHwrSXtjYCVO0NmbdK0M-1Bmjbt2GAC9WB-eKkOsKzap8eQ5pxdafkd4cVBNS2wWFe2fIKrRkBNtS_TmBY/s640/1myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Donald Kuspit, discussing the ‘Entarte (sic) Kunst’ exhibition of 1937, has suggested that Hitler ‘had a vested interest in repression’ and a corresponding wish to exalt clear and unified images over those requiring debate and textual exegesis, and which therefore introduced the possibility of uncertainty. Hitler’s own words on this exhibition reveal a wish to erect a barrier between image and text: ‘Works of art that cannot be understood but need a swollen set of instructions to prove their right to exist...will no longer openly reach the German nation.’ When ‘art’ becomes propaganda, then image and text are not required to explain each other, but instead to participate in a mutual objectification.</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Quinn (63) </span><span id="btAsinTitle" style="font-size: small;"><span><span white=""><span><a class="l" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0_RWSxC_y68C&dq=swastika" style="font-weight: bold;">The Swastika: Constructing the Symbol</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-w-ibEEnrKgpCxTEBT-0c8CGtErLaRlZ1wJJKzs-SrknB15XC81-UkOWYuCBWltp5RArbdPs_BxEH1fxOVuU9SjCqbUqjWz7oMRsCWmatLI7k8D_wFoOOGtfl2huiHIngXI1Ai0UegBVf/s1600/output_TdNQUd.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-w-ibEEnrKgpCxTEBT-0c8CGtErLaRlZ1wJJKzs-SrknB15XC81-UkOWYuCBWltp5RArbdPs_BxEH1fxOVuU9SjCqbUqjWz7oMRsCWmatLI7k8D_wFoOOGtfl2huiHIngXI1Ai0UegBVf/s400/output_TdNQUd.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span> According to William Shirer, the exhibition was an humiliating failure:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In another part of the city in a ramshackle gallery that had to be reached through a narrow stairway was an exhibition of ”degenerate art” which Dr. Goebbels had organised to show the people what Hitler was rescuing them from. It contained a splendid selection of modern paintings – Kokoschka, Chagall and expressionist and impressionist works. The day I visited it, after panting through the sprawling House of German Art, it was crammed, with a long line forming down the creaking stairs and out into the street. In fact, the crowds besieging it became so great that Dr. Goebbels, incensed and embarrassed, soon closed it.</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">(217) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In fact, Frederic Spotts argues the complete opposite:</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhofCLlGSBmopf0XhIUHG-iCTE6SBIISCofPksm93cV5zCczoX5WhesD6H4e5Jgm8QSkd6ObzmfoNfO4iPT4DCYzKKIY0P6muNvWbJhlaJfd1HlVHTtqEgJjYgHeHcZgUeg6-yibRaxeKii/s1600/af.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhofCLlGSBmopf0XhIUHG-iCTE6SBIISCofPksm93cV5zCczoX5WhesD6H4e5Jgm8QSkd6ObzmfoNfO4iPT4DCYzKKIY0P6muNvWbJhlaJfd1HlVHTtqEgJjYgHeHcZgUeg6-yibRaxeKii/s320/af.jpg" title="" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Sculptures from M. Moll, O. Braun, E. Hoffmann & R. Belling</span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In a mere two weeks between 600 and 700 works from around Germany were seized, dispatched to Munich and hung. The show opened on 19 July 1937 with some 650 works by 112 'art stutterers' from thirty-two public museums on display. It included examples from all the major schools of German painting and sculpture- Expressionism, Verism, Abstraction, Bauhaus, Dada, New Objectivity- and all the major artists. Although he had inspected the collection beforehand, Hitler did not deign to put in a public appearance once the exhibition opened. But he inaugurated it vicariously the day before in a raging speech. '...The end of madness in German art and, with it, the cultural destruction of our people has begun,' he proclaimed. 'From this moment we shall conduct a merciless war against the remnants of our cultural disintegration.' On he sputtered, reviling 'the cliques of chatterboxes, dilettantes and art swindlers.'</span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjdljWxjbr9im15lb9a6c1pReciXNreeK6RKsBhPd25BSN1BXFwdupnjXUOpah9wIBiwKfqQrZ3OaToxMQL_y4CDPMx35rKjHkh8Bmskl0cIHtEo2vmsIcunSYEtZU9ZHKgTvnxQRy0lB4/s1600/rw.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjdljWxjbr9im15lb9a6c1pReciXNreeK6RKsBhPd25BSN1BXFwdupnjXUOpah9wIBiwKfqQrZ3OaToxMQL_y4CDPMx35rKjHkh8Bmskl0cIHtEo2vmsIcunSYEtZU9ZHKgTvnxQRy0lB4/s320/rw.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The so-called 'Dada Wall'</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Like enemy prisoners being thrown to the lions in the Colosseum, the victims were to be seen and mocked by the crowd before being consumed. The show was deigned to demonstrate that Modernist art was not simply ugly, indecent and deranged but that it also directly assaulted traditional social mores by disparaging motherhood, military heroism, religion and whatever was healthy, clean and chaste. Hitler's criteria- post 1910 German works- were generally followed, though stretched to include such adoptive Germans as Chagall and Jawlensky, and two non-Germans., Mondrian and Munch. The work by the good Nordic Munch caused such ideological indigestion that after a few days the room where it hung was closed. The paintings, presented in a way to heighten ridicule, were not so much displayed as plastered helter-skelter on the walls, though this may have resulted partly from the haste with which the show was assembled. To leave no doubt about their iniquity, the works were labelled with such propagandistic slogans as 'madness becomes a method', 'nature as seen by sick minds' and 'a insult to German womanhood.' Ensuring that no one could have the slightest doubt about the iniquity of the works, it is said that actors were sent to the exhibit to make raucous fun of what they saw.</span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibAadjkrCqNz6IV3EKxy6ZC4_679M9ciiizK8vEDRdHoBlzkEuIBpUYhiWWXBXP46akdfhUt0d9TaywOXQTpnq_o_phoTzX-qnkzHkJ5gwzxhQdXwNe1bw44go8AIThWJDKbfvshC2bRHf/s1600/sfa7.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibAadjkrCqNz6IV3EKxy6ZC4_679M9ciiizK8vEDRdHoBlzkEuIBpUYhiWWXBXP46akdfhUt0d9TaywOXQTpnq_o_phoTzX-qnkzHkJ5gwzxhQdXwNe1bw44go8AIThWJDKbfvshC2bRHf/s320/sfa7.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Moll's 'Tänzerin' and Baum's 'Stehendes Mädchen' </span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">It was the biggest blockbuster show of all time. Hitler ordered that entry should be without charge and encouraged the public to attend. And attend it did. One million people went in the first six weeks alone and more than two million in the remaining six months in Munich. Another million or so saw the exhibition when it travelled to twelve other cities between February 1938 and April 1941. By all accounts spectators went to bury, not to praise. 'It became increasingly obvious to me that most people had come to see the exhibition with the intention of disliking everything,' it was later commented. Some non-Nazis, some non-Germans also applauded. A Boston art critic commented, 'There are probably plenty of people- art lovers- in Boston, who will side with Hitler in this particular purge.' The Fuehrer was enormously pleased with the popular response. It appeared to prove his point that Modernism was an elitist phenomenon that had lost meaning for the great mass of the public. It further seemed to support his belief in 'the people as the judge of art.' So gratified was he, in fact, that at his direction a pamphlet with illustrations of the works accompanied by hostile commentary was published and widely circulated. He had achieved his purpose. The event was a stunning demonstration of his power to crush what he opposed. In so doing, he brought to an end the most exciting school of painting and sculpture in modern German history.</span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">(163-165) </span><span id="btAsinTitle" style="font-size: small;"><span><span id="btAsinTitle"><span><span><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitler-Power-Aesthetics-Frederic-Spotts/dp/1590201787%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1590201787" id="link_tb0">Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYJs5LKl9x4BZJOo5pl_JQUYc_yPgUuGESzvdACWPQHksOuaGFRq4NwqE-uCNoorsArKPGlY0lVWokU6L4ZKSNtRRt7qM-yCFqBi-A8YPQAdANafZ_YgLwtYOMGaDZKVda1MrOv12e6vF9/s1018/Screenshot+2020-10-18+at+12.37.57.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="1018" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYJs5LKl9x4BZJOo5pl_JQUYc_yPgUuGESzvdACWPQHksOuaGFRq4NwqE-uCNoorsArKPGlY0lVWokU6L4ZKSNtRRt7qM-yCFqBi-A8YPQAdANafZ_YgLwtYOMGaDZKVda1MrOv12e6vF9/w640-h288/Screenshot+2020-10-18+at+12.37.57.png" width="640" /></a><span><span> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>The Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin has a miniature recreation of the exhibition's layout. </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The
1938 law that allowed the Nazis to seize thousands of other Modernist
artworks deemed “degenerate” because Hitler viewed them as un-German or
Jewish in nature remains on the books <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/arts/design/enduring-nazi-law-impedes-recovery-of-art.html?hp" target="_blank">to this day</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<h1 class="articleHeadline" itemprop="headline">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/opinion/friedman-too-big-to-breathe.html?hp&rref=opinion" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 99%;">In a Rediscovered Trove of Art, a Triumph Over the Nazis’ Will</span></a></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 class="articleHeadline" itemprop="headline"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 99%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMJta_huU3Zb-I2-5Po4Lihi2Zp_oz-Eanme6X0adhZpIxlIdS31MHa6Q2Q711yaGPxYDEUWK76saiEHqobiuOO41_cIroemTRk7yjIZwv8oZXVoAVrFeNDxvEYAMk23G8TVCXGbHPY3Pi/s675/Screenshot+2021-07-07+at+11.05.11.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="621" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMJta_huU3Zb-I2-5Po4Lihi2Zp_oz-Eanme6X0adhZpIxlIdS31MHa6Q2Q711yaGPxYDEUWK76saiEHqobiuOO41_cIroemTRk7yjIZwv8oZXVoAVrFeNDxvEYAMk23G8TVCXGbHPY3Pi/w368-h400/Screenshot+2021-07-07+at+11.05.11.png" width="368" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></h1><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 99%;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">The former heaquarters of the Reichsstatthalter, or Reich Governor of Bavaria, at Prinzregentenstraße 5.</span></span><span style="font-size: 99%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> The Reichsstatthalter had the task of ensuring that the policy guidelines drawn up by Hitler were observed, and had the following powers: appointment and dismissal of the chairman of the state government; dissolution and arrangement of the new election of the state parliament; drafting and promulgation of state laws; appointment and dismissal of key state officials and judges; and the right to pardon. The position was held by Franz Ritter von Epp who had been born in Munich in 1868 and embarked on a career as an officer, in which he was directly involved in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900 and in the genocide of the Herero and Nama in German South West Africa in 1904. As battalion commander of the Royal Bavarian Infantry Body Regiment, he returned highly decorated from the Great War and his awarding of the Bavarian Militär-Max-Joseph-Ordens allowed him the title Ritter von Epp. In Ohrdruff he had founded a volunteer corps made up of Bavarian volunteers whose involvement in the bloody suppression of the Munich Soviet Republic in April and May 1919 earned Epp the status of "Liberator of Munich". From 1933 Hitler used his renown to bring Bavaria into line with Berlin by appointing Epp Reich Commissioner and later Gauleiter of Bavaria - a <i>de facto</i> office without power. The Nazis also made him Reichsleiter of the Colonial Political Office, Leader of the Reich Colonial Association and Landesjägermaster in Bavaria. Nevertheless Epp's aversion to Nazi arbitrariness and injustice grew although, despite contacts with the resistance, he was never able to bring himself to join them until the end. When he died on January 1st, 1947 at the age of 78, Ritter von Epp-Platz in Munich was again renamed Promenadenplatz.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrSzwhfEfFI8A4t5GHsRZXjwMPoZGqWKP1kza0qreJjPf-gX64KVVEy34zCU4t6kjAiQNsft3djGnk9cSHmbtfxRN6yiqDOWQ1_lPDJvbaxykhMu0Yof-tAeWVMi20vVWb6E_usaAgFcd3/s955/Screenshot+2021-07-07+at+09.22.56.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="955" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrSzwhfEfFI8A4t5GHsRZXjwMPoZGqWKP1kza0qreJjPf-gX64KVVEy34zCU4t6kjAiQNsft3djGnk9cSHmbtfxRN6yiqDOWQ1_lPDJvbaxykhMu0Yof-tAeWVMi20vVWb6E_usaAgFcd3/w400-h301/Screenshot+2021-07-07+at+09.22.56.png" width="400" /></a></div>The site of the former Kolonialpolitische Amt der NSDAP (KPA)- the Nazi Colonial political office. Whilst there had been earlier such organisations for colonial policy issues before, the Colonial Political Office was initially tasked in 1934 to issue guidelines and instructions for the party and its press for all colonial political and economic issues. In addition, plans were made by the office to take possession of the former colonies again. The central task was to win supporters of colonial policy for the regime. Reichsstatthalter Ritter von Epp, was appointed its head. The headquarters were here at </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>at Prinzregentenstraße 11 although t</span></span></span></span>he planning department was relocated to Berlin in 1936 in order to provide better cooperation with the colonial department in the Foreign Office. The office planned a "Central African Colonial Empire" from the Gold Coast to South West Africa and from Lake Chad to Tanganyika. In cooperation with the ϟϟ task forces were formed to take over the colonies of Germany's war opponents. Drafts for colonial law were drawn up and training courses were held for possible future colonial servants. Racial segregation was comprehensively </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>prepared </span></span></span></span></span>through a "Colonial Blood Protection Act." By 1943 however Germany was losing the war and the office quickly lost its importance. At the beginning of 1943, by order of Hitler, party offices that were not important to the war effort, including the Colonial Political Office, were closed. The Reichskolonialamt and the Reichskolonialbund were finally dissolved on February 17, 1943. With the Control Council Act No. 2 of October 10, 1945, the Colonial Political Office was additionally banned by the Allied Control Council and its re-establishment was prohibited.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2BHfkAKAKidq79Txnb8t4dSrMYUz6Ez99b6I350PXAx5jFvzv_SVuRyJ4o6-1gQvDm63tY2U28d36dmDcTyxvrNmizgaF2HizNnAkPODpU7srW5ykkPIik0zaQnA76M-FaqsvYtqbATuK/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="399" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2BHfkAKAKidq79Txnb8t4dSrMYUz6Ez99b6I350PXAx5jFvzv_SVuRyJ4o6-1gQvDm63tY2U28d36dmDcTyxvrNmizgaF2HizNnAkPODpU7srW5ykkPIik0zaQnA76M-FaqsvYtqbATuK/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>The Schackgalerie, named after Adolf Friedrich von Schack who, after settling at Munich, was made member of the academy of sciences. Here he began to collect a gallery of masterpieces of Romanticism with painters such as Anselm Feuerbach, Moritz von Schwind, Arnold Böcklin, Franz von Lenbach, Carl Spitzweg, Carl Rottmann which, though bequeathed by him to Kaiser Wilhelm II, still remains at Munich. The building itself was designed by Max Littmann in 1907 next to the former diplomatic mission of Prussia in the Prinzregentenstrasse and still houses the museum since the kaiser decided to keep the collection in Munich. Here it is shown shortly after completion, bearing the scars of the war in 1946, and today. On February 1, 1939 Hitler brought together art treasures that were formerly part of the Schack Gallery in Munich with works of art from the same period that previously had been in the possession of the Bavarian State. These objects of art were to be integrated in a permanent collection renamed the “Schack Gallery of German masters of the 19th century,” with its seat in Munich.The State of Bavaria would become the official proprietor of the gallery. The Bavarian Minister- President was to administer the collection “in accordance with the Führer’s instructions.” The new Schack gallery was to find a permanent home in the exhibition halls at the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-konigsplatz.html" target="_blank">Königlicher Platz</a>.</span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;"><span>Luftgaukommando</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span>VII Regional HQ of the Luftwaffe)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9A_lhaYWYJAIaZHWZKeLzeeskMJf7qo5bH2vCOYOUYWWgmiPE3PDDbC53SYBne-Je_Fgyozr-Wnkl8CmVwK5KjZq0mckhyphenhyphenLMTZrDLcZsjk5_Joittnf_jk9RLElJZQF69qLoKziUdeJT4/s1600/NSF-03285.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9A_lhaYWYJAIaZHWZKeLzeeskMJf7qo5bH2vCOYOUYWWgmiPE3PDDbC53SYBne-Je_Fgyozr-Wnkl8CmVwK5KjZq0mckhyphenhyphenLMTZrDLcZsjk5_Joittnf_jk9RLElJZQF69qLoKziUdeJT4/w320-h237/NSF-03285.jpg" width="320" /></a><span><span><span> At 250 metres in length, this building at Prinzregentenstraße 24 still bears visible signs of its former military use. Above the former officers' entrance remains the Luftwaffe eagle with its spread wings holding the residual traces of a swastika. The main entrance is flanked by two eagles. Sixteen helmets adorn the window gables at the top of the five-story tower. On the east side one still encounters the stylised swastikas adorning the wrought iron grill the building. From 1938-40 the eastern part of the building was occupied by the Air Force Command. In the course of the rearmament of the German air force, fifteen air district commands were set up in Germany. The Luftwaffe was divided into air fleets, to which the air district commands were subordinate as departments with specific tasks. The Luftgaukommando VII in Munich organised air traffic and the aerial warfare industry in southern Bavaria. This gigantic building shows the importance and the expansion of this air armament. <br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgryH-RH7db5D6hLPIT3Es0-gPDltKju3Ztv5zMgX2U_HFM4nS-3aVBqLYigdbMb7pCdTVIQB3ByYXXLHLWt_9pnkOebHwB_K8t3VQU31rViDCnp-u6kwBXc3Y6Vj14C5XtvpzbXkDzkETU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="600" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgryH-RH7db5D6hLPIT3Es0-gPDltKju3Ztv5zMgX2U_HFM4nS-3aVBqLYigdbMb7pCdTVIQB3ByYXXLHLWt_9pnkOebHwB_K8t3VQU31rViDCnp-u6kwBXc3Y6Vj14C5XtvpzbXkDzkETU/w400-h262/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><b><span><span>The topping-out ceremony on May 12, 1937 and today.</span></span> </b>From 1940, the entire building served as the command post of the Air District Headquarters, which was engaged in the comprehensive development of air defence and the live experiments on concentration camp prisoners. </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>
Here, not only were the air armament and the air war planned and the
air defences coordinated, but later the defusing of unexploded ordnance
was organised. This dangerous, often fatal, job was done by prisoners
from the Dachau concentration camp who had previously been trained in
bomb searching and blasting. In July 1944, <a href="http://www.muenchner-leerstellen.de/archives/512">an hundred Dachau concentration camp prisoners</a> were assembled at the roll call area for this external detail. It was only when they arrived at the south-east of Theresienwiese in their new accommodation in the gymnasium of the Stielerschule at Stielerstraße 6, did they find out about their new job as a "bomb search squad", also known as the "Dachau Hundreds". Because of the high death rate, they later called themselves the "Himmelfahrtskommando". For this work, which was deadly for many, they were promised a possible reduction in imprisonment or release. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIqiIEC31JWkkBAXxLmulo1y7-tTVzHYR-4ze79888eHE27zMogtkBe436_k0QNmuEgi9ZDD3B1-UoLJhwrSzS4Gj62LMVeG-5UXh3m9UMVNznPi7jlGyhwQ4nXPOPUJYNVwxUrfe3Wjs/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252876%2529.gif" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="473" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIqiIEC31JWkkBAXxLmulo1y7-tTVzHYR-4ze79888eHE27zMogtkBe436_k0QNmuEgi9ZDD3B1-UoLJhwrSzS4Gj62LMVeG-5UXh3m9UMVNznPi7jlGyhwQ4nXPOPUJYNVwxUrfe3Wjs/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252876%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 260px; width: 398px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span>Divided into groups of six, they were transported to Romanstrasse, to the reporting point for duds. With a Wehrmacht firework technician as head of operations and an ϟϟ guard to guard them, they were taken from there to their operations in the city area, where they had to uncover bombs without prior knowledge and often had to defuse them themselves. Up to fifteen concentration camp inmates died in this way every day in detonations caused by removing the detonator or by the expiration of long-term detonators. Those killed were each replaced by new concentration camp prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp in operations which lasted until the end of the war. In January 1945, Polish and Russian prisoners were killed when a dud exploded, and others followed to be replaced by the transfer of other prisoners from Dachau. There were shootings of inmates, and abuse was common until April 26, 1945 when this external detail was dissolved and the prisoners taken to the Dachau concentration camp. It wasn't until 1973 that the Central Office of the State Justice Administration in Ludwigsburg began investigating such crimes only for the Munich I Regional Court to to summarily discontinue the proceedings against the commando leader responsible, Adolf Höfer. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>In addition, t</span></span>o improve its defences against the Allies, in the first quarter of 1944 the Luftgau </span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5zfO2MUqE3P3hAyN0WxC2tTOd61xdTeNljB6KTGuC5Y0Wc4SZcxmvHXGExAliV3q6uIs_hgND0ClM_aDtMYQfjx2uYlAFD-8PoChJj_oIOKuKTHGSymMHEZAU2QiRgjOcjqtc1yqY2ow/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252875%2529.gif" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="445" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5zfO2MUqE3P3hAyN0WxC2tTOd61xdTeNljB6KTGuC5Y0Wc4SZcxmvHXGExAliV3q6uIs_hgND0ClM_aDtMYQfjx2uYlAFD-8PoChJj_oIOKuKTHGSymMHEZAU2QiRgjOcjqtc1yqY2ow/w323-h344/ezgif.com-optimize+%252875%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 260px; width: 244px;" width="323" /></span>Command VII planned the construction of two taxiways and alternative roads, shatterproof aircraft boxes and small hangars. This expansion work was carried out by various companies under the construction management of the Organization Todt (OT) which again involved prisoners of war and forced labourers as workers. Many of these 350 forced labourers had been deported from Athens followed by six hundred Jewish concentration camp prisoners from September to November 1944. Another camp surrounded by barbed wire was probably set up in 1942 for around an hundred Soviet prisoners of war. This would be swelled further by French prisoners of war, Belgian civilian workers, Italian Wehrmacht volunteers, a group of Hungarian soldiers and, from January 1945, around 300 members of the British army from India who had been captured in North Africa. </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Today the former dining area serves as a library. The historic rooms have been left largely in its original state. Today it houses the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Infrastructure, Transport and Technology. </span></span></span><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioj9vqqa3jV7kNuljHUPbK5Mq8XGQlNGc_cTQnfuq8DoxhrMDSVwr_q2cwUDvmxycgikiY7kcJXUk7BstDGi9hA9YIQoXj_RGJeSJ95cWvTp1MRc3fG7cb6IZ6JOm-AnEu4LL5_7By4es/s1600/dmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioj9vqqa3jV7kNuljHUPbK5Mq8XGQlNGc_cTQnfuq8DoxhrMDSVwr_q2cwUDvmxycgikiY7kcJXUk7BstDGi9hA9YIQoXj_RGJeSJ95cWvTp1MRc3fG7cb6IZ6JOm-AnEu4LL5_7By4es/s640/dmyphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span><br /></span>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>Built between</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">1935-1936 and </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span>completed in 1938
according to plans by German Bestelmeyer who, as "Reich Cultural Senator,"
taught at the Technical University of Munich, today's Technical
University, </span></span></span></span></span>this building still displays the steel helmets, eagles, and, incredibly (and illegally) swastika window grills today. For example, i</span></span></span>nside the Nazi eagle still greets visitors, albeit sans swastika. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBKFQZ1-N9DKscKNQyHMNGh6hx3j-Okh46fLuGFvbWHoBLSa9T3lSsZRCIlbZFq1jcXqNADvOIU66DxrRddlDxvaEVi1TbJcoHrIuaJ3UeZ38-R47DRUcCJVGPdF5JxlUWtRMqRvFKWvs/s1600/emyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBKFQZ1-N9DKscKNQyHMNGh6hx3j-Okh46fLuGFvbWHoBLSa9T3lSsZRCIlbZFq1jcXqNADvOIU66DxrRddlDxvaEVi1TbJcoHrIuaJ3UeZ38-R47DRUcCJVGPdF5JxlUWtRMqRvFKWvs/s640/emyphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgry6JvX2w-OAPxsyU0yE10gbEVoyH-Jp_CWNukPwjPjbUA7jO3nlVskIHn8zAJk5qh9y9bIwRnJzPgxZOMaskH-CZQyLWoRohdzxvFSN2Lc6WGqkyf9jZMtrO5TLWNMGDRQv2kIcuWSOY/s1600/fmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgry6JvX2w-OAPxsyU0yE10gbEVoyH-Jp_CWNukPwjPjbUA7jO3nlVskIHn8zAJk5qh9y9bIwRnJzPgxZOMaskH-CZQyLWoRohdzxvFSN2Lc6WGqkyf9jZMtrO5TLWNMGDRQv2kIcuWSOY/s640/fmyphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span> <br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN1Jq2REM_iQaSk4Ozksb6EkV-SXyAelUgcyFiar-Ank4hWO8Wy_yFkhyphenhypheneU_s5jOm3z_C7ACAEJ50_YD8Fw_l-OS_Z8l_CbyryxSWdof-2jCljU2F1iZNlFxfoxravj2PJloeLUoiW85A6/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="387" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN1Jq2REM_iQaSk4Ozksb6EkV-SXyAelUgcyFiar-Ank4hWO8Wy_yFkhyphenhypheneU_s5jOm3z_C7ACAEJ50_YD8Fw_l-OS_Z8l_CbyryxSWdof-2jCljU2F1iZNlFxfoxravj2PJloeLUoiW85A6/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">At night the grills are actually lit up from within the building even though the German </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Strafgesetzbuch </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">in § 86a outlaws "use of symbols of unconstitutional organisations" as used on this </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">government</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> building<span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF7RzUaBSQSFhMZ_JDiPXFMoE2MDz5KeNkpr-boeBnZGnGUyWAW-HyFUTV84yQ97LLMi1cxXcuAl8lzb8d6dHNA00LP8V1JvYwzREKrVRZ6OwEbTzOo_aIYEId5IAmzOnehyphenhyphenRzXR08Bow/s1600/hmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF7RzUaBSQSFhMZ_JDiPXFMoE2MDz5KeNkpr-boeBnZGnGUyWAW-HyFUTV84yQ97LLMi1cxXcuAl8lzb8d6dHNA00LP8V1JvYwzREKrVRZ6OwEbTzOo_aIYEId5IAmzOnehyphenhyphenRzXR08Bow/s640/hmyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">right across the street is the <span style="font-size: 180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bayerisches Nationalmuseum</span></span></span><span class="Normal-C" style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFJvRmW8m7A_4guQUUjEotE3E2sMF3rerdawRcSW_jdirShGbY5MNKpkL98qcIIXRyWRuFZNFc0bR3tMqEZmkXF38KYgac1Jn7KPJhn1DYV4EjJTsMf2vVG8kS58B8NzkMubsIzQgMkM8/s1600/imyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFJvRmW8m7A_4guQUUjEotE3E2sMF3rerdawRcSW_jdirShGbY5MNKpkL98qcIIXRyWRuFZNFc0bR3tMqEZmkXF38KYgac1Jn7KPJhn1DYV4EjJTsMf2vVG8kS58B8NzkMubsIzQgMkM8/s640/imyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>According to Jonathan Petropoulos in <span><a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/military%20pdfs7/TheFaustianBargain-TheArtWorldInNaziGermany.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;">The Faustian Bargain - The Art World in Nazi Germany</a></span> "many Jewish galleries, like the renowned Bernheimer firm in Munich, were taken over by Aryan trustees. As the confiscated works mounted up, [museum director Ernst] Buchner cooperated with the Gestapo by making rooms available in the Bavarian National Museum."</span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVdPjIPNgcgnXby1hLBTzwjhQTv5UNsY001QlU5LduFr-Ie__cs2PnAPolGQOPqzPL-XDQzHHSFsoPG70Ms9YtAVjHuETaKV4tf_OEHxWEnope74yuK0eF0SBiYBaoDFBaROrplTtovSo/s1600/jmyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVdPjIPNgcgnXby1hLBTzwjhQTv5UNsY001QlU5LduFr-Ie__cs2PnAPolGQOPqzPL-XDQzHHSFsoPG70Ms9YtAVjHuETaKV4tf_OEHxWEnope74yuK0eF0SBiYBaoDFBaROrplTtovSo/s400/jmyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Over the side door a Nazi eagle remains, missing only its swastika whilst at the other end a wreath is shorn of its offending symbol as well. This is within a wing at the southeast corner added by German Bestelmeyer in 1937. Bestelmeyer served as a professor at the Technical University, and from 1934 until his death in 1942 he was President of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts. He had been an outspoken advocate of traditionalist, völkisch architecture. He was a member of the Munich School to which Paul Troost also belonged. In 1928, with Paul Schultze-Naumburg, Paul Schmitthenner and others, he founded "The Block", a group of architects in opposition to the modernist group The Ring. He was singled out for praise in 1931 by Schultze-Naumburg and in 1934, after the Nazis came to power, wrote an article in which he endorsed Alexander von Senger's criticism of Le Corbusier, described 1920s architecture as having become "soulless", and rejected flat roofs as unsuited to the climate in Germany. He was a member of both the Werkbund and the antisemitic Militant League for German Culture. He became a Reich Cultural Senator in 1935. He brought von Senger to the Bavarian Academy and designed buildings such as the Luftwaffe office building on the across the screen seen above, which were much praised at the time. However, he also designed a number of mostly Protestant churches, some of which met with official approval, and Hitler chose his design for the Mangfall Bridge, a girder bridge on two massive concrete pylons carrying one of the new autobahns, which was influential in its simple modernity and size. Bestelmeyer died in 1942 at the resort of Bad Wiessee. On Hitler's orders, his body was brought back to Munich and after lying in state in the Academy of Fine Arts, transferred for the state funeral to the light-court of the University of Munich which he had designed, with 300 members of the Hitler Youth in attendance.
<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRh_HMKH9PhxF1ALTg7SS_q6R-1x3_F3vK-xRUwYGH1ULkt05d29wEML5VtEypJI0sxdNQGEUSa7QRSFzMeHz7Q-GlLuPChq_GDmpPjUSTSBrIwefuHPUFRilh2g9zgXSwEXFlJk3QXlw/s1600/tall.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRh_HMKH9PhxF1ALTg7SS_q6R-1x3_F3vK-xRUwYGH1ULkt05d29wEML5VtEypJI0sxdNQGEUSa7QRSFzMeHz7Q-GlLuPChq_GDmpPjUSTSBrIwefuHPUFRilh2g9zgXSwEXFlJk3QXlw/s1600/tall.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Inside lying in storage is the guillotine with which the Scholl siblings were executed. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Hans and Sophie Scholl together with Christoph Probst were tried before the People’s Court on February 22. Graf, Schmorell, and Huber followed a few months later. (Schmorell had tried to flee to Switzerland, but had been hindered by deep snow. A former girlfriend, Gisela Schertling, allegedly betrayed him after recognizing him in a Munich air raid shelter.) The sentence for all was death by guillotine. When Hans put his head on the block, he shouted: “Long live freedom!” Sophie said to her parents, who had come to say good-bye from Ulm: “This will make waves.” But as courageous as her remarks were at the time, they were not prescient.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Kater (129) <i>Hitler Youth</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfUEETJePmuFPqkJ_tWsxS4y5DpNDdZgxEsuI-N1LGFYqifdh42Ubp3AnW37_IWRKsbg_U5HQ1h2OTs6fj5SBxKo66v4Ab-VvtHqX19sFoJI34vvdZLlH4RKDOqyLIRqDippe8MFCpGZ8/s1600/13.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfUEETJePmuFPqkJ_tWsxS4y5DpNDdZgxEsuI-N1LGFYqifdh42Ubp3AnW37_IWRKsbg_U5HQ1h2OTs6fj5SBxKo66v4Ab-VvtHqX19sFoJI34vvdZLlH4RKDOqyLIRqDippe8MFCpGZ8/s1600/13.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfUEETJePmuFPqkJ_tWsxS4y5DpNDdZgxEsuI-N1LGFYqifdh42Ubp3AnW37_IWRKsbg_U5HQ1h2OTs6fj5SBxKo66v4Ab-VvtHqX19sFoJI34vvdZLlH4RKDOqyLIRqDippe8MFCpGZ8/s1600/13.jpg" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfUEETJePmuFPqkJ_tWsxS4y5DpNDdZgxEsuI-N1LGFYqifdh42Ubp3AnW37_IWRKsbg_U5HQ1h2OTs6fj5SBxKo66v4Ab-VvtHqX19sFoJI34vvdZLlH4RKDOqyLIRqDippe8MFCpGZ8/s1600/13.jpg" width="355" /></a><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJult7zWYjJs2aavqsNHa0_DLIeeqpuQ1c5PPdAA82TXAMp_J0ekpSfGqpuh-Vp56YChR9LBlUqCktCOhPpnYDfGztyCYa2IXnw0zp591Dx0J7tM1Xf-QcDXxv6AUESI765cstDdczs7x2/s1600/14.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJult7zWYjJs2aavqsNHa0_DLIeeqpuQ1c5PPdAA82TXAMp_J0ekpSfGqpuh-Vp56YChR9LBlUqCktCOhPpnYDfGztyCYa2IXnw0zp591Dx0J7tM1Xf-QcDXxv6AUESI765cstDdczs7x2/s1600/14.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJult7zWYjJs2aavqsNHa0_DLIeeqpuQ1c5PPdAA82TXAMp_J0ekpSfGqpuh-Vp56YChR9LBlUqCktCOhPpnYDfGztyCYa2IXnw0zp591Dx0J7tM1Xf-QcDXxv6AUESI765cstDdczs7x2/s1600/14.jpg" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJult7zWYjJs2aavqsNHa0_DLIeeqpuQ1c5PPdAA82TXAMp_J0ekpSfGqpuh-Vp56YChR9LBlUqCktCOhPpnYDfGztyCYa2IXnw0zp591Dx0J7tM1Xf-QcDXxv6AUESI765cstDdczs7x2/s1600/14.jpg" width="219" /></a></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>One casualty of the Luftgaukommando was the Hubertusbrunnen, built from 1903-1907 after a design by Adolf Hildebrand in the form of a covered temple. Inside was the actual fountain and the statue of a deer. St. According to the legend of Hubertus found a stag located in the well house carrying a cross between its antlers. It was originally located in front of the Bavarian National Museum but removed in 1937 and in 1954 re-established at its current location. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJiAM9boJDFhUezpQRRifDvQV34rSReHnCiYyIFN-9V04hxlIHPqe1JU6itnUAQE8Gk-JB58mj7jZ60h4808TEDD_1VEPJagP2hACA2Cla00RYTg2zBxIjiUl7qd8R2CvSV1WU_Y3OtlFm/s640/Stb-Brunnen-005.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJiAM9boJDFhUezpQRRifDvQV34rSReHnCiYyIFN-9V04hxlIHPqe1JU6itnUAQE8Gk-JB58mj7jZ60h4808TEDD_1VEPJagP2hACA2Cla00RYTg2zBxIjiUl7qd8R2CvSV1WU_Y3OtlFm/s640/Stb-Brunnen-005.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 175px; width: 123px;" /><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvf2-opV5kfaRomQOivQeWRZgjEHOK3em8_7urwDrQWzZpcfRpVSLo-PnucqgRXMuoR8qpdYXTwjzBRBs-XQD7vh5WkExTucl2wuqanp8XSH6U49wONkjF4VYMqK-raV2oY_gfY73bQKhS/s320/800px-Hubertusbrunnen_Muenchen.jpg" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvf2-opV5kfaRomQOivQeWRZgjEHOK3em8_7urwDrQWzZpcfRpVSLo-PnucqgRXMuoR8qpdYXTwjzBRBs-XQD7vh5WkExTucl2wuqanp8XSH6U49wONkjF4VYMqK-raV2oY_gfY73bQKhS/s320/800px-Hubertusbrunnen_Muenchen.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvf2-opV5kfaRomQOivQeWRZgjEHOK3em8_7urwDrQWzZpcfRpVSLo-PnucqgRXMuoR8qpdYXTwjzBRBs-XQD7vh5WkExTucl2wuqanp8XSH6U49wONkjF4VYMqK-raV2oY_gfY73bQKhS/s320/800px-Hubertusbrunnen_Muenchen.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 175px; width: 263px;" /><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Yy1Sc95mNbruI4uLbFJgtAegSHl2uTiCsmVl-RRtU1wbAgJ259O0PJQophZNM-scAfMXnmpXy2DIGW3ZdVi122e3XZR6dcbkonUxc9Me9DArrmjaDf4lPU0yzp6qNPGqNalcY83KS2gQ/s320/800px-Hubertusbrunnen_Innen.JPG" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Yy1Sc95mNbruI4uLbFJgtAegSHl2uTiCsmVl-RRtU1wbAgJ259O0PJQophZNM-scAfMXnmpXy2DIGW3ZdVi122e3XZR6dcbkonUxc9Me9DArrmjaDf4lPU0yzp6qNPGqNalcY83KS2gQ/s320/800px-Hubertusbrunnen_Innen.JPG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Yy1Sc95mNbruI4uLbFJgtAegSHl2uTiCsmVl-RRtU1wbAgJ259O0PJQophZNM-scAfMXnmpXy2DIGW3ZdVi122e3XZR6dcbkonUxc9Me9DArrmjaDf4lPU0yzp6qNPGqNalcY83KS2gQ/s320/800px-Hubertusbrunnen_Innen.JPG" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 175px; width: 263px;" /> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Demolition work on Hubertusbrunnen in Prinzregentenstraße March, 1937. The Hubertusbrunnen is now located in the west of Munich at the eastern end of the Nymphenburg canal. </span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Standing in front of Munich's Angel of Peace (Friedensengel) at the other end of Prinzregentenstrasse during the Day of German Art and today. The monument was built to commemorate the peaceful quarter century since the Franco-German war and has the portraits of William I, Frederick III, Wilhelm II, the Bavarian rulers Ludwig II, Otto and Luitpold, the Imperial Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and the generals Helmuth von Moltke, Albrecht von Roon, Ludwig von der Tann, Jakob von Hartmann and Siegmund von Pranckh. Inside its hall are gold mosaics which depict the allegories of war and peace, victory and blessing for the culture. The foundation stone was laid on 10 May 1896; the unveiling was on 16 July 1899. When the Angel fell from the column in 1981, it was taken away so that the significant damages could be repaired. Two years later its leg and both wings were replaced with the position of the wing now steeper compared to its original state. It was here on November 7, 1918 that 60,000 men marched from the Theresienwiese in order to proclaim the revolution under the leadership of Kurt Eisner. Just beyond is <span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's Residence- </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prinzregentenplatz 16</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCXiZSJU3n1mc0KyxaX4N28MVdLKi-3TY76-Lz3wLrVSsOAEH_qBrxtA3-zutpEO2SUqJYMNCMXRHuhHJ01BqOtZJtBP19WQ-YzeS1MvNgnp9Af2IWKFXWd1u-e8PFiosjiqZSv_rJl069/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCXiZSJU3n1mc0KyxaX4N28MVdLKi-3TY76-Lz3wLrVSsOAEH_qBrxtA3-zutpEO2SUqJYMNCMXRHuhHJ01BqOtZJtBP19WQ-YzeS1MvNgnp9Af2IWKFXWd1u-e8PFiosjiqZSv_rJl069/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Hitler's private residence in 1937 and today. </span></span></span>A</span><span><span><span>fter leaving the Reichswehr Hitler lived from April 1, 1920 to October 1929 as a subtenant a rather modest to be named accommodation on Thierschstraße 41 in Lehel. As his reputation and fame grew outside of Munich and Bavaria as the head of a party which won twelve seats after the previous year's parliamentary election, this eventually led to a more representative apartment. Hitler moved into this luxurious nine-room apartment at Prinzregentenplatz 16 on the sedond floor. Hugo Bruckmann, the publisher, Nazi supporter and generous mentor of the Hitler, had helped him to finance it and guaranteed the landlord from all possible rent arrears. </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Hitler’s private apartment on the third floor was located in an apartment house and consisted of nine living rooms,
two kitchens, two walk-in closets, two bathrooms, and furnishings.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
apartment had been furnished and decorated by Gerdy Troost, widow of
architect Paul Ludwig Troost, a member of the Nazi Party and
architectural advisor of Hitler. Hitler filled the apartment with works
of art he had collected, particularly nineteenth century German
paintings as well as German Old Masters. </span></span></span></span>The
annual rent was 4,176 marks. The term of the lease contract was first
to run until April 1, 1934, with a six-month term of notice. </span></span></span></span>With him lived his fun-loving niece, Geli Raubal, who was to commit suicide in September 1931 for unknown reasons here in this apartment. The room had to remain exactly as it was at the time of her death on Hitler's orders. </span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span> There is a considerable speculation on the nature of Hitler's relationship with Raubal. Nicholls (139) describes how "gossips could only guess" as to whether they actually made love; Machtan in The Hidden Hitler (162) states how "[o]ne can only speculate ... but it is unlikely that he became intimate with her"; the thesis of Machtan's book is that Hitler was homosexual. Christa Schroeder, one of Hitler's personal secretaries, was convinced that Geli and Hitler did not have sexual relations, one of Geli's friends and daughter of Hitler's photographer Heinrich Hoffmann, Henrietta von Schirach, was also confident that the two did not have sexual relations. On the other hand, psychoanalyst Walter C. Langer argued that Hitler's sexual relationship with Geli was coprophagic or coprophiliac, ultimately based on his masochism. Toland states, rather paradoxically, that the "discreet love affair" between Hitler and Geli was "most likely never consummated." Other historians, like Kershaw, simply decline to take a position on the ground that the matter is simply too speculative. </span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGD5ZZ65An-adoAYbZ8a2g_HyuGifJw1z4FhdshyphenhyphenFHgP0owpWh40froUO4nqL6TD9GHdaciSQCOxLHWNpuj7zhz3QZprU9eVMqrZV-pC2z5H5R6t2nFRnqNUfOq3VoXhkbVuBKngTKyRAw/s1600/GeliRaubal.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGD5ZZ65An-adoAYbZ8a2g_HyuGifJw1z4FhdshyphenhyphenFHgP0owpWh40froUO4nqL6TD9GHdaciSQCOxLHWNpuj7zhz3QZprU9eVMqrZV-pC2z5H5R6t2nFRnqNUfOq3VoXhkbVuBKngTKyRAw/w230-h320/GeliRaubal.jpg" width="230" /></a></span></span>In 1925 Hitler brought his widowed half-sister Angela Raubal from Austria to serve as housekeeper for both his Munich apartment and his rented villa The Berghof. She brought along her two daughters, Geli and Friedl. Hitler became very close to his niece Geli Raubal, and she moved into his apartment in 1929, when she was twenty. Their relationship is shrouded in mystery but was widely rumoured to be romantic. On September 18, 1931 she died of a gunshot wound in the apartment; the coroner proclaimed her death a suicide. Hitler was on his way to Erlangen to give a speech, but he returned immediately to Munich on hearing the news. By the time he arrived her body had been removed. He took her death very hard and went into a depression. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler did not attend the funeral in Vienna but instead
retreated to the home of his publisher Müller at the Tegernsee, spending several days there with only his court photographer Heinrich
Hoffmann allowed to accompany him. Many feared the
shock of Geli’s unexpected death might lead him to commit suicide, too.
On the anniversary of his niece’s death on September 18, 1932, Hitler
secretly visited her grave in Vienna. Goebbels noted in his diary:
“Führer gone to Vienna for private visit. Nobody knows about it so that
there won’t be any crowds.” News of Hitler’s presence in Vienna leaked,
however, and led to many political rumours. On Hitler’s orders, Raubal’s
room remained untouched. Before the war, he spent every Christmas Eve
there in sentimental reflection.</span></span></span></span>He mourned her for years, maintaining her rooms exactly as they had been. Hitler continued to live in the apartment until 1934, when he became Führer and Reichskanzler of Germany. After that, Hitler kept the apartment, but spent most of his time either in Berlin or in his Berghof residence. </span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH_dWyAjWB3v-OwmtgWGTor4Odcfzb66FzpiGKJoGbiRpyU1wEshWgQNPNO_PWUZFEffK2m_BH6N-gzBk5Pv86IQ3zkibE5xqXNuLzkwEgmiM2MbHbcORGRs_ytA73It_vQSLn75ls-xDB/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="248" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH_dWyAjWB3v-OwmtgWGTor4Odcfzb66FzpiGKJoGbiRpyU1wEshWgQNPNO_PWUZFEffK2m_BH6N-gzBk5Pv86IQ3zkibE5xqXNuLzkwEgmiM2MbHbcORGRs_ytA73It_vQSLn75ls-xDB/w290-h400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="290" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler looking out from the balcony and the same view today.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span>When
Hitler visited Munich after the seizure of power, the
Prinzregentenplatz was besieged by a cheering crowd. In the late summer
of 1937 he therefore gave the instruction to build a barrier opposite
the house Prinzregentenstraße 16 so that the people could no longer
"surround" him. The chains were used less and less in the following
years, because the private refuge in Munich since the beginning of the
thirties has lost importance - the Obersalzberg was now in the focus of
the F</span></span></span><span><span><span><span>ührer</span>.
The war completely ended his private stays in the state capital. At the
end of August 1942, the house at Prinzregentenplatz 16 was not hit in
an air raid but was slightly damaged. Today it houses the police
inspection 22, whose service area includes the districts Bogenhausen,
Denning, Daglfing, Englschalking, Johanneskirchen, Oberföhring,
Steinhausen, Zamdorf and Haidhausen North on a total area of 25.4
square kilometres. </span></span></span>Hitler sometimes used the Munich apartment for high-level diplomatic
meetings. On September 25, 1937, he met there with Mussolini when
he was trying to get Mussolini to agree to his plan to annex Austria to
Germany; the leaders agreed to a strengthening of their Axis pact.</span></span></span> During their
hour-long summit conference, the German and Italian leaders agreed to
continue supporting Francisco Franco in Spain, to seek better relations
with Imperial Japan, and to oppose Franco-British policies that
prevented their joint expansion of power and territorial acquisitions—a
great strengthening of the Axis Pact of 1935 and the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936.</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">
He also met with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in the
apartment on September 30, 1938, following the signing of the four-power
Munich Accords. </span></span></span></span></span></span>On September 30, 1938, Hitler
hosted Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain at the apartment following
the signing of the four-power Munich Pact, but before the signing of the
Anglo-German Declaration that led Chamberlain to declare that he had
brought “peace for our time” home with honour from Germany.<br />As for
Hitler, he later boasted to his intimates: “I saw our enemies at
Munich—they are little worms!” Because of the document signed in
Hitler’s apartment, Chamberlain mistakenly thought they’d guaranteed
European peace for a generation. Nazi Germany occupied the German
Sudetenland—taken from the Czechs—the next day.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">After
the American Army had entered Munich, it became the headquarters of an
American Section. The furnishings were removed and the Munich
Financing Office of the Land of Bavaria took up its quarters in the
building and today the third floor is actually police station. <span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The second floor, Hitler's former apartment,
houses the headquarters of the regional police of Munich and is not open
to the public.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/books/edgar-feuchtwanger-bore-witness-horribly-close-to-hitler.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=mini-moth&region=top-stories-below&WT.nav=top-stories-below&_r=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">When He Was 5, He Got a New Neighbour: Hitler </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></a></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The writer and historian Edgar Feuchtwanger grew up perhaps 100 yards from Adolf Hitler during the Nazi era, before escaping Germany. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: bold;">Kunstbunker Tumulka</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Down
the road on Prinzregentenstrasse 97, this was built in 1944 as a set of
flats surrounded by bunkers, one of which serves as the venue for </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.kunstbunker-tumulka.de/index.html">contemporary art exhibitions</a></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7HFoG9P_DpIhyphenhyphennUHsoYW4ynZG8qaEDlyTNjzEWsMV4t3yBKj-eTM1hRennOy1r-X7-6hr1HB3KM2Jl1clOnUAWLsEmP7GAPZV6vYjkv0xj95vEDtUC4yuBB4WArba93OUxnrGiNJQmks/s640/pz.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7HFoG9P_DpIhyphenhyphennUHsoYW4ynZG8qaEDlyTNjzEWsMV4t3yBKj-eTM1hRennOy1r-X7-6hr1HB3KM2Jl1clOnUAWLsEmP7GAPZV6vYjkv0xj95vEDtUC4yuBB4WArba93OUxnrGiNJQmks/s640/pz.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 372px;" /><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf12_s8X9zySati8l5mnLO8NMACUD_wboOnqmUIBqWgkoWHnLGn-qneU9GVXuiT7FtepWfndf7s1hm2Ty5c_FJnGf8FDrPnV2fJIM9NCcTRRsr9AU_VGKPc3Rdb_AcsJM1BK0Z4TiH-XQ/s640/1" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5539463224804643586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf12_s8X9zySati8l5mnLO8NMACUD_wboOnqmUIBqWgkoWHnLGn-qneU9GVXuiT7FtepWfndf7s1hm2Ty5c_FJnGf8FDrPnV2fJIM9NCcTRRsr9AU_VGKPc3Rdb_AcsJM1BK0Z4TiH-XQ/s640/1" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 270px;" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Model of the apartment complex. In this May 1945 photo on the right one can see both Hitler's residence in the top centre and the apartment at the bottom-left.</span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXZ8eyOa4XGhQtV3lhHw7P_JiWGnYfHZ1UF9UNMV2V-uEPD1b_wCpWXerW2PV4O4f5FkOsJnAjHBXddMsF7Vba5xZA7q_vsxlBNAs-MVID-hgpS0s7jeURhNbA9_oe1iMLzWmmG5v5iDE/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252873%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="442" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXZ8eyOa4XGhQtV3lhHw7P_JiWGnYfHZ1UF9UNMV2V-uEPD1b_wCpWXerW2PV4O4f5FkOsJnAjHBXddMsF7Vba5xZA7q_vsxlBNAs-MVID-hgpS0s7jeURhNbA9_oe1iMLzWmmG5v5iDE/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252873%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>The Wagner memorial on Prinzregentenplatz on the 50th anniversary of Wagner's death on February 11, 1933. The </span></span><span><span><span><span>marble monument</span></span> itself was erected on May 21, 1913 - exactly one day before the composer's hundredth birthday. </span></span><span><span><span><span>Created by sculptor Heinrich Waderé</span></span> based on the famous portrait of Tischbein by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe allowing the slight composer to assume a more favourable, sedentary pose. It was seen as a kind of "reparation" of the city of Munich to the artist, who had to leave the city in 1865 under pressure from the population. <i>Richard Wagner Year 1933</i> began with a violent debate after Thomas Mann had given a lecture on the composer, in which he spoke out against his one-sided heroic glorification and argued for a differentiated interpretation of his works. The violent protest of the Richard-Wagner-Stadt München promptly followed. Mann did not return to Germany; on the day he left Munich members of the Bayerische Volkspartei were represented at the monument- on the left is Culture Minister Dr. Franz Goldenberger as the main speaker and Oberbürgermeister Karl Scharnagl (in the foreground wearing glasses).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other Munich Pages</span><br /><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-feldherrnhalle.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Odeonsplatz</span></a></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-konigsplatz.html">Around Königsplatz</a><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-hofbrauhaus.html"> </a><br /><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-hofbrauhaus.html">Various sites in central Munich (1) </a><br /><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-reich-press-office.html">Sites around Munich (3) </a><br /><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2011/03/sites-around-munich-4.html">Sites around Munich (4) </a></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/sites-around-munich-5.html"><span style="font-size: normal;">Sites around Munich (5)</span></a></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/dachau.html">Around Dachau</a></span></span></span></span></div>
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</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comPrinzregentenstraße, München, Germany48.1399237 11.603978748.1187317 11.563638200000002 48.161115699999996 11.6443192tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-53493819697428667102008-01-18T22:00:00.063-08:002024-03-11T11:52:24.882-07:00Remaining Nazi Sites around Munich (3)<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTcaaSZfY71qEMUaK6ygk1yz3RjtRmUwtUfmp37rFk069MTPpAWlP2QvehcIR7V5Vj-hes9XoFzNfDDt43ZerO1gAqml3Y2koSkIvuWfclrEOU4a6AVIZMSsHM8q5jQnjb5sa2oPYaPBxo/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTcaaSZfY71qEMUaK6ygk1yz3RjtRmUwtUfmp37rFk069MTPpAWlP2QvehcIR7V5Vj-hes9XoFzNfDDt43ZerO1gAqml3Y2koSkIvuWfclrEOU4a6AVIZMSsHM8q5jQnjb5sa2oPYaPBxo/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Munich's opera house during the <i>Day of German Art </i>of
July 18, 1937. The next year saw <a href="https://www.theaterwissenschaft.uni-muenchen.de/forschung/abgeschl_proj/wie-man-wird_-was-man-ist/mindmap_mj-3-14-15_final.pdf">Lohengrin performed here</a> as the showcase event for the <i>Tag der Deutschen Kunst</i>,
specifically chosen by Hitler. as popular for Nazi
representational events. The “God-sent leader” Lohengrin was now made to
declare that "Because of the Grail I was chosen to fight", a parallel
to the "leader sent by God to the German people" of Adolf Hitler. The
opera house's programme notes included the following Lohengrin quote
under an almost full-length portrait of Hitler: "I rightly recognise the
power / That brought you to this country / So you come from God." In
addition, the historical </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Heinrich I</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
appeared in the encore, providing comparisons between the "Third Reich"
in relation to the "First Reich ” with the 'Holy Roman Empire of the
German Nation' portrayed in pseudo-historical terms. The cult carried
out around Heinrich I went so far that Heinrich Himmler had the bones of
the king excavated in order to bury them again in 1936 in Quedlinburg
in a pompous ceremony. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsK_xixhaXgZrkQMTyHyGg0hdb0xCyBbdsKWoLLbSmCa2Bh46JteI5nya_SBOg3gpjt4P67j22MjZp4ZnIHa3a9yBgR5yd95fhthp80FUXM5P1YcQ0L_LF50nmbjm_hxAiEnKbPtlEJGRZ/s1600/ezgif.com-resize+%25282%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="204" data-original-width="624" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsK_xixhaXgZrkQMTyHyGg0hdb0xCyBbdsKWoLLbSmCa2Bh46JteI5nya_SBOg3gpjt4P67j22MjZp4ZnIHa3a9yBgR5yd95fhthp80FUXM5P1YcQ0L_LF50nmbjm_hxAiEnKbPtlEJGRZ/s640/ezgif.com-resize+%25282%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>T</span>wo
supposed Hitler paintings of the Munich Opera House at Max-Joseph
Platz. That on the right is a 25" by 19-3/4" painting of the same
building by Hitler just after a rainstorm. It was painted in München in
the first half of 1914, when Hitler lived at the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2011/03/sites-around-munich-4.html">Josef Popp residence at 34/III Schleissheimerstraße</a>. Popp in an interview several years later recalled:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>He
began his painting straight away and stuck to his work for hours. In a
couple of days I saw two lovely pictures finished and lying on the
table, one of the cathedral and the other of the Theatinerkirche. After
that my lodger [Hitler] used to go out early of a morning with his
portfolio under his arm in search of customers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3u0jWFI-enh5tPlgC5Bukxmr4TcaQlb839zYAPuG9xMQSZzawnlskhtMt96xKUGIw57Nefyv7oYs-APnrciPwQ6ztZ6ek0OFYhX4miy192iGOKr_yyFmj_NnOuIZX1eybPHh1rnIxfvAJ/s354/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252816%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="354" height="339" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3u0jWFI-enh5tPlgC5Bukxmr4TcaQlb839zYAPuG9xMQSZzawnlskhtMt96xKUGIw57Nefyv7oYs-APnrciPwQ6ztZ6ek0OFYhX4miy192iGOKr_yyFmj_NnOuIZX1eybPHh1rnIxfvAJ/w400-h339/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252816%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></div>Unity Mitford cycling in front of the opera house with my bike sporting th ered ensign today. Described by the British Secret Services as “more Nazi than the Nazis,” Mitford was praised by Hitler as “a perfect specimen of Aryan womanhood.” Moving to Munich in 1934 where she <a href="https://dirkdeklein.net/2017/09/25/unity-mitford-hitlers-groupie/">set about stalking Hitler</a> by </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span><blockquote><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">going</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> to the Osteria Bavaria restaurant and sit waiting for Hitler. She'd sit there all day long with her book and read. She'd say, I don't want to make a fool of myself being alone there, and so she'd ask me to go along to keep her company, to have lunch or a coffee. Often Hitler was there. People came and went. She would place herself so that he invariably had to walk by her, she was drawing attention to herself, not obnoxiously but enough to make one slightly embarrassed. But the whole point was to attract his attention. She'd talk more loudly or drop a book. And it paid off.</span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">She eventually met him at the Osteria Bavaria <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>on Schellingstrasse 62 on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>February 9, 1935. From then on she is estimated to have met with Hitler 140 times, with him g</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ifting her a box at the Olympic Games in 1936, attending the Nuremberg rallies and haiving her chauffeured
to the Richard Wagner Festival in Bayreuth. When he announced the
annexation of his homeland to the German Reich, she was allowed to stand
next to him. When England declared war on Germany she<a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Englischer%20Garten"> shot herself in the head in the English Garden</a>, eventually dying in England by her mother and sister in 1948.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>After the bombing of </span></span><span>the night of October 3, 1943 </span><span>and standing in front today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Looking at what was left of Palais Toerring from Max-Joseph Platz and t</span><span>he Residenz Königsbau towards the opposite way in 1946 and with Drake Winston today<span> from the steps of the opera house.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9f9ECDMpw3MtdOyuDptLL54cKyhxRPe0oOc-7aL0V_NoiRVdIpwqV60duBTaHaK84lotXySaCq6wTNSMpML3fq5bKkx9ynvDJf_P_yV6T_lG4dIcWeS65BIurOW4oTnTbVE5qvMDWf02i/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9f9ECDMpw3MtdOyuDptLL54cKyhxRPe0oOc-7aL0V_NoiRVdIpwqV60duBTaHaK84lotXySaCq6wTNSMpML3fq5bKkx9ynvDJf_P_yV6T_lG4dIcWeS65BIurOW4oTnTbVE5qvMDWf02i/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 240px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW8EuNwQ2bC5tlYPRc-83lf1MfgGaEfgJAEhSpZ5iBfYU_Vu5-WKjJJ5Azcekr-dh3eAsFIoqsUn_c1nMGRLbSkkwAtOSpIn3yEhB4GxxjYzI8VdizTIxi-1-mfCED69Q6Aag7TggjvsbT/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW8EuNwQ2bC5tlYPRc-83lf1MfgGaEfgJAEhSpZ5iBfYU_Vu5-WKjJJ5Azcekr-dh3eAsFIoqsUn_c1nMGRLbSkkwAtOSpIn3yEhB4GxxjYzI8VdizTIxi-1-mfCED69Q6Aag7TggjvsbT/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 393px;" /><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Max-Joseph-Platz then and now; during the Beer Hall Putsch the putschists had marched through Marienplatz, continued down Weinstraße through Perusastraße into this square and from it down Residenzstraße, shown both from the time of the putsch
and immediately after the war from the corner of the Residenz, with
Odeonsplatz at the very end.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div> </div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bavarian State Tax Office</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">(Oberfinanzpräsidium)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSQcoegPOQHXTA50EltK2p6jGrs_WGFtz5Q_uZIvr4X3NptBIp47TvHYmAB77d8qXHFLeJl00zEjfpvzN2_T6lkEPR11eglZrp8_o9uWL8hiRYSMHJxh-Sw58mrQqtGUhxnc8cGU6lGsGF/s1600/myphoto%25283%2529.JPG"><img alt="Oberfinanzpräsidium" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5659152821712238722" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSQcoegPOQHXTA50EltK2p6jGrs_WGFtz5Q_uZIvr4X3NptBIp47TvHYmAB77d8qXHFLeJl00zEjfpvzN2_T6lkEPR11eglZrp8_o9uWL8hiRYSMHJxh-Sw58mrQqtGUhxnc8cGU6lGsGF/s400/myphoto%25283%2529.JPG" style="height: 260px; width: 650px;" title="" /></a></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><img alt="Nazi Eagle" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7XQzLw4ehqnHYhV6aJLIAC25pJXp-KvdM2unVTjLbcP-3S4bSa9MuwQZUx8POUXY4p1uTh_cgyCrO0w9G2dt7FyDfv1wN8v5zvBTuRhc7s2xdGeqtiG73LTn92QwKOVrvTYDj2Ho1J74/s400/2.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5447603680617331730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7XQzLw4ehqnHYhV6aJLIAC25pJXp-KvdM2unVTjLbcP-3S4bSa9MuwQZUx8POUXY4p1uTh_cgyCrO0w9G2dt7FyDfv1wN8v5zvBTuRhc7s2xdGeqtiG73LTn92QwKOVrvTYDj2Ho1J74/s400/2.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 333px;" title="Reichsadler" /></span></span><img alt="GIF: Oberfinanzpräsidium" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAGkl3rnCsMkkSTh23Ds6DuVggIw3Iu8o57miVmgeQdEhQqmu5ICUh7omgpo2v9qaiektiIoxE5WwoLIUJuVnv2Bzc0u7Hd8Vk0h6FoL4hRaxLGcr3HQdJRljf1dwJQMikQpxxVLRXwFMh/s320/output_GRWb9D.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAGkl3rnCsMkkSTh23Ds6DuVggIw3Iu8o57miVmgeQdEhQqmu5ICUh7omgpo2v9qaiektiIoxE5WwoLIUJuVnv2Bzc0u7Hd8Vk0h6FoL4hRaxLGcr3HQdJRljf1dwJQMikQpxxVLRXwFMh/s320/output_GRWb9D.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 333px;" title="" /><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Victims of Hitlerism still have to endure this symbol when entering a government building. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Even with the swastika removed from the oak leaf wreath, the Nazi eagle is still unmistakable. </span></span></span></span></span></span>That this building served a key role in the unrestrained plundering of the Jews during the Nazi period, its continued existence is all the more striking. </span></span></span>This building at </span><span id="parent-fieldname-address_now">Sophienstraße 6 </span><span>was constructed with its </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>three inner courtyards </span></span></span></span></span>between 1938 to 1942 by </span>Franz Stadtler. The financial administration within was instrumental in destroying the Jewish population and expropriating its assets. During
the Nazi era this building administered the expropriation of assets of
political opponents and racial undesirables through public auctions of
furnishings. Regarding the “Arisierung” of Jewish property, the fiscal
authority located here played a key role. After 1945 it was found that
1,589 Munich properties had been confiscated by this office.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKLtWm0WdNn3rx-yhRHvsYTZEKlzM8EMJVorXN5Z6aIYKBrV-OZynDfK3XVvamKFA6BpX6G5c9-HKq9_gfurpn3MsuHqCa74e-6nMmAyyuMds-Vc7YIep-1IbLiM_Os8Deq64ee1erj4U/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi eagle with Bavarian arms" border="0" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKLtWm0WdNn3rx-yhRHvsYTZEKlzM8EMJVorXN5Z6aIYKBrV-OZynDfK3XVvamKFA6BpX6G5c9-HKq9_gfurpn3MsuHqCa74e-6nMmAyyuMds-Vc7YIep-1IbLiM_Os8Deq64ee1erj4U/s640/1myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>This less-offensive Eagle in the courtyard represents the Bavarian Free State.</span><span> In a relief above the triple entrance door in the forecourt, his more politically neutral 'colleague' (without a swastika) takes two very tame Bavarian lions and coats of arms under his overpowering wing on behalf of the then politically insignificant state. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>After the war this building served the American Military Authorities
before hosting the America Haus (until it moved to the former <span>Führerbau </span>in 1948). This is also where the Bavarian State Parliament met from May 1947 until January 1949 until it was finally </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>able to move into its final seat in the Maximilianeum. Today the headquarters of the Munich
Finance Directorate and the authorities assigned to it are located here
(Federal Office for Real Estate, Main Customs Office Munich, Bavarian
State Office for Taxes, State Building Directorate).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhwj0H47SldPatQH59Jhz-InT23XLf6LY5kai67vbPCacOSd7q_tlfOeZGtRihe6ILehialgiPvnC6TqT1P3J7rEOpYlBwvghvLqEqz_0wryA5obKi3ZyG_hl8ip3imkl3xW9vbtyheY4/s1600-h/1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Reichsadler" border="0" height="241" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398007499371345874" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhwj0H47SldPatQH59Jhz-InT23XLf6LY5kai67vbPCacOSd7q_tlfOeZGtRihe6ILehialgiPvnC6TqT1P3J7rEOpYlBwvghvLqEqz_0wryA5obKi3ZyG_hl8ip3imkl3xW9vbtyheY4/s400/1.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" title="" width="400" /></a><span><span>Poster
displaying the history of the eagle as used on the coats of arms of
German cities and governments from the earliest times through 1939. </span><span>When
confronting Germans with this offensive symbol, most respond to me that
without the swast<span>ika, it is simply a typical eagle that has always been
the symbol of Germany. But as this chart shows, the Nazi eagle was
entirely different from its previous (and current) incarnations. During the Third Reich, a stylised eagle combined with the Nazi swastika was made the national emblem (Hoheitszeichen) by order of Adolf Hitler in 1935 based on his own personal design. Despite its mediæval origin, the term "Reichsadler" in common English understanding is mostly associated with this specific Nazi era version. The Nazi Party had used a very similar symbol for itself, called the Parteiadler. These two insignia can be distinguished as the Reichsadler looks to its right shoulder whereas the Parteiadler looks to its left shoulder.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler himself</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><blockquote>
<div>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">spent
hours poring over old art publications and books on heraldry to find a
model for the eagle. Eventually he discovered what he wanted in an
anti-Semitic lexicon where the fowl was characterised as the Aryan of
the animal kingdom. He then asked a jeweller to design a model, but when
this proved too feeble, he invented his own- a menacing eagle which
appeared about to take flight. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Spotts (52-53) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitler-Power-Aesthetics-Frederic-Spotts/dp/1590201787%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1590201787" id="link_tb0">Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Munich Main Station</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpwJFm2PfrMRYdPb4ZnfiyUM91EJMRk2a7XEs9OJcdL1YD57MBXCudVcjBDYuzOXgi6iHXXNyaL-4-rbnpt6K6afCXftG2ohAUzBPaHiVbOVQ9hKPZrItt0O_cN25a1BLr8VgTWcn7jvC-62pxACLwVMDIZSsNKzdK-eB7F6QkbXGvYno-DsRyH9x9fghR/s540/Screenshot%202023-07-22%20at%2010.56.22.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="540" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpwJFm2PfrMRYdPb4ZnfiyUM91EJMRk2a7XEs9OJcdL1YD57MBXCudVcjBDYuzOXgi6iHXXNyaL-4-rbnpt6K6afCXftG2ohAUzBPaHiVbOVQ9hKPZrItt0O_cN25a1BLr8VgTWcn7jvC-62pxACLwVMDIZSsNKzdK-eB7F6QkbXGvYno-DsRyH9x9fghR/s320/Screenshot%202023-07-22%20at%2010.56.22.png" width="320" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The main railway station during the so-called Day
Of German Art held on the weekend of July 14-16, 1939; given the intensive bombing of the site, it is unrecognisable today. Hitler had been assigned to guard the site upon his return from the Great War in 1919.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Probably in late January, as Schmidt hinted, Hitler returned to
Munich. Then, for just over two weeks, beginning on 20 February, he was assigned to guard duty
at the Hauptbahnhof, where a unit of his company was responsible for maintaining order,
particularly among the many soldiers travelling to and from Munich. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Kershaw (69) <u>Hitler</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj23Bwm86KEmr0w3g9YhLTkA3tnW4LrCWFRFKpQcECFMlBdLPh_IjSItnOFJy4zjO4xGobX20xi8J0fW09UM4Ss6nOam98SvOziKx4yF2WbJuL5ndwrwgaxQt99B_z6WOvoQ3u7SL1MVYA/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School" border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="505" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj23Bwm86KEmr0w3g9YhLTkA3tnW4LrCWFRFKpQcECFMlBdLPh_IjSItnOFJy4zjO4xGobX20xi8J0fW09UM4Ss6nOam98SvOziKx4yF2WbJuL5ndwrwgaxQt99B_z6WOvoQ3u7SL1MVYA/w502-h321/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" title="Heath's Bavarian International School class trip" width="502" /></a>Hitler and Mussolini at the Munich railway station, September 1938 for the Munich conference and </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>with my Bavarian International School students students at the start of my annual trip to Berlin</span></span></span></span></span><span>.</span><span> The post building in front looks unchanged apart from the loss of one floor and is today an hotel.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">Between June 1942 and February 1945 the hauptbahnhof was the starting point of the deportations of Munich Jews, Roma and Sinti to the extermination camps in the east of the reich. </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1938 Hermann Giesler set the station at a 45-degree angle to the road, planning <span>a </span>huge dome with a height of 136 metres and a diameter of 265 metres. In May 1942 the German Reichsbahn began on Hitler's orders with the plans of a broad-gauge railway to be built near the Friedenheimer Bridge under a 141-metre-high, aluminium-covered dome which was to link all of Europe; the broad-gauge tracks of Berlin-Munich and Paris-Vienna would have been linked. In the summer timetable of 1939, the station had 112 arrivals and departures of regularly operated trains per day. It was thus the eleventh most significant node in the long-distance network of the German Reichsbahn. A
sketch by Hitler dated March 22, 1939 served as the basis for the
competition for the Munich Central Station which was to be higher than the Frauenkirche, 285 metres in diametre. </span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEdFc-U3Ogz1A79SIjHwuYHa0rk_ZPXBBqw7K-IPNNujF1orGsfJUDSzXtMyWl_-crX1Re_0TOYGKd4be87UYBKQUPLGlH0Fq3n9MWAATcB9cDpGWQ6HpEYtuUh4xXT_L0gWhArFQ0Tb1x/s1600/1703471220-adolf-hitler-muenchen-NOef.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="1200" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEdFc-U3Ogz1A79SIjHwuYHa0rk_ZPXBBqw7K-IPNNujF1orGsfJUDSzXtMyWl_-crX1Re_0TOYGKd4be87UYBKQUPLGlH0Fq3n9MWAATcB9cDpGWQ6HpEYtuUh4xXT_L0gWhArFQ0Tb1x/w787-h280/1703471220-adolf-hitler-muenchen-NOef.jpg" width="787" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Technical draftsmen of the largest German steel and reinforced concrete companies made various designs under the file number "Mü-Hbf-Neu" and set aside the largest buildings of the world at that time for comparison shown here- the Arc de Triomphe and St. Peter's Basilica appear tiny in relation.</span></span></span><span><span><span>A flat dome would rest on a ring
of supporting buildings with a columnar portico emphasising the projecting
entrance. A circular ribbon window and a lantern was to illuminate the giant
cupola. Hitler very specifically wanted a distinction between the Munich
Central Station as a “monument of our century’s technology” in
contrast to the Halle des Volkes in Berlin, designed by Albert Speer as
a massive dome. Two towers were supposed to flank the colossus: one for a "power-by-pleasure-hotel", the other for the Nazi Party publishing house. </span></span></span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3o25xH488ZXqrOPdjOtvgIAfb6fnbCSTwwoeODnoCGSiGIgFR4ZJhT9Kl-eSSqH42s7P-4Pxey3Vc__z5_8UcHsoYX0-IhX62ecuFPC0kLSZGBnplbBtL0gTgOeBNJrcpd45x8YIOua9f/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School" border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="520" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3o25xH488ZXqrOPdjOtvgIAfb6fnbCSTwwoeODnoCGSiGIgFR4ZJhT9Kl-eSSqH42s7P-4Pxey3Vc__z5_8UcHsoYX0-IhX62ecuFPC0kLSZGBnplbBtL0gTgOeBNJrcpd45x8YIOua9f/w505-h299/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" title="Heath's Bavarian International School class trip" width="505" /></a>A so-called "Great Road" was supposed to embrace him on both sides. In the West, the eight kilometre-long and 120 metre-wide promenade from Stachus would have been completed by a "Forum der SA" and a "Burgundy Gate". </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>From September 1938 a</span></span></span>t Hitler's command 150 people worked from their offices at Prinzregentenstraße 2 to 4 on the most significant project in Munich's architectural history since the time of Ludwig I. It was to have gone into operation no later than January 1, 1949. Not only the long-distance traffic but also suburban trains and subways would have been serviced as indicated via red and blue lines on the plans. These plans included other major plans, such as the relocation of the nearby slaughterhouse and cattle farm to Oberwiesenfeld. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg4_LhnIUObl4FFdBrNGBnhP4vSKDueMiP0OcG61kCFCG_iRThcZaHDN30AMg8XjBlAsPVF5q1wwRbmRErWJYVN_bzWSzON5bwCOqp4YTAj-OOU3LLr6HOMsEEBjjyGywqIyx8eh8-U5lI/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker-2.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="278" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg4_LhnIUObl4FFdBrNGBnhP4vSKDueMiP0OcG61kCFCG_iRThcZaHDN30AMg8XjBlAsPVF5q1wwRbmRErWJYVN_bzWSzON5bwCOqp4YTAj-OOU3LLr6HOMsEEBjjyGywqIyx8eh8-U5lI/w330-h470/ezgif.com-gif-maker-2.gif" width="330" /></a></span></span></span></span>Drake Winston at the site where </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>chief architect Albert Speer had designed a "monument to the movement" in which a 212 metre-high obelisk was to be clad with so-called V-2-A steel and crowned with the Nazi eagle; within the pedestal Hitler wanted to intern the "blood flag" of the November Putsch. Within the station's wing halls, the German "Gaue" were to have presented themselves. Again at the personal request of Hitler, four tracks were to run in the centre of the normal mainline track. Up to 1,200 metre-long trains with 41 metre-long cars would roll after final victory between Spain, St. Petersburg and Donetsk, later extending possibly to Afghanistan and India. Within the double-decker wagons were to have had bath tubs, hairdresser, and cinema. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The relocation of the main station four kilometres away would have yielded 800,000 square metres of building land within which, between Landsbergerstrasse and Arnulfstrasse, the Große Straße was to be built in neoclassical style. This would have been the largest boulevard of Hitler's Reich, intended to develop into a business and entertainment centre including numerous first-class hotels, a town hall, two premier cinemas, the largest opera in the world with its own hotel, an operetta theatre, a large concert hall with many smaller carnival balls, exhibitions and artist studios for twenty metre-high productions. In addition, there were also plans to include an ice skating palace, a beer palace, two exhibition halls for the auto industry, a central swimming pool and even spas. A north-south axis was to cross over the Opernplatz, with the Theresienwiese becoming the largest mustering square in Germany and the largest exhibition hall in the world. A monstrous assembly hall would have been built on Lindwurmstraße, behind the new Südbahnhof the "KdF city".</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIGmhkYlQhdUQ9eUr-ZMICOx2mu5dVvnAB6Qbl6myoF_PHYWaGhv9XbuAt15u3Y4fZHALfNd93u_sBBFQvRgWKHbMUa-0j9spBDiwHitMQGPVmyrU_R8mQJJvFIZSD9FRmb7et5zmlR1A/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-04-14+at+11.13.33.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIGmhkYlQhdUQ9eUr-ZMICOx2mu5dVvnAB6Qbl6myoF_PHYWaGhv9XbuAt15u3Y4fZHALfNd93u_sBBFQvRgWKHbMUa-0j9spBDiwHitMQGPVmyrU_R8mQJJvFIZSD9FRmb7et5zmlR1A/w512-h300/Screen+Shot+2017-04-14+at+11.13.33.png" width="512" /></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span> Model of the main railway station and the former section of the Grosse Straße, 1939-40. Instead of the Friedenheimer bridge, the gigantic new main railway station was to be built according to the ideas of the Nazis. The dismantled track body was designed to be a boulevard with countless buildings in the monumental Nazi style, and the dome of the main railway station was supposed to be the highlight of this new axis. While some demolitions were made along the railway, there was no implementation of the new plans in the war. </span></span></span></span></span>Planning
conceived of the redesign of the station through architect Paul Bonatz
with a 136 metre high domed structure with a width of 300 metres and
the establishment of a “monument of the movement” at its old site. It
was to have served as the central nodal point for the planned
Adolf-Hitlerstraße and would accommodate wide-gauge double-decker
trains that would travel at speeds of 250 km/h across the Gross
Deutsches Reich from Brest to Baku.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLtIvIQwQAqaUWseAvt1Lnf587kjdiuOIcdUofDP2TVrTCCtc1nzoDSTsvi-DdlFm_gALtoxE-P9WOOGj36KMg1fUh0Vkgjk4pgBfCQFw7mpNIUaLpTsLnOW2EgKzI9zzK98dHeN3JDng/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-07-10+at+21.11.12.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLtIvIQwQAqaUWseAvt1Lnf587kjdiuOIcdUofDP2TVrTCCtc1nzoDSTsvi-DdlFm_gALtoxE-P9WOOGj36KMg1fUh0Vkgjk4pgBfCQFw7mpNIUaLpTsLnOW2EgKzI9zzK98dHeN3JDng/w423-h180/Screen+Shot+2015-07-10+at+21.11.12.png" width="423" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Advertising banner for the opening of the anti-Semitic exhibition </span><span><span id="content-start"><i>Der ewige Jude </i></span></span><span id="content-start">being held at the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2011/03/sites-around-munich-4.html" target="_blank">Deutschen Museum</a> at the entrance in November, 1937 and the site today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span id="content-start"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>All
of the Nazi plans for its development were discarded by the war. During the air raids on Munich the
station was heavily hit, but it was not until February 25, 1945 that
train traffic had to be redirected after 112 bomb attacks destroyed
nearly two million cubic metres of enclosed space containing 15,000
inhabitants. Apart from service to Pasing, all long-haul trains had to
either bypass the city or move to the Nordring in Munich. In total, the
damage amounted to 7.1 million reichsmarks, as well as numerous deaths
and injuries. On April 30, 1945 American troops entered Munich, and at
first troops of the Wehrmacht continued to defend the station but, given
that a counter-attack would have been pointless, it quickly ended.
Already by May 6, 1945 reconstruction of the station was begun despite
the lack of building materials and complicated approval procedures, so
that after July 24, 1945, another 128 trains could be dispatched. From
December 16 there were 235 trains daily. At the moment a new façade for
the railway station and service hall are to be built according to a
design by Auer+Weber+Assoziierte but, because of difficulties in
financing, it is questionable when the project will actually be started</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span>.<br /></span></span>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjerVSxjQHZCR2ffLXA83iOdfTs5pmg-Wy527Myg4Eqxg2FPvpnOQAiOh6j4WxvRn8YDc03WiVfYRxXBAuYJ819ZslCxAUEn9shJ9MSCKDwHuEL_K6hB5-m8HAMEZe355P2_wwfTBZYxOQ/s320/thw5.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjerVSxjQHZCR2ffLXA83iOdfTs5pmg-Wy527Myg4Eqxg2FPvpnOQAiOh6j4WxvRn8YDc03WiVfYRxXBAuYJ819ZslCxAUEn9shJ9MSCKDwHuEL_K6hB5-m8HAMEZe355P2_wwfTBZYxOQ/s320/thw5.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: large; height: 165px; text-align: center; width: 364px;" /><span style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"><span><span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM4p72w9htCqU-8rb37gyaSAHsERSSQj9uQJkuREIQb_5NDVQVb_AM1VrDj9D_ROHXoqAoLy2F4iWqcRFG8j2M6gJgU1LlwOIbFR4q7hDh2xXTik9EBjlL0uNoxyisNIYVi9Qn5XACcOw/s320/Augustiner-Keller.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM4p72w9htCqU-8rb37gyaSAHsERSSQj9uQJkuREIQb_5NDVQVb_AM1VrDj9D_ROHXoqAoLy2F4iWqcRFG8j2M6gJgU1LlwOIbFR4q7hDh2xXTik9EBjlL0uNoxyisNIYVi9Qn5XACcOw/s320/Augustiner-Keller.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 165px; width: 287px;" /></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large; text-align: center;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Nearby at Arnulfstrasse 52 across from the station is the </span></span></span><span><span><span>Augustiner-Keller where Hitler spoke seven times between 1921 and 1931. On September 2, 1928 he spoke after 21.00 in a <i>NSDAP-Führertagung</i> led by Gregor Straßer, followed by Alfred Rosenberg speaking about the goals of National Socialist cultural work and Franz von Pfeffer gave a speech entitled “Political Movement and SA”. <a href="https://archive.org/details/HitlerRedenSchriftenAnordnungenFebruar1925BisJanuar193312Bande">Hitler began his speech</a>, its title shortened to <i>The Flame</i>, with how</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><blockquote><span style="font-size: small;">It is necessary that the individual party comrade be strengthened in his confidence in the victory of the entire movement. I cannot end this conference today without trying to strengthen your confidence and the success of this movement. This can be done by raising hopes or making promises. But there is another way, that of a sober, logical examination of a movement.</span></blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Another time was on July 18, 1931 in a meeting that began at 20.00. No text of the speech has been recorded and all that is known is that is that the flag consecration of the SA Sturm 53 was the occasion for Hitler's speech.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div face="Georgia" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirTjH60XAr2oALuN0gnR9Wp1FCfQwdMAjuTmFIkw-qrDqT4dms0Q6uEr3qb9crHuzyjlsCHYJeRowYUrym47AEUO-OeTQAe-gdxGjh3o6KJunxkX1M5PIMwmHiDNP8f7HAyeHP6efrfxY/s1600/Arcisstra%C3%9Fe_19_-_Mu%CC%88nchen.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirTjH60XAr2oALuN0gnR9Wp1FCfQwdMAjuTmFIkw-qrDqT4dms0Q6uEr3qb9crHuzyjlsCHYJeRowYUrym47AEUO-OeTQAe-gdxGjh3o6KJunxkX1M5PIMwmHiDNP8f7HAyeHP6efrfxY/w400-h265/Arcisstraße_19_-_München.jpg" width="400" /></a>
<span><span><span>The Nazis took over this building at Arcisstraße 19 </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>on the corner of Gabelsbergerstraße </span></span></span></span></span></span>in 1938 from the architecture office of Josef Heldmann. Heldmann had worked for the party since 1930 as chief of party construction and supervisor of the Treasury under </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Reich treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz </span></span></span></span></span></span>for all construction matters of the Nazi Party. This included </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>direct responsibility in the construction management for the Führerbau and Verwaltungsbau from mid-1933. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Schwarz incidentally was</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> one of only four people to have held the rank of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="result_box" lang="en"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-Oberst-Gruppenführer and on June 5, 1944, he received the War Merit Cross, 1st class with Swords (Kriegsverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse mit Schwertern) by Hitler for his work during the Munich air raids of April 24-5 of that year. Approaching seventy, he even led a Volkssturm battalion in Grünwald at the end of the war before being arrested by the Americans. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The building itself served as </span></span></span></span></span></span>the headquarters of the NSDAP-Bauleitung. Today there are various facilities of the Technical University in this building. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Site of High Command of the SA</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">(</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Oberste SA-Führung)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzZ6a0uT25JSLmro9WPITxnkrVM_hPpyJAmV946_tbzJ3ub4HWg3TX89fsKWWpT4005yr5_L7qa0md4SwWo1zjN31j6VJrb70-NCBXjh7zFXy6I1KKb8HRdV1UIyyXUSpU5Sl79hzcQOU/s1600/dmyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzZ6a0uT25JSLmro9WPITxnkrVM_hPpyJAmV946_tbzJ3ub4HWg3TX89fsKWWpT4005yr5_L7qa0md4SwWo1zjN31j6VJrb70-NCBXjh7zFXy6I1KKb8HRdV1UIyyXUSpU5Sl79hzcQOU/s640/dmyphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The site of the Supreme Storm Troopers' Leadership (Oberste SA-Führun<span>g) in München, Barerstraße 7-11. In 1932, the "Oberste SA leadership" left its offices in the Brown House and moved into its own building at Brienner Strasse 43, whilst the hotels <i>Union</i> and <i>Marienbad</i> at Barer Strasse 7-11 moved into their new accommodations in 1934. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Today the location has reverted to its original function as the <i>Hotel Marienbad</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTaCLpBrjXQxgSbEWRttl5D-moRvV8VXnWjtKfCT8dgfa8OosepadQpLocFRIBoAXIP3JerIzMjTBrWrrL-LbCMz9h7upemd6ReOcPBpfmTa_QxXgu1x_k1sUFe1CPzvRoJyEKvUoE55U/s1600/77d0467847.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTaCLpBrjXQxgSbEWRttl5D-moRvV8VXnWjtKfCT8dgfa8OosepadQpLocFRIBoAXIP3JerIzMjTBrWrrL-LbCMz9h7upemd6ReOcPBpfmTa_QxXgu1x_k1sUFe1CPzvRoJyEKvUoE55U/s320/77d0467847.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span>Next to the SA headquarters at Barer Straße 13 was the <span id="result_box" lang="en"><i>Office for <span class="hps">Telecommunications</span> <span class="hps">of the Reich</span> <span class="hps">Treasurer</span></i><span>;</span> <span class="hps">on the ground floor</span> <span class="hps">was the</span> <span class="hps">book</span> <span class="hps">binding and </span><span class="hps">printing plant</span> <span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span><span>national leadership</span><span>"</span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="result_box" lang="en"><span><span><span>The <span style="font-style: italic;">Sturmabteilung</span>
("Storm detachment" or "Assault detachment" or "Assault section",
usually translated as "stormtroop(er)s") was the paramilitary
organisation of the Nazi Party and played a key role in Hitler's rise to
power. SA men were often called "brownshirts" for the colour of their
uniforms which distinguished them from the <span style="font-style: italic;">Schutzstaffel</span>
(ϟϟ), who wore black and brown uniforms (in comparison to Mussolini's
blackshirts). Brown-coloured shirts were chosen as the SA uniform
because a large batch of them was cheaply available after the Great War,
having originally been ordered for German troops serving in Africa. The
SA was also the first Nazi paramilitary group to develop pseudo-military
titles for bestowal upon its members later to be adopted by several
other Nazi Party groups, chief among them the ϟϟ. The SA became largely
irrelevant after he took control of Germany in 1933; it was effectively
superseded by the ϟϟ after the Night of the Long Knives.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih36FYgWEK7pXpqA11T6nvQY4_ZpB_EgZ89lIknihxIV-n4a70s-VfOWswwwa9Gu1Yxb9AX1uD3klrg1bBK_fFE6b74h7ywv_XgS1VNaJnL-gRpVANnFuo1uhHJr9fbjnBZAx8xeh3QLk/s1600/781px-Karlstr._20_Muenchen-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih36FYgWEK7pXpqA11T6nvQY4_ZpB_EgZ89lIknihxIV-n4a70s-VfOWswwwa9Gu1Yxb9AX1uD3klrg1bBK_fFE6b74h7ywv_XgS1VNaJnL-gRpVANnFuo1uhHJr9fbjnBZAx8xeh3QLk/s400/781px-Karlstr._20_Muenchen-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Next door to the<i> Reichspropagandaleitung der NSDAP</i>
at Karlstraße 20-22 is this building built in 1828 by the architect
Rudolf Röschenauer for master locksmith Johann Schmitz. The Nazis
acquired the property in 1934 to serve as the<i> Reichsstudentenführung der NSDAP</i><span>.</span> <span>The </span>Reichsstudentenführer was created by Hitler's deputy, Rudolf Hess, </span></span><span><span><span><span><span>o</span>n November 5, 1936,</span></span><span> </span>in
order to end the ongoing power struggles between the National Socialist
German Students' Union NSDStB as party affiliation on the one hand and
the Deutsche Studentenschaft DSt as the umbrella organi<span>s</span>ation of the local student institutions on the other. With this measure, "the management of German student<span>s</span>
at all colleges and technical colleges, the leadership of the national
socialist academics, the social care of the new students and the care
for selection, professional guidance and professional training in the
academic professions" <span>were <span>amalgamated at once</span></span>. Here the Reichsstudenten leadership<span> </span>had
its headquarters. The first and only Reichstudentenführer was from 1936
to 1945 the former Heidelberger NSDStB leader Gustav Adolf Scheel. With the Control Council Act No. 2 of October 10, 1945, the
Reichsstudentenführung was <span>banned</span> by the Allied Control Council and its property confiscated. </span></span><span><span>Today <span>the property</span> remains vacant. Beside the property at no. 22 was the Schiedsabteilung des Reichsschatzmeisters and, on the right, the Reich Press Office (Reichspressestelle and Reichspropagandaleiter)." </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Gradually from 1933 the addresses at Karlstraße 6-20 and 22-29 held the offices of the Oberste SA-Führung, Reichsführung </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="result_box" lang="en"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, NS-Dozentenverband, Reichsjugendführung and the NS-Studentenverbund. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ3so9849Sem9xbWqZ39Zhw0pfYGJAodjtxbd7sde_j5mq73njFbUIsZHqAlOxsiGv7VBFasmcgYqYMyOdZtE_aczVAZt1RF-KQiAH3gDm3yYXON3WvuXLxzM_S5nKq6HTFKxdHQsLrME/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252816%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ3so9849Sem9xbWqZ39Zhw0pfYGJAodjtxbd7sde_j5mq73njFbUIsZHqAlOxsiGv7VBFasmcgYqYMyOdZtE_aczVAZt1RF-KQiAH3gDm3yYXON3WvuXLxzM_S5nKq6HTFKxdHQsLrME/w520-h351/ezgif.com-optimize%252816%2529.gif" width="520" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>This was the former office of Ernst Hanfstaengl, Head of the International Press Office, at Karlstraße 18.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span> In
1931 Hitler appointed Hanfstaengl, owner of the renowned Munich
art publisher Franz Hanfstaengl, as head of the Nazis' foreign press.
"Putzi" Hanfstaengl had been friends with Hitler for a long time, hiding him from the police at his home after the failed coup in
November 1923. Hanfstaengl had studied in the United States before serving the Nazis in various functions before losing favour and emigrating to London in 1937. </span>He became acquainted with Hitler on the occasion of a Nazi meeting in the Bürgerbräukeller. As its largest civil promoter he became part of Hitler's close circle of friends. From 1931-1937 he served as foreign press chief for the Nazi Party. After the elimination of the SA and Ernst Röhm on June 30, 1934 he dissociated himself increasingly from the party, which made him suspicious in the eyes of the Gestapo. He fled in 1937 and eventually arrived in the USA, where in 1942 he became German advisor to Roosevelt, the only man to have worked directly under Hitler and FDR.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbjiuv8r-Qu0TJEcvfenFLZaUrLkYJaAtf-T87aBYkz-VEKG_nc74PJg2BM3MWkW3wqXafxyHWOGTIXCnWvJPvl-rM0kuXKxITej8k4k6NS40F9ZYDzSnXqlXEfC2Xa0PWpmqG5CwqIV6l/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-03-27+at+11.39.05.png" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="314" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbjiuv8r-Qu0TJEcvfenFLZaUrLkYJaAtf-T87aBYkz-VEKG_nc74PJg2BM3MWkW3wqXafxyHWOGTIXCnWvJPvl-rM0kuXKxITej8k4k6NS40F9ZYDzSnXqlXEfC2Xa0PWpmqG5CwqIV6l/w269-h356/Screen+Shot+2018-03-27+at+11.39.05.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 227px;" width="269" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Widenmayerstr 18 bears the name in golden letters of <span>Hanfstaengl </span>through Munich photographer and founder of the eponymous publishing house <span style="font-style: italic;">Franz Hanfstaengl Verlag</span>, which specialised in art publications, named after Ernst's grandfather. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A
farmer's son and artist himself, he had founded the publishing house which combined art prints
and portrait photography as early as the 19th century with a growing reputation
and lucrative business. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
painter, lithographer and later photographer Franz Hanfstaengl had
founded a lithographic company in Munich in 1833, reproducing not only
portraits, but also dedicated himself to the reproduction of art. From
the middle of the century, he used photography as a new reproduction
medium. </span></span></span></span></span></span>His customers included emperors and kings,
Wagner and Liszt. Wilhelm Busch, Richard Strauss and Mark Twain were
guests in his son's villa. </span></span></span></span></span></span>Ernst's brother Edgar was joint owner Munich of this publishing house, which since 1933 printed postcards and propaganda for the Nazis and became the party's art advisor. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheSSazOWwxZ-tSDI34eRNEY6sBFgD4ybjeMH_5Pcun3uxp0EMUlCUL1d7HxTTSOeocqwL_2xdG_1UGH2_3T9XW67zbl6OFux9q1xFnp2_o6KiGm83A7VJDqeCpry8HDELjFV6x2UWRT2rq/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheSSazOWwxZ-tSDI34eRNEY6sBFgD4ybjeMH_5Pcun3uxp0EMUlCUL1d7HxTTSOeocqwL_2xdG_1UGH2_3T9XW67zbl6OFux9q1xFnp2_o6KiGm83A7VJDqeCpry8HDELjFV6x2UWRT2rq/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 414px;" /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>His son Edgar introduced the term “Kunstverlag Franz Hanfstaengl” as still proclaimed across the building's facade when he took over his father's company in 1868 and further professionalised the reproduction of art. In 1907 Edgar II took over the management. In 1919 he was one of the co-founders of the German Democratic Party (DDP) in Munich and ran in 1932 against the Nazis. His brother Ernst was however, as found throughout this site's pages, a supporter of Hitler and had headed the Nazis' foreign press office since 1931. After the war Edgar II continued the art publishing with a more modern publishing programme. The increasing competition for cheaper offset printing led to the dissolution in 1980. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Across the street is Bernhard Bleeker's<i> Christophorus</i> shown in a Nazi-era photo and today on the right.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Further down at Widenmayerstraße 31 <span>Hanfstaengl is shown in the foreground with Hitler, Hess, Röhm and Himmler on July 3, 1932; the building remains unchanged. Also on Widenmayerstraße at number 27 was the location of the<span> <span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span>Office of Aryanisation (Arisierungsstelle)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSNP-6aqSEzgBNf9pQYzCyldVrjR7AeMrenDtvEy6cYhzPPsvNlGsV62v1c_4rjl-EybauY6htk8PvOAQ1bAyiU0kGSIJUaQxYmQX_GnIkOJEMMRkJfYemoFz6BXrr6a_t6iNe9WCtDH0/s1600/xmyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Arisierungsstelle" border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSNP-6aqSEzgBNf9pQYzCyldVrjR7AeMrenDtvEy6cYhzPPsvNlGsV62v1c_4rjl-EybauY6htk8PvOAQ1bAyiU0kGSIJUaQxYmQX_GnIkOJEMMRkJfYemoFz6BXrr6a_t6iNe9WCtDH0/w400-h184/xmyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
verb ‘to Aryanise’ (Arisierung) means to make something Aryan by
eliminating the influence of allegedly inferior races. Also used as an
adjective when speaking of or pertaining to the so-called Aryan race
(e.g. Aryan art or art produced by pure Aryans).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Thomas J. Laub <a href="http://www.amazon.com/After-Fall-German-Occupied-1940-1944/dp/0199539324/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_1" title="After the Fall: German Policy in Occupied France, 1940-1944">After the Fall: German Policy in Occupied France, 1940-1944 </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">By
January 1, 1938, German Jews were prohibited from operating businesses
and trades, and from offering goods and services. In the Autumn of
1938, only 40,000 of the formerly 100,000 Jewish businesses were still
in the hands of their original owners. Through its office here on <span>Widenmayer Str. 27,</span> Aryanisation was completed with the enactment of a regulation, the <span style="font-style: italic;">Verordnung zur Ausschaltung der Juden aus dem deutschen Wirtschaftsleben</span>
of November 12, 1938, through which the remaining businesses were
transferred to non-Jewish owners and the proceeds taken by the state.
Jewellery, stocks, real property and other valuables had to be sold
below market value. Jewish employees were fired, and self-employed
people were prohibited from working in their respective professions. By
the end of 1939, almost all Munich companies in Jewish possession had
been expropriated, followed by the “Arisierung” of houses, apartments
and fortunes of the entire Jewish population. This was completed by June
1943.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Two accounts related to this address are presented at <a href="http://www.memoryloops.net/">Memory Loops</a> (both in German):<br /><a href="http://www.memoryloops.net/de/384">http://www.memoryloops.net/de/384</a><br /><a href="http://www.memoryloops.net/de/306">http://www.memoryloops.net/de/306</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Park Cafe</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFpI_dhEsGRgbcBFmDuQSJtWI7DTJz8mwRQz6E0tOu2Ulba6RtTL83IT2X27x-qQZAIqfyyNQTQb0pnlc-qB2Y4vbp6dpr7_Ajlr_7KRB0fSPM7hyphenhyphen-1lCoNRADMqdlhfH86GQ_JeKuEu8/s1600/5myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Park Cafe" border="0" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFpI_dhEsGRgbcBFmDuQSJtWI7DTJz8mwRQz6E0tOu2Ulba6RtTL83IT2X27x-qQZAIqfyyNQTQb0pnlc-qB2Y4vbp6dpr7_Ajlr_7KRB0fSPM7hyphenhyphen-1lCoNRADMqdlhfH86GQ_JeKuEu8/w456-h349/5myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="456" /></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Park Cafe and the entrance to the Botanical gardens. Described in Robert Harris's Munich as "an ugly modern building that looked like the entrance to a railway station but advertised itself as the Park Café," the rear of the building has the same fascist busts that can be found on the façade of the nearby <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-konigsplatz.html">Zentrale</a> which " housed some of the main Nazi administration offices for the Party" and was built the same time in 1934.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>In 1936-37 the Nazis separated the General Conservatory of the Academy of Sciences, including the Museum of Ethnology, the State Zoological Collection, and the Botanical Garden, from the Academy proper. The site was redeveloped from 1935-37, on the basis of a sketch by Paul Ludwig Troost (the architect of the Nazi buildings in Arcisstrasse), the architect Oswald E. Bieber which redesigned Old Botanical Garden as a park. The conservatories were replaced by Park Café with a beer garden. The Neptune Fountain in Elisenstrasse, allegedly in the "tradition of Baroque monumental fountains", but clearly far too large and ungainly, was executed by the sculptor Joseph Wackerle, as were the decorative figures on the newly created Art Pavilion. The broad paving stones around the Neptune Fountain and leading to the Art Pavilion in the Old Botanic Garden are bordered by tuffstone masonry, in front of which are seats consisting of boards on a base of bricks.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEVZIUu1gAX4WXbQ93qsHeVaCHJN14SU3rfu0RvI1hN80pywy2UCQ2o8q1_I04AUxn-oRR3PaDRjUeiRhob-TyNWQsaRnRA_nanLF3e1_ThE95wDT7sHVYsy_xelwF_ToZBng6Fl07MuY/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-07-05+at+11.39.23.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEVZIUu1gAX4WXbQ93qsHeVaCHJN14SU3rfu0RvI1hN80pywy2UCQ2o8q1_I04AUxn-oRR3PaDRjUeiRhob-TyNWQsaRnRA_nanLF3e1_ThE95wDT7sHVYsy_xelwF_ToZBng6Fl07MuY/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-07-05+at+11.39.23.png" width="640" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The site in 1932 when it held the skating rink at the Glaspalastes and the 1937 redevelopment plan put forward by Professors Oswald Bieber and Josef Wackerle. Soil and trees that had to give way to the Nazi parade ground on Königsplatz were reused here. Park Cafe, was then subsequently built on the axis of Arcisstraße at the northern end of the park. Facing the street, it adapts to the architectural style of the party district with four huge pillars. On the south side of the park, in the axis of the Palace of Justice, a forum with the Neptune Fountain and an exhibition building were built.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwDiEozzGDRmFvCvKymYjhwNTtHRbAJcf3SdFo0JY4If1cwOEYcyWZSAGUqv1i3gw3nHc5-6iaf-YkR7zcEihG5d3GT3OL2Q4Y_Pq6OYL_UAs6crULN83KRJxAlnft0bMXVi-TfFHPFL8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252823%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Wackerle's Neptune fountain" border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="445" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwDiEozzGDRmFvCvKymYjhwNTtHRbAJcf3SdFo0JY4If1cwOEYcyWZSAGUqv1i3gw3nHc5-6iaf-YkR7zcEihG5d3GT3OL2Q4Y_Pq6OYL_UAs6crULN83KRJxAlnft0bMXVi-TfFHPFL8/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252823%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Within one can still find the Neptune fountain sculpted in 1937 by Nazi sculptor Josef Wackerle.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">In 1938 Alexander Heilmeyer waxed eloquently purple over Josef Wackerle's sculptures as Gesamthunstwerke, the "synthesis of the arts" that Wagner saw as humanity's cultural salvation. Wackerle's sculptures were praised as "an organic structure in which the architectonically conceived action serves as a rhythmical counterpoint to the melody of the sculpted figures." Organic wholeness, it was alleged, could be conveyed in the nude more than in any other genre. Whether defending integrated sculpture as an embodiment of the community (Gemeinschaft) or arguing that art was only art when it created symbols for a people, the art critics of the Third Reich carefully disparaged those who set themselves apart from society or engaged in the decadent principle of art for art's sake. These passages echoed Wagner's exhortations to build a new art that the people would understand and that would elevate both the people and society as a whole. Only symbols with meaning for the entire people were worthy of creation. Here again we see the fascist desire to assign one specific meaning to images and to forbid any other interpretations.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Pursell (132) Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 17, No. 1, Masculinity and Homosexuality in Germany and the German Colonies, 1880-1945</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkxpfnrV2TqIVdnSiMpZgFsbBhoTPKTWli_aU4IFnBq2GRJEfO_qqSYZbAkX7pXs7sMPleTVkpsXF_QYydYP3empLo_hCAmEZ7Lq2LNyzvly6xnzvJcw-7rsYEtnEgZ8PS0koLqaGcQIuW/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252886%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="455" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkxpfnrV2TqIVdnSiMpZgFsbBhoTPKTWli_aU4IFnBq2GRJEfO_qqSYZbAkX7pXs7sMPleTVkpsXF_QYydYP3empLo_hCAmEZ7Lq2LNyzvly6xnzvJcw-7rsYEtnEgZ8PS0koLqaGcQIuW/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252886%2529.gif" width="400" /></a> Opening of the Botanical Garden by Gauleiter Adolf Wagner in 1937 and the same site today, accompanied by Tim Gillespie and his wife Jan. Mr. Gillespie had visited my school where he presented to Grade 10 students an astonishing account of his father's time when stationed at our schloss after the war before being in charge of American forces in the Dachau camp, guarding </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="result_box" lang="en"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> prisoners before the war crimes trials. He brought with him a priceless collection of sources ranging from wartime and pre-wartime original photos of the schloss- which he selflessly donated to his father's love letters to his mother- a truly unique perspective of the end of the war and start of the occupation. In Mr. Gillespie's own words: </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span><blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span>In going through some long stored-away boxes of my parents after they passed away, I recently found some photographs of Schloss Heimhausen. My father, Claud Schmidt Gillespie (whose mother's family were Schmidts </span></span></span></span><span><br /></span>
</span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5CHfwqvSAyiAzii_6npaSJan5vLdk_vRepMHjTEalNu2JxyHCkQXmJnLQ6OzJsQ7k-JHMd7PAB37db53Yo1HeIdn0NfApJvyztvDwOyNXhOW1tpDVeQZu_1M_p20Z2sshd6Dg73ZFC-Q/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-07-01+at+16.29.48.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5CHfwqvSAyiAzii_6npaSJan5vLdk_vRepMHjTEalNu2JxyHCkQXmJnLQ6OzJsQ7k-JHMd7PAB37db53Yo1HeIdn0NfApJvyztvDwOyNXhOW1tpDVeQZu_1M_p20Z2sshd6Dg73ZFC-Q/w493-h179/Screen+Shot+2015-07-01+at+16.29.48.png" width="493" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">From behind, looking towards the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Justizpalast">Palace of Justice </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>who emigrated from Germany to the United States in the late 1800s), was in the U.S. Army</span></span><span><span> during World War II. After the war was over, he was in charge of a company of U.S. soldiers </span></span><span><span>that was stationed there. In the box of photographs I found this note, hand-written by my father: "Schloss Heimhausen [sic] is in Germany--not too far from Munich--where I lived for awhile (with my rifle company) in 1945 after the war was over. Our mission was to protect hundreds of books stored in the schloss by the Germans to protect them, most from libraries in Munich. (We also kept an eye on the German civilians, especially the teenagers.)" I should also tell you that during that time my father was also put in charge of the American army's command of the Dachau concentration camp. After its survivors were liberated and taken away by the Red Cross, the Dachau camp was used as a temporary prison for </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="result_box" lang="en"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> officers--many thousands of them--being tried in the postwar trials. My father was in charge of running the camp and guarding the </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="result_box" lang="en"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> prisoners. He came home in 1946. Needless to say, he had very powerful memories of his time in Germany during the war and after the war. </span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6d578g-eHtrovC3zLtQFN45O2bCGPySwcA4cMlUXIR9p1Sr0fEfDN4692iL6iHuuCkSQMewQdY66zeuHmW1dz8IBIAOO0o28ja_G32waptP-J4SCg51gfX0t-n9U78KeoeDooR_x1AUM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-07-01+at+16.32.09.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ausstellungspavillon" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6d578g-eHtrovC3zLtQFN45O2bCGPySwcA4cMlUXIR9p1Sr0fEfDN4692iL6iHuuCkSQMewQdY66zeuHmW1dz8IBIAOO0o28ja_G32waptP-J4SCg51gfX0t-n9U78KeoeDooR_x1AUM/w399-h400/Screen+Shot+2015-07-01+at+16.32.09.png" title="" width="399" /></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>In
addition to the coffee house and the Neptunbrunnen, this
Ausstellungspavillon was built as an exhibition hall in 1936. It was
originally intended as the state studio for Joseph Thorak to provide a
space for his monumental sculpture which earned him a series of state
contracts from the Nazis 1933; after their take over of power he
divorced his Jewish wife Hilda who emigrated with her son Peter.
Instead, </span></span><span><span><span><span>Thorak
received his massive studio in Baldham near Munich in which 17 metre
high sculptures could be made in one piece. The following year he
designed two groups of figures in front of the German Pavilion at the
Paris World Fair, which Hitler proclaimed a "masterpiece" before
appointing Thorak to head a masterclass at the Academy of Fine Arts in
Munich. The </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Munich
Academy of Fine Arts had been the ‘Capital of German Art’ during the
Nazi era and had been the domain of Hitler’s favourite artist Adolf
Ziegler, the organiser of the ‘Degenerate Art’ exhibition and the
president of the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts.</span></span></span></span> It was Josef Wackerle who was again responsible for the simple neoclassical
building's reliefs representing music, architecture, sculpture and
painting. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>After the war Wackerle was able to become an honorary member of the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Munich
Academy of Fine Arts in</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> 1951. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Students
at the Academy would eventually mount protests in the 1960s against Hermann Kaspar who had designed the interior
of Hitler’s Reich Chancellery and had taught there unhindered since 1938
save for a short interruption in 1946</span></span></span></span>. The
pavilion itself was badly damaged during the war and later rebuilt by
self-help Munich artists. Today it's used for exhibitions of
contemporary visual art.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgObxrqmYkNaB9Lj0wku2JwBGheoR0rzfhZi8kj6gg4mdOCcSBH7RpzkPNuMQIId6_UGkMqls4VrVbrU7d50DhzMsduXtLd_nQRkV02cov4wOsB4yrSgoYpvMClCJvPpnmYKejVnMHu48qB/s1600/IMG_2203.JPG" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgObxrqmYkNaB9Lj0wku2JwBGheoR0rzfhZi8kj6gg4mdOCcSBH7RpzkPNuMQIId6_UGkMqls4VrVbrU7d50DhzMsduXtLd_nQRkV02cov4wOsB4yrSgoYpvMClCJvPpnmYKejVnMHu48qB/s1600/IMG_2203.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgObxrqmYkNaB9Lj0wku2JwBGheoR0rzfhZi8kj6gg4mdOCcSBH7RpzkPNuMQIId6_UGkMqls4VrVbrU7d50DhzMsduXtLd_nQRkV02cov4wOsB4yrSgoYpvMClCJvPpnmYKejVnMHu48qB/s320/IMG_2203.JPG" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgObxrqmYkNaB9Lj0wku2JwBGheoR0rzfhZi8kj6gg4mdOCcSBH7RpzkPNuMQIId6_UGkMqls4VrVbrU7d50DhzMsduXtLd_nQRkV02cov4wOsB4yrSgoYpvMClCJvPpnmYKejVnMHu48qB/w400-h300/IMG_2203.JPG" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>I<span>ronically, inside are the only examples of <i>stolperstein</i>
allowed in Munich, in a building commissioned by Hitler and which is
closed more often than not (as when I gave a tour for members of the
Israeli consulate). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
laying of these small brass plates in front of the homes of those
deported and/or killed during the Nazi era- Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals,
mentally and physically handicapped as well as those for political and
religious reasons- had been banned in June 2004 by the Munich City
Council. Since then 96 German cities have removed these symbols of
collective memory. Today the only <i>stolperstein </i>still exhibited in Munich are the three in a building <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-reich-press-office.html" target="_blank">designed by Hitler himself</a>.
Munich removed the only two stumbling blocks laid on public land from
the pavement on Mauerkircherstraße. The two removed stumbling blocks
were brought here to the Munich Music Academy as part of an artistic
installation. Claiming to be acting in the interests of fire protection,
the installation was removed in 2011. <a href="http://alt.stolpersteine-muenchen.de/Archiv/Docu/docu-040623-anzeige.htm">In Munich there are only stumbling blocks on private land</a>.
More than 200 stumbling blocks for Munich victims have already been
made and cannot be relocated and have been stored in a cellar ever
since. Terry Swartzberg and the <a href="http://www.stolpersteine-muenchen.de/english.php">Stumbling Blocks Initiative</a>
for Munich collected more than 80,000 signatures for their project by
June 2015 but nevertheless on July 29 the Munich City Council spoke out
against the stumbling blocks on public streets and squares.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbxHjIv1nwtalx6CukqMKadYceOzDX4h0CjXc252-q9C7ZuO4ZsPK24IguY1ALzfIBg1X3YTq17CqIIUCkO5t0n_8CzNvuEc3OEBfnZTUX3sZ2yPPg2H3rDXARzZrNJXiLWfDi-_810NA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-07-05+at+11.39.34.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img alt="Palace of Justice (Justizpalast)" border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbxHjIv1nwtalx6CukqMKadYceOzDX4h0CjXc252-q9C7ZuO4ZsPK24IguY1ALzfIBg1X3YTq17CqIIUCkO5t0n_8CzNvuEc3OEBfnZTUX3sZ2yPPg2H3rDXARzZrNJXiLWfDi-_810NA/w456-h183/Screen+Shot+2015-07-05+at+11.39.34.png" title="" width="456" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>The Palace of Justice (Justizpalast) d</span></span></span>uring the Nazi era flying the Nazi flag and today. This was the </span><span>site
of the Nazis' "People's Court." Members of the White Rose were tried here on February 22, 1943. The Justizpalast in Munich, a monumental structure embodying the ideals of justice and law, ironically became a symbol of legal perversion under the Nazi regime. The building served as the backdrop for the "People's Court," a special tribunal notorious for its role in delivering swift and often fatal judgements against those accused of crimes against the state. The court, presided over by Roland Freisler, was instrumental in consolidating Nazi power through legal means. Freisler's court was a mockery of justice, often denying defendants the right to legal representation and delivering verdicts that were predetermined. Evans argues that the People's Court was not an institution of justice but rather a tool of terror, designed to instil fear and suppress dissent. The court's decisions were not based on legal principles but were driven by ideological considerations, a point that Evans elaborates upon in his critique of the Nazi judicial system.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="GIF: Justizpalast einst und jetzt" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisCe2FsYOTuiUYAZjWeNDR5IMeKHiQ96b-IjEsN1oP8HaXZt0xShYG9_DuT-mLdaoPgZ1WsoKHUCPzsRRDjrhtUUvJOOBT0EhnXEN3U_yq87HWDwh5RA9rVoFnK1DZXwnuC_yQHsT8YwFr/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisCe2FsYOTuiUYAZjWeNDR5IMeKHiQ96b-IjEsN1oP8HaXZt0xShYG9_DuT-mLdaoPgZ1WsoKHUCPzsRRDjrhtUUvJOOBT0EhnXEN3U_yq87HWDwh5RA9rVoFnK1DZXwnuC_yQHsT8YwFr/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 340px; width: 325px;" title="" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXsoOPe8DBcTbVO3DDgMQNWZQYSKIeI8LaxVq0nrglGraVguvCf23Qdri2_SunlOruYyMjvIENqKUFdut4kxmRUrQkqnriReZ9WiO95FE9z-nlkojKt0pmtnAGFM8YcjALptfskcXC94rq/s320/afh.jpg" data-original-height="999" data-original-width="815" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXsoOPe8DBcTbVO3DDgMQNWZQYSKIeI8LaxVq0nrglGraVguvCf23Qdri2_SunlOruYyMjvIENqKUFdut4kxmRUrQkqnriReZ9WiO95FE9z-nlkojKt0pmtnAGFM8YcjALptfskcXC94rq/s320/afh.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 340px; width: 277px;" /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>The building after the war and today. The interior (which requires airport-type security to enter) </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>has been tastefully rebuilt with something of the original style</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsXbu_ie3CPn1KIBFCMkeLUoBnwzHO4APmiacdqkLdrggMiRLNSGh_h0M4_xVT-0DLgBWq0qzDPDkn0vhEUAWfM52aNmjz0kz5gsXOg8uVTT1N20RoFplVyjwJHQqPKAhyphenhyphenWyo6C0vUKvYK/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-03-28+at+13.57.42.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Courtroom 216" border="0" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="698" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsXbu_ie3CPn1KIBFCMkeLUoBnwzHO4APmiacdqkLdrggMiRLNSGh_h0M4_xVT-0DLgBWq0qzDPDkn0vhEUAWfM52aNmjz0kz5gsXOg8uVTT1N20RoFplVyjwJHQqPKAhyphenhyphenWyo6C0vUKvYK/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-03-28+at+13.57.42.png" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Courtroom
216 (now 253) which today serves
as a permanent exhibition with portraits of Willi Graf, Prof. Kurt
Huber,
Alexander Schmorell, Hans Scholl, Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst.
It was in this courtroom on February 22, 1943 at 10.00 that the trial of
Hans Scholl, Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst began. At 13.00 Roland
Freisler announced the death sentences. Four hours later, Sophie and
Hans Scholl and Christoph Probst were beheaded in Munich-Stadelheim
Prison. The second trial began on April 19 at 9:00 against the fourteen
other defendants of the White Rose. This trial, again chaired by Roland
Freisler, lasted fourteen hours. At about 11.30 pm late in the evening
Freisler announced the death sentences against Professor Kurt Huber,
Alexander Schmorell and Willi Graf. Ten accused, Eugen Grimminger, Dr.
Heinrich Bollinger, Helmut Bauer, Hans Hirzel, Franz J. Muller, Heinrich
Guter, Susanne Hirzel, Gisela Schertling, Katharina Schueddekopf and
Traute Lafrenz received imprisonment for either distributing the
leaflets or failing to warn the authorities. Dr. Falk Harnack was
surprisingly acquitted. Pardon requests for Schmorell and Graf were
rejected by Hitler on June 25, 1943. </span></span><span><span>Schmorell
and Huber were executed on July 13, 1943. When this room was converted into an exhibition room, during the opening ceremony Munich’s former Mayor Hans-Jochen Vogel said
the most important thing about it was not that it provided
yet another memorial to the White Rose – ten years after the opening of
the DenkStätte Weiße Rose at Munich
University – but rather “that it is being staged in this room”. The
documentation of the trial also signals an increasing willingness on the
part of the German judiciary to critically examine its own past,
including the fact that many members of the Nazi judiciary remained in
their posts even after 1945.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihMuFQSnxYsmPUzrb6w1varWjJgn9Fd2zbB1l0sRQzrT_9H1036wbpBdK9KcdVYS-qs8-FbsTyXYK6nYj_6To7HL9LFjf8QNQQld9OIBBYSs0gjS2NNk7QMwNW_mQR3WM0Lwjp76dIlgM8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252825%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="521" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihMuFQSnxYsmPUzrb6w1varWjJgn9Fd2zbB1l0sRQzrT_9H1036wbpBdK9KcdVYS-qs8-FbsTyXYK6nYj_6To7HL9LFjf8QNQQld9OIBBYSs0gjS2NNk7QMwNW_mQR3WM0Lwjp76dIlgM8/w709-h402/ezgif.com-optimize+%252825%2529.gif" width="709" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">American troops passing the building at the end of the war </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6FMl1TdUlvLwTmkLWvJZsuIGeYrakj99-fuYdw-8VeYHCq25ckZ4JUdNSQhfnft4SBg5-vkx0jlndS0a0qIkVLQGGiXPpYPxtPsTockgccweuVbv_1Whx5ZseR-7ymUi0VNdDbPGhK_DB/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: neues Justizgebaeude einst und jetzt" border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="297" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6FMl1TdUlvLwTmkLWvJZsuIGeYrakj99-fuYdw-8VeYHCq25ckZ4JUdNSQhfnft4SBg5-vkx0jlndS0a0qIkVLQGGiXPpYPxtPsTockgccweuVbv_1Whx5ZseR-7ymUi0VNdDbPGhK_DB/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="305" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The <i>neues Justizgebaeude</i> seen from behind the<i> </i><i>Justizpalast </i>during the Nazi era and today. In 1933, five judges were removed from service because of their Jewish origin due to the Law on the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service at the Higher Regional Court itself. Denny Joseph Reuß was murdered in 1944 in the concentration camp Theresienstadt , Emil Ulmann, Ernst Herrmann, Joseph Stein and August Frank went into exile. None of the survivors returned to office after 1945. Numerous judicial employees were also victims of the persecution measures at the lower courts. Court President Gerber, who in 1933 did not implement the so-called equalisation of the judiciary by the new Bavarian Minister of Justice Hans Frank with the desired emphasis, was replaced in the same year by Alfred Dürr. Judges Johann David Sauerländer and Hans Koeniger resisted such behaviour. In 1934 Sauerländer prepared in vain a plenary resolution by the Bavarian Supreme Regional Court against the Nazi law for the legalisation of the Röhm murders, which would have branded Nazi law-making a degradation of judicial activity. After the war the denazification proceedings against two of the three past 1933 OLG presidents were suspended, only the last had to suffer as a so-called "incriminated" the reduction of the pension by one level to that of a district court president. Sauerland was not reinstated. The historical reappraisal of the court was first under President Karl Huber. A headscarf ban issued to a female Muslim law clerk was found unlawful by the Augsburg Administrative Court in 2016 and repealed although Minister of Justice Winfried Bausback announced however revision. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="GIF: Nornenbrunnen" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQRmBK7FRKGEJtqzAvJgDtyuHLKcmUQlRdA8KyLTuppCjy4T8Gl8fOdw8HMM4Lu9vdTPpP8mQBcSEZ8nvGqdbm6MJOFypAu0ICE_EQ0VcydqyEHMR-_7FZqaYArcsapFUb3G1e0tfYFaOr/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQRmBK7FRKGEJtqzAvJgDtyuHLKcmUQlRdA8KyLTuppCjy4T8Gl8fOdw8HMM4Lu9vdTPpP8mQBcSEZ8nvGqdbm6MJOFypAu0ICE_EQ0VcydqyEHMR-_7FZqaYArcsapFUb3G1e0tfYFaOr/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 210px; width: 315px;" title="" /><img alt="GIF: Nornenbrunnen" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVzjuY0msgu0Xz4tL2Y0DNzpnvsLPktEvIkYMJa6s_jir1_72-Gaaz3L4ZBbMHTdodiBWSm3SiYVMwOSwqhAQVrwQ_xKkmiij4z6VrjLoqSDFUoUrnH3sXOcJZmze7GeqpllsQQNPg4kG9/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVzjuY0msgu0Xz4tL2Y0DNzpnvsLPktEvIkYMJa6s_jir1_72-Gaaz3L4ZBbMHTdodiBWSm3SiYVMwOSwqhAQVrwQ_xKkmiij4z6VrjLoqSDFUoUrnH3sXOcJZmze7GeqpllsQQNPg4kG9/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 210px; width: 324px;" title="" /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Located east of Maximiliansplatz from where it was moved in 1966 from its original site at the Stachus, the
Nornenbrunnen was completed in 1907 after a design by Hubert Netzer in
the art nouveau style. Using Kirchheimer shell limestone, it shows the <span style="font-style: italic;">Nornen</span>,
the three Germanic fates: Urd (focussing on the past), Verdandi
(present) and Skuld (future), who leans towards the large water bowl.
Between the figures are three muzzles, from which the water pours in
three flat basin at the ground.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> </span>In
1920 Arno Breker, who would become Hitler's official sculptor, moved
into an artists’ dormitory and matriculated at the State Art Academy in
Düsseldorf, where he spent five years studying sculpture with Netzer. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Nazis in front of Wittelsbacher-Brunnen at Lenbachplatz" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjraHD-2xQbpcT4WZU5F43zZU3IngmhFBT4b5L23y6VDua2D5DPKrD6NH8OkZlFjdaJU381cSwqSwpFmYSoWHyXv1G_y9X7C4kqV4vP_Ix8iCGgYmSZbKotGedKSzDJZk7Qi6jHUmeW7AwQ/s320/output_4FWIKD.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjraHD-2xQbpcT4WZU5F43zZU3IngmhFBT4b5L23y6VDua2D5DPKrD6NH8OkZlFjdaJU381cSwqSwpFmYSoWHyXv1G_y9X7C4kqV4vP_Ix8iCGgYmSZbKotGedKSzDJZk7Qi6jHUmeW7AwQ/s320/output_4FWIKD.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 329px;" title="Meanwhile, Adolf von Hildebrand's Wittelsbacher-Brunnen at Lenbachplatz can be seen in the photo on the left behind a marching band of SA." /> <img alt="GIF: Wittelsbacher-Brunnen einst und jetzt" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEYcDbgiIqXqPDxDwXWKns_wQC7aCGFCWlPZs6YgDBwzuy22ojtZwLqqBaBc-q3NZ-WPERZvKUc1kgFIwwf709-9l4NNfgaLfz9Ph3FQjNG9r5jrHgdrA3HEDGPaxcOXOQJImirZtwwRM/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252863%2529.gif" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEYcDbgiIqXqPDxDwXWKns_wQC7aCGFCWlPZs6YgDBwzuy22ojtZwLqqBaBc-q3NZ-WPERZvKUc1kgFIwwf709-9l4NNfgaLfz9Ph3FQjNG9r5jrHgdrA3HEDGPaxcOXOQJImirZtwwRM/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252863%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 301px;" title="" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Meanwhile,
Adolf von Hildebrand's Wittelsbacher-Brunnen at Lenbachplatz can be
seen in the photo on the left behind a marching band of SA and from a 1930s postcard. It was unveiled on June 12, 1895. Its main basin is flanked by two monumental sculptures made of marble; the left shows a young man riding a fish-tailed water horse rising from the water. He holds a boulder with both hands and prepares to throw it to symbolise the destructive power of water, an allusion to the unbridled natural force of the mountain streams in the headwaters of the Munich aqueduct, where they still carry debris with them. The right figure shows an Amazon warrior sitting on a fish-tailed water bull rising from the water. With her left hand she holds out a bowl of water towards the viewer representing the fruitful and healing creative power that water has for people after it has been tamed and channeled. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The whole complex was badly damaged in the air raids on Munich during the war and was restored after the end of the war by the sculptor and Hildebrand student Theodor Georgii. The fountain was put back into operation on October 3, 1952.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUWWj-jBWK5CSogciJ6TT_EvvV_WqQRu9SFBe0rjoxHZcBMtg5cYHvnI_0cAhj4qT3oMLbldKq5hqRXH9HqNCuHvh-YzX_aAJ-cjlqgdrM4uFpVAmyCn8jb6Lb6b-3m-0RAD2U-2QW5ner/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252828%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="540" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUWWj-jBWK5CSogciJ6TT_EvvV_WqQRu9SFBe0rjoxHZcBMtg5cYHvnI_0cAhj4qT3oMLbldKq5hqRXH9HqNCuHvh-YzX_aAJ-cjlqgdrM4uFpVAmyCn8jb6Lb6b-3m-0RAD2U-2QW5ner/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252828%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Looking the other direction atop the fountain. Like that of <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-feldherrnhalle.html">Hitler at Odeonsplatz</a> at the start of the Great War, this is another photograph that purports to show Hitler at the end on February 8, 1920, among the crowd listening to Dr. Alois Dallmayr holding a speech atop the Lenbachplatz fountain speaking out against the delivery of German officers to the Allies as war criminals. Dallmayr had written the anti-Semitic <i>Die Geldherrschaft und das Haus Rothschild</i> and had spoken at one of the first Deutschen Arbeiterpartei meetings on November 26, 1919 at the Eberlbräukeller.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxPC0oSjRHPtj-4Va2G33jhtA88NylQyDWw4dTLDYBybPleq-i_kaQM1SGGKYuwA3jlKPYZexXYYovikkW0ReGQurnmgx5VfDDAvZRyG3YWYwi3b0dbDbJl0Qaj7IJWAmv62viBdrNcCsS/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-30+at+20.45.11.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler, Lenbachplatz" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxPC0oSjRHPtj-4Va2G33jhtA88NylQyDWw4dTLDYBybPleq-i_kaQM1SGGKYuwA3jlKPYZexXYYovikkW0ReGQurnmgx5VfDDAvZRyG3YWYwi3b0dbDbJl0Qaj7IJWAmv62viBdrNcCsS/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-30+at+20.45.11.png" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Mercedes-Benz showroom at Lenbachplatz, April 1935 as shown in Kershaw's Hitler, and now replaced by BMW.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjutEuGSjSLDnsUW94Wa-L-kkOB894kUW9N5FukQZhipisbFXkjPO4vdMZ2-3-_M0B4jqM2YOXlZyh44J8sPFUvtzE_y7bmfk9jr4AuPs3OSQj1bUmmCqVbJFuZECw_GvhRvqCcBSPIJDM/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252860%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Bernheimer haus" border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="461" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjutEuGSjSLDnsUW94Wa-L-kkOB894kUW9N5FukQZhipisbFXkjPO4vdMZ2-3-_M0B4jqM2YOXlZyh44J8sPFUvtzE_y7bmfk9jr4AuPs3OSQj1bUmmCqVbJFuZECw_GvhRvqCcBSPIJDM/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252860%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Also
at Lenbachplatz 9 was the Bernheimer home furnishings and art store,
seen here on November 10, 1938 after being targeted during
Reichskristallnacht and today. The building itself was built in 1888 by
architect Friedrich von Thiersch with a neo-baroque style façade
designed by his apprentice Martin Dülfer, making the building one of the
first of its kind and later the most influential for all other
buildings of its type in Munich and as such is protected as an example
of cultural heritage. Starting in 1900, Lehmann Bernheimer sold
antiques, tapestry, and valuable carpets and as his business grew, he
found that the existing premises were insufficient and so
Bernheimer-Haus was completed with the construction of a rearward
building. In 1918 Lehmann Bernheimer's son Otto took over the business.
During the Nazi dictatorship, the company </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>was initially protected because
Otto Bernheimer was a Honorary Consul of Mexico. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-qc4xLZt9aNQctcwifyQqN3XEStHCISKe994M_R-RsTCuy4ePIPtmYoEnpJ-9KHNTqoLDfCw5vvnsfGuuzJ7eF3xXXC9Fh5dRbfmPliQrTxLY4-462cojCaaixxnWXe5MKphOQ4XOmegssCXBNaogq5k2G5RwRuKyG0pzxZnMJX8RRY4fkPkpET5HhA/s326/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(35).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="326" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-qc4xLZt9aNQctcwifyQqN3XEStHCISKe994M_R-RsTCuy4ePIPtmYoEnpJ-9KHNTqoLDfCw5vvnsfGuuzJ7eF3xXXC9Fh5dRbfmPliQrTxLY4-462cojCaaixxnWXe5MKphOQ4XOmegssCXBNaogq5k2G5RwRuKyG0pzxZnMJX8RRY4fkPkpET5HhA/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(35).gif" width="320" /></a></div>In 1938 and 1939 after
destruction and threats, the company was aryanised and the Bernheimer
family was initially detained in Dachau before being forced into exile.
During the w</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ar the building was damaged, including the
roof with the spire caving in. After the war, Otto Bernheimer, who had
returned from Venezuela in 1946, received Bernheimer-Haus again as <i>Wiedergutmachung</i>- reparations Germany had to give to Jewish victims. He restored the roof by building it in a simplified form.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="text-long">One
of the first addresses for the Munich art market. Goering was a
frequent client, despite the ban on aryans frequenting Jewish
businesses. After its 'aryanisation', the Bernheimer Gallery became the
Münchener Kunsthandelsgesellschaft.</span><span><span class="text-long"> According to Irving, during the Reichskristallnacht</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div>
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Hitler had spent the night in Munich
issuing orders to stop the outrages and sending out his adjutants
to protect Jewish businesses like Bernheimer’s, the antique dealers. </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">(341) Goering: A Biography</span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX0Ynf_LKMNC07oyKVKWGG6iOXbrjbJt-aCPw312p0baC9cjaER9BePjpgbDu_d6BeyJbUaIHTt3wRFmFWgVjn_-jCMr8UJfKhKLp2Kbkeo1glMAOp2EFnSSBtDDFtv9kCOvUSWEOhQ95wbh9rGGgHJe1iXJ4_6wbxC2QqqmruDzChgUSvn9GuchS7Tg/s300/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(37).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="273" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX0Ynf_LKMNC07oyKVKWGG6iOXbrjbJt-aCPw312p0baC9cjaER9BePjpgbDu_d6BeyJbUaIHTt3wRFmFWgVjn_-jCMr8UJfKhKLp2Kbkeo1glMAOp2EFnSSBtDDFtv9kCOvUSWEOhQ95wbh9rGGgHJe1iXJ4_6wbxC2QqqmruDzChgUSvn9GuchS7Tg/w386-h424/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(37).gif" width="386" /></a></div>Bernheimer Haus after the war during which time it was damaged through the bombing, in particular the roof truss with the top of the tower having collapsed. After the war Otto Bernheimer, who had returned from Venezuela for the first time in 1946, received the building back as part of the restitution agreement. He had the roof restored in a simplified form and rented out large parts of the building whilst rebuilding his business from October 1948. A cinema ended up being installed on the ground floor, which later became a dance hall. Bernheimer increasingly developed an antiques and art trade from the furniture store until 1987 when he sold the site to </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">building contractor Jürgen Schneider </span><span style="font-size: medium;">in order to be able to pay off his co-heirs and supplement his art trade. When the latter's real estate empire collapsed in 1993 due to massive fraud, Deutsche Bank took over the Bernheimer Palais as the main creditor and had it refurbished at a cost estimated to have been well over 100 million Deutschmarks, the most expensive part being the true-to-original reconstruction of the roof with the tower dome.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Künstlerhaus showing synagogue and today" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfV5TJWOZ34HgeFGVKCsgsofpPPdijhCKmAv6ElK_uu-G0kreb7nHXtj0nPayz-bPjvbleaWsUqu928nZ9j9oJirf7VCrhn3bIllF1f6xKLLuozHhM_vMVWF8R0N7C_b75-QpGLW3JdN4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252866%2529.gif" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="507" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfV5TJWOZ34HgeFGVKCsgsofpPPdijhCKmAv6ElK_uu-G0kreb7nHXtj0nPayz-bPjvbleaWsUqu928nZ9j9oJirf7VCrhn3bIllF1f6xKLLuozHhM_vMVWF8R0N7C_b75-QpGLW3JdN4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252866%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="" /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Seen from across the Justizpalast the Künstlerhaus remains little changed but the main synagogue to its left is conspicuously missing. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>Built in 1883-87 within sight of Munich’s
Frauenkirche, the main synagogue for four decades symbolised the
importance and esteem enjoyed by the Jewish community as part of
Munich’s social and political life. The spacious Neo-Romanesque building
contained more than 1,800 prayer stools and was one of the largest
Jewish places of worship in Europe. The demolition of the synagogue
ordered by Hitler personally “for traffic reasons” was a portent of the
events to come. Degraded to a c<span>ar park under the Nazi dictatorship, the
site was returned to the Jewish Community in 1945. </span></span><span>The synagogue was destroyed in June 1938, months before the Kristallnacht, and was the first synagogue to be destroyed in Germany during the Nazi period. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="http://munichhistory.blogspot.com/">According to this site</a>, "Hitler actually hated having the Jewish house of worship so close to his favourite night club, which was located in the adjacent Kunstlerhaus." </span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj04qxc_ODoIPAZzrJbs4uvIEt3yvJna5uj8B4a-pg5FyfqTShVkbv_w1pgdt5EiO5BZAvoV-Rg8E0LS3gNtH8QWBXAffwfvyZPYJQmDe7sqI0ih-yWPBaxMPG00S-Syk5mycCDQsB8KOTu/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252810%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="379" height="411" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj04qxc_ODoIPAZzrJbs4uvIEt3yvJna5uj8B4a-pg5FyfqTShVkbv_w1pgdt5EiO5BZAvoV-Rg8E0LS3gNtH8QWBXAffwfvyZPYJQmDe7sqI0ih-yWPBaxMPG00S-Syk5mycCDQsB8KOTu/w414-h411/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252810%2529.gif" width="414" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Standing in front looking towards the entrance to the Botanical Garden. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>In
the wake of the pogrom about 30,000 Jewish men were interned in </span></span><span><span>concentration camps with their release made conditional on proof of
arrangements to emigrate. Emboldened by their successes in foreign
policy and by Germany’s growing military and economic strength, Nazi
leaders apparently no longer felt they needed to take world opinion or
foreign reactions into account (although foreign Jews were excluded from
harassment by Heydrich’s directive). Hitler’s commitment to eastern
expansion increased the likelihood of war in the near future and gave
added urgency to the expulsion of the Jews, whose influence could be
expected to weaken popular support for the war effort. While the
official goal of the regime remained to force Jews to leave Germany, the
turn to open, officially-sponsored violence in 1938 marked an
important stage in the evolution of anti-Jewish policy toward
systematic genocide in 1941.</span></span></span></span><span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Stackelberg & Winkle (222) </span><span class="sr" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000SJYR2K/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_sr_1?pf_rd_p=1278548962&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0415222141&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=1M3J6CXND81G9XB1XZKE">The Nazi Germany Sourcebook</a></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVTQxYT8Ge0En3TKqbOgL3iOKa2dvtZUq3lRICPMmj-aRQwF47RivfGmCeIouue86sQJ1zeOqRqJu5z68uSA0-vN6iWEhuZk8AE25gGUammTexxLjaiHWhCL4KuNRR7JBbdcNecBNaGMcx/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVTQxYT8Ge0En3TKqbOgL3iOKa2dvtZUq3lRICPMmj-aRQwF47RivfGmCeIouue86sQJ1zeOqRqJu5z68uSA0-vN6iWEhuZk8AE25gGUammTexxLjaiHWhCL4KuNRR7JBbdcNecBNaGMcx/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span> On its site where even its memorial has suffered anti-Semitic attacks in our time. </span></span></span><span>The
Memorial Stone for the Destroyed Main Synagogue located on
Herzog-Max-Straße near Karlsplatz was inaugurated in 1969, the first put up by the city to commemorate in public the violent
destruction of Jewish life. The Community then
sold the property to the City of Munich on condition that part of the
site would be redeveloped as a memorial. The city duly invited sculptors
from Israel and Germany to submit designs and in late 1967 the first
prize was awarded to the Munich sculptor Herbert Peters. The solid form
of the memorial is reminiscent of a cornerstone of the demolished
synagogue and thus serves as a visual symbol of the building that once
stood there. On the back of the memorial there are niches affording
protection to certain key symbols of Judaism such as the seven-branched
candelabra signifying eternal light and life. The Hebrew
inscriptions include quotations from Psalm 74,</span></span></span><span><span><span> from the lament over the
desecration of the shrine, and from the Ten </span></span></span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt30-cx7c0hSRwfvuFmXfjpBHUzLFVFbWrq5ocVxYQqB0Z8GFDU8ApVdNcasQAuvgVVwwOvpxzaR-FJbuds9G13E1zoK1OQzvE4AgS02CM-toiPVrsfdKHuXsWowzPB1sZcGYUrI-sZ_yp/s1600/dfag1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt30-cx7c0hSRwfvuFmXfjpBHUzLFVFbWrq5ocVxYQqB0Z8GFDU8ApVdNcasQAuvgVVwwOvpxzaR-FJbuds9G13E1zoK1OQzvE4AgS02CM-toiPVrsfdKHuXsWowzPB1sZcGYUrI-sZ_yp/s320/dfag1.jpg" width="320" /></a>Commandments. </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><span> </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Since
1998 the me</span></span>morial has been the scene of an impressive commemorative
event that takes place every year on November 9, the anniversary of the
Reichspogromnacht. Under the motto “everyone has a name”, young people,
prominent cultural and social figures and ordinary citizens spend
several hours reading out the names of Munich’s deported and murdered
Jews together with their age, the date they died or were deported and
their place of death. The memory of the thousands of women, men and
children murdered by the Nazis is thus kept alive. Of the eleven thousand Jews
who lived in Munich more than 4,500 did not survive the Nazis. To
mark the seventieth anniversary of the Reichspogromnacht in 2008, the
readings were for the first time held at several different locations all
over the city.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div face="georgia" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKpRC9C4AMerEJHKmLUXGJ9IKNClxSUvkL783jIiK7lQ-Rpv4e1d5i_24rpLZKna4qZu7BdpiAGoSMNh6gq8smfuKZAtFi1kD6pC9gREst26WcpMIWNfqvnsTCUtnKdcWpS4q8qZfB7gMk/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Hitler's House in Munich" border="0" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKpRC9C4AMerEJHKmLUXGJ9IKNClxSUvkL783jIiK7lQ-Rpv4e1d5i_24rpLZKna4qZu7BdpiAGoSMNh6gq8smfuKZAtFi1kD6pC9gREst26WcpMIWNfqvnsTCUtnKdcWpS4q8qZfB7gMk/w402-h466/ezgif.com-resize.gif" title="" width="402" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">At the site of Hitler's first residence in Germany when he arrived in Munich on May 25, 1913, a bright Spring Sunday, when </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler followed up an advertisement for a small room rented by the family of the tailor Joseph Popp on the third floor of 34 Schleissheimerstr. in a poorish district to the north of the city, on the edge of Schwabing, the pulsating centre of Munich's artistic and bohemian life, and not far from the big barracks area.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Kershaw (48) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitler-Biography-Ian-Kershaw/dp/0393067572%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0393067572" id="link_Namecns!81C2730497AD62BA!4816">Hitler</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Hitler shared the room until mid-February 1914 with Rudolf Häusler, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>a pal who had accompanied him from Vienna, [who was of]
similar background and shared Hitler’s political views. Hitler offered to pay and
Häusler readily agreed to accompany him, but first Hitler had to wait for his share
of an inheritance from his father’s will. After a frustrating month in limbo, they
finally left Vienna by overnight train. Years later Hitler told confidants that he
came to Munich intending to study ‘for another three years . . . as a designer. I’d
enter for the first competition, and I told myself that then I’d show what I could
do!’ Nothing came of this, but Hitler seems hardly to have been disappointed. It
was enough for him to be in the German city of his dreams, which seemed ‘as
familiar . . . as if I had lived there for years within its walls’. Munich was a
‘German city. What a difference from Vienna! I grew sick to my stomach when
I thought back on this Babylon of races.’ </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">John Williams (19), <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Corporal-Hitler-Great-War-1914-1918/dp/0415358558">Corporal Hitler and the Great War 1914-1918: The List Regiment</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWHaRCDztvrgabW6tKEjTBwg1OnFP7MvSEyLcbmVOcrTq_aZHwWMNqSnad4GWFms4_UYK_y_1qkJ_Id55Ouqx0NyILQR9yvynP6b9RMuiuZRUtzcqsHijY1UYqX1Ww6xHbtW8rKbIF2f_Nmigqz3dJFn0r34yIRvTZdbV_maPDJaRhvWDAGGC43m0dNQ/s980/Screenshot%202023-05-14%20at%2015.21.39.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="980" data-original-width="670" height="485" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWHaRCDztvrgabW6tKEjTBwg1OnFP7MvSEyLcbmVOcrTq_aZHwWMNqSnad4GWFms4_UYK_y_1qkJ_Id55Ouqx0NyILQR9yvynP6b9RMuiuZRUtzcqsHijY1UYqX1Ww6xHbtW8rKbIF2f_Nmigqz3dJFn0r34yIRvTZdbV_maPDJaRhvWDAGGC43m0dNQ/w332-h485/Screenshot%202023-05-14%20at%2015.21.39.png" width="332" /></a></div> Eventually Häusler found </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler an exhausting room-mate. Hitler often
left the ‘lamp burning until three or four in the morning’, or kept him awake with
‘agitated monologues all night’. Worn out by nocturnal diatribes, Häusler moved
to another room. With no ill feeling it seems, since they remained in contact and
Häusler later became a Nazi functionary in Vienna. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Williams (21)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The plaque shown in the period photo on the right declared that </span></span></div><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Adolf Hitler lived in this house from spring 1913 to the day he volunteered for the German army in August 1914. </span></span></blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Hitler's</span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span> room was the third from the left on the top floor according to</span></span></span> Williams (20):</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"></span><blockquote><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Shortly after their arrival, he and Häusler found a third-floor room in the house of master-tailor Popp, the main occupant of a terrace at 34 Schleissheimerstrasse. Popp’s wife immediately made this ‘Austrian charmer’ welcome. Her husband, who had worked in Paris and regarded himself as a man of the world, quickly saw in Hitler ‘a personality whose abilities entitled him to the highest hopes’. Hitler was not the first twentieth-century dictator to live in Schleissheimerstrasse. A few years earlier Lenin had lodged about a block away. Today the area appears much as it did in Hitler’s (or Lenin’s) time. A small playground, which Hitler sketched from his window, still lies opposite. While its 1930s’ Nazi-era plaque was pulled down in 1945 along with its ornate stucco façade, 34 Schleissheimerstrasse is still identifiable as Hitler’s first Munich home.</span></span></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <span style="font-size: medium;">Hitler would then live there alone until the war broke out the following August. </span></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The room, which he rented from a tailor, Josef Popp, cost him only 20 marks a month. It was pleasant, well furnished, and had a private entrance from the street. Hitler could easily have entertained, since the Popps had no objections. Yet as they both recalled with some surprise, Hitler never once invited either a male or female guest to his room. Popp had been trained in Paris and prided himself on being a master tailor of modish fashions. Since he was also a kindly man, he saw to it that his tenants’ clothes did not cast adverse reflections on his business. Hitler was supplied with well-cut suits and an overcoat. The Popp children, Josef Jr. and Elisabeth, liked the nice man who lived upstairs. But he always remained a little aloof and never wanted to talk about his family background. “We never knew,” they said in an interview in 1967, “what he was really like.” The younger Popp later recalled especially that their tenant “spent a lot of time in keeping his body clean.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Waite (199) <a href="https://dokumen.pub/download/the-psychopathic-god-adolf-hitler-0306805146-9780306805141.html">The Psychopathic God</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hitler paid the rent by painting and selling architectural watercolours door-to-door and in the local beer halls. His landlady recalled that he had no visitors at all for the year and a half that he rented there. And yet, whilst she would claim that she had ‘never met a young man with such good manners,’ </span> </span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">the Popps’ account of Hitler in Munich is filled with inconsistencies. While
‘a whole week’ might pass ‘without a sign of Hitler’, he was still and miraculously able to join them in ‘political discussions every evening’. When not
painting in his room, the lodger, who was rarely present, spent ‘most of the time’
with his ‘nose buried in heavy books’. Circumstances and survival probably
demanded that Hitler put his energy not into reading books, but into painting.
From the moment he arrived in Munich, according to Anna Popp (in yet another
contradiction): "Hitler began to paint immediately and remained working for hours.
After a few days, I saw two beautiful pictures that he’d finished on his
table, one of the cathedral and the other of the Theatiner church. Then
early in the morning my lodger went out, a briefcase under his arm,
looking for buyers." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Remarkably, just down the same street at 106 lived Lenin a dozen years earlier:</span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;">
<span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Lenin's house in Munich" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1MrUn22Myxk19UrcdAnEPsGCu7tzxWdQ1Fas1AHAA5N65IFdPzXWoz6f2Is70QwKUer9CmGtyjUXhYlp-lwzkfbE_Pw7FdRI_544uTvZ5qPlc44kD3Ge9Vf8Rqn8u2rjAWi1vvxXK818/s320/IMG_1042.JPG" title="" width="240" /> </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX8i3JMKqMpebfyhseSjvkW_DEPFfxYIiRUVNpkiCjCVzQUhEqJVD0jbJGpbKLYfVQnuaIdf41ECTanDwHe7PWPor_RPeExMzym5LihQP4pB24LJsLoKu9WoTCQJnsPpXdSu6JeScez14/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX8i3JMKqMpebfyhseSjvkW_DEPFfxYIiRUVNpkiCjCVzQUhEqJVD0jbJGpbKLYfVQnuaIdf41ECTanDwHe7PWPor_RPeExMzym5LihQP4pB24LJsLoKu9WoTCQJnsPpXdSu6JeScez14/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="180" /></span></div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>"Lenin had lived at
106 Schleissheimer Strasse, and at number 34 on the
same street, only a few blocks away, Adolf Hitler now took a room as a
tenant in the apartment of a tailor named Popp." (Fest, 20, <i>Hitler</i>) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>It could be argued that the 20th century began in Schwabing. In the years just preceding the World War I, Kandinsky painted Western art’s first abstract painting there, Hitler was hanging out in coffeehouses on the Schellingstrasse, and Lenin, midway through his long exile, was writing his most influential political pamphlets in an apartment off the Leopoldstrasse. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">J. S. Marcus, <i>The Bohemian Side of Munich</i> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span>It was in Munich that Lenin formulated the concept that a vanguard party of “professional revolutionaries” from the intelligentsia was necessary to effect political change as articulated in his 1902 manifesto “What Is To Be Done?”, considered the cornerstone of Bolshevism. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Nearby at 142 Schleißheimer Straße is the Nordbad swimming pool:</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqavp0T8TLw7xHv3WTHUHzimvtSwsTIAknqq_CoMXZKP4_d6OzlMllB8cQb8KWxxsjoj3ZqBXsUqlIHW-HA24fqSJbwcUeRlwEkxTjZx0GwYqNiV1t4AzAlfwp2F0QwUXLU6XTYM0RTekx/s1600/ezgif.com-resize+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="441" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqavp0T8TLw7xHv3WTHUHzimvtSwsTIAknqq_CoMXZKP4_d6OzlMllB8cQb8KWxxsjoj3ZqBXsUqlIHW-HA24fqSJbwcUeRlwEkxTjZx0GwYqNiV1t4AzAlfwp2F0QwUXLU6XTYM0RTekx/w453-h288/ezgif.com-resize+%25281%2529.gif" width="453" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>The
topping out ceremony on October 16, 1937 in the presence of Mayor Karl
Fiehler and various councilors, representatives of state and municipal
authorities, the Armed Forces, the Police Headquarters, the Munich
swimming clubs and the German Labour Front. T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>he
Nordbad was the first large municipal building and Fiehler
had swastika flags raised when the foundation stone was laid, inviting
so many local Nazi groups to take part so that after the
speeches, cries of "Sieg Heil" followed by the Horst Wessel song ended the ceremony. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abendzeitung-muenchen.de%2Finhalt.historiker-im-interview-nordbad-in-schwabing-das-schwimmbad-der-nazis.a1ea8dff-7e86-484e-8fe9-3ad73064fe50.html">According to historian Mathias Irlinger</a>, the swimming pool was particularly valuable for the Nazis as people at the time still had no bathroom at home for basic everyday hygiene; a representative indoor pool with a sports pool was something relatively new with Munich only having the Müller'sche Volksbad. The first application to build the pool came in 1924 from future mayor Karl Scharnagl which failed due to funding, explaining why the Nordbad provided the opportunity for the Nazis to present themselves as particularly efficient. Although compared to the number and size of construction works implemented was weak compared to the 1920s, the Nazis were able to stage their energy with central buildings such as the Nordbad allowing them to boast: <i>We are now building what others have never achieved</i>. In fact, this would be Fiehler's project, not Hitler's who would even explicitly </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeV4yRv9gBPQ0TvCf-dWZOlDRpfpoaCTFqK8gSnoRIsEjAVcBBgLjXOmFbfCUXUhBaZzrPnXwVzQbWch8gX8hEbs4OJRqUr3f5zrWIC9SpIO3z63sXwBxacClTjw8ZFf6tPVti2Egrv__J/s1600/media.media.e693c416-8da0-4819-a8c8-019eb372d5b7.original1024.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="1024" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeV4yRv9gBPQ0TvCf-dWZOlDRpfpoaCTFqK8gSnoRIsEjAVcBBgLjXOmFbfCUXUhBaZzrPnXwVzQbWch8gX8hEbs4OJRqUr3f5zrWIC9SpIO3z63sXwBxacClTjw8ZFf6tPVti2Egrv__J/s400/media.media.e693c416-8da0-4819-a8c8-019eb372d5b7.original1024.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>oppose it. Fiehler had brought a model of the Nordbad to Obersalzberg on </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>August 2, 1935</span></span></span></span></span></span>, as with some other construction projects, to collect Hitler's blessing. It was at this meeting in which Hitler officially confirmed that Munich would call itself the "capital of the movement". A few days later, all of Munich was flagged to celebrate this event. Hitler nevertheless was angry, accusing the city of </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>wishing to spend four million Reichsmarks for </span></span></span></span></span></span>a small communal town in the north of the city which he found scandalous, particularly as he felt swimming pools enjoyed no international standing. Hitler instead wanted a mega bath at a very central point on the east-west axis he planned, extending across Munich. In the end, the building took place during the war, because it took seven years to complete. As with the laying of the foundation stone and the topping-out ceremony, there was talk of physical exercise, encouraging people to become stronger through sport. Sports competitions, for which a grandstand for 1,400 visitors was built, were also central to this. The statutes for the Nordbad, inaugurated in 1941, regulated that Jews, people with infectious diseases - and drunks - had no access. Nevertheless, some avoided such prohibitions by covering up their <i>Judenstern</i>; the bath staff was unable to recognise the supposedly clear racial characteristics of Jews. Later, forced labourers were also no longer allowed to go to Nordbad when, in 1942, someone complained that he had to wait a long time because prisoners of war had occupied the whole changing room. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKjBaMfS0zaJTPDpYXNdRI5Atf2bxEDF7WLJpFsD9ZItjrHXGsg6nc7dDYtiXU2LUpLgjIco5X5ENsSvR7qq7GR081dKEsj16EW3SSA2071TnNlE5rDH4L4OTPBEWfKXSXy-u7CCRnE7YSTTyX63aKs6e-B4oAgB-VwMiOt0WB1gvyok0WSafq5ZhoBA/s264/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(29).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Scwabing krankenhuaus" border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="264" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKjBaMfS0zaJTPDpYXNdRI5Atf2bxEDF7WLJpFsD9ZItjrHXGsg6nc7dDYtiXU2LUpLgjIco5X5ENsSvR7qq7GR081dKEsj16EW3SSA2071TnNlE5rDH4L4OTPBEWfKXSXy-u7CCRnE7YSTTyX63aKs6e-B4oAgB-VwMiOt0WB1gvyok0WSafq5ZhoBA/w444-h293/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(29).gif" title="Schwabing Nazi hospital" width="444" /></span></a><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Nazi propaganda at Schwabing hospital in 1936. Of all the professions requiring higher qualifications, the medical one had the highest proportion (45%) of Nazi Party members, and after the 'forced coordination' of the health system in 1933, these people proceeded to radically attack the 11% of their colleagues who were Jewish. The so-called 'Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service' provided for the dismissal of non-aryan doctors from the public health system, and in July 1938 they had lost their approbation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">There is hardly any profession more significant for the greatness and future of a nation than the medical one, and none is as Jewified as the medical profession. Jewish professors dominate university chairs in medicine. They have dehumanised the art of healing and have saturated generation upon generation of young doctors with their mechanical spirit. For that reason, we call upon the entire German medical profession to make the leadership and spirit of our guild once again German.</span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>National Socialist League of German Physicians</i>, 1933 </span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-weight: bold;">Hitler's Residence from May 1 1920- October 5 1929</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfNwnDA8pPfSkoMn10gdEcDR2k_6d33-fasph4So4sAhT1WkCR44OkLQaAfw_Lfn6zXWZWhfbylyBgik90swWvnjtbcUSy6-dXbeWmbSIHRVou6s_bMl2qfeZrJkg0tlAeHRSoec55m3bx/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Hitler's Munich House" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfNwnDA8pPfSkoMn10gdEcDR2k_6d33-fasph4So4sAhT1WkCR44OkLQaAfw_Lfn6zXWZWhfbylyBgik90swWvnjtbcUSy6-dXbeWmbSIHRVou6s_bMl2qfeZrJkg0tlAeHRSoec55m3bx/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="311" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Gathering his meagre belong<span>ings which consisted of a cap, coat, jacket, trousers, underwear, shirt, socks, shoes and demobilisation pay of fifty marks, Hitler moved to a small room at Thierschstrasse 41 on March 31, 1920; </span></span><span>"a poorish street near the river Isar." (Bullock, 83) which would be his home for the next nine years. He arrived at this room—sublet from a Jew—as an unknown person and left it as a national political figure. Ernst Hanfstaengl described the room in his 1957 work <span style="font-style: italic;">Unheard Witness</span>:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Drab and dreary beyond belief, akin to a back bedroom of a decaying New York tenement. The room . . . was tiny. I doubt it was nine feet wide. The bed was too wide for its corner, and the head projected over a single narrow window. The floor was covered with cheap, worn linoleum with a couple of threadbare rugs, and on the wall opposite the bed there was a make- shift bookshelf, apart from the chair and rough table, the only other piece of furniture in the entire room.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">It was also the house’s coldest room. Hitler’s landlady later said that he either paid the rent on time or in advance, and he kept his German shepherd dog, Wolf, as company. Today, the building still stands with a statue of the Virgin Mary staring down from an alcove on the second floor outer wall. The room itself, however, was known to make later tenants ill, and since no one would rent it anymore, today it is used as a storeroom.<br />From July 1936 a plaque was placed outside by the city council that read "Adolf Hitler lived in this house from 1 May 1920 to 5 October 1929." Nearby on Thierschstrasse 15 was the Nazis' third headquarters. His landlord is recorded in <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Germanys-Hitler-Heinz/dp/1593640102">Germany's Hitler</a> by Heinz A. Heinz as saying</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">I hadn't much to do with him myself, since ... his room was a sub-let. And since I am a Jew, I concerned myself as little as possible with the activities of my lodger.... I admit I liked Hitler well enough. I often encountered him on the stairway and at the door - he was generally scribbling something in a notebook.- when he would pass the time of day with me pleasantly enough. Often he <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvOn6-4sbOFMVlAdO8vEMudCy9p1XrtyU2dMFYXQNzCJE2VGgH1jYmZNwSSaxU4sjMDVo4XmQ0QB4RT0XvJ3Wja-yN7P9VAXk8n2mqFlA-wikBjHqil53qvvswqsK2liMbOdVNzZWHXS_m/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="GIF: Hitler haus Muenchen" border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="454" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvOn6-4sbOFMVlAdO8vEMudCy9p1XrtyU2dMFYXQNzCJE2VGgH1jYmZNwSSaxU4sjMDVo4XmQ0QB4RT0XvJ3Wja-yN7P9VAXk8n2mqFlA-wikBjHqil53qvvswqsK2liMbOdVNzZWHXS_m/w404-h324/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="404" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Showing the plaque from 1935-1945</td></tr>
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had his dog with him, a lovely Wolfshund. He never made me feel he regarded me differently from other people.... He lodged in my house from ....1919 to 1929. First he took a little back room, and then an equally small one in the front to serve as a sort of office and study. The back room, in which he slept is only 8 by 15 feet. It is the coldest room in the house .... Some lodgers who've rented it since got ill. Now we only use it as a lumber room....The only 'comfort' Hitler treated himself to when he was here, was a hand basin with cold water laid on. The room to the front was a bit bigger, but the small high-set window left much to be desired. It was very scantily furnished. (pp. 276-277)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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Hitler himself had described the scene when he had returned from his term at Landsberg:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> I found them gathered at my door, in the Thierschstrasse, in Munich, men like Fuess, Gahr and the other old faithfuls. My apartment was decorated with flowers and laurel wreaths (I've kept one of them). In his exuberant joy, my dog almost knocked me down the stairs. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><br /></span>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Table-Talk-1941-1944/dp/1929631669" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's Table Talk</a> (286)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Former close associate (and only man to have worked directly under Hitler and FDR) Ernst Hanfstaengl revisited the flat after the war and wrote:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">When by chance I found myself walking along Thierschstrasse, I couldn't resist the temptation to pay a visit to Hitler's former house at number 41. Nothing had changed; the façade was the same... and the bombs falling on Munich had failed to shake the porcelain Madonna from her alcove.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-war-memorial.html" target="_blank"><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Click here for Hitler's Residence- </span></span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prinzregentenplatz 16</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span><div face="georgia" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Eva Braun's House</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf-z1ptw2UzMoBY4-DasWdXsubhrRDhXdVEwZ7vuHb6ynnDziekdyMN1zUWP2wEF7ult1JcZSLmSZpEJajUG-Eop4qaslkpsKcvChpAJHTNBvqwCDx3-DnPLnIPe-TCpkvAJerdSRLZAtfwHQMD1SS1f6MyTFfEE4i1wOH3_XMMJhm1lgNOn34zB7844pv/s363/ezgif.com-animated-gif-maker(4).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="363" height="383" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf-z1ptw2UzMoBY4-DasWdXsubhrRDhXdVEwZ7vuHb6ynnDziekdyMN1zUWP2wEF7ult1JcZSLmSZpEJajUG-Eop4qaslkpsKcvChpAJHTNBvqwCDx3-DnPLnIPe-TCpkvAJerdSRLZAtfwHQMD1SS1f6MyTFfEE4i1wOH3_XMMJhm1lgNOn34zB7844pv/w416-h383/ezgif.com-animated-gif-maker(4).gif" width="416" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler had Heinrich Hoffman buy this ordinary-looking villa for Eva Braun for the then fabulous sum of $30,000 to recompense her for the millions of marks Hoffman made from her photographs of Hitler on the Obersalzberg. The house had an air raid shelter that could be supplied with fresh air in case Braun was buried in a bomb attack as well as a one-man bunker with loopholes on the fence. The photo on the left dates from 1938 and is shown shortly before its demolition in 2015 when it still appeared completely unchanged. Today the address is 12 Delpstrasse, formerly Wasserburgstrasse, near Hitler's own residence on </span><span>Prinzregentenplatz.</span> It had been renamed a decade after the war in memory of Father Alfred Delp, a resistance fighter during the Nazi era.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span> In summer 1935, when she was still living with her younger sister Margarete (Gretl) on Widenmayerstrasse, Hoffmann bought her a small house built four years earlier, at 12 Wasserburger Strasse (today Delpstrasse) in Bogenhausen. A Munich businessman, Adolf Widmann, had offered it for sale, and he said after the war that Eva Braun had visited the building to take a look and Hoffmann paid the asking price (35,000 reichsmarks) a few weeks later, with a “private check.” Hitler appeared at no point in the transaction, Widmann stated. Only when Widmann delayed supplying a receipt for the transfer fee that he had requested for various items in the house did Hoffmann and his attorney “verbally request” that he draw up the document “as urgently as possible,” “because Hitler wanted the receipt.” Three years later, on September 2, 1938, ownership was transfered to Eva Braun, “private secretary in Munich.” Hoffmann made contradictory statements in this regard as well. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>In his defence document from 1947, he first claimed that Hitler had bought Eva “a little house.” In the public denazification court proceedings against Eva Braun, on July 1, 1949, in Munich, he then said that he “could no longer recall how the purchase of the house” had come to pass; he might have acquired the property for his son‑in‑law Baldur von Schirach. He also no longer knew whether he “had been repaid by Hitler.” Finally, he added: “The end result was that I did not pay for the house. The cost was reimbursed, I don’t know by whom, and I also don’t know in what form.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Heike B. Görtemaker, <i>Eva Braun </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72K2e-VCfzHa69JLMT9WbwQ7O5gbTmJY0FEcUCJnzy2zKkISf6mQ26Q9qAoxUv3qzoSwJNS8iihEEOTwCgddIEz9jQ4_08T90X7FFT-igF7O7-QD6lEbYV4Ba_D78vt3HakPX7gSBlyKwlKU7txSzzAXIlou9Ar-W_4MJGeqNhS1wNQFZVp-R6GAvRkUy/s338/ezgif.com-animated-gif-maker(2).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Eva Braun haus" border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="336" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72K2e-VCfzHa69JLMT9WbwQ7O5gbTmJY0FEcUCJnzy2zKkISf6mQ26Q9qAoxUv3qzoSwJNS8iihEEOTwCgddIEz9jQ4_08T90X7FFT-igF7O7-QD6lEbYV4Ba_D78vt3HakPX7gSBlyKwlKU7txSzzAXIlou9Ar-W_4MJGeqNhS1wNQFZVp-R6GAvRkUy/w390-h392/ezgif.com-animated-gif-maker(2).gif" title="Eva Braun haus" width="390" /></a></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><i></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>The photo on the right shows Eva Braun cycling from her house and the site today. At the time when Hitler and Braun were about to kill themselves, an American raiding party occupied the house. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>The next day the property was completely emptied and all the items were probably taken to the United States as souvenirs. In 1947 a couple moved in from Washington. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Back then, the doorbell still read “Braun” and, as neighbours reported, the house became a place of pilgrimage for neo-Nazis. An older woman recently lived in the house and the property was overgrown. After the woman died, the villa stood empty and fell into disrepair. Local politicians from the Bogenhausen district asked the monument protection authority to check whether it was possible to be included in the monument list but a detailed report came to the conclusion that the house was completely dilapidated and not a monument resulting in the house and property changing hands. The current owner, a publisher of two Munich daily newspapers, bought it from the son of the last resident. Renovation was never considered and in 2015 the villa was completely demolished and a new two-story building with a double garage was built on the site.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='377' height='313' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwtATiuxjSGMxGJPljqhrpe0lxjAFr_IZcNivHA256ZRQJvG3FgYu2yruQPaH6Q1TT5rfFDpL4MtYhqbzqG_w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYUTgFWrUDuLWt3beXaDcwevHl6CPP_6ToiEhvCVECiOtdWovmrhUUJTJdBJqmhaPYHMKwTT2bPCk3YKSn2vc5kXM_6c4gJLo-SEaiTW8W1XXhBK29eSjujsggSVzegQm7XcUq4cPghuup/s1600/IMG_4824.JPG"><img alt="Eva Braun haus, Muenchen" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5648184870275297730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYUTgFWrUDuLWt3beXaDcwevHl6CPP_6ToiEhvCVECiOtdWovmrhUUJTJdBJqmhaPYHMKwTT2bPCk3YKSn2vc5kXM_6c4gJLo-SEaiTW8W1XXhBK29eSjujsggSVzegQm7XcUq4cPghuup/s400/IMG_4824.JPG" style="height: 313px; width: 234px;" title="" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Footage from Eva Braun's home movies; a number of scenes show her at home here. The photo on the right shows her birthplace on Isabellastrasse 45 (behind the tree). </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">GärtnerPlatztheater</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEw67bt05cTPls527JIxmdmPUd0D3KeUxkQsWw3iWEXxItnz84KRxkrtt4epDTYeTQdCvdKy1klJw2NP7Ds_0o-UUDoZK69MfAzwsloDhI8UatvImTEreY_jRdFgddrzHeZYej1hH3suSk/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Theater am Gärtnerplatz einst und jetzt" border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="520" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEw67bt05cTPls527JIxmdmPUd0D3KeUxkQsWw3iWEXxItnz84KRxkrtt4epDTYeTQdCvdKy1klJw2NP7Ds_0o-UUDoZK69MfAzwsloDhI8UatvImTEreY_jRdFgddrzHeZYej1hH3suSk/w423-h249/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="423" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>When the Nazis took power the works of Jewish composers and librettists continued to be given because of their popularity although Jewish </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>writers, librettists, and
composers were not hired. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Since the operetta had a priority position within Nazi cultural policy, it was decided to put it in the foreground in the programme until a new operetta theatre was built in place of the Gärtnerplatztheater. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The theatre would focus "exclusively on
operetta performances, because operetta is a very essential means of
bringing the people to the theatre." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The closure for this reason in 1936 only lasted a short time, however, as the demolition plans were abandoned at Hitler's instigation and the theatre was merely renovated. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Original
plans for the demolition and subsequent new building of a theatre were
not implemented; instead, a major renovation took place. The theatre was
reopened on November 20, 1937 with a performance of <i>Die Fledermaus</i>, making it the first and only state operetta stage. </span></span></span></span></span>In the evening of November 20 1937 Hitler attended the reopening of the
rebuilt Theater am Gärtnerplatz where he saw a performance of the Johann
Strauss operetta <span style="font-style: italic;">Die Fledermaus.</span> This marked the theatre being passed to the Free State of Bavaria and was reopened as the "Bavarian State Operetta", the first state operetta stage. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQS9Qx9SIhsbYwkOeDi6ZgzS-DsH0Bf1EbN0CoqBC2kSok430iMsMDb36ha77ZnTF6DI8t6Ecu784zqRvmZPxXr6PR-OgARmYef3JTAuXZI27jyJGljDB1ZkUHpwJ1UNozn1Ljvw1aHiQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-16+at+12.56.55+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler at Theater am Gärtnerplatz" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQS9Qx9SIhsbYwkOeDi6ZgzS-DsH0Bf1EbN0CoqBC2kSok430iMsMDb36ha77ZnTF6DI8t6Ecu784zqRvmZPxXr6PR-OgARmYef3JTAuXZI27jyJGljDB1ZkUHpwJ1UNozn1Ljvw1aHiQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-16+at+12.56.55+PM.png" title="" width="640" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span>Among the guests was Hitler. <span><span>It had been after watching the<span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span><span class="Normal-C0"><span style="font-style: italic;">Zigeunerbaron</span> here in 1926 that Hitler went to the </span><span class="Normal-C0"><i>Café Viktoria</i> to eat, renamed </span><span class="Normal-C0">Café Roma until its closure in 2008. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXkRNiOHNHmGwRV-tZCjBBnBrRVwKeTjO-AKldvsKWlBxGwo5xA-WwsNmYyL8yATu03hXaBX2ORhzW9scHlMM8o2MStHt5TrrDcOpLo-w9phPz4KTWX5OP-TxBJX9pqoU3tO7Uhoux9RYf/s1600/jiwzZ4bvW7L0iICTpYWyaa.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Former Café Viktoria" border="0" height="240" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5689741210632385186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXkRNiOHNHmGwRV-tZCjBBnBrRVwKeTjO-AKldvsKWlBxGwo5xA-WwsNmYyL8yATu03hXaBX2ORhzW9scHlMM8o2MStHt5TrrDcOpLo-w9phPz4KTWX5OP-TxBJX9pqoU3tO7Uhoux9RYf/s320/jiwzZ4bvW7L0iICTpYWyaa.jpg" title="" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Former Café Viktoria</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>In 1938, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Fritz
Fischer, who was one of the most dazzling figures in Munich's theatre
life during the Nazi era, was brought in by Gauleiter and Interior
Minister Adolf Wagner as director of the reopened
Gärtnerplatztheater </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>with Peter Kreuder serving as a music director</span></span></span></span></span>. With his appointment, a new theatrical aesthetic
came to the fore based on Berlin revues and the film operetta which was
characterised by splendid furnishings, mass casts and a rapid pace of
play. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Fischer had been inspired by the Berlin revue role models and film operettas. Through With Fischer's appointment, a new theatrical aesthetic came to the fore, a new style that - based on Berlin revues and the film operetta - was characterised by splendid furnishings, mass casts and a rapid pace of play.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">"This style was particularly encouraged by the ruling cultural leaders, although it was actually derived from sources that would have been unsympathetic to the rulers. But they stressed the importance of the operetta of this kind, for the recovery and increase of the vitality and joy of life, of the creative man, and even more of the wounded or on holiday in the home of the soldiers."</span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">On January 7, 1938 at the Theater am Gärtnerplatz, <a href="https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/Muenchen-150-Geburtstag-Die-Geschichte-des-Gaertnerplatztheaters-id35957282.html">Hitler once again saw the ballet <span style="font-style: italic;">Tanz um die Welt</span></a>, a guest performance of the German Opera House of Berlin- Charlottenburg.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>When director Fischer was drafted during the war in 1940, opera director Rudolf
Hartmann took over the management of the stage on an interim basis until
Fischer returned to his post in 1941. The ensemble's visit to the
Dachau concentration camp on May 21, 1941 also fell under his term of
office.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> When Fischer was drafted during the war in 1940, opera director Rudolf Hartmann took over the management of the stage on an interim basis until Fischer returned to office in 1941. His visit to the ensemble in the Dachau concentration camp on May 21, 1941 also fell under his term of office. It
is disputed whether in 1941 the ensemble (including Johannes Heesters)
of the Gärtnerplatztheater had merely visited the camp
or had appeared before </span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="result_box" lang="en"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> guards. On April 21, 1945 the theatre was bombed during the last air attack on Munich with the portal torn down and the stage set on fire. The house remained unplayable for a long time with performances relocated to Schornstraße </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> until 1948 when theatre operations in the main building on Gärtnerplatz could be resumed</span></span></span></span></span>. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Due to economic and political considerations, the theatre was directed by Rudolf Hartmann from 1952 to 1955. </span></span></span></span></span>Today with only minor changes, the auditorium of 1937 remains as it was.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C0"><b>Nürnberger Bratwurst Glöckl</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwgqiDfOjAsT_CTFLPIzlQR-J9499NIKdeKTOuVP28BXkWfbYBLHX_YvxQLj41UuNN0w36DvPItzcTfBRY_6dNMigE2nL5wDx8VSC_yxVk5yu07ii6lEF2HwgSwGlEIdclVP2JWP52CxoQ/s353/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252834%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="353" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwgqiDfOjAsT_CTFLPIzlQR-J9499NIKdeKTOuVP28BXkWfbYBLHX_YvxQLj41UuNN0w36DvPItzcTfBRY_6dNMigE2nL5wDx8VSC_yxVk5yu07ii6lEF2HwgSwGlEIdclVP2JWP52CxoQ/w400-h299/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252834%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Located at Frauenplatz 9, this
was a restaurant frequented by top Nazis, includin<span>g Hitler and SA chief
Ernst Röhm. The owner, Karl Zehnte, was an homosexual associate of
Röhm and Heines and was killed during the Night of the Long Knives in
1934. The Zehnter family had originally come from Nuremberg, hence its name today.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>At
the door of the Bratwurstgloeckl, a tavern frequented by homosexual
roughnecks and bully-boys, Roehm turned in and joined the handful of
sexual deviants and occultists who were celebrating the success of a new
campaign of terror. Their organisation, once known as the German
Worker's Party, was now called the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei, The National Socialist German Worker's Party -- the
Nazis. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Yes, the Nazis met in a 'gay' bar. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Lively and Abrams <a href="http://www.thepinkswastika.com/" target="_blank"><u>The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party</u></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Zehnter kept a stammtische, a standing table for regulars, which belonged to a associates of Zehnte known as Stammtisch 175 after the notorious paragraph 175 of the German criminal code which outlawed homosexuality. Among its regulars were Edmund Heines Ernst Röhm. Both were numbers one and two respectively in the SA. </span></span></p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>According to Konrad Heiden, author of the 1944 book <i>Der Fuehrer: Hitler's Rise To Power</i>, in May 1927 Adolf Hitler called together the Munich S.A. and shouted,
"The clique from the Bratwurstglöckl are all fairies: Heinz, Röhm,
Zentner, and the rest. Am I supposed to take accusations from such
people?" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Heiden (294) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Zehnter was murdered apparently not because of his homosexuality but
because he overheard conversations at Stammtisch 175 concerning one in
which Goebbels had assured Röhm and Heines of his loyalty. <br /></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>According
to Otto Strasser, never the most reliable of sources, Goebbels had a
private tryst with Röhm in his ‘local’, the Munich Bratwurstglöckl
tavern; Strasser’s only evidence was the liquidation of Karl Zehnter,
the bar’s owner, in the coming purge.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Irving (333) <span id="btAsinTitle"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Goebbels-Mastermind-Third-Walter-Frentz/dp/1872197132" style="font-weight: bold;">Goebbels</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVZYjof5Z3-wX23cbjZky-KTVsyOzn5zQJbyyA2laJhB7EO-AangrBPdx0JJeEGqUZby-pTdqWaaptpIzKrunI5L7GXbKSTpuRpqjhMS1iNlB605uX_uxz4QhW23spp6jGvZJk6eOImXw/s1600/template+copy.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Haus Neumayr" border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="926" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVZYjof5Z3-wX23cbjZky-KTVsyOzn5zQJbyyA2laJhB7EO-AangrBPdx0JJeEGqUZby-pTdqWaaptpIzKrunI5L7GXbKSTpuRpqjhMS1iNlB605uX_uxz4QhW23spp6jGvZJk6eOImXw/w427-h314/template+copy.jpg" title="" width="427" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Now
Berni's Pizzeria Nudelbrett, the Café Neumayr at Petersplatz 8, just
south of St. Peter’s Church in Munich, was where Hitler went every
Monday night to sound out his associates on vario<span>us new political ideas
in the early 1920s. The building itself is still called Haus Neumayr.
Kershaw writes that</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><div class="column">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler had a table booked every Monday evening at the old-fashioned Café Neumaier on the edge
of the Viktualienmarkt. His regular accompaniment formed a motley crew – mostly lower-middle
class, some unsavoury characters among them. Christian Weber, a former horse-dealer, who, like
Hitler, invariably carried a dog-whip and relished the brawls with Communists, was one. Another
was Hermann Esser, formerly Mayr’s press agent, himself an excellent agitator, and an even better
gutter-journalist. Max Amann, another roughneck, Hitler’s former sergeant who became overlord
of the Nazi press empire, was also usually there, as were Ulrich Graf, Hitler’s personal bodyguard,
and, frequently, the ‘philosophers’ of the party, Gottfried Feder and Dietrich Eckart. In the long
room, with its rows of benches and tables, often occupied by elderly couples, Hitler’s entourage
would discuss politics, or listen to his monologues on art and architecture, while eating the snacks
they had brought with them and drinking their litres of beer or cups of coffee. At the end of the
evening, Weber, Amann, Graf, and Lieutenant Klintzsch, a paramilitary veteran of the Kapp
Putsch, would act as a bodyguard, escorting Hitler – wearing the long black overcoat and trilby
that ‘gave him the appearance of a conspirator’ – back to his apartment in Thierschstraße. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><u>Hitler</u> (98)</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="Normal-C" style="font-weight: bold;">Gasthaus Deutsche Eiche</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh03N_A9SLiBFnOvgh1UXynhAVcjuuXUcafsMEdnqltGKBAIWqezGU8a1WKPVVQm1eeAwWhdOAuAk-N9RHb_OMnArxO3SytkIICgPCTj1tq8KJVSS8YWvRjHAphs_4IOhFKajOp5MVW-PEg/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Gasthaus Deutsche Eiche" border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="371" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh03N_A9SLiBFnOvgh1UXynhAVcjuuXUcafsMEdnqltGKBAIWqezGU8a1WKPVVQm1eeAwWhdOAuAk-N9RHb_OMnArxO3SytkIICgPCTj1tq8KJVSS8YWvRjHAphs_4IOhFKajOp5MVW-PEg/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="400" /></a><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In
1926 Hitler gave six speeches here, and another in 1929. One such 1926 speech took place during a closed general assembly of the NSDAP Section Neuhausen, started here at 20.30 in which, according to the police report, 56 people participated, and was headed by Helmut Walter. Hitler "spoke for about 20 minutes, Anton Allwein spoke and Karl Ostberg on the question of race or the Jews.</span></span>" </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Ironically,
the Gasthaus Deutsche Eiche is now one of the Munich gay scene's <a href="https://queerintheworld.com/gay-munich-germany-travel-guide/">most popular meeting places </a>with its bathhouse that takes over four floors
and almost 4,600 square feet complete with a Finnish sauna, a salt
sauna, a whirlpool, a large steambath, shower area, massage rooms, a
solarium, a rooftop garden, a Bistro & Bar, TV rooms,
relaxation rooms, individual and exclusive booths etc... which explains
the gay flags that flank the international ones in the centre. In fact, the area around Gärtnerplatz is largely shaped by the gay scene including the Deutsche Eiche at Reichenbachstrasse 13, with the 1921-23 Nazi Party headquarters at Corneliusstrasse 12 located nearby. Probably because of its proximity to the Gärtnerplatz Theatre and its dancers, the Deutsche Eiche became a meeting point for artists and homosexuals early on. Until his death in 1982, its restaurant was also the "second living room" of filmmaker Rainer Werner Fassbinder, who lived opposite from 1974 to 1978. In some of his films, the guesthouse served as the location. <a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/deutsche-eiche-rosa-mythos-1.1094278-2">Freddy Mercury apparently also felt at home here</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp2cFHnMkp1CEatJ7vNBEjjZQdAQDoOP5mAutb8hL6NR-1b1-XeqKMVeor3ciscCrYwDe8KVsHE6IJIxklof2CgIWmnsHR10Ow2kqvWV4En7jAZOIHIJSVNEHM2gfdqBWnTnKX8_LDBAKU/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-04-08+at+15.46.08.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="759" data-original-width="1015" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp2cFHnMkp1CEatJ7vNBEjjZQdAQDoOP5mAutb8hL6NR-1b1-XeqKMVeor3ciscCrYwDe8KVsHE6IJIxklof2CgIWmnsHR10Ow2kqvWV4En7jAZOIHIJSVNEHM2gfdqBWnTnKX8_LDBAKU/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-04-08+at+15.46.08.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Ernst Röhm's address on Hohenzollernstraße 110. In proceedings<a href="http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bibliothek/bestand/a83-00919.pdf"> conducted by the</a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bibliothek/bestand/a83-00919.pdf"> Public prosecutor's office</a> at LG Munich I on October 21, 1931 </span></span></span></span></span></span>against Peter Granninger, an accountant<a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2007/01/darmstadt-university-of-technology.html"> from Freising </a>who was best known as the personal pimp or supplier of Röhm, who brought boys and young men to him for homosexual contacts from 1931 to 1934, and as a defendant in a trial for these events that took place after Röhm's murder in autumn 1934 before the district court of Munich. Along with others charged with homosexual acts, this address was the location of <a href="https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/topic/1-1-5-3_01010503-001-161-396?s=Granninger">many of the acts</a> that took place. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">In 1931 when the accused Granninger read in the newspaper that Röhm had returned from South America, he went to his apartment in Hohenzollernstrasse 110 shortly before Easter 1931. Röhm served the accused Granninger with coffee and liqueur. Röhm brought himself to the accused Granninger, hugged him, kissed him and gripped his thighs. He opened Granninger's pants, took out his member and sucked on it until ejaculation occurred. After this traffic, Granninger took Röhm's penis in his mouth after rubbing it with his hand and sucked on it until ejaculation occurred. Röhm then gave the defendant 50 RM and promised to get him a job.</span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comMunich, Germany48.1351253 11.58198049999998647.965637799999996 11.259256999999986 48.3046128 11.904703999999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-45176176194446210112008-01-18T20:12:00.263-08:002024-03-02T14:37:12.755-08:00Dachau<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGnKDuov2JpM9Px5NQXhBR_NvfHeuUJ5ZYg-vbKer12rPleANL2Cn6t-JsR6LXyJFt_-4sioDGjiVzzhb3dBIM7uIsh45j66paCwxAScjU58j0pnvgs-9x85E9A_E2FxemQsp5nfYLjR0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-05-07+at+08.54.58.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau concentration camp" border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGnKDuov2JpM9Px5NQXhBR_NvfHeuUJ5ZYg-vbKer12rPleANL2Cn6t-JsR6LXyJFt_-4sioDGjiVzzhb3dBIM7uIsh45j66paCwxAScjU58j0pnvgs-9x85E9A_E2FxemQsp5nfYLjR0/w441-h316/Screen+Shot+2015-05-07+at+08.54.58.png" width="441" /> <br /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-style: italic;">Konzentrationslager</span>
(KZ) Dachau holds a significant place in public memory because it was
the first Nazi camp to be established and the second camp to be liberated by British and American forces.
Therefore, it was one of the first places where the West was exposed to
the reality of Nazi brutality through <span>first-hand</span> journalist accounts and
through newsreels. </span></span>The Nazis opened their first concentration camp here outside Munich in March 1933, only two months after Hitler came to power. This camp was the model for the many others to follow. It operated continuously until April 1945, when the allies liberated the inmates. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>It began as terror against political adversaries, and it ended with the death of millions. In the beginning, vengeance raged: the lust for revenge of a regime that had just gained power, bent on suppressing any who had stood in its way. But after its opponents had been eliminated, a new species of absolute power was unleashed that shattered all previous conceptions of despotism or dictatorial brutality: systematic destruction by means of violence, starvation, and labour—the businesslike annihilation of human beings. In the span of twelve years, the concentration camp metamorphosed from a locus of terror into a universe of horror.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>Sofsky (5) <label id="tb0"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Order-Terror-Wolfgang-Sofsky/dp/069104354X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D069104354X" id="link_tb0">The Order of Terror</a></label></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEijgKpP5v0xCLgQPDq6ixHOnKCHXNV3TdP0s4fDGR-gz4SFbULRlOtjUWN1rmUxrv9Tf2Ji22K-klHRfAo3eM04l8RqydBbMFOJ8PbjmFLVK9bHHezPcVVBIroyBpuYhPlW3oEutRSiFfwZ3PWX9VO6QRhcvTr7CB6pzmFU2Wn4lSZGsiHgNHsP_vpA3g=s433" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau then and now" border="0" data-original-height="242" data-original-width="433" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEijgKpP5v0xCLgQPDq6ixHOnKCHXNV3TdP0s4fDGR-gz4SFbULRlOtjUWN1rmUxrv9Tf2Ji22K-klHRfAo3eM04l8RqydBbMFOJ8PbjmFLVK9bHHezPcVVBIroyBpuYhPlW3oEutRSiFfwZ3PWX9VO6QRhcvTr7CB6pzmFU2Wn4lSZGsiHgNHsP_vpA3g=w400-h224" width="400" /></a><span><span><span>Originally intended for the temporary detention of political prisoners, the camps became permanent institutions manned by <a href="https://media.offenes-archiv.de/ss2_2_thm_2109.pdf">the ϟϟ Totenkopfverbände</a>. In these camps, the more sadistic guards, of whom there was no shortage in the ϟϟ, were more or less free to inflict indescribable cruelties on the inmates without fear of any disciplinary action. The camp system gradually evolved from penal camps to the infamous death mills of Auschwitz, Belzec, Chelmno, Maidanek, Sobibor, and Treblinka.In
total, over 200,000 prisoners from more than thirty countries were housed
in Dachau of whom two-thirds were political prisoners and nearly
one-third were Jews. 25,613 prisoners are believed to have died in the
camp and almost another 10,000 in its subcamps, primarily from disease,
malnutrition and suicide. In early 1945, there was a typhus epidemic in
the camp followed by an evacuation, in which large numbers of the weaker
prisoners died.</span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau jourhaus during liberation and today" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf6FbNuzJvUMbDdkIb5yvo_S3s_q-kt8V834ymlh5jQELWAnIfZb0rl1I_bawhrAZbIi6p4Vweiy4sZFVdQ6hopK8kaPZybJ3Up7HGM19wyyIMzV4dkVBR_1LRlHEVtNICSXee6FnEcuI/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf6FbNuzJvUMbDdkIb5yvo_S3s_q-kt8V834ymlh5jQELWAnIfZb0rl1I_bawhrAZbIi6p4Vweiy4sZFVdQ6hopK8kaPZybJ3Up7HGM19wyyIMzV4dkVBR_1LRlHEVtNICSXee6FnEcuI/w400-h230/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 435px;" /></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>During liberation and standing in front of the jourhaus today</span></span><span><span><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>- the main gate to the camp. It was the first building prisoners had to build during the 1936 redevelopment of the camp.</span></span></span></span></span> The tower shown here, a reconstruction, was one of seven watchtowers making up th<span style="font-size: normal;">e guard installations. </span></span></span><span><span>On the right shown below Brigadier-General Henning Linden </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">of the 42nd Infantry Division of the American 7th Army </span></span></span></span>stands on the bridge over the Würm in front of the jourhaus with </span></span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span>-Untersturmführer
Heinrich Wicker - the tallest man- on the left. It had been he who had
surrendered the camp to the Americans and soon after this photograph will have suffered summary justice. <span style="font-size: normal;">He had been feared by prisoners for his brutality. In December 1944 he <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719060158/http://www.majoonline.de/GWS/ahrens-wicker.html">became camp commandant</a> of the Natzweiler satellite camp Mannheim-Sandhofen in which </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">one of his first official acts</span></span></span></span> was the execution of the Warsaw prisoner Marian Krainski on January 3, 1945 for alleged sabotage in the school yard of the Friedrichschule, to which he had invited five representatives from Daimler-Benz. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Brigadier-General Henning Linden at Dachau" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV467p1hsXh1h9Z0YUedNYArVtN2g1URqbBbbSkDZWjfJxiuLFpo_Ip-GdVZ6B9kWR7Dc3gEY9fRs3kdW4zFkjzxHNLNbRP3NCp7NHpXWmH9YwZq2l3epjesbrnEjJqlgc1dChamcqGEty/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="475" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV467p1hsXh1h9Z0YUedNYArVtN2g1URqbBbbSkDZWjfJxiuLFpo_Ip-GdVZ6B9kWR7Dc3gEY9fRs3kdW4zFkjzxHNLNbRP3NCp7NHpXWmH9YwZq2l3epjesbrnEjJqlgc1dChamcqGEty/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 244px; width: 360px;" /></span></span></span></span></span>Towards the end of the war Wicker was the leader of "evacuation marches," leading the evacuation of the Heppenheim and Bensheim-Auerbach subcamps </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">from March 22 to 28,</span></span></span></span> then the Neckarelz concentration camp until April 2 and the Hessental and Kochendorf concentration camps from April 5. His command of the Hessental death march which April 15 </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">led at the Munich-Allach subcamp</span></span></span></span> led to at least 170 concentration camp prisoners being brutally murdered or killed through sheer exhaustion. Wicker then took over the camp management at Dachau on April 28, after the commandant Eduard Weiter had withdrawn from the advancing Americans on April 26. In the presence of the Swiss Red Cross worker Victor Maurer, Wicker surrendered the camp on April 29, to Linden. Historian <a href="http://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/dachau/archive/ZaruskyDachauLiberationMassacre2002excerpt.pdf">Harold Marcuse assumes that Wicker was shot immediately after the liberation</a>. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgfHVBGpZ8Um0PMoH-Ttq914kl_en4w2VXjy_ValY5O5os9YrXRoLZ2dY9jla_oImqLlyYD-kedh5lsjJpvmQpMI74GOjGmk4VfjIHChKF0IFmRPWs4vE5HO1d208cqS1sq0fWp4R2TR5CdMKX14HqxDXi7ObFPzJqjPQkN10fkamArv0aComeZ-IDCNw=s320" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="main entrance Dachau liberation April 1945" border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="320" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgfHVBGpZ8Um0PMoH-Ttq914kl_en4w2VXjy_ValY5O5os9YrXRoLZ2dY9jla_oImqLlyYD-kedh5lsjJpvmQpMI74GOjGmk4VfjIHChKF0IFmRPWs4vE5HO1d208cqS1sq0fWp4R2TR5CdMKX14HqxDXi7ObFPzJqjPQkN10fkamArv0aComeZ-IDCNw=w400-h279" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Me in front of the main entrance from inside the camp, and as it appeared during liberation as seen in </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2299219/The-colour-darkness-Vivid-pictures-Nazi-concentration-camps-chilling-insight-dawn-Holocaust.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">never before seen photographs showing the liberation of Dachau.</span></a></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Of the gate itself, Richard Evans relates that at Auschwitz,</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Over the entrance, (Kommandant Rudolf] Höss placed a wrought-iron archway with the words <span style="font-style: italic;">Arbeit macht frei,</span> 'work liberates', a slogan he had learned in Dachau.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>(295) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Third-Reich-at-War/dp/0143116711%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0143116711" id="link_Namecns!81C2730497AD62BA!4817">The Third Reich at War</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The motto at Dachau, “Arbeit macht frei” (Work Is Liberty), is well known; it was also used elsewhere, a hollow, cynical promise from the tradition of the work society. No prisoner was ever released because of hard work and good performance.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>Sofsky (61) <label id="tb0"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Order-Terror-Wolfgang-Sofsky/dp/069104354X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D069104354X" id="link_tb0">The Order of Terror</a></label></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjJanMciAbXJeKgTzOXu4ztqImfcpmrstCWuqHL_5tPsCEz6XkMcvBzMrPXlfkm8QP8WJUi459oqumtbPcvRNrqa6a0eTnXjraL6agH09_7IIic31Ca6PkLcOB7SIXyS6JaXeSgD__O-zMU3Bce8yQs-g7KEbNvkXpclkXh6JmvzSIYF1zqNQ1t5Kkkfw=s428" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Arbeit macht frei gate Dachau" border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="265" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjJanMciAbXJeKgTzOXu4ztqImfcpmrstCWuqHL_5tPsCEz6XkMcvBzMrPXlfkm8QP8WJUi459oqumtbPcvRNrqa6a0eTnXjraL6agH09_7IIic31Ca6PkLcOB7SIXyS6JaXeSgD__O-zMU3Bce8yQs-g7KEbNvkXpclkXh6JmvzSIYF1zqNQ1t5Kkkfw=w248-h400" width="248" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;">Young prisoners behind the gate two days after liberation. The expression </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;"><i>Arbeit macht frei </i></span></span></span></span>comes from the title of an 1873 novel by German philologist Lorenz Diefenbach, <i>Arbeit macht frei: Erzählung von Lorenz Diefenbach,</i> in which gamblers and fraudsters find the path to virtue through labour. In 1922 the Deutsche Schulverein Wien printed contribution stamps with the inscription "Arbeit macht frei" together with the swastika. The phrase is also evocative of the mediæval German principle of Stadtluft macht frei ("urban air makes you free"), according to which serfs were liberated after being a city resident for one year and one day. In some Nazi concentration camps , the gate inscription was a cynical paraphrase for the alleged educational purpose of the camps, the actual purpose of which was often destruction through work. <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&u=https://books.google.de/books?id%3DWOD9ncsixssC">Harold Marcuse </a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&u=https://books.google.de/books?id%3DWOD9ncsixssC">states that the
slogan</a>, placed at the entrances to a number of
Nazi concentration camps, was first implemented by Theodor Eicke</span></span></span></span>, the first </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> commander of Dachau concentration camp. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;">Eicke's</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> colleague Martin Broszat assumed that the commander responsible for the installation at the gate of the Auschwitz concentration camp was Rudolf Höss, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en">stating his view</a> that "[i]n his limited way of thinking and feeling, I think he meant it seriously to a certain extent.. One of the extermination strategies of genocide grew out of the modern myth of the working spirit, which was ultimately regarded as specifically German.” In fact, the slogan was first used over the gate of a "wild camp" in the city of Oranienburg, which was set up in an abandoned brewery in March 1933 (later rebuilt in 1936 as Sachsenhausen) and can also be seen at the Dachau, Gross-Rosen, and Theresienstadt camps, as well as at Fort Breendonk in Belgium. At the Monowitz camp (also known as Auschwitz III), the slogan was reportedly placed over the entrance gates although <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&u=https://archive.today/20120713061413/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2220/is_n2_v35/ai_13917253/pg_6/">Primo Levi describes</a> seeing the words illuminated over a doorway rather than from a gate. In 1938 Austrian political cabaret writer Jura Soyfer and composer Herbert Zipper, whilst prisoners at Dachau, wrote the Dachaulied, or "The Dachau Song". They had spent weeks marching in and out of the camp's gate to daily forced labour, and considered the motto Arbeit macht frei over the gate an insult, and so the song repeats the phrase cynically as a "lesson" taught by Dachau. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEchBcNqKvBkRVSyw8QoXMzGQVzmZHbddYDa3wz4idn2RLdPCgM8RavJt75f6zkg6w6hseWAP_Epf6TocCYHnos10I-WMeRUVLVyoZNYE5tkK41LV4Wkx5qz-GtDpbP1HTXZrjHijohOs/s1600/1930746_30393584961_9819_n.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Arbeit macht frei" border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="604" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEchBcNqKvBkRVSyw8QoXMzGQVzmZHbddYDa3wz4idn2RLdPCgM8RavJt75f6zkg6w6hseWAP_Epf6TocCYHnos10I-WMeRUVLVyoZNYE5tkK41LV4Wkx5qz-GtDpbP1HTXZrjHijohOs/w400-h300/1930746_30393584961_9819_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span> Photos I took of the gate and on November 19, 2014 showing the missing 200-pound gate reported missing on November 2, 2014. The gate itself was a reconstruction; the current whereabouts of the original is a mystery. When the American military administration used the site, it removed the gate and dismantled the watchtower. These were not reconstructed until 1972. Shown is German blacksmith </span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;"><span class="headline entry-title">Michael Poitner </span>who painstakingly rebuilt the 1.87 metre-high, 108-kilogram gate in time for the 70th anniversary commemorations for the liberation of the camp. "A lot of thought went into how to make this cynical Nazi slogan close to the original - which is important as some 800,000 people visit the Dachau memorial eac<span><span>h year," said Poitner, 36, who was born in town of Dachau. "You can feel all that cynicism with this gate." He studied pictures and documents about the original gate, which was installed in 1936, and used techniques like high-temperature brazing, which was more common than soldering in the 1930s.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> The stolen gate was eventually found on November 28, 2016 under a tarpaulin at a parking lot in Ytre Arna, a settlement north of Bergen, Norway's second-largest city. The gate returned to Dachau on February 22, 2017 and is kept on display in the museum's permanent exhibition in an alarm-secured and air-conditioned display case.</span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg88Tk66bgAFcDuwcwdCtFvOdboY0tAD0TTo6sE37SCw4CGnP6sRrb1iwc9D7MbX_OaUj5sn8DbjArRkIhrC0OTkK3o-H74QzVBJHXpVVqEPE826R9EC2FYU6QSYxfrepXK7rVYj4NFseA/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau Jourhaus with gate without the inscription" border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="480" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg88Tk66bgAFcDuwcwdCtFvOdboY0tAD0TTo6sE37SCw4CGnP6sRrb1iwc9D7MbX_OaUj5sn8DbjArRkIhrC0OTkK3o-H74QzVBJHXpVVqEPE826R9EC2FYU6QSYxfrepXK7rVYj4NFseA/w400-h273/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;">In fact, this photo from the <span>l</span>ate 1940s shows the Jourhaus with gate without the inscription (and <span>me in 2007)</span>, leading the memorial site to conclude that based on such existing historical photos, a document from May 1972 from an inspection of the grounds by the CID, the local Building Authority, which refers how “[t]he inscription ‘Arbeit macht frei’ removed from the iron entrance gate needs to be reinserted” , the revised view of the architectural historian, and the general knowledge as to how the Americans dealt with the architectural legacy of the former concentration camp, the gate is most likely original, but <a href="https://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/present/993AAGtourism011.htm">the sign itself is a reconstruction added in 1972</a>. </span></span></span><span><span><span class="headline entry-title" style="font-size: normal;">The stolen gate was recovered after a two-year hunt in the southwestern Norwegian city of
Bergen thanks to an anonymous tip-off. This is not the first time a sign
reading ‘Arbeit Macht Frei’ has been stolen- in 2009 the infamous iron sign
bearing the same slogan above the entrance to Auschwitz was stolen. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau watchtowers" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPhTcsjHlPFNA3Zh1XxTQFRGplXzYpL7Fc8-7DRGvP_gpUz730M22ZJC9UCLfELQQB9Z2TOM7zDfFsb9c9DImtwNmJX5wMo4pPlU3j4-jIsjlEf-IHnw568mp4DC17wOoGohZASBrOzkGd/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" data-original-height="316" data-original-width="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPhTcsjHlPFNA3Zh1XxTQFRGplXzYpL7Fc8-7DRGvP_gpUz730M22ZJC9UCLfELQQB9Z2TOM7zDfFsb9c9DImtwNmJX5wMo4pPlU3j4-jIsjlEf-IHnw568mp4DC17wOoGohZASBrOzkGd/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 310px; width: 448px;" /></span></span></span>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The site soon after the war and today, showing how the camp was anything but hidden away. <a href="https://erenow.net/modern/thethirdreichinpowerrichardevans/6.php">As Richard J. Evans writes</a> in The Third Reich in Power, </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><blockquote>the regime made no secret at all of the basic fact of their existence. The opening of Dachau in 1933 was widely reported in the press, and further stories told how Communist, Reichsbanner and ‘Marxist’ functionaries who endangered state security were being sent there; how the numbers of inmates grew rapidly into the hundreds; how they were being set to work; and how lurid atrocity stories of what went on inside were incorrect. The fact that people were publicly warned in the press not to try and peer into the camp, and would be shot if they tried to climb the walls, only served to increase the general fear and apprehension that these stories must have spread.184 What happened in the camps was a nameless horror that was all the more potent because its reality could only be guessed at from the broken bodies and spirits of inmates when they were released. There could be few more frightening indications of what would happen to people who engaged in political opposition or expressed political dissent, or, by 1938-9, deviated from the norms of behaviour to which the citizen of the Third Reich was supposed to adhere.</blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkbFV8__NHrF3jS1wwvzWFYT_ypqJxw_yTnNCBkIDQwWdzgakaneV832qQ1FRK5_qsqDnxsYKrD2PjRr8jlv0qd7FSuZ2xQX6febreK3fu-V35cAjGe4qeSjxy6FAxt1hHGT8q62j-iIUY/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25289%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Appelplatz Dachau 1937" border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="604" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkbFV8__NHrF3jS1wwvzWFYT_ypqJxw_yTnNCBkIDQwWdzgakaneV832qQ1FRK5_qsqDnxsYKrD2PjRr8jlv0qd7FSuZ2xQX6febreK3fu-V35cAjGe4qeSjxy6FAxt1hHGT8q62j-iIUY/w764-h224/ezgif.com-optimize+%25289%2529.gif" width="764" /></a></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The main building in front of the square (Appelplatz) in 1939 and today showing the former slogan on the roof reading: </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Es
gibt einen Weg zur Freiheit. Seine Meilensteine heißen: Gehorsam,
Ehrlichkeit, Sauberkeit, Nüchternheit, Fleiß, Ordnung, Opfersinn,
Wahrhaftigkeit, Liebe zum Vaterland </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">There
is one path to freedom. Its milestones are obedience, honesty,
cleanliness, sobriety, hard work, discipline, sacrifice, truthfulness,
love for the Fatherland. </span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7IYViiL_-F2YUaQ5yxesJOES9q8I5_B77IufIsq9WeoswTkUSFUiIrjhka_PNxeKCpzUe8OhMTPb6_DYkmFgmJYAgLD8TXOzTZks3-yhoIrpToophwhsQIRM-f__braS7e7wHucLID2s/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-26+at+09.52.09.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau tourism" border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7IYViiL_-F2YUaQ5yxesJOES9q8I5_B77IufIsq9WeoswTkUSFUiIrjhka_PNxeKCpzUe8OhMTPb6_DYkmFgmJYAgLD8TXOzTZks3-yhoIrpToophwhsQIRM-f__braS7e7wHucLID2s/w400-h145/Screen+Shot+2015-06-26+at+09.52.09.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The memorial in front <span><span> is now being used to promote other tourist attractions on buses</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>After
the Second World War, a kind of 'dark tourism’ emerged in Germany, as
the former sites of death and terror in the Third Reich became 'must
see’ sights on the tourist trail. Today, Dachau, Buchenwald,
Sachsenhausen and other 'fatal attractions’ linked to the Hitler
dictatorship draw thousands of visitors each year. The most recent <span style="font-style: italic;">Lonely Planet</span>
guide to Germany, for example, lists the former concentration camp at
Dachau as one of the key attractions around Munich, alongside the Chiem
Lake, the Andechs brewery and the Alpamare water park.<span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
<span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Seeing-Hitlers-Germany-Tourism-Third/dp/1403939144/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1292149993&sr=1-1"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span>Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich</a> (193)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhw8JaKK8B6PRLkiUWPIrUqSCXZKF21gWkdtU2QVDfGmg8rpgSxMk-JjCiKcLIYM50c6mOIwqOpCLxRmXOxHZuDcuiROMEeYwObfYsTpW75yFIU_V6m4pzCkAVS-bGeMaDD27tUpurDA0LT4W0xztEgy3FzNwDSSk9ttekQugT-WFzuJn2qqkUZj6y7fw=s313" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Taking aBvarian International School students around Dachau" border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="313" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhw8JaKK8B6PRLkiUWPIrUqSCXZKF21gWkdtU2QVDfGmg8rpgSxMk-JjCiKcLIYM50c6mOIwqOpCLxRmXOxHZuDcuiROMEeYwObfYsTpW75yFIU_V6m4pzCkAVS-bGeMaDD27tUpurDA0LT4W0xztEgy3FzNwDSSk9ttekQugT-WFzuJn2qqkUZj6y7fw=w400-h342" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></div></blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Taking my students at the nearby Bavarian International School around the site.</span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"> <br /></span></span></span></p><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The prisoners marched out by block onto the Appellplatz and waited there for the ϟϟ to appear. The block personnel counted the inmates and reported the results to those on duty in the prisoner orderly room. They in turn passed the total on to the ϟϟ rapport leader. The ϟϟ block leaders double-checked the results, running through another count so that the reporting officer could compare the two totals. In order to make sure the final tally was correct, the prisoners in the sick bay and those who had died during the night also had to be counted. This double bureaucratic procedure should hardly have required more than half an hour, given the experienced and well-rehearsed chain of reporting. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhXGeR-yxl52bt3JVHeXlNUu7BoyOfnj_JQcq-16_B6oLVIHw4vJlQ8UKLEb8wOqXKUmCB5rOfNmGAlwibQwvGcMCLzdrMWz5PCZ0Kz64riDwZ562tbw63fFLonc_lP1tKbXR-eLe_fwxcYtqy7rNc99sg6TuhOCxejsKGUT7431fceZ9jgAHaSJRHXUA=s409" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Taking my Bavarian International School students around Dachau" border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="409" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhXGeR-yxl52bt3JVHeXlNUu7BoyOfnj_JQcq-16_B6oLVIHw4vJlQ8UKLEb8wOqXKUmCB5rOfNmGAlwibQwvGcMCLzdrMWz5PCZ0Kz64riDwZ562tbw63fFLonc_lP1tKbXR-eLe_fwxcYtqy7rNc99sg6TuhOCxejsKGUT7431fceZ9jgAHaSJRHXUA=w400-h233" width="400" /></a></div>But the process was often delayed or interrupted by violence. Despite the fixed time for morning roll call, the ϟϟ was often late. Illuminated by searchlights, the columns had to wait in the first light of dawn in every conceivable type of weather until the camp lords took the stage. Their entrance was a carefully calculated show of power. To leave thousands waiting is always a demonstration of total power. And time was something the camp masters had plenty of. Inmates did not march off to their places of work until it was light. Consequently, morning roll call in the winter months could drag on for more than ninety minutes, until the command was given over the loudspeakers for the prisoners to form up into Kommandos. The accommodation of working hours to daylight was the only concession the camp regime made to natural time.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Sofsky (75) <label id="tb0"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Order-Terror-Wolfgang-Sofsky/dp/069104354X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D069104354X" id="link_tb0">The Order of Terror</a></label></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnkR71AKvSh5aiiGzTbQl4Fm1s2B8Jx2Z39_ntT1trnDNUW48oeLtW9CEnSmNJLrCYuWINdWY5DA-bR7B6NyLpbUqmpAGa0JCHOvUbyO8vC9B2y0VqfxpCtXHmKM28XJlwrYRIoOhfLDTnmP65yOVtOmDMi8NLq0GPB1jSMgC8sXJJuoNx_bKSTVaGvQ/s388/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(43).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students at Dachau KZ" border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="388" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnkR71AKvSh5aiiGzTbQl4Fm1s2B8Jx2Z39_ntT1trnDNUW48oeLtW9CEnSmNJLrCYuWINdWY5DA-bR7B6NyLpbUqmpAGa0JCHOvUbyO8vC9B2y0VqfxpCtXHmKM28XJlwrYRIoOhfLDTnmP65yOVtOmDMi8NLq0GPB1jSMgC8sXJJuoNx_bKSTVaGvQ/w400-h299/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(43).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>According to the regime's propaganda, work was primarily a means of political education so that prisoners capable of betterment could be accepted into National Socialist society. However, the </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> made more and more profits from the prisoners' work. Cultivating the surrounding moors was the prisoner's initial task, but this was quickly changed. The establishment of manual workplaces - road construction, bricklayers, carpenters, locksmiths, tailors, shoemakers, saddlers, bakers, butchers - promised more profit and self-sufficiency. Just a few months after the camp opened in 1933, 300 prisoners were already working for the </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> making furniture, clothes and shoes. In this way the camp developed into the economic base of the </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span>. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/6580261/Arbeit_macht_frei_Ebuch_von_bundespresse_com">The Chamber of Commerce wrote a letter on November 28, 1933 </a>expressing its fear that the camp would represent unsustainable competition for other local craftsmen. The political police replied that production in the camp would definitely continue to increase. Officially, the values obtained were part of the state property, but in reality they were used by Himmler's </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> by reducing their dependence on the SA and the Reich Ministry of the Interior. Until 1940 the </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> could use the full profit of the prisoner labour. In numerous cases, the forced labour resulted in humiliation, abuse and death by harassing or inciting inmates to death. Later, with in the large sub-camps, this number increased dramatically. Sick and physically exhausted prisoners were transferred to the disability block, from where they were transported to the killing sites.</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6YJZumjE146AS3fSiGAjvqsmaab4UJDaJEziuW9XRqPKTq_EzqE-IQkLq3_6_ar5y0kHymyLg7Xw-g1O_8WIIiNwaX4vzzlrH-C2M7QXQ00j-1ZJDrYCaRVM0jpMrJM3InIPf1oR07rnkFIOMzESeFjEC3_JWg1SuCfZchkUXf_462vgUWgRGX2QXzQ/s456/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(40).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Prisoners carrying large buckets of food from Dachau camp kitchen to barracks June 28, 1938" border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="456" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6YJZumjE146AS3fSiGAjvqsmaab4UJDaJEziuW9XRqPKTq_EzqE-IQkLq3_6_ar5y0kHymyLg7Xw-g1O_8WIIiNwaX4vzzlrH-C2M7QXQ00j-1ZJDrYCaRVM0jpMrJM3InIPf1oR07rnkFIOMzESeFjEC3_JWg1SuCfZchkUXf_462vgUWgRGX2QXzQ/w400-h249/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(40).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Prisoners carrying large buckets of food from the camp kitchen to the barracks in a June 28, 1938 propaganda photo; the distance from the kitchens requiring such effort demonstrated the camp hierarchy with Germans typically housed in the nearest barracks and those seen as particularly against the Nazi state at the furthest end. </span></span><span><span><span><span>The
residential barracks were given the designation "blocks" under
Commandant Loritz. Over the course of its twelve years of existence, different divisions of the blocks were formed. The punishment blocks were surrounded by barbed wire; here were inmates who had been repeatedly detained or who had been imposed more stringent detention. Other blocks included a so-called Interbrigadistenblock, a Jewish block, an invalide block , a 'celebrity' block and a pastors' block. From the beginning of the war there was a division according to nationalities for Poles, Czechs<i> et cet.</i>. Each block had two washing facilities, two
toilets and four “rooms”. Each room had a living room and a bedroom. 52
people were to be accommodated per room, which meant 208 prisoners per
block of flats. In the last years of the war however, up to 1,600 prisoners had
to share a block of flats. The roll call took place on the roll call
square at the beginning and end of the day. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbE2n5qBFMzTqZCGqOrXaNiHHiO-sdwkELk06FZvmdmPCdPa5PCTHsvMaqeNVW5Zna7AG3H8PgUWmiE0e3sAIE7TMywxfT3aciFQ4XjDkjmkZoTiSbR4HZMmsA_KGzpGKtOmXwgBeKqoHVMBLt_d9hLg-Gc8xA1j77RUk-J8UYvLX7ZOof0YQzwrDpqw=s405" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="405" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbE2n5qBFMzTqZCGqOrXaNiHHiO-sdwkELk06FZvmdmPCdPa5PCTHsvMaqeNVW5Zna7AG3H8PgUWmiE0e3sAIE7TMywxfT3aciFQ4XjDkjmkZoTiSbR4HZMmsA_KGzpGKtOmXwgBeKqoHVMBLt_d9hLg-Gc8xA1j77RUk-J8UYvLX7ZOof0YQzwrDpqw=w400-h259" width="400" /></a>If someone was missing, roll
calls were ordered through the night or half a day. Seven watchtowers
surrounded the area; they were usually manned by two </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> guards each with
two machine guns. The so-called infirmary initially consisted of two
barracks, from 1939 it was expanded. In the last years of the war it was eighteen barracks in size. The "Lazarett" included a disinfection barrack and
a death chamber. There was a work barrack, another barrack was the
canteen , which also served propaganda purposes. Behind it was the bunker, where camp arrests, camp penalties (such as increased solitary confinement) and
shootings were carried out. Standing bunkers were added from autumn
1944 as discussed below.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The first large section of the concentration camp was the prison camp, euphemistically also called protective custody camp. It was surrounded by an inner ditch, behind it an electrically charged barbed wire fence, a patrol path and finally a wall that also served as a privacy screen from the outside. As soon as someone approached the fence, the </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> personnel fired from watchtowers without warning. The fence was illuminated at night. There were a total of 34 barracks in two rows, with the camp street in the middle. The Jourhaus formed the entrance to the prisoners' area. </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnDxbaQLxITJ-lGF4jc7VNjYRLxfwmb7seyQoYPg2KJjLETb2fklpdRLJSey_JSzAKTEJri2ttgXstgSf4u9tcH7bOauNM5wvAOGBFVmtCOF4YnSnNUw_-C8d9S6ka8I7JYYvcY-nFPI4Iua0FB8KxUiWRwgwJ4JD5FF_3dJY564Ol1wD9Xx940TogAQ=s351" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Prisoners cooking outside Dachau watchtower May 1, 1945" border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="310" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnDxbaQLxITJ-lGF4jc7VNjYRLxfwmb7seyQoYPg2KJjLETb2fklpdRLJSey_JSzAKTEJri2ttgXstgSf4u9tcH7bOauNM5wvAOGBFVmtCOF4YnSnNUw_-C8d9S6ka8I7JYYvcY-nFPI4Iua0FB8KxUiWRwgwJ4JD5FF_3dJY564Ol1wD9Xx940TogAQ=w283-h320" width="283" /></a>Prisoners cooking outside a watchtower on May 1, 1945 right after liberation and me beside it today; the door is postwar. Despite the appearance, the weather at the time of liberation was unseasonably cool and temperatures tended to fall below average throughout the first two days of May; the day after the photograph was taken, the area received a snowstorm with four inches of snow at nearby Munich. Proper clothing was still scarce and film footage from the time as seen in classic <i>The World at War </i>television series and footage shown in the museum here show naked, gaunt people either wandering on snow or dead under it. The authorities had worked night and day to alleviate conditions at the camp immediately following the liberation as an epidemic of black typhus swept through the prisoner population with two thousand cases already having been reported by May 3. By October of the same year the camp was being used by the Americans as a place of confinement for war criminals, the </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> and important witnesses. It was also the site of the Dachau Trials for German war criminals, a site chosen for its symbolism. In 1948, the Bavarian government established housing for refugees on the site, and this remained the case until the 1960s. Among those held in the Dachau internment camp set up under the American Army were Elsa Ehrich, Maria Mandl, and Elisabeth Ruppert. The Kaserne quarters and other buildings used by the guards and trainee guards were converted and served as the Eastman Barracks, an American military post. After the closure of the Eastman Barracks in 1974 due in large part to the<a href="https://www.dw.com/en/1972-munich-olympics-massacre-an-avoidable-catastrophe/a-40405813"> incompetence shown by the German authorities</a> during the massacre of Israeli athletes during the Olympic Games of 1972, these areas were given over to the Bavarian Bereitschaftspolizei (rapid response police unit).<br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><img alt="Dachau memorial" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaiPnDyj1RlzpTblfcPvL83adWMKI7qZOz-xtrxzkNKy3hcELimRzn_XpTv-s7M-Az9_JQJJcHc2_ftOdRSTr7oEyfQAnKryvS0NsKEQhUhWSoQaFgigv2qPv_0pd5FoGX2EK8thwY5wM/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-03-20+at+20.14.58.png" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaiPnDyj1RlzpTblfcPvL83adWMKI7qZOz-xtrxzkNKy3hcELimRzn_XpTv-s7M-Az9_JQJJcHc2_ftOdRSTr7oEyfQAnKryvS0NsKEQhUhWSoQaFgigv2qPv_0pd5FoGX2EK8thwY5wM/w400-h293/Screen+Shot+2017-03-20+at+20.14.58.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>Two memorials demonstrate a skewed perspective of the history of the camp. On the left is a relief whose statement in English, French and Russian statements is <span>unequivocal</span>:</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>May the example of those exterminated here between 1933-1945, because they resisted Nazism, help to unite the living in defen<span>c</span>e of peace and freedom and in respect of their fellow men.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The German version differs in making the victims passive participants who died rather than "exterminated." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>On the right is another relief consist<span>ing</span> of coloured triangles attached <span>to</span> a chain, representing the badges worn <span>by prisoners </span>from 1937. Three colours are missing- the black </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>triangle <span>for</span> “asocials”, the green <span>for ordinary </span>criminals, and the pink <span>for</span> homosexuals. <span>The latter have a<span> </span>memorial displayed in a </span></span></span></span></span>little room inside the museum as homose<span>xuality is no longer deemed a crime in Germany, but after nearly half a century it has not been seen to </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau triangles memorial" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ZjDNZdTtj-n4py9d9J_00PTcb5069Y3bkcXIGqcY6n0malK4AIC4Gyw3HWam4PzdXSH-iHiHDVvrhneWgGkCxGGsbVP1F5UlAYYZy2ZuiZcrl4P_X7FCDN6uKPsxS54Vc-hoH9d4l_o/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-03-20+at+20.15.20.png" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ZjDNZdTtj-n4py9d9J_00PTcb5069Y3bkcXIGqcY6n0malK4AIC4Gyw3HWam4PzdXSH-iHiHDVvrhneWgGkCxGGsbVP1F5UlAYYZy2ZuiZcrl4P_X7FCDN6uKPsxS54Vc-hoH9d4l_o/w400-h280/Screen+Shot+2017-03-20+at+20.15.20.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>appropriate to recognise them as victims on such a public display<span>. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
<span><span><span><span><span> What is surprising is that the stigmatisation connected to these categorisations continued even after the end of the war as the colours of the patchesdetermined whether survivors were entitled to compensation. Those stigmatised with the black, green, or pink patches were ruled to have no valid claims for compensation of either a moral or financial kind. This had an immediate effect on the setup of the International Memorial,where prejudices concerning certain victim groups were directly translated into the exclusion of their representation within the memorial. Neither thepatches that had to be worn by homosexuals, nor the ones identifying asocials or professional criminals, appear in the second installation with the black solidarity rings. This underscores once more that the commemoration of painful memories is also an expression of power and identity, which in the case of the memorial at Dachau turned into a struggle for dominance of some victim groups over others.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5744/florida/9780813061603.001.0001/upso-9780813061603-chapter-015">Aline Sierp (10) <i>Memory, Identity and a Painful Past</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="'the unknown prisoner at Dachau' by Fritz Koelle in 1950." border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="479" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfbap6BFHFbY6LK0YZ7o8BzyHrDRODywSc4WAHCm3QA8axy5sjNeXFMpdy30TgJwFlycjmOnvzAwMO9xN38InHY90klAYBmb2MiqaXpdUKTNsJKbUEjWJqTd8Wy7U6yTmhiYNwx9gLA1Lb/w400-h272/ezgif.com-optimize+%252811%2529.gif" width="400" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The monument on the left to 'the unknown prisoner at Dachau' by Fritz Koelle in 1950. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The memorials in Western Europe are far more likely to be abstract than figurative while in the socialist countries of the Eastern Bloc (with the limited exceptions Poland and Yugoslavia), most memorials are figurative in the style of socialist realism, and they often depict groups of people so as to express solidarity and symboli anti-fascist resistance as a movement. In the final Dachau design, the graphic skeletal nudity of the original figures is covered by a baggy overcoat and trousers; the accusatory right hand is concealed in a coat pocket. The forwardly thrust head is draw back and tilted at a slight angle, giving the figure a contemplative cast. The inscription on the pedestal still melds contemplation with accusation, however: "To honour the dead, to admonish the living."</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><a href="https://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/publications/articles/1968.972.htm">Harold Marcuse (73) The American Historical Review, Vol. 115, No. 1</a></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieOR-Y1917x-XkkvDSUuIRsxR04K-Vf1z6lsi0JtY2zKhTr37CYrT6z_CyP2VG1N9Ls23sV7jeh8KzmNcHjvTeLw9gtMpClyktSfYE7MiQp_7gL2k_FpUZ69O1QcZ19qg7VEooTxWPRpkV/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252810%2529.gif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Dachau Watchtower then and now" border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="568" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieOR-Y1917x-XkkvDSUuIRsxR04K-Vf1z6lsi0JtY2zKhTr37CYrT6z_CyP2VG1N9Ls23sV7jeh8KzmNcHjvTeLw9gtMpClyktSfYE7MiQp_7gL2k_FpUZ69O1QcZ19qg7VEooTxWPRpkV/w400-h225/ezgif.com-optimize+%252810%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Watchtower then and now</span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Beginning in the summer of 1933, the camp island already resembled a bulwark. In front of the wire fence, charged with high-voltage current at night, there was a low, slatted fence that marked out the “neutral zone.” Whoever entered it was shot down without warning. Directly behind it ran a concrete wall three meters high that surrounded the entire area of the camp. Patrols moved in the area between the wall and the internal fence; these patrols maintained eye contact with the two sentries posted on each of the four watchtowers. Machine guns were pointed at the camp from all directions. Searchlights illuminated the grounds at night. Every corner could be lit up brightly and brought under fire at will. In the beginning, the patrols had to drive away strangers and the curious, but this was a problem that soon took care of itself. After modernisation, the entire area was surrounded by a high wall and encircled during the day by the Große Postenkette. Patrols with dogs scoured the areas in between. The prisoner camp was enclosed by a moat; then came the concrete wall with the wire fence and watch- towers, a path for the nightly patrols, and a double row of electrified barbed wire. Finally, there was the death strip, covered with white gravel to make any shadow readily visible at night. </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Wolfgang Sofsky (56) </span><label id="tb0" style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Order-Terror-Wolfgang-Sofsky/dp/069104354X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D069104354X" id="link_tb0">The Order of Terror</a></label></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><img alt="Bodies lined up outside Dachau barracks" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFeva-g5ZagezdcSYHKWUR6Q7zYh5VuVzUUugLXZ3B3BdcwV_3jMHMRhIIAq70RIL_dPieAYJoWtf1XfOAMSp8r0q0Zzt_KXsD0G0EaAAuh8g9LaohJ49-FKxOZEPybSWSNzgIJcBHjqRj/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="479" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFeva-g5ZagezdcSYHKWUR6Q7zYh5VuVzUUugLXZ3B3BdcwV_3jMHMRhIIAq70RIL_dPieAYJoWtf1XfOAMSp8r0q0Zzt_KXsD0G0EaAAuh8g9LaohJ49-FKxOZEPybSWSNzgIJcBHjqRj/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 280px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLjIiL2ph6XBxyDL2kul5HW9qkCSrFZOUu8OMpGtHXIBUdJFf_pR8ZzzjWRbqju7yeHL8ooWpicXNsDcDb3Sx_WZJfThqub2xItYkbQDi33Kh4Tci_s2SdElsvdOF6lG0mlCydU713Qa6w/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25285%2529.gif" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="447" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLjIiL2ph6XBxyDL2kul5HW9qkCSrFZOUu8OMpGtHXIBUdJFf_pR8ZzzjWRbqju7yeHL8ooWpicXNsDcDb3Sx_WZJfThqub2xItYkbQDi33Kh4Tci_s2SdElsvdOF6lG0mlCydU713Qa6w/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25285%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 354px;" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Bodies lined up outside the barracks upon liberation; shortly after liberation and the same view today</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><img alt="Dachau reconstructed barracks" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg51jcDGEACOUBfpGgRBxXcH8tUCaFjUOVwwiGpt4rG_Z_JR5lxhIB2kGzzBYbtIZMAvSQPN0NjT-f2TX3VYfxyHdv_s69wqXUJY2d523vuOYps7WLfR1zcc5mmZ4E-dLzl53dwt84JfzBkVyJdJL-JDrRYqJBSqu01ezdvMYYZ_uKePtUB0sEIgkXiOA" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg51jcDGEACOUBfpGgRBxXcH8tUCaFjUOVwwiGpt4rG_Z_JR5lxhIB2kGzzBYbtIZMAvSQPN0NjT-f2TX3VYfxyHdv_s69wqXUJY2d523vuOYps7WLfR1zcc5mmZ4E-dLzl53dwt84JfzBkVyJdJL-JDrRYqJBSqu01ezdvMYYZ_uKePtUB0sEIgkXiOA" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 265px;" /><span> <img alt="Anti-Semitic vandalism Dachau" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRGLCnQLqgnExkH1HANZqvrvT_YEOXbmtr619jeocWpO56HQzL9SuJaRzAWMXd449pjO5IeFG-9IL5hHVKe5yAM0rpqagFpvFCjlI9LGWDBb4r7kDg5n2RiV6vwIn5dUmwaaX8Lb_v2xkx/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRGLCnQLqgnExkH1HANZqvrvT_YEOXbmtr619jeocWpO56HQzL9SuJaRzAWMXd449pjO5IeFG-9IL5hHVKe5yAM0rpqagFpvFCjlI9LGWDBb4r7kDg5n2RiV6vwIn5dUmwaaX8Lb_v2xkx/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 339px;" /></span><br /></span></span></span></div></div></div></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><b><span><span>In</span></span><span><span>side
the reconstructed barracks. After the 9-11 attacks in 2001, the barracks were targeted with anti-Semitic vandalism from neo-Nazis.</span> </span></b></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>During the new construction of the camp in
1937-38 the prisoners had to build 34 barracks. The first two barracks
on the left of the camp road were used for a variety of purposes in the
course of the years. Located here were, for example, the canteen, the
camp clerk office, the library and the </span><span><span>ϟϟ </span> museum as well as training
rooms for the prisoner personnel and workshops serving the armaments
industry. Located behind these barracks were those housing the
prisoners. Every barrack was divided into four so-called Stuben,
comprising of a day room and dormitory. The barracks were fitted to each
hold 200 prisoners; towards the end of the war however they were
completely overfilled, holding up to two thousand prisoners. On the right-hand
side of the camp road was the infirmary, which expanded continuously in
the course of the war. Behind the infirmary were the penal blocks and
the quarantine barracks for the prisoners newly arriving at the camp.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau prisoner baths (Häftlingsbad)" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbznGs5pUtKLflOfrqYltCr-EiVimGisJ6O01pxNmlspxJ5O7b4DF61bzBipMj-5H6hJWwRZO9dxSileYQnEsWtNfuuh4znsOERkQ5xfrhCqIVLr72tL-0io8oaSNKe2wWzgkiMTTbANcx/s640/output_kh9J4M.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbznGs5pUtKLflOfrqYltCr-EiVimGisJ6O01pxNmlspxJ5O7b4DF61bzBipMj-5H6hJWwRZO9dxSileYQnEsWtNfuuh4znsOERkQ5xfrhCqIVLr72tL-0io8oaSNKe2wWzgkiMTTbANcx/s16000/output_kh9J4M.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 358px;" /></span> <span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The prisoner baths (Häftlingsbad) in 1942, shortly after liberation, and today. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> The prisoner baths, located in the maintenance building, belonged to the central rooms in the new camp. </span></span></span></span></span>Here the newly arrived prisoners had their heads and bodies shaved before being disinfected and showered. The </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> carried out this procedure not only for hygienic reasons, but also to deprive the inmates of their privacy and to humiliate them. Those who had already been arrested were initially taken to the prisoners' bathroom to shower once a week, later less often. After the bath, the newly admitted prisoners, urged by the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span>, hurriedly received a prisoner's uniform, which mostly did not correspond to their dress size. From 1938 the uniform consisted of a jacket, trousers and a cap made of blue and white streaked drill. The shoes were made of wood and partly of linen. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="shower room Dachau" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-hTieBPuiqPAAvKG53fEq4iJuSvFCq-di0rHvRdNEhrhGzj4sLsEn0R7O1IFsgbzY6vJ_EFs3eCbeSal2DdMB3RXByEMUmyBGgUm_a8h3Tvs8xtb_JBJNEKhuTpMrdykJXuIYPwIhjqQG/s320/output_TVRW7G.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-hTieBPuiqPAAvKG53fEq4iJuSvFCq-di0rHvRdNEhrhGzj4sLsEn0R7O1IFsgbzY6vJ_EFs3eCbeSal2DdMB3RXByEMUmyBGgUm_a8h3Tvs8xtb_JBJNEKhuTpMrdykJXuIYPwIhjqQG/s16000/output_TVRW7G.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 255px; width: 373px;" /></span></span></span></span></span>The prisoners had to sew their prisoner numbers and coloured triangles on their prisoner clothing. In the prisoners' baths, the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> punished the prisoners for "violating" the camp regulations. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The prisoners were beaten with a stick while they were being beaten. In 1941 the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> introduced the so-called “pole hanging” torture.The layout of the former prisoner bath has been preserved unchanged today. When the exhibition was redesigned, the original tub was exposed, but the wooden lattice walkways have been reconstructed. The anchoring of the beams attached to the pillars, on which the "pole hanging" was carried out, came to light during a historical building study. The central object in the room is this replica of the whipping buck from 1945, der Prügelbock, which was used as an object of illustration during the Dachau trials. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmPJdOZC_EO11KrawdzwsfbCpUL2e8oxiHJW-EjTGjbD5C9-c-MSMf-9xBZZG6JVTZgsbwcMn28oNKr9TUsF7Pgx5vAhCNXI0EWLj1VxuJKKuNl632FL6doTIUNjVYdHA4bUxU01jBW0hgAbiF8qSK8z6WDzz1s2ejivok4-YTeKKq6ttf5IK-aqsBQQ=s762" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau whipping block" border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="762" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmPJdOZC_EO11KrawdzwsfbCpUL2e8oxiHJW-EjTGjbD5C9-c-MSMf-9xBZZG6JVTZgsbwcMn28oNKr9TUsF7Pgx5vAhCNXI0EWLj1VxuJKKuNl632FL6doTIUNjVYdHA4bUxU01jBW0hgAbiF8qSK8z6WDzz1s2ejivok4-YTeKKq6ttf5IK-aqsBQQ=w320-h241" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span>Here </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>prisoners were brought, strapped down and whipped by<span style="font-size: normal;"> two ϟϟ officers whilst having to count the blows, as demonstrated to Patton and Eisenhower at Ohrdruf. </span></span></span></span><span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">An
undated list for internal ϟϟ use prepared during the war mentions no
fewer than forty-seven crimes punishable by official flogging. A few
examples: ten strokes of the cane were given for “negligence at work and
undisciplined behaviour,” twenty for “absence from the work place” and
stealing of food, fifteen for “insolence toward a member of the ϟϟ” or
“cutting up a woollen blanket”; the “theft of a potato” was punishable
by five strokes on the whipping block.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>Sofsky (332) <label id="tb0"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Order-Terror-Wolfgang-Sofsky/dp/069104354X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D069104354X" id="link_tb0">The Order of Terror</a></label></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote></div></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">During my accreditation course I was told that such an exhibit is rare given the desire not to sensationalise the experience of the prisoners but to soberly recognise their suffering.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEglT8wiFzqkYyqog54_lCJrgFqpuHZWPuH90sS8Ez6HS_Pgk-BTmmlL0h-T4f2-rJ61UusXJwCJrj2YsIA7mSzBPmXvy2EUlzX-EhzLYrSk_-deS9J6MTrRRCyf8cxfX9vPSFzY-fbK2rDjnXVzstvINH-QeUWujj25hgUMMlVIk8M1coEHilMoLXZpZA=s429" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Erhard Milch Dachau" border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="429" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEglT8wiFzqkYyqog54_lCJrgFqpuHZWPuH90sS8Ez6HS_Pgk-BTmmlL0h-T4f2-rJ61UusXJwCJrj2YsIA7mSzBPmXvy2EUlzX-EhzLYrSk_-deS9J6MTrRRCyf8cxfX9vPSFzY-fbK2rDjnXVzstvINH-QeUWujj25hgUMMlVIk8M1coEHilMoLXZpZA=w400-h254" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Shown here are the beams for the “pole hanging” used as torture (between the pillars) during the inspection of the Dachau concentration camp by Erhard Milch, General Inspector of the Luftwaffe (front middle) and me at the site at the end of 2021. On July 19, 1940, he was appointed field marshal and from 1941 he was the general master of the Luftwaffe, the actual director of technical development and armaments production of the Air Force. In this capacity, he was also responsible for the vacuum- human experiments of the Luftwaffe from 1942 here in the camp which involved excruciating or fatal air pressure and hypothermia experiments were carried out on prisoners under duress for the air force. The question of whether he had known of human experiments in Dachau could not be clarified during the Nuremberg trials in the so-called Milch trial, so that he was acquitted on this point but was nevertheless sentenced to life imprisonment as a war criminal; in 1954 he was released. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><a href="https://www.hdbg.de/dachau/pdfs/07/07_19/07_19_01.pdf">Gustav Hinz died on February 19, 1941 </a>by hanging from the sink. The top right shows <a href="http://mandiner.blog.hu/2011/12/12/kz_dachau">Franz Rabanda, died on May 29, 1940</a>, in the electrified fence and below Josef Stessel, “shot while trying to escape” on August 11, 1940. It occurred that prisoners crossed the guard chain, which meant certain death by shooting, out of despair. Often, however, they were violently forced over the guard line by the guards and then shot “while trying to escape." With the mass committal of foreign prisoners from 1940 onwards, the number of deaths in the Dachau concentration camp rose dramatically. Death became an everyday event. Dying took place without any sign of piety and sympathy, the dead were robbed of all dignity. In order to conceal the horrific reality from the public, the </span><span><span>ϟϟ </span> built a crematorium in the camp in 1940. In June 1941 an independent registry office, Dachau II, was set up to register the deaths in the Dachau concentration camp.</span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><img alt="Dachau's original crematorium" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-iQ7DiJwvTS0makNhSE9d5cj25WbeGFP3GQlDK8PAp5B7WIWoyGmPECkOb9gazOWXdmt0-MI_cWNSOKN_Yv1sZ-i1VIWDy0uKBl1SrHp_TmerV5ci7D8JQNOnYAF1xs445bWNmsGbYaZB/s320/Screen+Shot+2019-10-04+at+21.25.10.png" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-iQ7DiJwvTS0makNhSE9d5cj25WbeGFP3GQlDK8PAp5B7WIWoyGmPECkOb9gazOWXdmt0-MI_cWNSOKN_Yv1sZ-i1VIWDy0uKBl1SrHp_TmerV5ci7D8JQNOnYAF1xs445bWNmsGbYaZB/s320/Screen+Shot+2019-10-04+at+21.25.10.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 201px;" /><span><span><span> <img alt="original Dachau crematorium 1945" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCehqlmdcDr2sSWMa9Od3Wq0JjspHJqatbbh0wENjSj3eGSpEaaums4MYLTyfaehTVF7rBWUM3s-I4AyxoUQLSg1DySQQKlc9Tnk5YoEEtZ8eosx_v9LAswvHZOnhyz5JjreCxfedWzbZA/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%2528104%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCehqlmdcDr2sSWMa9Od3Wq0JjspHJqatbbh0wENjSj3eGSpEaaums4MYLTyfaehTVF7rBWUM3s-I4AyxoUQLSg1DySQQKlc9Tnk5YoEEtZ8eosx_v9LAswvHZOnhyz5JjreCxfedWzbZA/s16000/ezgif.com-optimize%2528104%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 440px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The original crematorium used by the Nazis with, on the right, American soldiers finishing their inspection of the site on November 18, 1945 </span></span></span></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Jean Brichaux photo of Barrack X chimney Dachau" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBLQeWjxq8iIWR534A2b-dW9FyLm45Q52W26-0wsqIX7eY01d9Hz-GFJtE7AppaZbEHF66B9PACjZNgiyPGXjBHQ8hSKMx_k9KBx2TG5YoHS7FAnIeSaTso4RgbXoo1KYhEl46mv3jnpRh/s320/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBLQeWjxq8iIWR534A2b-dW9FyLm45Q52W26-0wsqIX7eY01d9Hz-GFJtE7AppaZbEHF66B9PACjZNgiyPGXjBHQ8hSKMx_k9KBx2TG5YoHS7FAnIeSaTso4RgbXoo1KYhEl46mv3jnpRh/w301-h400/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 400px; width: 301px;" width="301" /></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>This secretly taken photo on the left by the Belgian prisoner Jean Brichaux from the summer of 1944 is the only surviving shot of the crematorium facility taken during the existence of the concentration camp not originating from the Nazis themselves. The photo shows the smoking chimney of the crematorium ovens and is thus the obvious proof for an operating crematorium. The difference in size of the chimney then and now is due to the Bavarian state's alteration in light of safety concerns, forcing it to be shortened. </span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Caption on the back of the image: "Clandestine shot of the Crematorium in action. Photo taken by Jean Brichaux (Belgian) from the roof of the DAW in 1944." The long quadrangular fireplace rises into the white sky on the top half of the image - like a protrusion amplified by the vertical frame. We can clearly see the smoke escaping from it, and its shadow, projected on one side of the duct, which it redoubles the darkness: the crematorium is in operation that day. Then, below, is the tiled roof, pierced by two ridge skylights, surmounting the south facade of the brick building. We see two windows, and two open doors. It is a solid, massive and long building - it extends beyond the frame on both sides. To take this view, Jean Brichaux was able to leave the enclosure of the prison camp thanks to the pass from the photographic identification service: this area was strictly separated from it by lines of barbed wire - only the deportees assigned to this "Kommando" could access it. This photograph is not taken from the roof of the "DAW" (the weapons factory), as the caption indicates. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiRFeKY3H5kV_8H3mxgWkPyn-TPgvQ9zKtOcZeSWzwOWExcjcpuyps0GOge1cmgKdRF-Nz7lh7fjdwoyGanoFqO-vu5b3EoZChgf9jc0Z9jmQDso66U9jZXMrz9znhMr7hdb9lD2k-AQda41zeHuEJGZJUbSGByra7NfKzKo8s0_LRSIIFipuU1R0kzTg=s419" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Barrack X Dachau 1945 and today" border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="419" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiRFeKY3H5kV_8H3mxgWkPyn-TPgvQ9zKtOcZeSWzwOWExcjcpuyps0GOge1cmgKdRF-Nz7lh7fjdwoyGanoFqO-vu5b3EoZChgf9jc0Z9jmQDso66U9jZXMrz9znhMr7hdb9lD2k-AQda41zeHuEJGZJUbSGByra7NfKzKo8s0_LRSIIFipuU1R0kzTg=w400-h272" width="400" /></a>Jean Brichaux placed himself in front of the old smaller crematorium of Dachau: its two ovens no longer sufficient to burn all the corpses of the main camp and all the other satellite camps, a larger crematorium was then built between 1942 and 1943, containing four ovens - this is the one the photographer frames the exterior of. And this building, called “Barracks X”, also includes another addition: a gas chamber... An inmate is standing in front of the entrance on the right of the picture, alone, shirtless. He does not notice the photographer: he looks to the right of the frame, out of view. With his hands clasped behind his back, one foot a little ahead of the other, he seems to be on hold, in a moment of pause. It probably seems normal to this prisoner standing in front of "barracks X" for Jean Brichaux to take this image: photographers from the identification service regularly came to this enclosure to photograph the dead. The care taken in the shooting - the rigour of the framing and the accuracy of the exposure - denotes the relatively long time that Jean Brichaux devoted to it, and therefore the relative tranquility he was able to take advantage of. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-Qe6rxc1u1ndOydS9EdpeAbeL6lwG89eboN9iy1eOmWzXgthafqEERKcI0UnU-ySgTbxn7YLZSX7ONbAhNvumrWcmp3_4OTwuPyEMhcdGjPaPAT2LtNld1XXTuZ9cBIZ5R6ir-bLe0EwfhJ6kwMp-9CS2uZ8i_dxoNpcEQv-T7b2UsPRbHgvfMFoEuA=s368" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bodies outside Dachau crematorium after liberation" border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="319" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-Qe6rxc1u1ndOydS9EdpeAbeL6lwG89eboN9iy1eOmWzXgthafqEERKcI0UnU-ySgTbxn7YLZSX7ONbAhNvumrWcmp3_4OTwuPyEMhcdGjPaPAT2LtNld1XXTuZ9cBIZ5R6ir-bLe0EwfhJ6kwMp-9CS2uZ8i_dxoNpcEQv-T7b2UsPRbHgvfMFoEuA=w346-h400" width="346" /></a></span></span></span>Also the loneliness of the shirtless inmate and his serene attitude in front of this large building open under the sun, the grassy area in the foreground of the image and the composition of the courtyard, they form, with the smoke in the sky a strange painting: everything seems so peaceful, so normal - as in the photograph of the Buchenwald crematorium taken by Georges Angéli, at this same time in the summer of 1944. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> Christophe Cognet (49-50) <a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=J8SrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT247&lpg=PT247&dq=%22Jean+Brichaux%22+dachau+daw&source=bl&ots=ex6h1owLBz&sig=ACfU3U0lbomXsPaZvC-ZEP5gTzO1aWIXnw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjqmZ645_70AhWVSfEDHQ52BW0Q6AF6BAgXEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Jean%20Brichaux%22%20dachau%20daw&f=false">Eclats - Prises de vue clandestines des camps Nazis</a></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Bodies found in and outside the crematorium after liberation and the site today from a photo taken by Gilbert R. Di Loreto, a member of the first medical team to enter the Dachau concentration camp after its liberation. One of the chutes for depositing the Zyklon B can be seen on the left.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">And
how inhumanely the corpses were treated! The last piece of clothing
they wore was taken from them. In the barracks there was barely enough
room for the living. The naked corpses were therefore carried out onto
the road and stacked in piles. There they lay in the dirt in the road.
Once or twice a day a wagon pulled by prisoners came along and picked up
the dead. They were covered with tarpaulin, taken to the crematorium
and unloaded there onto the heaps of corpses which had arrived from
other camps. The corpses were stacked one above the other like logs.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Hess (211)</span> </span> <a href="http://www.amazon.de/KZ-Dachau-Gott-Erinnerungen-Konzentrationslager-Dachau/dp/3878681992" target="_blank">Dieses Bild anzeigen KZ-Dachau: Eine Welt ohne Gott. Erinnerungen an 4 Jahre Konzentrationslager Dachau</a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja_ew61pOMlxdZ79TwN9rx8eO4ZMerSLBSTFiJxqkLY5ptfwLThaVNuoQS2NNHO0SwzX-5uGx43DDqF72Fcqua1k0HkSOrqfekUXzlJAen6lGkiXl3Ylgr3xqgEPXYOAWAirrjzojYxMuV/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252846%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students at Dachau crematorium" border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="610" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja_ew61pOMlxdZ79TwN9rx8eO4ZMerSLBSTFiJxqkLY5ptfwLThaVNuoQS2NNHO0SwzX-5uGx43DDqF72Fcqua1k0HkSOrqfekUXzlJAen6lGkiXl3Ylgr3xqgEPXYOAWAirrjzojYxMuV/w778-h286/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252846%2529.gif" width="778" /></a><span><span> </span> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The same view with my 2014 seniors; not<span>e new ramp since constructed. The corpses to the left of the nude mound of prisoner corpses are of </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> personnel summarily executed by American troops. Behind the bodies can be seen what appears to be a 16 feet by six feet wooden screen covering the area where Zyklon B would have been administered. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFoMKmzVFxmIQVOn0OTCm-LbCYJ92BdQ05GPcUjv-woziwEXkNIszmI7KbQ9ruL9But02hkqQwUx0aXKr64j4u6y4QrZVPCVhtpokPbES_F3aLA9xSJXiCDXf4AP-Xh3u9vJZyXdqeFxU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau crematorium" border="0" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFoMKmzVFxmIQVOn0OTCm-LbCYJ92BdQ05GPcUjv-woziwEXkNIszmI7KbQ9ruL9But02hkqQwUx0aXKr64j4u6y4QrZVPCVhtpokPbES_F3aLA9xSJXiCDXf4AP-Xh3u9vJZyXdqeFxU/w400-h333/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>In front of the crematorium. For me the most gruesome aspect of this room showing the utter barbarity of the regime are the wooden planks above with metal hooks from which victims would be hanged directly in front of the ovens in which their bodies would be disposed. In the </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>account of the conditions prevailing in “barrack X” in January 1945, </span></span></span></span></span>former prisoner Kar</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>l Adolf Gross described how </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><blockquote><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>[t]</span></span></span></span></span>he crematorium can hardly cope with the heaps of corpses laden stark naked like logs on carts, which resemble dung carts, and driven through the gate to be thrown to the embers without a prayer and chiming bells. Even the barbarians were not guilty of displaying such disrespect to the dead.</blockquote><p>Gross had been a journalist and theologian, but after becoming a victim of blackmail and engaged in illegal financial transactions, was persecuted by the Nazis and sent to <span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>Sachsenhausen o</span></span></span></span></span>n August 20, 1939 for this and for his homosexuality. On September 2, 1939 he was transferred to Dachau; even after liberation he remained convicted in the form of the tightened §175 criminalising homosexuality under federal German law until 1969, losing his job, freedom, health and ultimately his life in 1955 from the long-term effects of his imprisonment here.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh70_XzaGbKEr47xkVJ1xmLfZy5DCZm0SGFiWPIomUjIVKPJJfm2idL-U-OHA4wc2NdWfdaru0IsKYrwGegVXM5CXh7wCvpsQAOx9lxLURW0TyaPB0WiUAl_TUfvbY2zxMjkMjIKnjW6ePVC4UtsEMo9Z6oTgUM_PdK9p8S41JFUozEcaBiuEJ8n6pQaQ/s426/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(54).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="426" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh70_XzaGbKEr47xkVJ1xmLfZy5DCZm0SGFiWPIomUjIVKPJJfm2idL-U-OHA4wc2NdWfdaru0IsKYrwGegVXM5CXh7wCvpsQAOx9lxLURW0TyaPB0WiUAl_TUfvbY2zxMjkMjIKnjW6ePVC4UtsEMo9Z6oTgUM_PdK9p8S41JFUozEcaBiuEJ8n6pQaQ/w400-h231/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(54).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>On the right former prisoners of the camp demonstrating the cremation of the dead to the Americans immediately after liberation and me at the site today. From May 1942 to April 1943 the camp administration had <span>this</span> larger building, the so-called <span>Barrack</span> X, erected opposite the first crematorium. <span>It </span>was
equipped with four ovens, which were used for cremation from April 1943
to February 1945. After that the mass burials began in the cemetery of
Leitenberg. The building also contained four disinfecting chambers for
prisoners' clothing, which had been in operation since the summer of
1944. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>In another room, the inscription "shower-bath" was placed above
the entrance. The room was white tiled, had a peephole and fifteen simple
shower head dummies. On the outer wall were two metal flaps, which would
also enable Zyklon B to be filled. <span>American </span>troops
identified this space on April 29, 1945 as a gas chamber. This is also
reported by former prisoners: "When, after the completion of the [gas
chamber], the fears that it would lead to mass killing failed [...]".
Whether individual persons or a small group were killed by Zyklon B or
other gas - for example, gas - cannot be proven, because many documents
had been destroyed before the end of the war. </span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSOY65fMhIocvxz-PMRNB42OynvAHvngUYXba-EhkvWSem4n-I2xDK6rx0HEfoWqBKsVBvGWoMYTbnMz52uT8EqmXezfO0JqgePhXv6KHTZfmUWjkhyB0ucnGoc9kNbf3pq6iJd-_LzyxUgGL_6iFTSrkra3cKBMOg_oL6W0pEN6ZOoflsouCp87VuLw/s365/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(48).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="276" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSOY65fMhIocvxz-PMRNB42OynvAHvngUYXba-EhkvWSem4n-I2xDK6rx0HEfoWqBKsVBvGWoMYTbnMz52uT8EqmXezfO0JqgePhXv6KHTZfmUWjkhyB0ucnGoc9kNbf3pq6iJd-_LzyxUgGL_6iFTSrkra3cKBMOg_oL6W0pEN6ZOoflsouCp87VuLw/w263-h320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(48).gif" width="263" /></a>The surviving letter from
<span>ϟϟ</span>
doctor Rascher to Himmler of August 9, 1942, provides an indication of
experiments with combat gas: "As you know, the KL Dachau has built the
same facility as in Linz. After the invalid transports are ended in
certain chambers [gas chambers] anyway, I ask whether the effects of our
different firing gases can not be tested in these chambers at any time.
"Another indication is the statement of <span>former</span> prisoner Frantisek Blaha w<span>ho recor<span>ded how she had been "<span>ca</span></span></span>lled
to Rascher to investigate the first victims. Of the eight to nine
people who were in the chamber, three were still alive and the others
seemed dead." Barbara Distel<span>, who served as the Director of the Dachau concentration camp memorial from 1975-2008, <a href="https://historische-bibliographie.degruyter.com/hbo.php?F=titel&T=HB&ID=24015700&target=_self">writes that</a> </span>"<span>[w]</span>hether
the trial of the gassing proposed by Rascher has been carried out has
not yet been clarified. According to the statements of former prisoners,
however, such a use can not be ruled out." When killing by gas,
the <span>ϟϟ</span> preferred to deport Dachau prisoners to the gas chamber of Hartheim or to Auschwitz. She concludes by stating that “[t]he question of whether people were actually murdered by poison gas in the gas chamber installed in this crematorium has not yet been answered with certainty; the sources in this respect are poor, and this has not changed in the 25 years which have passed since the first scientific inventory on ‘Nazi Mass Murders.'" Whilst some have speculated that a working gas chamber was built in connection with the execution of Soviet PoWs, she goes on to "question as to why the gas chamber, presumably erected in the spring of 1943, was not used for executions according to what we know today must remain unresolved just like the question whether the gas chamber was possibly used for individual killing actions.”<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFPw26JQ0eLGbEH8UKtCOHKI5AnuOgxr5vqJ-fJlncI8FFn1i1CVH55W96WS0VoLgz3HigqQ39dDDHTRNSBf9Eu41BoHa2_UpsGJjHpQwWr00gjmI1mi9YtV1Ith-UeQi7D8LsGnCVv5j7jaMutH1ulLBHsZyq2MGKIKgns_keCLw8x5qd0srfXe4F5w/s452/Screenshot%202023-05-15%20at%2012.41.47.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="154" data-original-width="452" height="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFPw26JQ0eLGbEH8UKtCOHKI5AnuOgxr5vqJ-fJlncI8FFn1i1CVH55W96WS0VoLgz3HigqQ39dDDHTRNSBf9Eu41BoHa2_UpsGJjHpQwWr00gjmI1mi9YtV1Ith-UeQi7D8LsGnCVv5j7jaMutH1ulLBHsZyq2MGKIKgns_keCLw8x5qd0srfXe4F5w/s320/Screenshot%202023-05-15%20at%2012.41.47.png" width="320" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>The plaque seen in the GIF above beside the crematoria is dedicated to four women who died in the service of the British Empire against Nazi tyranny from left to right: </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>Yolande E.M. Beekman, Madeleine Damerment, Noorunisa Inayat Khan, and Eliane S. Plewman. It r</span></span></span></span></span>eads: "Here in Dachau on the 12th of September 1944 four young woman officers of the British Forces attached to Special Operations Executive were brutally murdered and their bodies cremated. They died as gallantly as they had served the Resistance in France during the common struggle for fredom from tyranny. '"But the souls of the righteous are in the hand of God and there shall no torment touch them.'"<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4EI0iMMY2TzRJooct1sodgx-453ThZUO8F4WqycuahshLzCPdTCKXjAMmO_RJlERFsxju9aRBX-VRUItFzKQtMOdXwn6uZgv7ZXoBvn0eZ-3GLstJngdmmWcZ9Tc3_QSjBdBY7Lk0nMcnQC7yE1Uo5UWqzS_-7Y4MhY4L9tK1USVvx5B3Gspur3cYeg/s399/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(41).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Bodies being held in room next to Dachau ovens" border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="399" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4EI0iMMY2TzRJooct1sodgx-453ThZUO8F4WqycuahshLzCPdTCKXjAMmO_RJlERFsxju9aRBX-VRUItFzKQtMOdXwn6uZgv7ZXoBvn0eZ-3GLstJngdmmWcZ9Tc3_QSjBdBY7Lk0nMcnQC7yE1Uo5UWqzS_-7Y4MhY4L9tK1USVvx5B3Gspur3cYeg/w400-h329/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(41).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>B</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>odies being held in the room next to the ovens before being cremated in a photo taken May 1, 1945 shown left. As </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>Jürgen Zarusky writes in "<a href="https://aggb-katalog.de/vufind/Record/shn.17104">That is not the American Way of Fighting</a>,"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The final months of Dachau were the worst. The camp was extremely overcrowded due to the continuous arrivals of transports evacuating the camps near the front. These transports resulted in a large number of fatalities. Most of the survivors arrived near death from exhaustion, undernourished and physically completely broken down. The hygienie [sic] conditions and the food situation were catastrophic. A typhus epidemic broke out in December 1944. Over 15,000 prisoners died due to sickness, undernourishment and by assault of the </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> from the end of 1944 to the liberation. This is nearly half of the total of the fatalities of the Dachau camp. Cremation of the corpses was no longer possible. The bodies were piled up in the mortuaries and around the crematorium. There were over 32,000 prisoners in the camp at the end of April 1945. Hope of imminent liberation and fear of extermination by the </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> or an evacuation of the camp caused the most diverse rumours and resulted in an armosphere [sic] of the highest nervous tension. Actually, a mass murder of the prisoners was at least considered. The various evacuation transports, especially the death march put into action on April 26th, precipitated a high number of casualties.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx4UA4SjozBAT8yln1-lr4eNdMlV6OA3nt90yUcYzaOnFJaOzq-sDbZAGBkUYHoMgKoapuX8rTpPoy33jDekC-sUwQNZQ8D4m2mHNLiHru67FuYrhq3pnKbFxsg8mWN8XH6O0UZJHH9UN-/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-03-14+at+18.39.46.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx4UA4SjozBAT8yln1-lr4eNdMlV6OA3nt90yUcYzaOnFJaOzq-sDbZAGBkUYHoMgKoapuX8rTpPoy33jDekC-sUwQNZQ8D4m2mHNLiHru67FuYrhq3pnKbFxsg8mWN8XH6O0UZJHH9UN-/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-03-14+at+18.39.46.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 265px; width: 381px;" /></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Holocaust deniers such as Matt Giwer </span><span>and </span><span><span><a href="http://www.whale.to/b/dachau_p.html" target="_blank">other such sites</a></span> claim that a photograph taken after liberation shows a fraudulent gas chamber at Dachau- </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The words on this door are warnings of danger and the lethality of the gas. Even for the iliterate (sic!), the skull and crossbones a clear warning. No one could be tricked into believing this is a shower. </span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>In fact, the sign above the door actually reveals that the room served as disinfection chambers. It is then shown next to a photo of a completely different site- the actual shower entrance- to claim that the site has been tampered with.<span> The</span><span><a href="http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/g/giwer-matt/giwer-antisemite-060896.html"> Nizkor Project</a> </span><span>devotes a page to this anti-semite's deplorable statements which shows the purpose behind his lies as well a page concerning him at </span></span></span><span><span><span> <span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://ftp.nizkor.org/hweb/people/g/giwer-matt/">http://ftp.nizkor.org/hweb/people/g/giwer-matt/</a>. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>Now such Holocaust denial is being promoted through <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2017/05/26/the-facebook-president-and-zucks-racist-rulebook/">Facebook</a>. </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><img border="0" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqEjCEuRIc5OxNJ_vTxhYGuIswzWLGaXViuemwFaC2e1xugMp1NzlDQm8ra1_VhFjdhXm15lFcUk1Wsu9_6v5ehxxH8IYmMOw1X93RhMZTaWLiDZSb-2ZmBwa_gySZ_JlW_w01MNf0Rarg/s0/ezgif.com-gif-maker+-+2021-09-06T214943.677.gif" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="241" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqEjCEuRIc5OxNJ_vTxhYGuIswzWLGaXViuemwFaC2e1xugMp1NzlDQm8ra1_VhFjdhXm15lFcUk1Wsu9_6v5ehxxH8IYmMOw1X93RhMZTaWLiDZSb-2ZmBwa_gySZ_JlW_w01MNf0Rarg/s0/ezgif.com-gif-maker+-+2021-09-06T214943.677.gif" width="241" /><span><span><span><span><span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqi1fxWNbr-TUB2MTjAC4-hZvTa93tDyLtlYILqWEYVD2lNPOj9k9fgrQnVEu_WGMrGJLkukTGacw2qFFIhYr0SS2OCKqJnlwMUtA6NxopeL8EIQ0MYT9AktFZKZJO7ueUcj9kUgPC-2RX/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25287%2529.gif" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqi1fxWNbr-TUB2MTjAC4-hZvTa93tDyLtlYILqWEYVD2lNPOj9k9fgrQnVEu_WGMrGJLkukTGacw2qFFIhYr0SS2OCKqJnlwMUtA6NxopeL8EIQ0MYT9AktFZKZJO7ueUcj9kUgPC-2RX/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25287%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 320px; width: 398px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></div></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Standing beside both doors here and below showing how they are completely different sites- at the four Degesch circulation disinfestation chambers for clothes shown during liberation and today. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Degesch </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>was a German chemical corporation which </span></span></span>stood for </span></span></span>Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH (German Corporation for Pest control). It had produced pesticides used against weeds, rodents and insects and owned the patent of the pesticide Zyklon, of which variant "B" lacked any odour or irritant and was used to execute people in gas chambers of German extermination camps during the Holocaust. Through the firms Tesch & Stabenow GmbH (Testa) and Heerdt-Linger (Heli) <a href="https://media.offenes-archiv.de/Kalthoff_Werner_Tesch_und_Stabenow.pdf">Degesch sold the poisonous gas Zyklon B</a> to the Wehrmacht and the </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span>. The chairman of the board of directors from 1939 to 1945, Hermann Schlosser, was arrested in February 1948 and acquitted in April 1948 after which he managed to take another job as chairman of the board. The owner of Testa, Bruno Tesch, and its director Karl Weinbacher were convicted as war criminals and hanged by the British in Hamelin prison on May 16, 1946.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><img alt="Entrance to Dachau shower" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX9-85o9YmPZROlQdCnh0NFEbvJdz5OSKdIZ4JBH-pIzcFJUlxESrHtaJN-822HgFbpEbB-xJF1bYl-iCnYTwQGlK_BzRbzhibceTiiqVbvV1fWHv7CVUKX6CTmcsKLAdwx7UIpn-Qe5Sd/s320/output_RjCprW.gif" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX9-85o9YmPZROlQdCnh0NFEbvJdz5OSKdIZ4JBH-pIzcFJUlxESrHtaJN-822HgFbpEbB-xJF1bYl-iCnYTwQGlK_BzRbzhibceTiiqVbvV1fWHv7CVUKX6CTmcsKLAdwx7UIpn-Qe5Sd/w303-h400/output_RjCprW.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="303" /></span> <img alt="Artur Żmijewski's Game of Tag" border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="361" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDCLiuCQsw8NbS0ouo6UIpXySUF6FPhm0Wc2mAv66f8sFu3O2GiOCcePrXtG2aBLIU3xosgo6wX_aHzDA7E8egUMjyczkbk24IspYgnTnHq7TfzKnGxVtr05PQLC-1SV9NSxBz2KmPNjUT/w293-h400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25286%2529.gif" width="293" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>And the entrance to the shower. On the right American Congressmen visiting the showers planned to later be used to exterminate and the room today. Meanwhile </span><span><span>Artur Żmijewski's </span><a href="http://artmuseum.pl/en/archiwum/archiwum-7-berlin-biennale/1969/112561" target="_blank"><i>Game of Tag</i></a>, a film showing an explicit nude game of tag in a Nazi gas chamber, is currently part of an exhibition titled “Poland – Israel – Germany. The experience of Auschwitz,” which opened May 2015 at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Krakow (MOCAK) which was endorsed and sponsored by the Israeli Embassy in Poland. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>UPDATE: <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-groups-demand-poland-explain-naked-game-of-tag-in-nazi-gas-chamber/">Groups representing Holocaust survivors have asked Poland’s president to explain why artists were allowed to film this inside a gas chamber in the former Nazi death camp of Stutthof.</a></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Dachau shower" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf779U83ssERZUWscgPobKs_-s0e7t26r10Q2tPCG6BtNPh-0HFGk-axClGkohrcAv1oYd1rTwEJEVN-PI2yRuCRDrckqestHlq4Bfai-MJAA4pxJ49S22bn6SDdoInYFIol4q16sJ-hXPSMcCrLnbnU-5dVwL5wi8GfijAIAw8QShZ57mrjk77PBUYQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(39).gif" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf779U83ssERZUWscgPobKs_-s0e7t26r10Q2tPCG6BtNPh-0HFGk-axClGkohrcAv1oYd1rTwEJEVN-PI2yRuCRDrckqestHlq4Bfai-MJAA4pxJ49S22bn6SDdoInYFIol4q16sJ-hXPSMcCrLnbnU-5dVwL5wi8GfijAIAw8QShZ57mrjk77PBUYQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(39).gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 242px;" /> <img alt="Dachau bodies" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxXVYjWy4KZbP5RAVE6uhh3qIPgQHr8MmgvJs3SHZh5DHglrPcT9rOdFSBNpAFaasbwvOvy1RFL3ONNc23PcYyA9WoHdCq0b6xs1v849EuUbeqevgcdN-8j7fOm4buYeqiCnEf4qQhiyLijvxsaQhBHxDdz3nnp3BZVOvdA0IMl8N8gUGy7kUZpbsjdg/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(36).gif" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxXVYjWy4KZbP5RAVE6uhh3qIPgQHr8MmgvJs3SHZh5DHglrPcT9rOdFSBNpAFaasbwvOvy1RFL3ONNc23PcYyA9WoHdCq0b6xs1v849EuUbeqevgcdN-8j7fOm4buYeqiCnEf4qQhiyLijvxsaQhBHxDdz3nnp3BZVOvdA0IMl8N8gUGy7kUZpbsjdg/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(36).gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 402px;" /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>As <a href="https://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/index.html">Harry W. Mazal OBE writes</a>, given the evidence that confronted soldiers, journalists and American Congressional investigators who visited the site as seen here, it is only natural that they assumed that the bodies found in the mortuary, on the floor of the gas chamber, and next to the old crematorium had been victims of the gas chamber. </span></span></span></div></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5XGgea-39-jqcux8k59QZkn4ALIuKNWHy0okNi7Wwwa75Jxj6Zjnkgluyj14_j8sqzrpjI6A3YL6hFFnjORGMheuZ6_2tqwUm3L3stu4GO8gQXB9tly0JeWIfzlYx__JcNFCl19CLmt_z/s369/ezgif.com-gif-maker+-+2021-09-06T215557.316.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau execution wall bunker" border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="369" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5XGgea-39-jqcux8k59QZkn4ALIuKNWHy0okNi7Wwwa75Jxj6Zjnkgluyj14_j8sqzrpjI6A3YL6hFFnjORGMheuZ6_2tqwUm3L3stu4GO8gQXB9tly0JeWIfzlYx__JcNFCl19CLmt_z/w400-h254/ezgif.com-gif-maker+-+2021-09-06T215557.316.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>Behind the 'bunker'- the camp prison, </span></span>showing an inspection of the penal company of the </span><span><span>ϟϟ </span> penal camp in the Bunker-yard by </span><span><span>ϟϟ </span> judges in either 1941 or 1942. I'm standing in front of the so<span style="font-size: normal;">-called "death wall" beside the </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>bunker which had served as the feared camp prison.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span></span><br /></span></span></span><blockquote><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The mass
executions at the “death wall” in the main camp were generally achieved
by bullets to the nape of the neck. Thousands of men, women, and
children were shot at this site. In Dachau as well, mass executions were
carried out in the yard of the bunker or the garden of the crematorium,
generally by bullets to the nape of the neck. Groups of fifteen to
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>thirty prisoners were forced first to disrobe completely and then to
kneel down in a row. The associates went from person to person, pressing
a pistol to the base of each skull and pulling the trigger.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>This
procedure had no military tradition behind it: killing by Genickschuß
was a method first used by the secret police. Although the act of
killing here was done by an individual, the sequence of slaughter was
just as anonymous as in the case of a firing squad. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEinO8qU9VsXlE1x1NH5HQrl5dwdBSmADSloCnr1DfVE6hFxOaCR4MXcNkrJTnshE7j205qGKgSvrsTFXkhKrd4DJte6Fm1JeTvGnAoGkXrbDb7BuUP1OHA92y52CqXgbKXUGY217llpDCVAW2FFX1zKT3MQL_rmw3tZrgBC7v-anrx4X6pF404DKLzg-w=s271" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Inside Dachau bunker" border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="268" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEinO8qU9VsXlE1x1NH5HQrl5dwdBSmADSloCnr1DfVE6hFxOaCR4MXcNkrJTnshE7j205qGKgSvrsTFXkhKrd4DJte6Fm1JeTvGnAoGkXrbDb7BuUP1OHA92y52CqXgbKXUGY217llpDCVAW2FFX1zKT3MQL_rmw3tZrgBC7v-anrx4X6pF404DKLzg-w=w317-h320" width="317" /></a>The perpetrator saw
the victim only from behind. Direct eye contact was precluded. Soldiers
condemned to death stand erect and await a hail of bullets to their
faces. Honour demands that they stand directly facing the enemy. By
contrast, the concentration camp inmates were forced to kneel down,
bending their necks forward, and were then liquidated in rows, one after
the other.<span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
</span></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span>Sofsky (233) <label id="tb0"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Order-Terror-Wolfgang-Sofsky/dp/069104354X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D069104354X" id="link_tb0">The Order of Terror</a></label></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> Inside the bunker with the cells on either side. Behind me is a fenced section preventing access- according to <a href="http://therbild-art.de">Mette Therbild</a>, a friend who has long given tours of the site (as well as for students of mine), this restriction is due to the fact that </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ prisoners were held within after the war before their trials; the cell walls still bear the Nazi-themed etchings and symbols which are prohibited today in Germany.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Originally this camp prison was built from 1937 to 1938 and contained several parts. The central wing held the security guards' offices containing an examination room, a recording room and an interrogation room; the inmates were often tortured during these interrogations which explains why the walls of the interrogation room were insulated. The east and west wings were single cells. Prisoners often had to stay in these individual cells for several weeks or even months, receiving very little food. From 1941 special, prominent prisoners were locked up here whom the </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> held as hostages in order to serve negotiatiation tools. As a result, these special inmates had better living conditions than the other inmates such as </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>Georg
Elser. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhFQPnhlZN3BENppBh6EVYOcf8kXYR9bR87ZJDnI707aW3F46w8r8clafMpYpJzfGWdIN9QzK1P2_4tMAo-3nshknMTuJJuA0NVTmhtuMpTr_rQqS7l146_JDXj-enkEMzdW-dD6xBNDXamdlsut25n6syg0vFN9TiNJwO5JS9H5GG3raK7pl2wDvjthQ=s340" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau bunker" border="0" data-original-height="206" data-original-width="340" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhFQPnhlZN3BENppBh6EVYOcf8kXYR9bR87ZJDnI707aW3F46w8r8clafMpYpJzfGWdIN9QzK1P2_4tMAo-3nshknMTuJJuA0NVTmhtuMpTr_rQqS7l146_JDXj-enkEMzdW-dD6xBNDXamdlsut25n6syg0vFN9TiNJwO5JS9H5GG3raK7pl2wDvjthQ=w400-h243" width="400" /></a></span></span>Today, these cells provide first-hand accounts from bunker
prisoners through audio and visual terminals with biographical
information on some of the prisoners that were detained here.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The bunker shown on the right in May 1945 and as it appears today. By 1944 special cells were built in the camp prison in which individual cells were converted by being divided into four smaller cells, each of which measured only 80cm by 80cm giving them the name 'standing cells.' The prisoners often had to stay in the standing cells for many days receiving very little food and air. The camp prison had a courtyard shown above that had originally been bisected in the middle by a wall which no longer exists. The </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> built a shooting range in the eastern part of this courtyard; from the end of August 1941, the </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> shot a large number of Soviet prisoners of war. Given the impossibility of keeping this a secret, the </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> used </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span>-Schießplatz Hebertshausen for the task, described below.</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCLd4VIeTHfnLxYHuWf7_sE8BZMeN_690zfZGAJY3-nchscDJzSEHWdvRrZ7MGDkGdrUe6Afi27z7W1yhKhTUa7X7IPNeOllnGewVndLUvDcx8nF5w83jYUNyvuIPR0mZyNo3tnUmmYXFv/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252877%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Standing in front of Bavarian Riot Police HQ (Bayerische Bereitschaftspolizei Abteilung VI. Dachau) and as main entrance to SS training area" border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="492" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCLd4VIeTHfnLxYHuWf7_sE8BZMeN_690zfZGAJY3-nchscDJzSEHWdvRrZ7MGDkGdrUe6Afi27z7W1yhKhTUa7X7IPNeOllnGewVndLUvDcx8nF5w83jYUNyvuIPR0mZyNo3tnUmmYXFv/w400-h253/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252877%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Standing in front of the Bavarian Riot Police HQ (Bayerische Bereitschaftspolizei Abteilung VI. Dachau) and as it appeared as the main entrance to the </span><span><span>ϟϟ </span> training area during a personal tour of the entire compound. The area was occupied by the American army as the Eastman Barracks after after the war until 1973 when the Bavarian Riot Police (VI Department) moved in there. This was a result of the incompetence shown by the German authorities during the Olympic Games the year before in which eleven Israelis were massacred by terrorists, compelling the Americans to provide a site that would allow the Germans to train themselves to provide counter-terrorism, particularly today by training police officers and keeping hundreds of people ready for closed missions such as football games and demonstrations. The Bavarian Riot Police also provides the helicopter squadron of the Bavarian Police and the Bavarian Police Orchestra. I was advised not to take photos inside given the level of extremist terrorism from the extreme Left directed at those who work for the state in buildings built for and used by the </span></span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhm750mMlsz6IL9Fbqpu1Jx4NW07jIoiNwuRjf81i3bromEHMhfYbO73JSJ90Ao5v5TGr9uv-JeYmqtPmIQhOFC_DeyR4VhZYUSwnObL277j1Bhhisrp5mz71P8nPzxlc3n6Iw3zqwssdNwvDKCwaqjdEiLEuhoQneO5Hbi0sRx3B1fOoAri6aNQsJqEg=s429" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="First prisoner transport to Dachau March 22, 1933" border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="429" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhm750mMlsz6IL9Fbqpu1Jx4NW07jIoiNwuRjf81i3bromEHMhfYbO73JSJ90Ao5v5TGr9uv-JeYmqtPmIQhOFC_DeyR4VhZYUSwnObL277j1Bhhisrp5mz71P8nPzxlc3n6Iw3zqwssdNwvDKCwaqjdEiLEuhoQneO5Hbi0sRx3B1fOoAri6aNQsJqEg=w400-h203" width="400" /></a></div><span>Showing the first prisoner transport to the camp on March 22, 1933 at
the former entrance to the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> grounds, where today a small section of the railway line </span></span></span></span></span></span>leading directly to the western entrance of the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> camp remains; the sidetrack was removed in 1948. Two days before the liberation of the camp a prisoner transport from the Buchenwald concentration camp arrived. Loaded with 4,480 prisoners, the train had been en route for three weeks. The </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> had crammed the prisoners in goods wagons and given them practically nothing to eat or drink. During the journey, thousands died of hunger and exhaustion or were simply shot by the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span>. A train full of dying and already dead persons arrived in Dachau with <a href="https://www.dachau.de/archiv/PDF/Tafel_03__Gleis_Reste.pdf">only 816 persons surviving the transport</a>. The </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> refused the train entry into the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> camp, so that it remained standing on the track in front of the gates. Upon reaching the concentration camp, American troops found the bodies in the wagons, a discovery that traumatised many of them leading to the controversial massacre of guards during the liberation of Dachau by American soldiers.</span></span></span></span></span><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwrsfDZaqXP44v0Lbec3Fb3tS2ZJV4pDvGxrjmBGJUo8aSBhOOAWZ0W30Mc0IwjCsNRaxl3CbeaTtU52babGN1ykHlhILWBisPGTZlICpx8evwqYMK2X2zojw7Z6l7TFU5O8teAA2Utpf_/s1600/output_8wnMA9.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Site of the Dachau massacre" border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwrsfDZaqXP44v0Lbec3Fb3tS2ZJV4pDvGxrjmBGJUo8aSBhOOAWZ0W30Mc0IwjCsNRaxl3CbeaTtU52babGN1ykHlhILWBisPGTZlICpx8evwqYMK2X2zojw7Z6l7TFU5O8teAA2Utpf_/w400-h298/output_8wnMA9.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span>The
Pocket Guide issued to troops stationed in Germany, a thoroughly
researched document containing in depth information about the culture,
customs and attitudes to expect in Nazi Germany, did not even mention
the existence of the camps, despite detailed military and political
knowledge of them. In fact, Eisenhower deliberately downplayed “a lot of
it [the conditions in the camps]” to avoid “men going nuts and reacting
like assassins” up to that point, although as we have seen his policy
drastically changed shortly after his own experiences. However, almost
simultaneously, Eisenhower had first-hand experience of the
concentration camp at Ohrduf; on April 12th, <a href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt8km1b9xk/qt8km1b9xk_noSplash_b378634cd96e960d885d5e718c9b6bfc.pdf">he toured the camp with General Patton and aides</a>. Shortly thereafter, he ordered all the troops
in the vicinity to show them “what they were fighting for”. He also
organised an official delegation from the US to visit the camps, because
“all written statements up to now do not paint the full horrors.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Upon liberation, a coal yard near the ϟϟ hospital was used to contain
the ϟϟ PoWs from the hospital, NCO school and finance centre.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Standing at the site of Dachau massacre" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimNXfXRIW62Zwbv26MAxFSQyF22lmDT-qwfhxf-snq70EyfqKBHDkn1fiGfpBw6smRCWZ_3omBpmieYXwF6qZs9o9T3eVkCahbYC7ppeAVBoE5Vn1RvZQjZCXh1jFgvai3MYUKvC7Zzmsd/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252879%2529.gif" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimNXfXRIW62Zwbv26MAxFSQyF22lmDT-qwfhxf-snq70EyfqKBHDkn1fiGfpBw6smRCWZ_3omBpmieYXwF6qZs9o9T3eVkCahbYC7ppeAVBoE5Vn1RvZQjZCXh1jFgvai3MYUKvC7Zzmsd/w400-h330/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252879%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 363px;" /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Standing at the site and as it appeared in a photograph of the </span></span><span><span><span><span>incident being interrupted by an irate Colonel Sparks, who ran from where he had
been stationed “about 100 to 200 meters on the other side of the wall”
To stop the shooting, Sparks shot his “.45 in the air whilst shouting
'Cease Fire!'”, before kicking the shooter away from the gun. The pink building to the right is an hospital. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Sparks later described the area as enclosed by an “L-shaped masonry wall, about
eight feet high, which had been used as a coal bin. The ground was
covered with coal dust, and a narrow gauge railroad track, laid on top
of the ground, led into the area.” The prisoners were placed under the
command of </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Lt. William P. Walsh </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, the same man who had shot four ϟϟ guards on the
so-called Death Train. The number of men present varies enormously
between accounts, but according to the investigation carried out by the
Assistant Inspector General of the 7th Army, Joseph M. Whitaker (known
as the IG report), estimates were in the range of 50-125, with the
majority in the range of 50-75. From this point, the accounts of what
happened to these men diverge wildly. Walsh gave the order to the
machine gunner identified in the report as “C” and the other soldiers
present to shoot the PoWs if they moved. An eyewitness, Karl Mann,
remembered the I-Company officers deciding to shoot the ϟϟ men when
Sparks was no longer in sight, although this also conflicts with the IG
report which states that the ϟϟ men thought they were going
to be executed when the machine gunner loaded his weapon, and lurched
forward, triggering the shooting. However, other eyewitness reports,
including the gunman himself, indicate that the trigger had instead been
after someone shouted “fire”. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau massacre wall then now" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjypN9BR0AwyVLrB-G7Vv3ylu3n_uvaUVfRcBhFQkMkSA7_-BDSGfOuwwX1YKf3ZPZtJ8zRqny4zZp6-DG8cozjrzSvzOsan5D_DacHIWnk8TSYSZ-YOXwC6A5-w63QK8G2xQ1UTS2R6dF0/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252878%2529.gif" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjypN9BR0AwyVLrB-G7Vv3ylu3n_uvaUVfRcBhFQkMkSA7_-BDSGfOuwwX1YKf3ZPZtJ8zRqny4zZp6-DG8cozjrzSvzOsan5D_DacHIWnk8TSYSZ-YOXwC6A5-w63QK8G2xQ1UTS2R6dF0/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252878%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 425px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>On the right is the site looking the other direction. The walls are gone but the dying tree in the photograph taken today appears in the original photograph.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span> <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Numerous first-hand accounts from liberation portray the anger and
disbelief that the soldiers felt, coupled with the combat mindset they
still held, was expressed with violence. Letters home from soldiers also provide evidence to this effect; in one of Lt. Cowling’s letters home (written
three days earlier than his official report), <a href="http://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A41366/datastream/OBJ/download/Summary_Judgement_at_Dachau__Exploiting_the_Massacre_of_SS_Guards_by_Allied_Liberating_Troops_at_Dachau.pdf">he stated unequivocally that</a> “I will never take another German prisoner armed or unarmed. How
can they expect to do what they have done and simply say 'I quit and go
scot free'? They are not fit to live.” This tendency had not gone
unnoticed by the Army brass present. It had become apparent to Sparks
early in the day that the emotions of the troops were running high,
and so he contacted headquarters for replacements to avoid an
“explosion.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau massacre" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCEv4WQxSUm7aOzfSBvO-ONL0LD8wMLenR2Tq42ydoK9IZpkBoos6MO6qVyVHKAr_5KcUuy6oSLK3Wag4IwyZy5tFKnXWb-SbGYGqX6dWdQ5kzNLe-wmKI6zcJh9t0dNjz6aun6pEWVqIM/s1600/BeatenGuard.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCEv4WQxSUm7aOzfSBvO-ONL0LD8wMLenR2Tq42ydoK9IZpkBoos6MO6qVyVHKAr_5KcUuy6oSLK3Wag4IwyZy5tFKnXWb-SbGYGqX6dWdQ5kzNLe-wmKI6zcJh9t0dNjz6aun6pEWVqIM/s16000/BeatenGuard.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 277px;" /></span>The violent reactions of the troops began early on in their
exploration of the camp, which shows how natural the urge was on
encountering the camp. Upon inspecting the Death Train, the Thunderbirds
came across four Germans, bearing medical insignia, although these could have been false markings. Although they apparently
attempted to surrender, Lt. Walsh ordered the four
into a boxcar and shot them. Private Albert C. Pruitt then “finished
them off with his rifle”, after screaming at them about their medical
negligence. Other accounts reference </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span> guards “shot in the legs so
they couldn’t move”, allowing the prisoners to take their revenge
against their captors. Shown here is a guard, <a href="https://www.scrapbookpages.com/dachau-scrapbook-dachau-liberation-soldiers-killed-2/">named Weiss, who is being confronted by two Polish prisoners</a>. Others handed over weapons to prisoners, or shoot
guards pointed out to them by their victims, or simply refused to
intervene on the behalf of the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span> soldiers, who were under their
protection since the surrender of the camp.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US" style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau massacre" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje5gwGBFxpCOi67A1lJxW8NQo1MbiQWRruY1Fl75t2LdvqLeQrZXiUOB2EDORaeBn6WL0efqOEwtwDedP-oVSsI3Fq6M3g13f9StGN79IkI-PLxW84eQqmTiKk19FdnvCpX-MJ7gsjc1di/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-01-17+at+07.33.24.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje5gwGBFxpCOi67A1lJxW8NQo1MbiQWRruY1Fl75t2LdvqLeQrZXiUOB2EDORaeBn6WL0efqOEwtwDedP-oVSsI3Fq6M3g13f9StGN79IkI-PLxW84eQqmTiKk19FdnvCpX-MJ7gsjc1di/s16000/Screen+Shot+2015-01-17+at+07.33.24.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 342px;" /></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>After the hospital shooting was stopped, some of the Americans allegedly gave a number of handguns to the now-liberated inmates. It has been claimed by eyewitnesses that the freed inmates tortured and killed a number of captured German troops, in retaliation for their treatment in the camp. The same witnesses claim that many of the German soldiers killed by the inmates were beaten to death with shovels and other tools supported by photographs of the event, a selection presented here. A number of Kapo prisoner-guards were also killed, torn apart by the inmates.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
<span><span><span> At first the prisoners indulged in an innocent game of making the guards dance to their tune. They shouted ‘Mützen ab!’ and the <span>ϟϟ</span> men had to doff their caps. Then the Americans aided and abetted the prisoners in their revenge. One soldier lent an inmate a bayonet to behead a guard. A kapo was found lying naked with cuts all over his body and a gunshot wound to his head. They had rubbed salt into his wounds. Another was beaten to death with spades. Other guards were shot in the legs to immobilise them. Later reports drew a veil over what happened then, although it is clear that some of the Germans were ripped limb from limb. It seems that around forty more guards and kapos died this way.<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>MacDonogh</span> (67) <a href="https://archive.org/stream/AfterTheReich-TheBrutalHistoryOfTheAlliedOccupation/After%20The%20Reich%20%E2%80%93%20%20The%20Brutal%20History%20Of%20The%20Allied%20Occupation_djvu.txt"><i>After the Reich</i></a></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
</span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_H7aJByVosxzZZQovQOPhz5267cR7Hv-wFVso9uP-wIJeCcI3_RkNTXe4Xf0a6wRZF-TVuKbQ_wdKlfDKk7SPwwHTW-UyvQ-3K0B_Tnr9IJkVFlcGTek7WLE3L1yVs4UXm0-lSPkoQMmoxc03lKMY9q1eYOtlgoio5hINuT7IsgcXEMBZQirlk6CAA/s350/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(35).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="SS guards being fished out of Dachau canal" border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="350" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_H7aJByVosxzZZQovQOPhz5267cR7Hv-wFVso9uP-wIJeCcI3_RkNTXe4Xf0a6wRZF-TVuKbQ_wdKlfDKk7SPwwHTW-UyvQ-3K0B_Tnr9IJkVFlcGTek7WLE3L1yVs4UXm0-lSPkoQMmoxc03lKMY9q1eYOtlgoio5hINuT7IsgcXEMBZQirlk6CAA/w320-h280/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(35).gif" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ guards being fished out of the canal, and as it appears today. The soldier on the far right <a href="http://ww2images.blogspot.com/2014/01/pulling-dead-ss-soldier-from-dachau.html">has been identified </a>as 19-year-old Richard F. Dutro of 232 Infantry, E Company from Zanesville, Ohio. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">After entry into the camp, personnel of the 42nd Division discovered the presence of guards, presumed to be </span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>ϟϟ </span> men, in a tower to the left of the main gate of the inmate stockade. This tower was attacked by Tec 3 Henry J. Wells 39271327, Headquarters Military Intelligence Service, ETO, covered and aided by a party under Lt. Col. Walter J. Fellenz, 0-23055, 222 Infantry. No fire was delivered against them by the guards in the tower. A number of Germans were taken prisoner; after they were taken, and within a few feet of the tower, from which they were taken, they were shot and killed.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">from
the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">I<a href="https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/online-documents/holocaust/report-dachau.pdf">G Report of the U.S. Seventh Army</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiubsqm3TDlKazfrSLRYnhrsu1zLKPSV2Gg6ObSEOpghi5NU7uSvlR8LU0WrfPLZWuHhT9HK-5PILOrXjSYDKsuRz31iKbHU4Hjv4GvgApSyBCI7_vjAAy1zWzFgW8HH5CsjYA0otpTJX9J/s1600/ezgif.com-resize+%25286%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau courthouse" border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="357" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiubsqm3TDlKazfrSLRYnhrsu1zLKPSV2Gg6ObSEOpghi5NU7uSvlR8LU0WrfPLZWuHhT9HK-5PILOrXjSYDKsuRz31iKbHU4Hjv4GvgApSyBCI7_vjAAy1zWzFgW8HH5CsjYA0otpTJX9J/w400-h295/ezgif.com-resize+%25286%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>At the site of the Dachau courthouse selected by the American military to hold its German war crimes proceedings, officially known as U.S. vs. Valentin Bersin, et al. into the so-called Malmedy Massacre. This incident constituted a <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/politik/pech-fuer-ihn-a-59b78051-0002-0001-0000-000041210872">war crime committed by members of Kampfgruppe Peiper </a>(part of the 1st <span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> Panzer Division), a German combat unit led by Joachim Peiper, at Baugnez crossroads near Malmedy, Belgium, on December 17, 1944, during the Battle of the Bulge. According to numerous eyewitness accounts, 84 American prisoners of war were massacred by their German captors: the prisoners were assembled in a field and shot with machine guns. The term Malmedy massacre also applies generally to the series of massacres committed by the same unit on the same day and following days. The defendants were 73 former members of the Waffen-</span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span>, mostly from the <span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> Division Leibstandarte. Highest in rank were <span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span>-Oberst-Gruppenführer Sepp Dietrich, commander of the 6th Panzer Army, his chief of staff, <span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span>-Brigadeführer Fritz Krämer, <span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span>-Gruppenführer Hermann Priess, commander of the I <span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> Panzer Corps and <span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span>-Standartenführer Joachim Peiper, commander of the 1st <span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> Panzer Regiment - the core element of Kampfgruppe Peiper, which conducted the massacre. The proceedings began on May 12, 1946, and the verdicts were handed down on July 16, 1946, lter becoming the focus of some controversy. Colonel Everett was convinced that a fair trial had not been granted to the defendants: in addition to alleged mock trials, <a href="https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Malmedy_massacre_trial">he claimed that</a> "to extort confessions, American prosecution teams 'had kept the German defendants in dark, solitary confinement at near starvation rations up to six months; had applied various forms of torture, including the driving of burning matches under the prisoners' fingernails; had administered beatings which resulted in broken jaws and arms and permanently injured testicles'.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh4Y6-OrtJzT-AEuZQqhjqEUyphwt0tsIY7jmS-8byEkuTNpEYAxeV9wAVmKJHUsI6ZkWDDe_O765q36yzhNTh2vz3NOyUep9354Vd_0MWgXxsxB4HLI90A_JKHvPfe19cTMGMXP1dEPRnr4EG0mgrHtztQRLt2QXe-ZJfyvD0Q5kRcKq9FB0yFN20BFg=s414" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau ϟϟ training camp" border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="414" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh4Y6-OrtJzT-AEuZQqhjqEUyphwt0tsIY7jmS-8byEkuTNpEYAxeV9wAVmKJHUsI6ZkWDDe_O765q36yzhNTh2vz3NOyUep9354Vd_0MWgXxsxB4HLI90A_JKHvPfe19cTMGMXP1dEPRnr4EG0mgrHtztQRLt2QXe-ZJfyvD0Q5kRcKq9FB0yFN20BFg=w400-h275" width="400" /></a></div>The former </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> training camp on December 23, 1948 when the Americans were using the site to hold the war crimes trials. The process wouldn't continue as the Cold War tensions intensified.<br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The Cold War shaped an American foreign policy that increasingly relied on the U.S.–Western German anticommunist alliance. The concentration camp disappeared from American propaganda in Germany, and Nazi atrocities receded to the distant background. The American efforts in Dachau in 1951 are emblematic. In order to “bridge the sea of misunderstanding,” the U.S. Army built a community centre in Dachau, and American officers invited local notables to a New Year’s party at the officers’ club.American officers organized a community-wide Christmas fund, encouraging civic cooperation between Catholics and “Evangelicalists” [sic], and tried to integrate the American military into the community. An ice rink in the U.S. Service Centre, previously reserved for American children, was opened to Germans. The centre’s new kindergarten likewise accepted German children to foster “a spirit of comradeship between children of the two nations.” “Prejudice has no place on Dachau’s playgrounds, where US and German kiddies show democracy in action,” boasted an article in the HICOG Monthly Bulletin. American official rhetoric no longer equated Dachau with its concentration camp. </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Cora Sol Goldstein (38-39) <a href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo6161622.html">Capturing the German Eye</a></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhel3cA40sxBpaY-PF2HriLN3aUQnTOPke9McZdCYXkdY3O4__RjEjitJZdF_QGP1LdGKDLV7DLY2Ktsr6uXKoZPb-gPVAmRm_B1bXXj4U6qmDKyhGp7wvNcW0BAW6lVO-MFyktl-fVB-lzo36v0Gg2jORmqROENJOb0TsEbXg6Kfzmr_AqBYxG-fLJEA=s388" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bavarian International School students at Dachau Wirtschaftsbetriebe" border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="388" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhel3cA40sxBpaY-PF2HriLN3aUQnTOPke9McZdCYXkdY3O4__RjEjitJZdF_QGP1LdGKDLV7DLY2Ktsr6uXKoZPb-gPVAmRm_B1bXXj4U6qmDKyhGp7wvNcW0BAW6lVO-MFyktl-fVB-lzo36v0Gg2jORmqROENJOb0TsEbXg6Kfzmr_AqBYxG-fLJEA=w400-h255" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The ϟϟ <span style="font-style: italic;">Wirtschaftsbetriebe </span>or 'business enterprises' that served as the main factory for prisoners. It had been built around the time of the Great War; the period photo dates from 1941 and as it appears today with my Grade 10 Bavarian International School students. The Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe (German Economic Enterprises), abbreviated DWB, was a project launched by Germany during the war that was organised and managed by the Allgemeine </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span>, a major branch of the </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>officially established in the autumn of 1934 </span></span></span>which was managed by the </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span>-Hauptamt. Its aim was to profit from the use of slave labour extracted from concentration camp inmates. The DWB controlled <a href="http://www.mazal.org/archive/nmt/05/NMT05-C001.htm">a wide variety of enterprises</a>, </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>many having been seized or otherwise expropriated from their rightful owners, ranging from </span></span></span>stone quarries, brick manufacturing plants, cement mills, pharmaceutical factories, real estate, housing, building materials, book printing and binding, porcelain and ceramics, mineral water and fruit juices, furniture, foodstuffs, and textiles and leather.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8jqx5ZmrPQLdCt_eGrO4ECiTJm_sMPLy-O28cSE5M-lU1OhFPotIR8soUDiuZu4ffiaOopXvVw_YwEs5K_4V_37hi7Hfs6HSS1zsQErU7HrDhgmOjLj6KrYDdzWfSx8Kay2xR-qAImhHHkaJhwvk8YF61fU7LsVhEYGlB-DwSviOIBsSeb9QxOk56dg=s392" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe" border="0" data-original-height="219" data-original-width="392" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8jqx5ZmrPQLdCt_eGrO4ECiTJm_sMPLy-O28cSE5M-lU1OhFPotIR8soUDiuZu4ffiaOopXvVw_YwEs5K_4V_37hi7Hfs6HSS1zsQErU7HrDhgmOjLj6KrYDdzWfSx8Kay2xR-qAImhHHkaJhwvk8YF61fU7LsVhEYGlB-DwSviOIBsSeb9QxOk56dg=w400-h224" width="400" /></a></div> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Although scarcity was ubiquitous, the personnel used the workshops in Dachau, which already employed five hundred artisans in 1933, for its own private orders. This was the origin of the system of graft and corruption in which many members of the commandant office staffs were implicated later on. When the Dachau workshops were transferred from the supervision of the central Inspektion and placed under Pohl’s Administrative Office, that move met with fierce opposition from the clique of commandants. The shift to commercial principles curtailed their private power of control. This line of conflict between the economic administration echelon and the camp ϟϟ also resurfaced in differences over the later deployment of prisoners in arms manufacture.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>Sofsky (174)<label id="tb0"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Order-Terror-Wolfgang-Sofsky/dp/069104354X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D069104354X" id="link_tb0">The Order of Terror</a></label></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhky9aHvkwMWgCnnKnSWQwpzHCKG8Sptkt-7fsnXh6aON54Wa-CLyZwiQguutmQZ50z8NzDVmB4cUaFf6hP0vTcHbkKiN-W5gzxmtxPoMyPtpFK5GkqkZBthNOM84aJTf_M69flpf84lDpnvs0OmHvYkMdJtEZqlAIm6Uxx4pW5nsWfaQqMb8oYDDMkOA=s460" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Christmas 1933 Dachau" border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="460" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhky9aHvkwMWgCnnKnSWQwpzHCKG8Sptkt-7fsnXh6aON54Wa-CLyZwiQguutmQZ50z8NzDVmB4cUaFf6hP0vTcHbkKiN-W5gzxmtxPoMyPtpFK5GkqkZBthNOM84aJTf_M69flpf84lDpnvs0OmHvYkMdJtEZqlAIm6Uxx4pW5nsWfaQqMb8oYDDMkOA=w856-h294" width="856" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>Release of roughly 600 prisoners from concentration camp at Christmas 1933 showing roughly fifty or sixty prisoners about to be released at the camp gate.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJmWPMzF6DsVlKCjQNY_ntFCpKmYzuVsMS-l0GBQo6qUDqy7gO3j3CqBQzrt55uCP6D58A9OlhCD8IPb0McwS2Fq1dfljp53CTuAmLCHn_MQTL22Z8dOa-NPLGduaQ0jLp11QjrtyzfCdKfyKbE20n3bqYvdAr32fVNaPDl4HJMPaefJ-RcB6nf0HzsQ=s390" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="eingang Dachau; Himmler driven through main guard post 1941" border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="390" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJmWPMzF6DsVlKCjQNY_ntFCpKmYzuVsMS-l0GBQo6qUDqy7gO3j3CqBQzrt55uCP6D58A9OlhCD8IPb0McwS2Fq1dfljp53CTuAmLCHn_MQTL22Z8dOa-NPLGduaQ0jLp11QjrtyzfCdKfyKbE20n3bqYvdAr32fVNaPDl4HJMPaefJ-RcB6nf0HzsQ=w400-h260" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>Himmler being driven through the main guard post of the camp in 1941; all that remains are the foundations recovered only since 2008. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>This is what is left of the former ϟϟ main guardhouse directly across from the ϟϟ <span style="font-style: italic;">Wirtschaftsbetriebe</span>.
From 1935, this served as the entrance to the camp. Harassed and
beaten prisoners would pass through it from the railway station as well
as prisoner transport such as buses and lorries. The ϟϟ members used it
too when entering, and most lived further down this road to the ϟϟ
residences. </span></span></span><span><br /></span>This was the entrance through which the </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> deployed in the camp reached the actual concentration camp area which was separated by a wall from the </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> drill camp in 1936. The </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span>
deployed in the camp was divided into two units:– members of the
commandant’s staff were responsible for disciplining and controlling the
prisoners directly in the prisoner camp through fear through terror.
Reporting only to the commandant, they were the main culprits of the
torture, horrific punishment, and murders that took place. The </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span>
guard squads were responsible for watch on the towers and escorting
work details outside the camp grounds. These duties did not stop them
however from tormenting and murdering individual prisoners.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjXJtpG6S8o2fNoBtNQITlVms0vPV1Dl2yRp7Whrrw16N4mkjtEA9rEtSQCRpGKicXEDSp7yt7jw4lHEPf2kUS260c0LHZ7XJir6dk8Bz4Az8lMlm3lJKvWpOPlC_cXyALaWlrzUtb79y1kN9lISAtv3MaSTpBReMT_XL3kAzlwWSENXsfnJO7GbytXNA=s415" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau Strasse der SS ϟϟ" border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="415" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjXJtpG6S8o2fNoBtNQITlVms0vPV1Dl2yRp7Whrrw16N4mkjtEA9rEtSQCRpGKicXEDSp7yt7jw4lHEPf2kUS260c0LHZ7XJir6dk8Bz4Az8lMlm3lJKvWpOPlC_cXyALaWlrzUtb79y1kN9lISAtv3MaSTpBReMT_XL3kAzlwWSENXsfnJO7GbytXNA=w400-h249" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>These buildings on what was the 'Strasse der ϟϟ' , now within the Bavarian Riot Police HQ <span style="font-size: normal;">compound, served as residences for members of the ϟϟ. These villas were built as early as the time of the First World War and belonged to the former Muntions factory. Today only these eight houses remain of the former </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> settlement and are used by the Bavarian riot police. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The centre of power was located in the administrative area. The offices of the camp commandant, the Political Department, and the administrative department were in close proximity to the prisoner camp, but just outside the barbed-wire perimeter. Every office of the KZ-Inspektion had its branch in this administrative zone. It served as the local representative of the central bureaucracy. A leafy, wooded area was set aside for the living quarters of the ϟϟ officers. In Dachau, these were located on the Straße der ϟϟ outside the camp.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>Sofsky (49) <label id="tb0"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Order-Terror-Wolfgang-Sofsky/dp/069104354X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D069104354X" id="link_tb0">The Order of Terror</a></label></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjbNmzMwIvQHbhTzP4uKA-jmmqnap2R7TamWBQ4CnE992vf4Y5m_eaIjAHjpfqyd3g-FOEQt9E82eeVo3srjv6HprGeot5kQ_IymfAG0PbeZ24nRQ53ZPNuG53Ptz8BEh4C8MshCOeNHgYqrur9Gt_xZTooisUJdDYIWhiXaWVdvkOL2aoTMZfCMWkR1g=s300" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau Kommandantur" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="268" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjbNmzMwIvQHbhTzP4uKA-jmmqnap2R7TamWBQ4CnE992vf4Y5m_eaIjAHjpfqyd3g-FOEQt9E82eeVo3srjv6HprGeot5kQ_IymfAG0PbeZ24nRQ53ZPNuG53Ptz8BEh4C8MshCOeNHgYqrur9Gt_xZTooisUJdDYIWhiXaWVdvkOL2aoTMZfCMWkR1g=w282-h316" width="282" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Located
where the current Information centre and in front of the Jourhaus (the
Kommandant's HQ in the background), these metal corners mark the exact
position of the building of the political department. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>The
Dachau Kommandantur (headquarters) just outside the memorial site can
be seen behind me on the right and as it appeared during the war. </span></span></span>The chief function
of the Political Department was to screen and process all political and
other types of criminals, the keeping of their records, the
notification of the higher interning authorities of deaths, discharges,
or other disposition of the internees. Death sentences of internees were
received by this department (from Berlin), and these sentences were
referred for execution to <a href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?tab=24">Abteilung III (Schutzhaftlager)</a>, and upon the
execution of the above, this department was responsible for turning in a
final report of the carrying out of these orders. Gestapo came from
Munich to carry on interrogations at Dachau. It was the responsibility
of this department to interrogate and abuse Russian prisoners of war who
were brought here for that specific purpose. Orders for the inhumane
interrogation of the Russian prisoners of war were carried out by this
department. Another function of this department was to recruit internees
by intimidation for sabotage and espionage work.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcPiYuA-q1iDp-HARSb6-XjiPBnDs8FEoRcLCydzfT4VUW4yio66VuC1E0f_HHq_a2iBWwFoAOqUYQGjilHQR9VOMHHy9HP5baT5K_k2ikBmGiPNJpYBFnXVHnwrQmbaAthJYpgp2M9ZVIT9kD_79wlEqNezthjPZl9jNecNYFh7AQ5sDAqnMZ-KX_wQ=s390" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau commandant's headquarters" border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="390" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcPiYuA-q1iDp-HARSb6-XjiPBnDs8FEoRcLCydzfT4VUW4yio66VuC1E0f_HHq_a2iBWwFoAOqUYQGjilHQR9VOMHHy9HP5baT5K_k2ikBmGiPNJpYBFnXVHnwrQmbaAthJYpgp2M9ZVIT9kD_79wlEqNezthjPZl9jNecNYFh7AQ5sDAqnMZ-KX_wQ=w400-h283" width="400" /></a></div>Prisoners arriving at the commandant's headquarters early in the camp's history in 1933. The area of the commandant's headquarters in the ϟϟ concentration camp was located directly next to the prisoner camp. The commandant had almost unrestricted control over the camp. The headquarters staff and the guard units carried out his orders.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>In the major Dachau war crimes case (United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et.al.), forty-two officials of Dachau were tried from November to December 1945. All were found guilty – thirty-six of the defendants were sentenced to death on December 13, 1945, of whom 23 were<a href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Dachauer_Kriegsverbrecherprozesse"> hanged on May 28–29, 1946</a>, including the commandant, </span><span><span>ϟϟ</span>-Obersturmbannführer Martin Gottfried Weiss, </span><span><span>ϟϟ</span>-Obersturmführer Freidrich Wilhelm Ruppert and camp doctors Karl Schilling and Fritz Hintermeyer. Camp commandant Weiss admitted in affidavit testimony that most of the deaths at Dachau during his administration were due to “typhus, TB, dysentery, pneumonia, pleurisy, and body weakness brought about by lack of food.” His testimony also admitted to deaths by shootings, hangings and medical experiments.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><br /></span>
<span><b><span> The Plantation (Kräutergarten)</span></b></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEib7teRPOpBpr1ExgsfQqu8o3HW6atGdYQStnilMuvLG6v3ct7Uj-ICzt6BrePqrFLkxLOiBff3pgAOCEAuB_48DuE9jlFK44K9hzFx_PrX1_d1gkTzJ81qEGczZaGqUh9l2EqxykJ9GMv3dFlHDdsPTbfXPYguBpyc-HTAPLDYc0HU4fbVRNpxyYOrHw=s568" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau Kräutergarten in 1938" border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="568" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEib7teRPOpBpr1ExgsfQqu8o3HW6atGdYQStnilMuvLG6v3ct7Uj-ICzt6BrePqrFLkxLOiBff3pgAOCEAuB_48DuE9jlFK44K9hzFx_PrX1_d1gkTzJ81qEGczZaGqUh9l2EqxykJ9GMv3dFlHDdsPTbfXPYguBpyc-HTAPLDYc0HU4fbVRNpxyYOrHw=w400-h189" width="400" /></a><span><span><span>In 1938 concentration camp prisoners were forced to build an herb garden (plantation) on the other side of the Alte Römerstrasse, east of the camp. The cultivation of local herbs was the idea of the 'working group for medicinal plants studies' and Reichsführer ϟϟ Heinrich Himmler showed particular interest in the plan. Germany should have no need to import foreign medicines and herbs. The economic importance of the work done by the prisoners in the herb garden increased as the war progressed. The ϟϟ guards marched the prisoners to work on the large open-air site under abusive threats and blows, and prisoners were arbitrarily shot 'while attempting to escape'. Less brutal working conditions reigned only in the buildings and greenhouses. There a work detail of draughtsmen was supposed to produce a plant collection for Himmler. At the risk of losing their lives, some of the prisoners managed to depict the crimes committed by ϟϟ guards in secret notes. The ϟϟ set up a shop as part of the herb garden to sell produce from the 'plantation' to residents from Dachau and neighbouring communities. Some prisoners succeeded in establishing secret contact to the civilian population, notably with <a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/nazi-gegnerin-resi-huber-unbeugsame-antifaschistin-1.5143647">locals like Resi Huber </a>who had secretly slipped the emaciated prisoners food and smuggled letters for them. However, </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> guards were constantly present and violators were severely punished.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgmEiaLxDNXOgi4ANaPEp6RVWUbP0kAg_e6pZ3rXaG-C58hp_Y9UIl3Ba6hkjbqM7z4QeSM8TSMwyNDCdzuZ8KOHe3imfeki5o8wmqpFg2KC_OrnzFuQ0P9kOyxW6RRv2LZK0y7YIIaqM3J0q5iC72vxp6WbX_KyP0G8yUhvwHbJkFCKtU5r5MK2F_FYg=s282" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Himmler Dachau plantation" border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="282" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgmEiaLxDNXOgi4ANaPEp6RVWUbP0kAg_e6pZ3rXaG-C58hp_Y9UIl3Ba6hkjbqM7z4QeSM8TSMwyNDCdzuZ8KOHe3imfeki5o8wmqpFg2KC_OrnzFuQ0P9kOyxW6RRv2LZK0y7YIIaqM3J0q5iC72vxp6WbX_KyP0G8yUhvwHbJkFCKtU5r5MK2F_FYg=w239-h215" width="239" /></a></div></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Himmler visiting the site. </span></span></span>The area served to supply the eastern front with vitamin C and active plant substances and was thus a building block for the planned war of aggression. Based on the poor supply situation during the First World War, the herb
garden had an important military task: The gladioli grown in Dachau were
pulverised and processed into vitamin C , and sent to the Eastern Front
as parcels for the soldiers of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span>. A
mixture of ground basil , thyme , and savory served as a German pepper
substitute. There was also the goal of developing "German drugs",
possibly with the motive of strengthening the soldiers' willingness to
fight.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>After the start of the war, the Dachau herb garden was also<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=de&tl=en&u=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/dachau/ns-ernaehrungspolitik-bio-gemuese-im-zeichen-des-hakenkreuzes-1.2419852"> part of the planning of the </a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=de&tl=en&u=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/dachau/ns-ernaehrungspolitik-bio-gemuese-im-zeichen-des-hakenkreuzes-1.2419852"><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> settlement policy</a> of the Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA), set out in the General Plan East in Eastern Europe in which </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>after a victory over the Soviet
Union, the depopulated areas were to be settled by German farmers, whose
cultivation methods were to be developed in the Dachau herb
garden.</span></span></span> When it was completed in 1942, it was 148 hectares, the open spaces of which the </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> cynically divided into the field names " Freiland I" and " Freiland II".<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhk5nIbIhWxypxmj4STYVVxbf7juBz5U07B_kCfgq_AFK48k7FpzOJg-AYmEhI66BSbKkezdQYpHJykiZjQuNdXRBaM96DdNgz28cUG_YDtcOB6rwMF82uXfNXSsSRyNqDBlYK7lTyQ08DgJ8undPx5TzXhwfpXpAwen-R8r-4LPOSeXAWRtNmNjvwLFg=s352" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau Kräutergarten" border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="352" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhk5nIbIhWxypxmj4STYVVxbf7juBz5U07B_kCfgq_AFK48k7FpzOJg-AYmEhI66BSbKkezdQYpHJykiZjQuNdXRBaM96DdNgz28cUG_YDtcOB6rwMF82uXfNXSsSRyNqDBlYK7lTyQ08DgJ8undPx5TzXhwfpXpAwen-R8r-4LPOSeXAWRtNmNjvwLFg=w290-h220" width="290" /></a></div>No savings were made for the various farm buildings, watchtower, apartments, workshops, classrooms, library, laboratories, drying barn and tool shed, greenhouses, spice mill, apiary, composting plant, ornamental garden and necessary facilities and installations (heating, transformer and pump house) and at that time a state-of-the-art, industrial horticultural company. The core of the complex were two elongated gable roof buildings with a courtyard and a gate seen with me in front on the left. Four 6 metre wide and 30 metre long greenhouses were built, as well as two 3 metre wide and fifty metre long greenhouses. The Mehlhorn </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>company </span></span></span>from Saxony was responsible for the construction, owning patents for the applied construction of the glass structures using resistant, moisture-resistant American redwood which enabled the metal base support structure to be thermally decoupled from the glass and wood outer skin in order to avoid structural damage that could occur as the outside temperature can differ significantly from the inside temperature of a greenhouse. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>There were separating locks in the glass houses to divide them into temperature zones. There was a living barracks and an air raid shelter. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgEoYt2tCL8a3NkIsv3VoWmNdenM32Oai64Ztyx4y18_p0hdeM2OWIkm7IpvSctI1WyokvNGVPYEEbDKnx_33FKOUhFVtMhbf9KWXerwNX7pyxI6a32wtmUQo4NPrKFk2bbTYryHILDf8XyGTx3oDu1zynqGPUlyS0MrK1y1VdbOriaKTN_qwotEimMww=s340" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Dachau plantation" border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="340" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgEoYt2tCL8a3NkIsv3VoWmNdenM32Oai64Ztyx4y18_p0hdeM2OWIkm7IpvSctI1WyokvNGVPYEEbDKnx_33FKOUhFVtMhbf9KWXerwNX7pyxI6a32wtmUQo4NPrKFk2bbTYryHILDf8XyGTx3oDu1zynqGPUlyS0MrK1y1VdbOriaKTN_qwotEimMww=w288-h213" width="288" /></a>During the war, the buildings were partially expanded, but parts were not completed either. Between 1939 and 1940 around 1 million Reichsmarks were spent. The <a href="https://www.utzverlag.de/assets/pdf/40729les.pdf">driving forces behind all this</a> were Ernst Günther Schenck, who later became the "food inspector of the Waffen-</span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span>", and Rudolf Lucaß, the master horticulturalist. According to the aims of the Deutschen Versuchsanstalt für Ernährung und Verpflegung GmbH (DVA) headed by </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span>-Obersturmbannführer Heinrich Vogel, Germany was to gain self-sufficiency in medicines, drugs, spices and medicinal plants whilst developing ways beyond the natural sciences that were suspected of being Jewish, and to develop models of how to improve German public health. In line with the Nazi ideology, the folk and natural history ideas were to be bundled in a "German folk medicine." Inspired by the esoteric teachings of Rudolf Steiner, a Nazi derivation of organic farming was practiced. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> <span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: bold;"><img alt="Dachau ϟϟ housing" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga-7e5-9boJB2ZF8rmhXQSZe_ooMNgdS6chuRH8GoX_E9O3K7LIzGBI-XemkG3EG3K-ZR3DV0UK4duGS_B7AgXUIgdo6N922eqxcF1FnKdpk15gD4a8v1AdR7msJTUevSLhnl_-YbOV749/s1600/IMG_0213.JPG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga-7e5-9boJB2ZF8rmhXQSZe_ooMNgdS6chuRH8GoX_E9O3K7LIzGBI-XemkG3EG3K-ZR3DV0UK4duGS_B7AgXUIgdo6N922eqxcF1FnKdpk15gD4a8v1AdR7msJTUevSLhnl_-YbOV749/s16000/IMG_0213.JPG" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 155px; width: 202px;" /></span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSR7BKB_iKkAwfxEdDykvR2VFpJp9v8iAK_1mM00u5dmy_wss6gX9fWe-xSm39ct0MYiRWPxukE6ZzqOpU40UrA2TNegKKC6tZUVJLf5FOPd_mUw-BTOeg1_bHJ8oPe3uImMO9npptTX0Y/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-03-28+at+07.53.32.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSR7BKB_iKkAwfxEdDykvR2VFpJp9v8iAK_1mM00u5dmy_wss6gX9fWe-xSm39ct0MYiRWPxukE6ZzqOpU40UrA2TNegKKC6tZUVJLf5FOPd_mUw-BTOeg1_bHJ8oPe3uImMO9npptTX0Y/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-03-28+at+07.53.32.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 155px; width: 245px;" /> <img alt="ϟϟ housing" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8Bk_DgjKLT5Rnokf-Z7s_CV_ZveRNcy_cF6v2oh3hnNxcD64qX6kufBTOE9akOOVFkpgLcsQFtduo-2chGhWXhcwNobiPFmyc-NwSTqnCZNwh4Xqd0EYnxYaYU59fZ_l-U8Ka2XJkytk/s1600/IMG_0877.JPG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8Bk_DgjKLT5Rnokf-Z7s_CV_ZveRNcy_cF6v2oh3hnNxcD64qX6kufBTOE9akOOVFkpgLcsQFtduo-2chGhWXhcwNobiPFmyc-NwSTqnCZNwh4Xqd0EYnxYaYU59fZ_l-U8Ka2XJkytk/s16000/IMG_0877.JPG" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 155px; width: 203px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Beside the plantation buildings on the way to Hebertshausen shooting range one goes past housing used by members of the </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span>. After listening to Adrian Weale's audiobook on the </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, he suggests Adolf Eichmann lived here at one point. They are shown here beside the Plantation complex in the scale model of the camp in the memorial site. Today one of the inhabitants chooses to fly the Confederate flag outside. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Meanwhile <a href="http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/06/24/amazon-bans-confederate-flags-still-sells-nazi-merchandise/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><b>AMAZON nixes rebel flag, continues selling Nazi memorabilia...</b></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hebertshausen ϟϟ Range</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvpZZiVugBZSHmZKmhus5Z9JxKyAoPP6YzTOtPu6w33AR-Al11RcCv7r6lDxc9ltZIp9R5wZFzJvZHdciHLP13qimYaDIY50pUNCyjEKSI8GBCAY4nZpj3tfXi1ewN-Zpd_2Vz5mdG2_vhtkogCgON3vJtYyl3ApDIYnUcEEhaxXlQ0PnZdEMySv8tmQ=s401" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hebertshausen ϟϟ Range guardhouse" border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="401" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvpZZiVugBZSHmZKmhus5Z9JxKyAoPP6YzTOtPu6w33AR-Al11RcCv7r6lDxc9ltZIp9R5wZFzJvZHdciHLP13qimYaDIY50pUNCyjEKSI8GBCAY4nZpj3tfXi1ewN-Zpd_2Vz5mdG2_vhtkogCgON3vJtYyl3ApDIYnUcEEhaxXlQ0PnZdEMySv8tmQ=w400-h245" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The ϟϟ guard house around 1942, with the ϟϟ flag in front, and as it appears today. The building was used to house the facility attendant, provide accommodation quarters, offices, munitions store, and an inn; at the moment it's used as an homeless shleter. Here i</span></span></span></span>n
Hebertshausen, a municipality adjoining Dachau, is a shooting
range that had been built for the ϟϟ in 1937. </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Just <span>over a mile </span></span>to the north of the Dachau main camp, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>t</span>his is where roughly
4,000 imprisoned Soviet soldiers were executed from November 25
1941 to the final year of the war. The prisoners brought to
Dachau for execution were not recorded in the concentration camp
files. </span></span>The victims had previously been "segregated" by Gestapo commandos in the
prison camps of the Wehrkreise Munich, Nuremberg, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden
and Salzburg, according to ideological and racist criteria. In
particular, Communist officials, intelligentsia and Jews fell victim to
mass murder. </span></span></span></span>The former ϟϟ guardhouse shown above is used today as an
homeless shelter. On May 2, 2014, the Dachau concentration camp memorial opened the newly designed memorial site at the former "</span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span>-Schießplatz Hebertshausen".</span></span></span> <br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="entrance to Hebertshausen shooting range with SS runes" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAJDTVx5BAxwqXOkYny1E39tAiUXBKCPo4WFUz6rjXFPdpKu91x-m8ssg4CxHsnQrMVX5j0UM9H4dADQ0QXhRf5mzSKRVcc7tw8t0bkCHy3fi8k_EoyOhCYbIpIVfQkjLLxtK2wUz3n7tmRXGBnFckvknFlc_ngD1FOOkc_9HNbbsdvbVJMsoFcT5y9A" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAJDTVx5BAxwqXOkYny1E39tAiUXBKCPo4WFUz6rjXFPdpKu91x-m8ssg4CxHsnQrMVX5j0UM9H4dADQ0QXhRf5mzSKRVcc7tw8t0bkCHy3fi8k_EoyOhCYbIpIVfQkjLLxtK2wUz3n7tmRXGBnFckvknFlc_ngD1FOOkc_9HNbbsdvbVJMsoFcT5y9A" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 465px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdBue8bRxlacfpMiCS-gZBldQE-jUKRpUpWBZMSb37TVQZUiPMcev5TNnYw-kmJMhb4NIusy6MpITIO5Xtunb28Gv3cXMPO0f5lbiyPoOFIOtqbhIjjIf5olJzr1Iua0_o4b98vhsUfEZvrX2aPaUlKUKKG4jMfr9lqrL5YoZxOLmMkTm_IbCTEXVqOg/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(40).gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdBue8bRxlacfpMiCS-gZBldQE-jUKRpUpWBZMSb37TVQZUiPMcev5TNnYw-kmJMhb4NIusy6MpITIO5Xtunb28Gv3cXMPO0f5lbiyPoOFIOtqbhIjjIf5olJzr1Iua0_o4b98vhsUfEZvrX2aPaUlKUKKG4jMfr9lqrL5YoZxOLmMkTm_IbCTEXVqOg/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(40).gif" style="height: 250px; width: 191px;" /><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span>Standing
at the entrance to the shooting range April 30, 1945 and today; the
ϟϟ runes have been removed but their traces remain on the now
superfluous posts.</span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></p></div></div></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hebertshausen shooting range in 1938 and today" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEikE1RPWBIzieKe1lfax5UKQ17ywz9eB3rPGf3o2iebw_gfOjZi0Rw4BhN39uFHxxrZRT64PId4fzMb_X-v47hz2G5ZGc3GtsNkeaVB_1sCtG7NNJ2WDEFIwGGEdbrxVlFE-7q3lQn9MkUgGB3SLDTckT0TUuqixhPLV-IOL4WqHq1bd3xv72OpmX11FQ=s320" data-original-height="178" data-original-width="341" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEikE1RPWBIzieKe1lfax5UKQ17ywz9eB3rPGf3o2iebw_gfOjZi0Rw4BhN39uFHxxrZRT64PId4fzMb_X-v47hz2G5ZGc3GtsNkeaVB_1sCtG7NNJ2WDEFIwGGEdbrxVlFE-7q3lQn9MkUgGB3SLDTckT0TUuqixhPLV-IOL4WqHq1bd3xv72OpmX11FQ=w418-h218" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 180px; width: 345px;" width="418" /></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span> </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> In front of the coffin depot and shooting range in 1938 and today. <span>The victims were killed as they were handcuffed to posts on the left side of the range shown on the right. Five of the prisoners brought in by truck had to step in front of the range undressed. They were handcuffed to waist-high stakes. Each of the twenty </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span> henchmen fired a shot on command in what they dubbed the "rifle festival". About 0.5 metres below the turf, to the right of the mound behind me in front of the opening of the bullet trap, is the place where thousands of Soviet prisoners of war died from 1941-42. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>After
analysing the witness reports and aerial photos, the Institute for
Prehistory and Early History and Provincial Roman Archeology of the
Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316648559_Archaologische_Ausgrabungen_in_der_ehemaligen_SS-Schiessanlage_bei_Hebertshausen_24-204_und_39-2192001">carried out archaeological excavations</a>
in both shooting lanes of the former pistol shooting range in spring
and autumn 2001 which supplemented the understanding obtained from
historical research into the mass shootings of four to six thousand
Soviet prisoners of war there during the years 1941 and 1942 with
previously unknown aspects that were not mentioned in the witness
reports. Together with a detailed digital survey of the entire complex,
excavation areas were opened at various points in order to find the
former fence, the coffin storage and the remains of the posts mentioned
in witness reports, to which the victims were handcuffed. The western
shooting range was identified as the exclusive site of the executions of
1941-1942 and the place where the victims met their deaths were
precisely localised archaeologically. A considerable number of skull
fragments were found from the murdered. The results of the historical,
archeological and anthropological investigations confirmed that the mass
murder committed on the shooting range was particularly cruel, going
far beyond the standard of "normal executions".</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC2Mrh4JRle9sSvduaRK5B5bQWpO8Sn-L4XhO69vmyLl6SB9i1i2JhoYfssrP6BzHwuNkcmEiwIPUHSyipS5TW8Ky6Y90L4DJ1rjIXGFhXB50w27tIWWqM3l1v2ivKACLtZtjca58ponK8QPvFG0SLUCXOHIMqtsDj6tjZ9YX1Fq4rxS_qoy6JdVQNqg/s414/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(38).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="414" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC2Mrh4JRle9sSvduaRK5B5bQWpO8Sn-L4XhO69vmyLl6SB9i1i2JhoYfssrP6BzHwuNkcmEiwIPUHSyipS5TW8Ky6Y90L4DJ1rjIXGFhXB50w27tIWWqM3l1v2ivKACLtZtjca58ponK8QPvFG0SLUCXOHIMqtsDj6tjZ9YX1Fq4rxS_qoy6JdVQNqg/w400-h258/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(38).gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>On
its eastern edge a shed had been erected, which served to store the
coffins. These were used for transporting the corpses into the
crematorium of the camp and returned from there. The coffins were of the
most basic construction <span>but later l<span>ined </span></span>with zinc plate to prevent leakage of <span>b</span>lood. </span></span></span>The photo on the left, which probably dates from the 1940s, shows a rough-hewn shed, the left part of which is covered with a tarpaulin. Based on the aerial photos and the Lengfelder sketch shown below, it's clear that it was the southwestern corner of the pistol range, shown today with my bike as a marker. The "shed" is just a primitive-looking building with apparently only a temporary roof, reminiscent of the ones mentioned in the Torah report and a high wooden fence visible on the aerial photos had been built. According to </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>former ϟϟ member Max Lengfelder</span></span></span>, the coffins were made and stored here. The crate probably also served to camouflage the coffin storage. The sign on the right door wing with the inscription "Strictly forbidden to enter" is remarkable in that it is probably related to the secrecy of the killing campaign, which didn't allow the coffins to be stored in an openly visible manner. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhFo6_l6LNLumHLDDbNKY7MQJyXmHshDvJda3m6pOzcglJUsCQsCQno1AACN1Vb7dB7gj7oicwO0K5CUwqCE16k6D-KUW7nbX09N-pfol4pADZ3uk_8vukkgfUsbqZwfWgRr6GbY1i8Qm/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhFo6_l6LNLumHLDDbNKY7MQJyXmHshDvJda3m6pOzcglJUsCQsCQno1AACN1Vb7dB7gj7oicwO0K5CUwqCE16k6D-KUW7nbX09N-pfol4pADZ3uk_8vukkgfUsbqZwfWgRr6GbY1i8Qm/w400-h234/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 180px; width: 308px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span>Next to the open left shed door, a room is seen leaning against the outer wall. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The photographic reproduction of the wooden fence is important, given that it towered over the shed. The question arises whether it was specially built for the planned executions. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Because on the already fenced and cordoned off area of the shooting range, its existence otherwise would make little sense given that on the one hand, the high wooden wall offered protection against unwanted glances, since the shooting range was not only visible from the heights outside the </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> area and from the nearby railway embankment, but was also generally visible. On the other hand it prevented any attempts to escape. The area </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>was all surrounded by a high deck fence to prevent any observation from the surrounding fields. The shootings must have been real bloodbaths, for which the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> involved had special overalls, aprons and gloves at their disposal. As the outside exhibition points out, the majority of perpetrators from the firing range were not directly confronted with either the dead behind the front or with dying in combat at the front. As evidenced by the testimony of Josef Thora, after work they were able to return to Munich or to the surrounding communities, which were still largely peaceful at the time.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><img alt="Karel Kasak's photo of Hebertshausen shooting range" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEggQlYG9PKAQhjHJanDYhuOV8KH8KCnaZ6iUCEVhXun-tNHe264pLeRYwfY4Om65rLVE0VmcraiWnhimOuRwnwdrmRXt7uzxJ4zgmBsymm7w7kR-f_XsMCeDlWdBik7vwZCPO5jDETU3n6mvwT_rJ6nibWlTyIcwJtq_r0HeS3ZqJ5a9wnjsJLwJ53rfQ=s320" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="421" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEggQlYG9PKAQhjHJanDYhuOV8KH8KCnaZ6iUCEVhXun-tNHe264pLeRYwfY4Om65rLVE0VmcraiWnhimOuRwnwdrmRXt7uzxJ4zgmBsymm7w7kR-f_XsMCeDlWdBik7vwZCPO5jDETU3n6mvwT_rJ6nibWlTyIcwJtq_r0HeS3ZqJ5a9wnjsJLwJ53rfQ=s320" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 393px;" /></span></span></span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjG1ioCsKBXUS41p9-R_6JXobjeV007p_4U6jotaiYr4g_mmCnFWxmje9YmH8Bm4wKYBRVU0c2KX3thgwnJQSg4-QxBadizMJ5RUhN2QteSXTltoGCEzisuS46DxqVR-04QM9dVBtBUTsVYJl7sVZdx5cP7pTjOtBPuBdw4fy90-Ed2I1hOhWv12v4lvA=s320" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="910" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjG1ioCsKBXUS41p9-R_6JXobjeV007p_4U6jotaiYr4g_mmCnFWxmje9YmH8Bm4wKYBRVU0c2KX3thgwnJQSg4-QxBadizMJ5RUhN2QteSXTltoGCEzisuS46DxqVR-04QM9dVBtBUTsVYJl7sVZdx5cP7pTjOtBPuBdw4fy90-Ed2I1hOhWv12v4lvA=s320" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 250px;" /><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></div></div><div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>F<span class="st">ormer Czech political prisoner </span>Karel
Kasak's photo of the site immediately after the war, and a sketch of the
execution site by Lengfelder from April 29, 1954.
Lengfelder would receive a sentence of life imprisonment after the Anton
Stinglwagner trial August 12-14, 1947. Within the entire area, the former pistol shooting range is more than just a place of remembrance; here in front of the bullet trap, at the site of the executions, rest scattered over an area of several metres - still under the protective turf today the only surviving remains of the corpses of the Soviet prisoners of war who were burned in the Munich and Dachau crematoria. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>
Given that thus far no more than a
quarter to a third of the expected fragments of precious metal have been
recovered, the majority must still lie in the ground. </span></span></span>As a crime scene and as a cemetery/war grave, this site continues to suffer from illegal robbers and dogs running free. –<br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg69J6j42A08OOURiTn5xTR0r3LalTpRGBRo6WFqGNJ7scEGgJhSb-GzRcSgORNNcox6U2iTHMvLRgmHvwfpU323hWG8qwRaVAfLboX3B62FR9SleLWr6ctOFXUPZg-gaosOWiAB5WPPV4/s1600/RetrieveAsset.aspx.jpeg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg69J6j42A08OOURiTn5xTR0r3LalTpRGBRo6WFqGNJ7scEGgJhSb-GzRcSgORNNcox6U2iTHMvLRgmHvwfpU323hWG8qwRaVAfLboX3B62FR9SleLWr6ctOFXUPZg-gaosOWiAB5WPPV4/s1600/RetrieveAsset.aspx.jpeg" style="height: 110px; width: 160px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrJQgP9lIgD3RFnWEDPV4W8w0UzDOFDVlDTbm4iWC6Q8YkZl91bmpmYDnli6K0YucRctrOBaWsHav4EF5sV5CCp59XDNALcudsWBSqC0RcFwALtKJg_Pn3W8JPk5VSWKZpl3zwGXwvcUk/s1600/2RetrieveAsset.aspx.jpeg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrJQgP9lIgD3RFnWEDPV4W8w0UzDOFDVlDTbm4iWC6Q8YkZl91bmpmYDnli6K0YucRctrOBaWsHav4EF5sV5CCp59XDNALcudsWBSqC0RcFwALtKJg_Pn3W8JPk5VSWKZpl3zwGXwvcUk/s1600/2RetrieveAsset.aspx.jpeg" style="height: 110px; width: 165px;" /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
<span><span><span> Maria
Seidenberger took these photos from the second floor window of her
family's home whilst her mother stood outside and gave potatoes to the
prisoners. Karel Kasak is shown standing with his back to the camera in
the first photo, wearing a white shirt. According to Kasak's diary the
prisoners were coming from Nuremberg. Maria Seidenberger is the second
child of Georg and Katharina Seidenberger. In 1943 she made the
acquaintance of Karel Kasak, a Czech prisoner who was assigned to take
photographs of flowers in the gardens right outside the main entrance to
Dachau. He took advantage of his position to also photograph other
prisoners and needed a safe place to hide his photos. Having learned
that Maria worked in a photo lab, he asked if she would hide his
clandestine photos. She also secretly stored Dachau prisoner photos and
letters in her family's beehive and mailed them to the prisoner's
relatives back in Czechoslovakia. She even hid the personal
papers and human remains (a heart and death mask) of Masryk's personal
archivist, Jaroslav Simsov, who died of typhus in Dachau. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYQAM4Zdcy4DXNLmfMKHo3mBL4mL4SaD92vo6v4GmNXogaFA5Ffs74cscbXvYdDz_nR0aMsLDj-nC6hs2_xA6Tne7Sfoj3aSrFpaz2vTnBGnEpAncpmsQ7oyFGyqO0agMSDkakDi42Voc/s1600/3RetrieveAsset.aspx.jpeg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYQAM4Zdcy4DXNLmfMKHo3mBL4mL4SaD92vo6v4GmNXogaFA5Ffs74cscbXvYdDz_nR0aMsLDj-nC6hs2_xA6Tne7Sfoj3aSrFpaz2vTnBGnEpAncpmsQ7oyFGyqO0agMSDkakDi42Voc/s1600/3RetrieveAsset.aspx.jpeg" style="height: 110px; width: 163px;" title="" /><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS79LOr3Gauyhp-MYsnCXAzQQPW__jpXHZPr6hvSwFN05BzZVQN_WpbweCEV-2-HTBZDVgHOc8AOPXcdGj2c25AIrCPobmYDnfZ2xj3WXsr5UYry-YNGg-doNu-yCYiZUY2OhnGDvf9BQ/s1600/1RetrieveAsset.aspx.jpeg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS79LOr3Gauyhp-MYsnCXAzQQPW__jpXHZPr6hvSwFN05BzZVQN_WpbweCEV-2-HTBZDVgHOc8AOPXcdGj2c25AIrCPobmYDnfZ2xj3WXsr5UYry-YNGg-doNu-yCYiZUY2OhnGDvf9BQ/s1600/1RetrieveAsset.aspx.jpeg" style="height: 110px; width: 158px;" title="" /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Maria explained how she and her mother heard the constant noise of the gun firing in her house during the day and stood frozen over the kitchen sink sobbing, knowing that each bullet meant the death of a person. On a Sunday Maria and Kasak, searched for the site where the Soviet PoWs were buried and found the mass grave. Maria went to the mass grave site to establish that mass murder had indeed happened and photographed the site. She gave her negatives to the Czech prisoner, Karel Kasak. During the final weeks of the war, Maria photographed the death march from Buchenwald to Dachau from inside her home in Hebertshausen. One photograph shows her mother distributing potatoes to the prisoners. After the war, Maria accompanied Kasak back to Czechoslovakia before returning to Hebertshausen in 1959. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg4RkzZhfwQ_JMeGi43d4yqXysZ5Auf2mr7rOy6aIjTBDUkKmbielOwp_cm2otFnoR2qvUCKMKXyM-c8KtiE9JWAk7zUQ-e_MmQD4JiAtZtXr-R6I3BjBX6hrVEo1_b3mSS4Ojy5b4PVhZe2NPuSSiPeZx33OnFBuVHFw-X9oOS8-3FbPq9Fjl1zf5LWg=s374" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hebertshausen shooting range" border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="374" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg4RkzZhfwQ_JMeGi43d4yqXysZ5Auf2mr7rOy6aIjTBDUkKmbielOwp_cm2otFnoR2qvUCKMKXyM-c8KtiE9JWAk7zUQ-e_MmQD4JiAtZtXr-R6I3BjBX6hrVEo1_b3mSS4Ojy5b4PVhZe2NPuSSiPeZx33OnFBuVHFw-X9oOS8-3FbPq9Fjl1zf5LWg=w400-h233" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The route to the execution site just after liberation and today.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> After the war, the firing range initially continued to function; the American Army was still doing target practice here in the 1950s before the site became overgrown. When I took students here, one who actually lived in Hebertshausen told me she hadn't even known of the site's existence. In 1964, on the initiative of the Dachau camp community, a first memorial was erected in memory of the Soviet prisoners of war murdered here. It was not until 1998 that the site was declared part of the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial. An archaeological investigation was conducted and the remains of the complex are uncovered. Since 2014 there has been an outdoor exhibition as well as several memorial signs, also using the names of those murdered here although only about a thousand are known so far. Since then, a memorial service has been held here every year on June 22nd. Like many former Nazi sites remaining, the building on the site is used as an homeless shelter. </span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHo-bBix_kRCaIC1HUy2ZM0IxSrgg3121bOfu8Bait4Zrv77HytpN29hqqOaRgGbyC7-AHawaGfkn3NKsNiir5J-20mMbZJ8VlgCwBR_6yt7XE27n0cQ2uf6oUgFXyen34uvCaf50EWnGpQ2MGHwS7HnEG_X42LK8eeLlcSlP_JVBxNvhOieEG3V4Tw/s455/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(91).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="228" data-original-width="455" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHo-bBix_kRCaIC1HUy2ZM0IxSrgg3121bOfu8Bait4Zrv77HytpN29hqqOaRgGbyC7-AHawaGfkn3NKsNiir5J-20mMbZJ8VlgCwBR_6yt7XE27n0cQ2uf6oUgFXyen34uvCaf50EWnGpQ2MGHwS7HnEG_X42LK8eeLlcSlP_JVBxNvhOieEG3V4Tw/w429-h244/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(91).gif" width="429" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>The site vandalised soon after the opening of its outdoor exhibit after the site's signposts, information boards and even the monument itself had been spray-painted with bright pink lettering. Whilst the Dachau police described it as resulting in "massive damage," even though the lettering was illegible they excluded a political motive. They eventually identified a 24 year old Dachau woman as the culprit who is said to have sprayed swastikas and graffiti with Nazi symbols on the bicycle parking garage at Dachau train station, on manhole covers and power distribution boxes in Dachau, Hebertshausen and Karlsfeld, resulting in material damage estimated at around 4,000 euros. Despite admitting everything and evidence found at her apartment including spray cans, the police won't identify her.</span></span></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgi9XUz_o5RXzl3wECppoab6k-mg-cyqoVETjcqI3ZgLBLPeBgcRNVxVgBalyvjsS6R5GEQMYk1WP1I4s4IHfZC0PvlHg477FvFgLjm68TG2AvNYG1hQ2L8GrwBkUQ873w_C-9T0GvnlLyXBYAPBcyekR_F_hJgpZDV6dzMPbZJapRExtiw1SwJx57dcw=s369" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="schloß Deutenhofen Hebertshausen" border="0" data-original-height="222" data-original-width="369" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgi9XUz_o5RXzl3wECppoab6k-mg-cyqoVETjcqI3ZgLBLPeBgcRNVxVgBalyvjsS6R5GEQMYk1WP1I4s4IHfZC0PvlHg477FvFgLjm68TG2AvNYG1hQ2L8GrwBkUQ873w_C-9T0GvnlLyXBYAPBcyekR_F_hJgpZDV6dzMPbZJapRExtiw1SwJx57dcw=w400-h241" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Also in Hebertshausen is schloß Deutenhofen which served as a </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> <a href="https://www.zvab.com/buch-suchen/textsuche/hilfswerk-mutter-und-kind/erstausgabe/">Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt (NSV)</a></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.zvab.com/buch-suchen/textsuche/hilfswerk-mutter-und-kind/erstausgabe/"> Müttererholungsheim </a>(</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">maternity home), shown here in 1941 from a postcard. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The NSV was a social welfare organisation in Nazi Germany. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In such places mothers with their children were accommodated here, and prepared for their task as housewife and mother. The mothers were relieved of the care of their infants and toddlers by sisters. The "Aryan" women were accompanied throughout the pregnancy as well as after the birth of the child. The women, from 20-30 years of age, would prepare the food for the children in the in-house kitchen. These centres would organise festivals, raffles for the Winterhilfswerk, and hold compulsory meetings. Training sessions on public health and propaganda were regularly on the agenda. In the sense of Nazi ideology, the birth rate was to be increased. In a philosophical sense, above all, were the advertising evenings, which had the purpose of "guiding" women to the leader. It was suggested to the women that they had to serve the people and that they should bear sons for the wars to come. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
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<div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/1991/11/dachau-town.html" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler Dachau then and now" height="100" id="Image213_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEglnftlI9ciwGpUkxgnRnyNzZsVbu15M6UHq1N8wxEY720YDBvQEzumPMT132M6BpeOjopGKAH4UrBiStX8zI-Bhfd6IOiYp6c_PyrSctB3zSkOe4XTbJ72XbCqUB0THobLRiUS7tPiWZMQXcO6ArSZKHM_zRexScjXbXWW8ZfHPpOJZ0bjD_YP2OmQhg=w203-h100" style="height: 100px; width: 170px;" width="203" /><br /></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><b><a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/1991/11/dachau-town.html">Click here for sites relating to Dachau Town and Leitenberg mass grave</a></b></span></span></span></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size: 0.5%;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 0.5%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: georgia;">Dachau concentration campNational Socialist concentration camp in Bavaria (1933–1945), with the main camp in the city of Dachau and 169 geographically widely distributed satellite campsCommunity-generated content on this topic is also availableautomatic translationContributeDachau concentration camp (Germany)Dachau concentration campDachau concentration camp in GermanyWatchtower B of the Dachau concentration camp, April 1945Propaganda photo: Dachau concentration camp, prisoners at roll call (June 28, 1938). Photo by Friedrich BauerPropaganda photo: Heinrich Himmler (2nd from left) and - next to him - Rudolf Heß (2nd from right) during a camp inspection in 1936Concentration camp prisoners doing forced labor in the camp (pushing Loren) (July 20, 1938)The Dachau concentration camp , full name Dachau concentration camp , official abbreviation KL Dachau , existed from March 22, 1933 until it was taken over by soldiers of the 7th US Army on April 29, 1945 ( liberation of the Dachau concentration camp ). The Nazi regime built it just a few weeks after Adolf Hitler came to power . It was the first concentration camp to be built as a permanent facility , [1] and one of the best known due to the publication of the conditions in the camp immediately after the liberation. [2] It operated continuously for twelve years, twice as long as many of the other concentration camps .The site is approximately 20 kilometers northwest of Munich. The camp initially served to imprison political opponents of National Socialism. Heinrich Himmler , police chief of Munich and Reichsführer SS from 1934 , had it built east of the city of Dachau on the site of a former ammunition factory. It was used - especially in its early years, when the NSDAP wanted to consolidate its power - to imprison and intimidate political dissidents.After the dismantling of the SA in 1934, which was accompanied by the propaganda lie of an impending “ Röhm Putsch ,” Himmler planned to expand the Dachau concentration camp. In 1937, construction work began on the new prisoner area, which was connected to the former ammunition factory. The organization and spatial structure later served as a template for new concentration camps in the Reich. The Nazi regime presented it as a “model camp” for propaganda purposes , for example using euphemistic photographs.Dachau was a training location for concentration camp guards and SS leaders, who were also deployed in extermination camps after the start of the Second World War . The Dachau concentration camp was not an extermination camp; However, no other concentration camp saw so many political murders .After Kristallnacht , the SS increasingly imprisoned Jews and other persecuted people. After the start of the Second World War, people from occupied areas of Europe were also imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp. It developed into the nucleus for new concentration camps and occupied several special positions: The camp was the first place in the German Reich where an SS camp commander was assigned sole jurisdiction and applicable law was successfully repealed. The SS created a “ state within a state ”. The imprisonment and murder of political opponents were beyond the reach of the justice system.Of the total of at least 200,000 prisoners, around 41,500 died, of which around 14,500 died between June 1944 and April 1945 in the Kaufering subcamp complex alone. [3] In addition, the SS often deported prisoners to other camps with harsher conditions or even to the extermination camps in the East.The Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial has been located on the site since 1965 and was visited by around 800,000 people annually in 2008. [4]Table of contentsOriginPropaganda shot: Release of prisoners as part of a “mercy action” at Christmas 1933On the night of the Reichstag fire on February 27, 1933, the National Socialists began imprisoning their political opponents. [5] Many members of the Reichstag , members of the state parliament , communists, social democrats, trade unionists, conservatives, liberals and monarchists were arrested.The prisoners were housed in different places with different responsibilities - Sturmabteilung (SA), SS, Interior Ministries, etc. The places are now referred to as “wild” or early concentration camps ; they were mostly improvised places of detention. Dachau was the only one of the early concentration camps that was not dissolved until the beginning of the Second World War : Heinrich Himmler had it systematically expanded and used it as a model for concentration camps built later.StoryPolitical terror 1933–1934SS guards at the end of May 1933Newspaper clipping from the Dolomites from May 22, 1933, p. 2, with the explicit mention of the Dachau concentration campThe Dachau camp was built three weeks after the Reichstag fire. On March 13, 1933, Himmler, who had been in office as acting police chief of Munich for a week , arranged for the establishment of a political concentration camp near Dachau and announced this to journalists from Bavarian newspapers a week later, on March 20, 1933, at a press conference at the Munich police headquarters . [6] [7] On March 22nd, around 150 prisoners from the Landsberg correctional facility , the Neudeck prison and the Stadelheim prison were brought to the site of the disused Dachau Royal Powder and Ammunition Factory . The communist Claus Bastian received prison number one . [8] In the first few days they were guarded by the Bavarian State Police . [9] From April 11th, the police and SS shared the guarding of the camp; the SS was used as auxiliary police. The next day the first murders were committed, of the prisoners Rudolf Benario , Ernst Goldmann and Arthur Kahn. [10] Numerous other deaths followed, for example Fritz Dressel , Wilhelm Aron , Sebastian Nefzger .In May, Hans Beimler ( KPD ) managed to escape; He had been a member of the Reichstag until his imprisonment. Shortly afterwards, he published the brochure In the Dachau Murder Camp abroad . [11] The first commandant was Hilmar Wäckerle ; he wrote the first provisional camp regulations in May on Himmler's instructions. It stated that jurisdiction over the camp lay solely with the commandant. He could even sentence prisoners to death if two SS guards he appointed agreed. Reasons for death penalty were e.g. E.g. “acts of violence against camp staff”, “collective refusal to obey” or incitement to do so. At the beginning of June, the SS took over sole guarding. At the end of June , Theodor Eicke became camp commandant. Eicke aimed to completely seal off the camp from outsiders. Even the fire department was not allowed to enter the area to check compliance with fire regulations. [12] Karl Wintersberger from the Munich public prosecutor's office was investigating the first three prisoner shootings in Dachau during this time. [13] When all proceedings were stopped after a few months, the Dachau concentration camp had become a lawless area. [10]Concentration camp prisoner postcard from August 1933For example, members of the state parliament such as Alois Hundhammer ( BVP ) or members of the Reichstag such as Ernst Heilmann and Friedrich Puchta (both SPD ) were imprisoned. The numerous examples of imprisoned politicians or activists had an intimidating effect on the public. The NSDAP had already achieved many things with the help of the political police and judiciary: weakened the influence of trade unions, banned or dissolved parties, brought states and municipalities into line , and abolished democratic conditions. Radio and film were controlled. By controlling or taking over all existing associations and restricting freedom of speech , ideological control was gained over communication among the people. Forming new opposition proved difficult. At that time, there were more than a hundred mostly small concentration camps in the Reich in which opposition members were held in “ protective custody ”. Hardly anyone kept track of who was imprisoned. It was at the discretion of ambitious local Nazis to arrest or release anyone. Frictions soon arose over questions of jurisdiction and power struggles. At that time, SA group leader Schmid was the special commissioner of the Supreme SA leadership in the government of Upper Bavaria. On July 1, 1933, he wrote an incendiary letter to the Bavarian Prime Minister Siebert :“The authority of the state is at risk from the all-round, unauthorized interference of political officials in the wheels of normal administration. Every NSBO man, NSBO local group leader, NSBO district leader (…) every political base leader, local group leader, political district leader issues orders that intervene in the lower command powers of the ministries, i.e. in the command powers of the district governments, district offices, down to the smallest gendarmerie station. Everyone arrests everyone (...), everyone threatens everyone with Dachau (...) Down to the smallest gendarmerie station, the best and most reliable officials have become insecure, which is bound to have devastating and state-destroying effects." [12]Prisoners eating (May 1933), propaganda photo by Friedrich BauerPropaganda photo: A group of around 50 prisoners being released at the camp gate (December 1933)On July 16, 1933, a propagandistic report about the camp appeared in the magazine Münchner Illustrierte Presse with the subtitle Early Appeal in the Education Camp . The cover picture showed prisoners dressed neatly and cleanly (see Fig. [14] ). Since July, a priest from the Dachau community appeared regularly and held a service on Sundays; An average of 20 people took part. At this time the prisoners still wore their own clothes. Camp meals on weekdays consisted, for example, of substitute coffee, bread, and stew; On Sundays, for example, there was soup and a piece of roast pork with potato salad. The prisoners received up to 30 RM per month from their own or sent money , which they could use to buy bread, butter, sausage or fruit in the canteen at higher prices. A camp library was built in the fall; It contained, among other things, books by Karl May and Hitler's Mein Kampf . [15] By publicizing these initial living conditions, the SS combated the so-called atrocity propaganda from abroad ; The living conditions in the camp also changed within the twelve years.On October 1, 1933, Eicke presented the second camp regulations , which were much stricter than the previous ones. He also introduced mandatory guard duty where blank shots were prohibited and live fire should be carried out immediately. The Dachau camp became a “state within a state”: a place isolated from the outside world with its own laws and the threat of death. A ban on dismissals was ordered on October 20, 1933 and lasted two months. In November 1933, camp inmates were able to take part in the Reichstag election . During a Christmas amnesty , 400 prisoners were released on December 9th, which was a low number compared to the average due to the previous release ban. Another amnesty took place on the anniversary of the National Socialist takeover of power in Bavaria. [10]The Dachau camp was planned from the start with a capacity of 5,000 people, which made clear the extent of the planned political persecution; a method that was later transferred to other groups and radicalized. In 1933, 4,821 people were imprisoned, about half were released, so that 2,425 were still imprisoned at the end of the year. [5] The released prisoners reported about the concentration camp. The camp slowly developed into a concept that spread terror among the population and prevented many dissidents from making public statements. [9] Long before the outbreak of war, the saying came up: “Dear God, make me dumb so that I don’t come to Dachau!”Closure of 48 concentration campsBy January 1934, SS leader Himmler had managed to increase his influence. He was commander of the political police in almost all German states. At that time , SA leader Ernst Röhm was considered the second most powerful man in the state. The SA controlled many of the early concentration camps. Above all, Göring and Frick wanted to end the power and arbitrary rule of the SA and its subsidiary organization, the SS. “Protective custody” should be restricted and the “wild” concentration camps should be dismantled. 34 concentration camps were cleared - partly through armed police operations - by October 1933; the prisoners were transferred or released. By May 9, 1934, another 14 “wild” camps were closed. For the time being, only a few camps remained in the German Empire ; Dachau was one of these few.Disempowerment of the SASS troopHimmler's SS, which was in competition with the SA, achieved the murder of Röhm and the disempowerment of the SA by the end of June 1934. In order to be able to show an official reason and not to antagonize the people, Hitler had the SA chief Röhm ( Röhm Putsch ) spread the rumor of an allegedly impending putsch . In the Dachau camp, the prisoners were able to observe preparations for the executions as early as June 29th: a large part of the SS left the camp and a unit of the Reichswehr took their place . The SS troops returned and executed 17 [16] people in the camp on July 1st and 2nd: members of the huge SA party army as well as opponents of the regime who had nothing to do with the SA: For example, Fritz Gerlich , Bernhard Stempfle , Gustav von Kahr , who as General State Commissioner put down the Hitler putsch in 1923, as well as five prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp who had sat in the bunker. [17] The camp commandant Eicke, a former SA member, shot Röhm in the nearby Stadelheim prison . Six days later, Himmler appointed him inspector of all concentration camps ( IKL ). His successor as commander from December 10th was Heinrich Deubel .After the SA was removed from power, Göring later managed to become the second man in the state by accumulating offices. Himmler was given the opportunity to separate his SS from the SA and build it up as a large organization. Those early, “wild” SA concentration camps were already feared by the people. Gradually, the government began to set up “systematic” camps in which order supposedly prevailed and which were presented, among other things, as “education camps”. The SS, which initially only controlled the Dachau camp and was still subordinate to the SA, was able to build new concentration camps in the following years, such as Sachsenhausen (1936), Neuengamme (1938), Mauthausen (1938) and Auschwitz (1940).1935Starting around 1935, the government began increasingly deporting people who had been released from prison. [9] In addition to these prisoners, a few Sinti and Roma , Jews , Jehovah's Witnesses and homosexuals were imprisoned; these did not arrive in larger numbers until 1936. In September, the Nuremberg Racial Laws created a legal basis for the persecution and imprisonment of Jewish citizens.Transition period 1936–1938Propaganda photo: Himmler visits the Dachau concentration camp, 1936.The years 1936 to 1938 represented a transitional period. The first blow of political terror slowly subsided. The regime had consolidated and was now preparing for war. It had successfully found an “instrument of terror” in the concentration camps. A second phase of incarceration began in the camp after the start of World War II and intensified in 1942 and 1943. [18]1936Propaganda photo and propaganda campaign: BDM leaders visiting the camp (1936)Propaganda photo: construction work (1936)In March 1936, camp inmates were allowed to take part in the Reichstag election again . [19] Hans Loritz was promoted to camp commandant on April 1st. While the prisoner clothing previously indicated the reason for imprisonment using colored dots and stripes, a new identification system for prisoner groups was introduced under Loritz, as was the striped prisoner clothing .The 1936 Winter Olympics took place not far from Munich in February and the Summer Games in Berlin in August. The regime presented the Olympics as a festival of the peoples ; they became a major propaganda success for the “Third Reich”. In 1936, in connection with the large number of tourists expected to attend the Olympic Games, the Bavarian Political Police issued guidelines on the imposition of “protective custody” for “ public pests ”. Affected were so-called “beggars, tramps, gypsies, work-shy people, idlers, prostitutes, habitual drinkers, bullies, traffic offenders, troublemakers, psychopaths, mentally ill people”. Frick issued the circular to combat the “Gypsy plague” in 1936. [20]In Switzerland, Julius Zerfaß published the book Dachau - A Chronicle under the protective pseudonym Walter Hornung.The local press in Munich reported several times about the concentration camp until the start of the war, mostly with a derisive tone about political inmates and with warnings about the “dangerous Bolsheviks ” (see World Bolshevism ). At the end of the year, the Illustrierte Observer published a propaganda report about the Dachau camp.1937At the beginning of the year, construction work began on the larger, planned new prison area . New barracks were built. The new site measured 583 by 278 meters and was partially adjacent to the old camp, the former ammunition factory. A roll call area, wooden barracks, a bunker with 136 cells for solitary confinement, a farm building with a kitchen and other buildings were built. The new prisoner accommodation corresponded to the status of imperial barracks at the time. On the east side of the camp, the soil was cultivated to create a medicinal herb plantation (project of the German Research Institute for Nutrition and Catering ). The site was rebuilt and expanded by 1938. In 1937, 38 [5] people died in the camp.1938Propaganda photo: After the November pogrom, a column of Jews is taken to the concentration camp for so-called protective custody, Baden-Baden, November 1938.On April 1, 1938, three weeks after the annexation of Austria , the first 151 Austrians came to Dachau on the so-called celebrity transport . They were primarily media-effective opponents of various political directions. The Dachaulied was also written in the same year . In June, another wave of arrests took place with the “Workshy Reich” campaign , which affected people with “ anti-social ” behavior. [21] Foreign journalists and representatives of international humanitarian organizations were invited to visit the camp as early as 1933. On August 19, Guillaume Favre, a member of the International Committee of the Red Cross , wrote in a letter to Himmler: “Therefore, I would just like to emphasize here that everything I saw and heard, as well as in relation to the living conditions "The material and hygienic facilities of the camp, as well as the treatment, nutrition and work of the prisoners, left me a very favorable impression." [22] The first Sudeten German prisoners arrived in October . Anti -Semitism had increased sharply, and in the course of Kristallnacht , 10,911 [10] Jews, including 3,700 from Vienna , were brought to the camp.In a telex sent on the night of the pogrom, SS group leader Reinhard Heydrich instructed the StaPo to “arrest as many Jews in all districts – especially wealthy ones – as can be accommodated in the existing detention rooms.” [23]Decaying greenhouse in the former Dachau herb gardenThese Jewish prisoners were gradually released until May 1939. Threats were used to put pressure on them and their families to immediately emigrate and Aryanize their assets . [24] In several cases, individual National Socialists succeeded in extorting houses, businesses or assets from the so-called “ Action Jews ” at far below their value. At Christmas, several prisoners were publicly whipped in the roll call area next to the Christmas tree.From May 1938 to 1942, concentration camp prisoners built a “ herb garden ” directly next to the concentration camp on behalf of the German Research Institute for Nutrition and Catering as a research facility for the use of plant-based active ingredients and organic-dynamic farming .1939Prisoner postcards were checked and censored by the SS for their content .On the night of January 24th, the painter Louis Übrig managed to escape. As a blanket punishment, the SS ordered the entire camp staff to stand in the freezing cold of the night, which resulted in deaths. [10]On January 25, 1939, a letter from the Berlin Foreign Office described the goal [25] of Germany's “Jewish policy” and pointed out in detail the ways and means of emigration and the whereabouts of property. On the anniversary of the annexation of Austria, some Austrian prisoners were given amnesty. A month later, a “jubilant amnesty” took place on Hitler’s 50th birthday . In the second half of 1939, the inmates of the Jewish block were punished with isolation several times.Catholic “Fear of Christ Chapel” [26]Russian Orthodox Church “Resurrection of Our Lord” [27]“Skeletons in Barbed Wire” monument by the Yugoslavian sculptor Nandor Glid, a Jew who lost most of his relatives in the Auschwitz concentration camp . [28]Jewish memorial [29]War begins in September 1939Propaganda photo: SS guards and prisoners, June 1938After the start of the Second World War, the SS filled the camp with prisoners from occupied countries. Originally, the concentration camps were places of harassment and deterrence for influential opponents of the regime. Now the arms industry was increasingly dependent on the cheap labor of prisoners to wage war (see graph on unemployment [30] ). Inmates were used in SS-owned companies, for example the German Earth and Stone Works ( DEST ) or the German Equipment Works ( DAW ), as well as in quarries, brickworks, gravel pits and various other professional sectors and companies. They were allocated by the government and used in the company cost-effectively and profitably. Prisoners were also used to build the Reichsautobahn . For local reasons, satellite camps and flexible work teams became necessary.Between September 27, 1939 and February 18, 1940, the prisoners were transferred to other camps. Meanwhile, 7,000 members of the SS Totenkopf units were trained in Dachau . The prisoners were relocated: 2,138 to Buchenwald , 1,600 to Mauthausen , 981 to Flossenbürg . Only a work detail of around 100 prisoners remained in the camp. [10]1940Camp fence and watchtower (photo from 1991, memorial)At New Year's Day 1940, the SS armaments company, the German Equipment Works (DAW) , took control of the concentration camp's workshops such as metalworking, carpentry and saddlery. At the end of April and beginning of May, transports with Polish prisoners from the Krakow special operation arrived . The film The Great Dictator , a satire on Hitler and National Socialism that dealt with the forced camps, was released abroad this year . Towards the end of the year, the priests and pastors from all the concentration camps began to be brought together in Dachau; [31] the prisoner barracks there were called the pastor's block . While extermination camps such as Chelmno , Auschwitz-Birkenau , Belzec , Sobibor , Treblinka and Majdanek emerged in the occupied territories of Poland, the use of violence also increased in the Dachau concentration camp. [32]1941In January 1941, on Himmler's orders, an improvised chapel was set up for the clergy in Block 26. From January 22nd onwards, the clergy were allowed to celebrate services there every day, under the supervision of an SS man. From April 11, all clergy received better food rations, financed by the Vatican . The privileged status of prisoners led to physical resentment from other prisoners and SS men; it was reversed in September. [33] This year, a prisoner music group was formed under Egon Zill , which had to play music on certain occasions. At the beginning of 1941, an experimental station was set up in the hospital ward in which 114 registered tuberculosis patients were treated homeopathically . The head doctor was von Weyherns. In February he tested biochemical agents on prisoners. From June 1st, a special camp registry office (Dachau II) was set up to register deaths . By then, according to the registry office of the city of Dachau, the number of deaths was 3,486 [34] people.From October 1941, thousands of Soviet prisoners of war were deported to the camp. The SS shot a total of more than 4,000 Soviet prisoners of war in the courtyard of the bunker and later at the SS training shooting range in Hebertshausen . [35]1942Pick-up bus from the Hartheim Nazi killing center at Hartheim Castle: The “invalids” were led to believe that they were going to a sanatorium to recoverThe Wannsee Conference took place on January 20th, at which the Holocaust was coordinated. On January 2nd, the first transport, called “ Invalidentransport ” in Nazi cover language , started to the Nazi killing center in Hartheim . There the Dachau prisoners were killed by gas as part of Action 14f13 . Within a year, the SS brought undesirable concentration camp prisoners there in 32 transports [10] who were labeled mentally ill or unfit for work, a total of around 3,000 prisoners. These killings in Hartheim Castle took place as part of the Nazi murders .On February 22nd, the negative pressure test series began in the concentration camp, in which the aviation physicians Georg Weltz , Siegfried Ruff , Hans-Wolfgang Romberg and the SS-Hauptsturmführer Sigmund Rascher were involved. [36] The doctors were commissioned to determine people's ability to react and survive at high altitudes, during rapid ascents (at heights of up to 20 kilometers and more) and when suddenly falling from great heights. A Luftwaffe negative pressure chamber was delivered and set up between Block 5 and the adjacent barracks. [37] The series of experiments ended in the second half of May and cost the lives of 70 to 80 [10] of around 200 prisoners.On February 23, 1942, Claus Schilling began his first experiments to research drugs against the tropical disease malaria . 1100 [10] prisoners were infected and used as test subjects. Ten deaths were clearly proven in the Dachau trials . Schilling carried out these experiments until April 5, 1945. [10] While the medical experiments on pressure effects were intended to benefit pilots, this research was aimed at Wehrmacht soldiers deployed in the African campaign .In the first years of the war, the infirmary consisted of six barracks; the Kapo in the infirmary was Josef Heiden . A biochemical experimental station was set up in Block I in June. The director was Heinrich Schütz . The phlegmon (inflammation) test series began , carried out in Block 1, Room 3. By the time it was completed in the spring of 1943, this had cost the lives of at least 17 [10] prisoners.On August 15, hypothermia attempts began under the direction of doctors Holzlöhner , Finke and Rascher. Their purpose was to be able to better help pilots who got into distress at sea. The experiments officially ended in October 1942. Rascher extended the series of experiments on his own initiative until May 1943. The number of test subjects was between 220 and 240 people, of which around 65 to 70 prisoners died.On September 1st , Martin Weiß became the new commander. He had been sharply instructed by Pohl [38] to pay better attention to maintaining the prison labor force. During his command, the punishment of hanging on poles was abolished, harassment, beatings and roll calls became less frequent, and prisoners were allowed to go to their barracks more often. Above all, the weight and number of food shipments were no longer restricted. More packages arrived, some prisoners were now very well looked after, and a lively barter trade arose. A differentiation developed among the prisoners. [39] Soviet prisoners were unable to have any contact with their homeland and were not sent any packages. Anyone who received enough packages could now also get prison functionaries accepted into a good work detail. [40]After Himmler's order of October 5, 1942 to make the concentration camps in Germany free of Jews , the SS deported all of Dachau's Jewish prisoners to the Auschwitz concentration camp. [41]At the end of November, typhus and typhus broke out. Typhus, transmitted by lice, became an epidemic. Posters with the title A Louse - Your Death were hung in the barracks.A film screening took place for the first time in Block 4 at Christmas, [42] a total of around eight more followed. Selected feature films and propaganda reports on German war successes were shown. The government wanted to use war propaganda to counteract the hopes of political opponents and resistance fighters in the camp. The situation in the Stalingrad pocket gave rise to suspicions that the war might not be won. A few weeks later, Goebbels publicly called for total war .1943Bunker (Dachau concentration camp)From January 1 to March 15, 1943, the entire camp was under quarantine because of a typhus epidemic. During this time, the prisoners lived in the prison area; SS men did not enter it. The prisoners were allowed to rest, occasionally they were allowed to make music and poems were also written. The camp library had expanded because books were now arriving in parcels. Cultural activities continued to a limited extent during the quarantine period. [43] At the same time, around 800 to 1000 inmates were executed for “sabotage” during these months. [44] On August 4th, 16 prisoners were beaten as a deterrent to the assembled camp inmates . Rascher and Schilling's series of experiments were also running. [45] In October , Eduard Weiter became the new and last commandant of the concentration camp.1944Death Notification (1944)In 1944, the first concentration camps in the East were evacuated due to the advancing front. Western camps were increasingly filling up with evacuated prisoners. On February 22nd, 31 Soviet officers were shot by the SS in the courtyard of the crematorium. [10]On May 11, a camp brothel was put into operation and six women from the Ravensbrück concentration camp arrived. It was related to Oswald Pohl's service regulations to reward and thus increase exceptional work performance among prisoners. It was dissolved again towards the end of the year. [5] On July 6th, the death transport from the Compiègne camp arrived in Dachau; out of 2,521 [10] prisoners, 984 [10] were already dead. [46]On the same day, prisoner Sepp Eberl managed to listen to the news about the Allies landing in Normandy on a radio in the SS rooms . [47] In the summer, Wilhelm Beiglböck attempted to use seawater as drinking water. [48] His test subjects were 44 [10] imprisoned Sinti . From autumn onwards, the camps were completely overcrowded: the rooms planned for 52 people now had to be shared by 300 to 500 people. On September 4th and 6th, a further 92 [10] Soviet officers were shot in the courtyard of the crematorium, publicly to deter the prisoners. [49] In November, another typhus epidemic broke out, brought into the camp by an evacuation transport. Death rates increased, from 403 in October to 997 in November and 1,915 in December. [50] On December 17, deacon Karl Leisner was secretly ordained a priest in the camp chapel by the French bishop Gabriel Piguet .In September 1944, the Dachau Mass was composed by the church musician and composer Father Gregor Schwake as a prisoner in the Dachau concentration camp.1945Prisoner clothing, April 30, 1945From the beginning of the year until April, evacuation transports arrived from camps that had already been evacuated. In order to be able to continue using their labor, the prisoners were sent on long and costly transports to the west of the empire. Camp personnel also arrived, such as the later acquitted SS doctor Hans Münch in January 1945 . The overcrowding of the camp accelerated the typhus epidemic: the mortality rate was 2,903 deaths in January and increased in the following months. The crematorium was taken out of operation, from February 12th the deceased were buried in mass graves on the Leitenberg, and from 1949 the Dachau-Leitenberg concentration camp cemetery was built there. [51] A number of doctors and nurses also succumbed to the epidemic. Father Engelmar Unzeitig died of typhus during this time. Towards the end of March, hundreds of German clergy were dismissed; 170 [10] remained imprisoned.On April 4, Danish and Norwegian inmates were handed over to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) as part of the White Bus rescue operation . The prisoners Georg Elser and Charles Delestraint were shot on April 9th and 19th, respectively. At the beginning of April, the SS began burning papers and documents. In mid-April, the SS suspended Johan Meansarian and Albert Wernicke. She put the two prison functionaries, who were feared by the prisoners, in the bunker. [5] On April 14th, Himmler sent a radio message to the commandant's office in Dachau and Flossenbürg . He ordered a total evacuation, [10] which was later reduced to the removal of Germans, Soviet citizens, Poles and Jews. This marked the beginning of the evacuation and death marches . On April 17th and 24th, some prisoners, including Niemöller , Piquet and Schuschnigg , were transported towards Tyrol.On April 23, the work detail stopped leaving the camp for the first time. Another evacuation transport with 1,700 Jewish prisoners arrived on the Reichsbahn via Emmering-Munich- Wolfratshausen -Mittenwald on April 28th to Seefeld in Tyrol . The railway line was interrupted in Reith, so the prisoners had to march further into the Inn Valley on foot. In Mösern, the SS guards received the order from Gauleiter Franz Hofer to turn back, so that the next day the majority of the group was forced to return to Seefeld in order to be transported back to Mittenwald by train. Some prisoners did not survive the hardships. [52] Another transport with the Reichsbahn ran on April 25th from Emmering via Munich, Wolfratshausen and Kochel to Seeshaupt on Lake Starnberg. The 3,000 prisoners were freed on April 30th. The evacuation transport from April 26th via Emmering-Munich-Wolfratshausen-Penzberg-Staltach with 1,759 Jews was also freed on April 30th. On the same day, the Americans stopped a march of 6,887 [10] prisoners. It began on April 26th and led via Pasing, Wolfratshausen and Bad Tölz to Tegernsee. Many did not live to see liberation; they died of complete physical exhaustion or were murdered. 1000 more Russian prisoners were saved from the march by the camp committee through sabotage. [53] On April 27, 2,000 prisoners were sent on a transport from Emmering on the Reichsbahn; From Wolfratshausen the prisoners had to march on foot. At night the train arrived with prisoners from Buchenwald , many of whom had starved to death.A day later, on April 28, German Major General Max Ulich, wanting to avoid unnecessary losses against the US forces , withdrew the 212th Volksgrenadier Division from the camp area. The Dachau Uprising also took place in the city on this day , led by former Dachau prisoners Walter Neff and Georg Scherer .Liberation in 1945Death train from Buchenwald (April 29, 1945)→ Main article : Liberation of the Dachau concentration campThe next day, April 29, 1945, the US Army marched in to liberate the main camp. She was completely unprepared for the death train from Buchenwald , which was standing next to the prisoner camp on the SS site and had around 2,300 corpses in its wagons. This shocking impression led to spontaneous vigilantism. The US soldiers executed SS men. The shootings, which were not necessary to liberate the camp - the men of the Waffen-SS had hardly offered any resistance - were later used as propaganda in right-wing extremist circles to offset them, and the event itself was spread as the so-called " Dachau massacre " .A day later the troops marched into Munich. Other nearby satellite camps were liberated; among the prisoners was, for example, Viktor Frankl , whose later book ... Still Saying Yes to Life about his experiences in the Dachau and Auschwitz camps achieved worldwide fame. Prisoner transports that were still in the Munich area were also released on April 30th.US administrationLiberated prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp greet US soldiersView of the camp barracks, a few days after the camp was liberated by the US ArmyInitially, Dachau was under quarantine due to a US order. Typhus and typhus were rampant on the site. The epidemic and the consequences of malnutrition during concentration camp imprisonment decimated the number of survivors by around 2,000 people. In the now liberated Dachau camp, between 100 and 300 dead had to be buried every day in May 1945. The formation of an international prisoners' committee ( CID ) was planned and announced. During the acute emergency, the camp area was temporarily used as accommodation for homeless and sick former prisoners. In July, U.S. military authorities established the Dachau internment camp on the site .Shortly after the liberation, Colonel William W. Quinn, then Assistant Chief of Staff of the military intelligence service G-2 Section of the 7th US Army, arrived at the camp. In view of the dramatic conditions and the enormous crimes, he decided to immediately form a larger investigative commission made up of employees from various military intelligence services who would create comprehensive documentation. After about one or two weeks [54] the 72-page report entitled Dachau was published , which soon reached the press. [55] It is considered one of the first publicly accessible studies of the German concentration camp complex. [56]Towards the end of 1945, the main Dachau trial took place as part of the Dachau Trials ; 36 of the 40 defendants were sentenced to death by hanging . In May 1946, 28 of the 36 death sentences in the Landsberg war crimes prison were carried out. In 121 follow-up proceedings, around 500 defendants had to answer before US military courts in the following years . The defendants were mostly SS members who had previously worked in the main camp and its satellite camps. The Dachau Trials, which concerned, among other things, the Holocaust , took place on the site until 1948 . The medical experiments on prisoners were also discussed in the Nuremberg medical trials and the Milch trial .Almost three and a half years after the liberation, the US military handed the site over to the Bavarian authorities in September 1948. As early as the winter of 1947/48, CSU state parliament member Hans Hagn submitted a proposal to the Bavarian state parliament to build a labor camp on the site of the concentration camp as a “site for the re-education of anti-social elements”. The motion was passed unanimously; At the same time, the Bavarian Federation of Trade Unions also called for “all anti-social elements to be sent to a work camp”. The implementation failed because a new vote in April 1948 voted in favor of using the concentration camp as a refugee camp . [57]In late post-war investigations, for example the 1960 trial of Karl Kapp , prison functionaries were also brought to trial.Spatial structureInteractive location map (more information → click on the desired location on the map). Modell, eingenordet (links: SS-Gelände, rechts: Häftlings-Gelände)Model, to the north(left: SS area, right: prisoner area) Lageplan – Überblick bis 1945, sowie KZ-Friedhöfe, eingenordetSite plan - overview up to 1945, as well as concentration camp cemeteries, arranged to the north Luftaufnahme 1941 Südwestausrichtung (für die Legende auf das Bild klicken)Aerial photo 1941 southwest orientation (click on the image for the legend) Luftaufnahme 2012 Südausrichtung (Ausschnitt)Aerial photo 2012 south orientation (detail)Gas chamber in the crematoriumThe early Dachau camp was still in the premises of the former factory in 1933. The newly built camp was built around 1937 and was divided into the following areas:Inmate compoundSS area (west of the prisoner area)Herb plantation (east of the prison compound)Hebertshausen shooting rangeLeitenberg cemeteryGrave complex in the forest cemeteryWith the start of the war, an increasing number of satellite camps were set up, most of which were located near armaments factories or important workplaces in the southern Reich.Inmate compound View from the roll call area onto Lagerstrasse and barracks, 2020Digging behind electric fenceThe first large section of the concentration camp was the prison camp, also euphemistically known as the protective custody camp . It was surrounded by an inner ditch, behind it an electrically charged barbed wire fence, a patrol path and finally a wall that also served as a privacy screen from the outside. As soon as anyone approached the fence, the SS personnel fired from guard towers without warning. At night the fence was illuminated. There were a total of 34 barracks in two rows, with camp street in the middle . The Jourhaus formed the entrance to the prisoner area . The living barracks were given the name “blocks” under Commander Loritz. Each apartment block had two washing facilities, two toilets and four “stuben”. Each room had a living room and a bedroom. 52 people were to be accommodated in each room, which meant 208 prisoners per apartment block. In the last years of the war, up to 1,600 [58] prisoners had to share an apartment block.Stone surround of a former barracksThe roll call took place at the beginning and end of the day on the roll call square. If someone was missing, a penalty call was held all night or for half a day. Seven watchtowers surrounded the area, each of which was usually manned by two SS guards with two machine guns. The so-called infirmary initially consisted of two barracks, but was expanded in 1939. In the last years of the war it was 18 barracks in size. The “hospital” included a disinfection barracks and a mortuary chamber. There was a work barracks, another barrack formed the canteen , which was also used for propaganda purposes. The kitchen and also the infamous “bathroom” were located in the farm building . Behind it was the bunker , where camp arrests, camp punishments (for example increased solitary confinement) and shootings were carried out. Standing bunkers were added from autumn 1944 .In 1933, prisoners had to erect two Nazi monuments in the camp: From then on , prisoners passing by had to take off their caps in front of the Schlageter monument, as well as in front of the Wessel monument .Over the course of twelve years, various divisions of the apartment blocks were formed: The punishment blocks were surrounded by barbed wire: here were inmates who had been repeatedly imprisoned or who had been subjected to stricter imprisonment. Other blocks were: Interbrigadist Block , Jewish Block, Invalid Block , Celebrity Block and Pastor Block . From the beginning of the war there was a division according to nationalities (Polish bloc, Czech bloc, ...).SS compoundThe second large area of the camp was the SS area; it was a good twice as big as the prisoner area. Part of it was not officially a concentration camp because there was an SS training camp with barracks and training rooms here. [59] However, there were also workshops at the SS training camp in which prisoners had to work. There were also team barracks and officers' apartments, a bakery and the administration building in the area. Two crematorium buildings were added later.First crematoriumDouble muffle furnace of the first crematoriumForced laborers with tongs and a corpse in front of an incinerator (probably staged photo after the liberation of the concentration camp)For about seven years, the deceased were brought to a crematorium in Munich for cremation, which meant that the number of deaths beyond the camp boundaries could be known. In 1940 the SS built its own crematorium on its SS premises. It was a very small building with only one room and a so-called double muffle furnace, set a little apart and hidden by trees.A special prisoner commando, who were not allowed to have any contact with other prisoners, now had to carry out the cremations. Only prisoners from the “Crematorium Work Squad” were allowed to enter this area. Inside the SS camp the path branched off to the crematorium. It was therefore strictly separated from the prisoner area and had little visibility. This is also why the SS carried out executions by hanging and shooting at this place.Barracks X (second crematorium with gas chamber room)Barracks X, also called Block XTransport list of 555 prisoners to Auschwitz , referred to in Nazi cover language as the “invalid transport”.From May 1942 to April 1943 , the camp administration had a larger building built opposite the first crematorium, the so-called Baracke X. In addition to two entrance rooms, there were several mortuary rooms. The new crematorium room was equipped with four ovens that were used for cremation from April 1943 to February 1945 [5] . Afterwards, mass burials began at the Leitenberg cemetery. The building also contained four disinfection chambers for prisoners' clothing, which had been in operation since the summer of 1944. Another room had the inscription “Brausebad” above the entrance. The room was tiled in white, had a peephole and 15 simple dummy shower heads. There were two metal flaps on the outer wall, which would also have allowed Zyklon B to be poured in . US troops identified this room as a gas chamber on April 29, 1945 .There were no mass killings by gas in the camp, even at the end of the war. This is also reported by former prisoners: “When the fears that there would be mass killings did not come true after the completion [of the gas chamber], […]”. [60]It cannot be proven whether individual people or a small group died from Zyklon B or other gas - for example combat gas ; because many documents were destroyed before the end of the war. An indication of experiments with combat gas is provided by the surviving letter from SS doctor Rascher to Himmler dated August 9, 1942: “As you know, the same facility is being built in KL Dachau as in Linz. Since the transports of invalids end up in certain chambers [meaning gas chambers] anyway , I ask whether the effects of our various combat gases can not be tested in these chambers on the people who are designated anyway." Another indication is the statement of the prisoner Frantisek Blaha: " The gas chamber was completed in 1944; I was called to Rascher to examine the first victims. Of the eight to nine people who were in the chamber, three were still alive and the others appeared to be dead." [61]The historian Barbara Distel judges: “It is still not clear whether the combat gas testing proposed by Rascher was carried out, but according to the statements of former prisoners, such use cannot be ruled out.” [62]It is proven that there were no mass killings by gas in Dachau. [63] For murder by gas, the SS preferred to deport Dachau prisoners to the gas chamber in Hartheim or to Auschwitz.Concentration camp internal commandosThe concentration camp prisoners were used for forced labor not only in the concentration camp itself in 34 "internal commandos", but also in another type of "internal commandos" of very different sizes, from just a few to hundreds of prisoners, sent to different companies for daily work assignments for the respective shift , partly on foot, partly by train. After the shift, these prisoners from these 45 commandos returned to the Dachau concentration camp to spend the night. [64]See also : Section “Inner Command of the Dachau Concentration Camp” in the article “Subcamp of the Dachau Concentration Camp”Concentration camp subcamp→ Main article : Subcamp of the Dachau concentration campThe 169 satellite camps did not have a uniform appearance. [65] Many thousands of concentration camp prisoners were deployed in the Kaufering and Mühldorf concentration camp subcamp complexes or the large subcamps such as Allach or Lauingen , and only a few elsewhere. [32] Dachau was the most extensive camp system of the National Socialist regime. Forced labor in the concentration camp subcamps initially extended from construction work, such as in gravel pits, quarries and road construction (mostly for the SS-owned Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke group ) or in the infrastructure measures of the Todt organization , to agricultural work such as cultivation from moors. Manual work was also carried out, mostly in SS-owned craft workshops. From 1942 onwards, sub-camps were created to build huge underground complexes as part of the so-called U-relocation , with the aim of continuing arms production underground in order to protect them from air raids. Upon request, concentration camp prisoners were also used as workers, among other things. Loaned to BMW , Messerschmitt AG , Reichsbahn , Luftschiffbau Zeppelin , Dyckerhoff & Widmann , Agfa and various government agencies. Around 37,000 prisoners worked in the satellite camps at that time.Organizational structurePrisoner work and selectionPropaganda photo: prisoners doing forced labor (1938)According to propaganda, work was primarily a means of political education so that reformable prisoners could be accepted into National Socialist society. However, the SS made more and more profit from prisoner work. The cultivation of the surrounding moors was the initial task of prisoners, but this quickly changed. The establishment of artisanal workplaces - road construction, bricklayers, carpenters, locksmiths, tailors, shoemakers, saddlers, bakers, butchers - promised more profit or self-sufficiency . Just a few months after the camp opened in 1933, 300 prisoners were already working for the SS. Housing furnishings were made, clothes and shoes were made. The camp developed into the economic base of the SS. The Chamber of Crafts wrote a letter on November 28, 1933, expressing its fear that the camp represented untenable competition for other local craftsmen. The political police responded that production in the camp would definitely be be continued. Officially, the assets generated were part of state property, but in reality they benefited Himmler's SS by reducing dependence on the SA and the Reich Ministry of the Interior. Until 1940, the SS was able to use the full profits of prisoner labor. In numerous cases, forced labor resulted in humiliation, abuse and physical destruction, with prisoners being harassed or hunted to death. Later, v. a. in the large satellite camps, this number increased dramatically.Sick and physically weakened prisoners were moved to the invalids' block , from where they were transported to the killing sites.Training campPropaganda photo: Himmler in the SS area of the camp (1938)Since Dachau was the SS's first self-operated camp, the systematic expansion of the concentration camp system in the Reich took place from here. The training of SS personnel took place here, and numerous later concentration camp commanders were initially employed as guards in the Dachau concentration camp.On the adjacent site of the Dachau SS training camp , which was put into operation in 1935 and had a separate entrance, both the staff building and the guards' accommodation were housed in the form of the SS barracks. Furthermore, the SS-Unterführerschule Dachau was located on the site of the training camp , the staff of which was housed in the headquarters building of the SS-Totenkopfverband. The junior non-commissioned officers of the “Camp SS” were brought in and trained there. The General SS also had its own “leader school” there. The neighboring SS Administrative School Dachau served to train the administrative cadre until autumn 1942 and was then partially relocated to the then SS barracks in Arolsen due to the course of the war .In the Dachau training camp, Dachau's later guard personnel were brutalized by being trained strictly according to Eicke's specifications ("Dachau School") and the SS men were encouraged to actively use violence on "camp duty" against the local "enemies of the state" in the form of the prisoners to act brutally against them (“tolerance means weakness”). The recruits learned to use corporal punishment and torture on a daily basis during their deployment as concentration camp guards . With what they learned there, the guards were then deployed to other Nazi camps. [66]Medical experimentsNegative pressure test for the Luftwaffe, 1942Since the SS also trained doctors to carry out operations on injured soldiers during wartime, operations were carried out several times for training purposes in the infirmary. In addition, numerous Dachau SS doctors carried out various experiments on prisoners , for example the TB series of experiments, liver punctures, Sigmund Rascher carried out high-altitude and hypothermia experiments, and Claus Schilling infected prisoners with malaria. Hubertus Strughold , Sigmund Ruff and Rascher also carried out mescaline experiments on inmates for interrogation purposes. [67] The experiments were part of the so-called “aviation medical experiments”, in which prisoners were “experimentally” exposed to various extreme physiological stresses until their (precisely measured) death occurred. [68]Camp regulationsThe whipping box on which the corporal punishment was carried outIn almost all early camps, camp regulations emerged that were derived from the common regulations of police and judicial prisons. Things were completely different in the Dachau camp. Here, in the first camp regulations, Commander Wäckerle assigned full jurisdiction to the office of camp commandant, which gave him sole legal authority and was therefore the most far-reaching change. Six months later, the second version was tightened by Commander Eicke on October 1, 1933, and corporal punishment was added as a further innovation. The camp regulations became valid for all SS concentration camps from 1934. The hierarchy of SS personnel was determined by the IKL . The IKL later also provided uniform guidelines for the procedure of the so-called criminal proceedings in the SS concentration camps. In the guard's duty , Himmler had it written down that prisoners had to be shot immediately without being called out and without a warning blank shot. In the case of the numerous unnatural deaths, the attempted explanation was often that prisoners had been shot in an alleged attempt to escape.prison functionariesThe “divide and rule” method was used through graduated prisoner self-management in the camp. The SS appointed prisoners to oversee duties. As soon as they did not complete their task satisfactorily, they lost their status again. Then they had to fear reactions from other inmates. The SS forced prison functionaries to subject other prisoners to strict regulations, for example with regard to order and cleanliness in barracks and clothing. Minor offenses were severely punished. One of the most feared prison functionaries was Johan Meansarian; He was shot by US soldiers after the camp was liberated. [69] [70] Dachau was a political camp throughout its twelve years of existence. The positions occupied by prisoners remained in the hands of political prisoners; These had been imprisoned for the longest time since the beginning of the Nazi era .Warehouse terminologyThe SS used the abbreviation KL in internal correspondence; This abbreviation was also used in newspaper reports at the time. According to contemporary witness Eugen Kogon, the SS preferred to use the harsher and more threatening-sounding abbreviation “KZ” to the outside world. Since all concentration camps were under the control of the SS, the unusual abbreviation was memorized. [71]According to the official definition of the Nazi regime, only those that were under the command of the SS were considered concentration camps. [32] The SS ruled here arbitrarily and without legal restrictions. Other places of detention that were not under the jurisdiction of the SS were referred to in National Socialist terminology as labor education camps .propagandaHimmler and the NSDAP carried out calculated propaganda with the “ Dachau model camp ” in order to counteract the “atrocity propaganda from abroad” (→ Potemkin Village ). The SS later also carried out propaganda with the “model camp” Theresienstadt : prominent Jewish prisoners were forced to take part in propaganda films and then deported to extermination camps .The victimsPrisoner groupsidentification for prisoners; Training material for SS guards→ Main article : Identification system for prisoner groupsThe commander SS Oberführer Loritz systematized the identification of the prisoner groups . They were small triangles of fabric, called chevrons, that were sewn onto the prisoner's uniform. The main groups were distinguished by the color of the triangles.In addition, each prisoner had a number sewn onto their clothing. As for prisoner numbers, the first series ran from No. 1 to 37,575 from March 22, 1933 to March 31, 1940. The second series was No. 1 to 161,896, starting from April 1, 1940 to April 28, 1945.Prisoners→ Main article : Prisoners in the Dachau concentration campIn total, around 200,000 prisoners were imprisoned in Dachau, including numerous well-known personalities such as mayors, local politicians and members of the Reichstag from all parties. Many publishers of newspapers and magazines were on the prisoner list, as were well-known - and therefore influential - writers and aristocrats. Other high-profile professions were also affected: musicians, composers and lawyers. Another special position of the camp was that from the end of 1940, imprisoned clergy of various denominations from other camps were brought to Dachau and imprisoned in the pastor's block there .See also : Category:Prisoner in the Dachau concentration campFatalities→ Main article : Death figures from the Dachau concentration campGate in the Dachau concentration camp with the inscription Arbeit macht freiThe surviving documents from the registry offices and the special registry office in Bad Arolsen, which was set up after the end of the war , provide written evidence of 32,009 deaths. [72] However, it must be noted that the camp's registry office only documented deaths until April 20, 1945. The SS destroyed many files and did not document all deaths and murders. For example, the SS executed Soviet prisoners of war. Shortly before the liberation, there were numerous deaths during the prisoners' marches out of the camp, which were also not officially registered. Current historical research assumes around 41,500 deaths. [3]Guards and commanders→ Main article : Personnel in the Dachau concentration campResponsibilitiesThe SS Totenkopf units were responsible for guarding all later concentration camps. These specially created SS units were trained in the Dachau concentration camp (see also the article SS-Unterführerschule Dachau ). The SS personnel lived on the immediately adjacent SS compound. The SS-Totenkopf unit responsible for guarding the Dachau concentration camp was the SS-Totenkopf-Standarte I “Oberbayern” , from which the later Waffen-SS Division “Totenkopf” was set up in October 1939. After the reclassification, the SS standard in Dachau was renamed the SS Totenkopf recruit standard “Upper Bavaria”.Second in command, from the end of June 1933 to July 7, 1934, was Theodor Eicke . After his murder of the SA leader Röhm, he was promoted and became head of the SS Inspectorate of Concentration Camps (responsible for all concentration camps). He issued regulations that were implemented in practically all concentration camps. He was followed as commanders by Heinrich Deubel , Hans Loritz , Alex Piorkowski , Martin Weiß and Eduard Weiter (October 1, 1943 to April 26, 1945). After him, SS-Untersturmführer Heinrich Wicker (born 1921) [73] handed over the camp to the US troops on April 29th.Dachau trialsMain defendant in the Dachau main trial on November 15, 1945→ Main article : Dachau main trialThe US military used the former prisoner camp and the SS barracks to imprison NSDAP officials and members of the SS. A total of 489 trials were carried out in Dachau, the Dachau Trials being military trials.The first trial, the Dachau main trial (United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et al.) , was directed against parts of the Dachau concentration camp team and was carried out from November 15th to December 13th, 1945. So-called concentration camp doctors and Otto Schulz as a representative of the German Equipment Works (DAW, Exploitation of Slave Labor ) were also charged there. All 40 defendants were found guilty and 36 of them were sentenced to death; 28 were hanged in Landsberg prison in 1946 . The main Dachau trial was followed by 121 follow-up trials with around 500 defendants.However, numerous SS men managed to escape abroad via the Rat Lines .Memorials and memorial workMemorial stone and inscription “Never again”Death March from the Dachau Concentration Camp (bronze sculpture by the sculptor Hubertus von Pilgrim )→ Main article : Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial (with religious memorials and memorial) and Comité International de DachauIn 1963, Konrad Adenauer and Charles de Gaulle signed the Franco-German Friendship Treaty . The German federal government committed to preserving the gravesites of former prisoners.The Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial was built in 1965. With the exception of the various church-sponsored facilities on the site, the land and properties of the actual camp, some branch offices and extensive exhibition and archive holdings are sponsored by the Bavarian Memorials Foundation, which was set up in 2003 .After the war, the remaining buildings of the SS area were initially used by the US Army. In the 21st century it is used by the Bavarian riot police and is not open to the public.In 1996, January 27th was set as a national day of remembrance for the victims of National Socialism . Since 2005, January 27th has also been an international day of remembrance.On the night of September 15th to 16th, 2001, the entire length of the back and side walls of the two reconstructed prisoner barracks was daubed with numerous anti-Semitic, anti-Israel and anti-American slogans. The perpetrators, who are still unknown to this day, were probably at work quietly throughout the night, as there was no night-time security service on the site and there were no alarm systems. [74] [75] [76]On May 2, 2010, on the 65th anniversary of the liberation, a sitting German Federal President ( Horst Köhler ) took part in the commemoration ceremony at the Dachau concentration camp memorial for the first time. [77] On the 70th anniversary, German Chancellor Angela Merkel gave a speech on May 3, 2015.On the night of November 2, 2014, the original entrance door with the cynical inscription Arbeit Macht Frei was stolen by unknown perpetrators. Despite intensive search work, the thieves have not yet been identified, but the door was found in the Norwegian city of Bergen following an anonymous tip . [78] On February 22, 2017, the door returned to Dachau. It can be seen in the museum's permanent exhibition in an alarm-protected and air-conditioned display case. [79]medialiteratureWolfgang Benz , Angelika Königseder (eds.): The Dachau concentration camp. History and effects of National Socialist repression. Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-940938-10-7 , 460 pages.Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist concentration camps. Volume 2: Early camps, Dachau, Emsland camp. CH Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52962-3 .Comité International de Dachau - Barbara Distel: Dachau concentration camp 1933 to 1945. Dachau 2005, ISBN 3-87490-750-3 .Barbara Distel, Wolfgang Benz: The Dachau concentration camp 1933–1945. History and meaning. Published by the Bavarian State Center for Political Education , Munich 1994 ( km.bayern.de ( Memento from December 3, 2005 in the Internet Archive )).Barbara Distel, Wolfgang Benz: Dachau books . Studies and documents on the history of the National Socialist concentration camps. Website of the Dachau books.Barbara Distel (arr.): Dachau concentration camp. 1933 to 1945; Text and image documents for the exhibition. Catalog for the exhibition “Dachau Concentration Camp 1933 to 1945”; Redesign of the exhibitions at the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial. 4th edition. Munich 2005. ISBN 978-3-87490-750-7 .Johann Neuhäusler : What was it like in Dachau? An attempt to get closer to the truth . Board of Trustees for Atonement Dachau Concentration Camp 1960 (13th edition 1986)Hans-Günter Richardi : School of Violence. The beginnings of the Dachau concentration camp 1933–1934. Beck, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-406-09142-3 .Dirk Riedel : Dungeon in the Dachau concentration camp. The history of the three bunker buildings. Dachau 2002.Sabine Schalm: Surviving through work? External commands and subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp 1933 1945, Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-940938-45-9 .Sybille Steinbacher : Dachau - The city and the concentration camp during the Nazi era. Investigating a Neighborhood. Peter Lang, Frankfurt a. M. 1993, ISBN 3-631-46682-X .Nikolaus Wachsmann : KL: The history of the National Socialist concentration camps. Siedler Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-88680-827-4 .Stanislav Zámečník (ed. Comité International de Dachau): That was Dachau. Luxembourg 2002, ISBN 2-87996-948-4 .Detailed list of further literature on hagalil.comGraphic novelGuy-Pierre Gautier, Tiburce Oger: Survival in Dachau , Bahoe Books, Vienna 2020, ISBN 978-3-903290-20-4FilmsFeature films with a historical referenceThe ninth day . Feature film, Germany, 2004, directed by Volker Schlöndorff.documentariesDachau concentration camp. Documentary, Germany. The film can be viewed, among other things, in the cinema hall of the Dachau concentration camp.The priest block. Documentary, Germany, 2005, directed by Max Kronawitter. The film reports on the pastor's block (Dachau concentration camp) with interviews and individual scenes from the feature film The Ninth Day . [80]Hafner's paradise . Documentary, Germany, 2007, directed by Günter Schwaiger. The film describes the encounter between former prisoner Hans Landauer and former SS man Paul Hafner .The white raven. Documentary, 2009, about the former prisoner Max Mannheimer .Born in a concentration camp. Documentary, 2010. Story of two Jewish women who gave birth to children in the Kaufering subcamp during the last winter of the war.Photo archive of the Bavarian State LibraryStaged propaganda photos. Photographer: Heinrich Hoffmann , June 1933Prisoners build a swimming pool , view of the Dachau camp , guards , prisoners curling , curling 2 , curling 3 , curling 4 , prisoner on the ice , building the Wessel monumentSecret photography (photography ban), Dachau area, everyday war life in 1943.Everyday war life in 1943 , + , + , + , + , + , + , +Photos: Trial of SS guards, December 1945.Identification of concentration camp personnel , crematorium ovens with wreathsWeb linksCommons : Dachau concentration camp - collection of images, videos and audio filesDachau Concentration Camp MemorialDachau concentration camp – the first Nazi concentration camp – dossier on BR.deLink catalog on the topic of Dachau concentration camp at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )(Educational) material on the Dachau concentration camp (learning from history)Michael Backmund, Thies Marsen: “The German people forget too quickly ,” Neues Deutschland, April 18, 2020End of horror? The liberation of the Flossenbürg and Dachau concentration camps , documentary, Bavarian features sectionPlace of remembrance (website on the history of the Kaufering subcamp complex)Individual evidenceStanislav Zámečník : Early camps, Dachau, Emsland camp . In: Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . tape 2 . C. H. Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52962-3 , p. 233 f .Barbara Distel : Early camps, Dachau, Emsland camp . In: Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . tape 2 . C. H. Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52962-3 , p. 275 : “The catastrophic conditions […] were spread around the world through film footage […]. Over the following decades, the name Dachau became synonymous with a crime against humanity.” Numbers for the memorialmerkur.de : Visitor center at the concentration camp memorial shortly before completion. February 9, 2009. Source: Stanislav Zámečník: (ed. Comité International de Dachau): That was Dachau. Luxembourg 2002.Peter Longerich : Heinrich Himmler. Biography. Siedler, Munich 2008, p. 161.Dachau - Heinrich Himmler and the first concentration camp , September 1, 2015 WeltN24 , accessed September 25, 2016. Anna Andlauer: Claus Bastian - The prisoner with number 1. In: Hans-Günter Richardi (ed.): CVs - fates of people who were in the Dachau concentration camp. BoD - Books on Demand 2001, Dachauer Documents Vol. 2, ISBN 978-3-8311-2190-8 , p. 27 f. Barbara Diestel, Wolfgang Benz: Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung. Hrsg.: Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 17. April 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung (Memento vom 3. Dezember 2005 im Internet Archive) Barbara Diestel, Wolfgang Benz: Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung. Hrsg.: Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 17. April 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung (Memento vom 11. März 2007 im Internet Archive) Hans Beimler: Im Mörderlager Dachau. Vier Wochen in den Händen der braunen Banditen. Moskau 1933 mit zahlreichen Nachdrucken und Übersetzungen unter anderem in englischer, französischer, jiddischer, polnischer und dänischer Sprache. Eine 1980 im Militärverlag der DDR erschienene kommentierte Neuausgabe enthält auch eine Biografie Beimlers mit Beiträgen von Karl Horn, Karl Pioch und Arthur Dorf. Zdenek Zofka: Die Entstehung des NS-Repressionssystems. (Memento vom 5. Januar 2007 im Internet Archive) Staatsanwalt Karl Wintersberger. (PDF; 103 kB) Geschichte 2 (Memento vom 24. Dezember 2008 im Internet Archive) Münchner Illustrierte Presse. Bericht vom 16. Juli 1933 Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 54–58. Am 2. Juli entdeckte der Häftling Hans Deller 17 mit Chlorkalk überschüttete Leichen. Die Zahl der Toten lag vermutlich etwas höher, in dem Buch Die Toten von Dachau sind für diese Tage höhere Todesfälle angeführt. Vgl. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 70. Häftlinge hatten nachts eine Hinrichtung durch die Fenster der Baracken beobachtet; der Lagerverwalter hielt SS-Männer davon ab, in die Baracken zu stürmen und diese zu erschießen. Am nächsten Tag ordnete Eicke an, dass sie bei einer weiteren Hinrichtung durch den Drahtzaun zusehen mussten. Vgl. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 69. Vgl. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 90. Werbeplakat Reichstagswahl 29. März 1936 Vgl. auch Wolfgang Benz: Geschichte des Dritten Reiches. Beck, München 2000, ISBN 3-406-46765-2, S. 80–81. Am 16. Juli 1936 wurden unter der Propagandaparole „Berlin ohne Zigeuner“ rund 600 Sinti und Roma in Berlin verhaftet und in das dazu errichtete Gefangenenlager Berlin-Marzahn gesperrt, von den Nazis als Zigeunerrastplatz Marzahn bezeichnet. Von dort wurden später viele in die KZ deportiert. Vgl. Wolfgang Benz: Das Lager Marzahn. Zur nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung der Sinti und Roma und ihrer anhaltenden Diskriminierung. In: Helge Grabitz, Klaus Bästlein, Johannes Tuchel (Hrsg.): Die Normalität des Verbrechens. Bilanz und Perspektiven der Forschung zu den nationalsozialistischen Gewaltverbrechen. Berlin 1994, S. 260–279. Vgl. Wolfgang Ayaß: „Asoziale“ im Nationalsozialismus. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1995, S. 138–179. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. 2002, S. 98. Faksimile des Fernschreibens von Heydrich in der Pogromnacht 1938. NS-Archiv, Dokumente zum Nationalsozialismus, Stand: 6. Dezember 2008. Wolf-Arno Kropat: Kristallnacht in Hessen, Das Judenpogrom vom November 1938. Wiesbaden 1988, ISBN 3-921434-11-4, S. 167 ff. Schreiben des Auswärtigen Amtes Berlin 1939, Stand 9. Januar 2007. Die katholische Kapelle bildet einen aufgebrochenen Zylinder, der für den Architekten Josef Wiedemann ein Symbol für die Befreiung aus der Gefangenschaft durch Christus darstellen soll. Vor der Todesangst-Christi-Kapelle befindet sich noch eine Gedächtnisglocke, die täglich um 15:00 Uhr (nach biblischer Angabe die Todesstunde Jesu) läutet. Sie war das erste religiöses Mahnmal, das 1960 auf Initiative des ehemaligen Häftlings und späteren Münchner Weihbischofs Johannes Neuhäusler gebaut wurde. Ihre Weihe am 5. August 1960 im Rahmen des Eucharistischen Weltkongresses wurde zu einem wichtigen Signal für das Anliegen, am Ort des ehemaligen Konzentrationslagers eine Gedenkstätte zu errichten. Der Grundriss der aus Holzplanken errichteten russischen Kapelle ist ein Oktogon und steht auf einem Hügel, der teilweise aus Erde aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion aufgeschüttet wurde. Die Hauptikone im Inneren der 1995 eingeweihten Kapelle zeigt den auferstandenen Christus, der die Insassen des Lagers aus ihren Baracken durch das von Engeln geöffnete Tor herausführt. „Möge das Vorbild derer, die hier von 1933 bis 1945 wegen ihres Kampfes gegen den Nationalsozialismus ihr Leben ließen, die Lebenden vereinen zur Verteidigung des Friedens und der Freiheit und in Ehrfurcht vor der Würde des Menschen.“ Inschrift des Internationalen Mahnmals von Nandor Glid. Die jüdische Gedenkstätte rechts neben der Todesangst-Christi-Kapelle wurde am 7. Mai 1967 eingeweiht. Der Bau des Architekten Zvi Guttmann ist aus schwarzem Lavabasaltstein und führt wie auf einer Rampe in die Tiefe. Am tiefsten Punkt dringt jedoch Licht durch eine Öffnung in der Decke. Überragt wird der Bau von einer siebenarmigen Menorah aus Marmor, der aus Peki'in in Israel stammt. Der Ort Peki'in soll im Verlauf der Jahrhunderte immer wenigstens von einem Juden bewohnt gewesen sein, wodurch eine Kontinuität des Judentums symbolisiert wird. Im Inneren leuchtet das „Ner Tamid“, das Ewige Licht. Die Geländer greifen das Bild des im Konzentrationslager allgegenwärtigen Stacheldrahtes auf und gemeinsam mit der Rampe stellt das Gebäude auf einer symbolischen Ebene eine Erinnerung an die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden dar. Grafik Arbeitslosigkeit zwischen 1921 und 1939 (Memento vom 4. Februar 2007 im Internet Archive) „Hitler kam (…) in „Mein Kampf“ zu dem Schluss, dass (…) ein politischer Einfluss der Religion – in Hitlers Augen ein Missbrauch – nicht zugelassen werden dürfe“. Textauszug aus: Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 170. Vgl. Quelle: Hitler: Mein Kampf. 1939, S. 292–294. Barbara Diestel, Wolfgang Benz: Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung. Hrsg.: Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 17. April 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung (Memento vom 3. Dezember 2005 im Internet Archive) Zámečník, S. 174. Dachauer Archiv, DA-36125. Zahlenangabe der Gedenkstätte (Memento vom 24. September 2010 im Internet Archive) Erst Klee: Deutsche Medizin im Dritten Reich. Karrieren vor und nach 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt/M. 2001, ISBN 3-10-039310-4, S. 185. Versuche mit Unterdruck im Jahr 1942 (Memento vom 13. Februar 2009 im Internet Archive), Stand 9. Januar 2007. Laut Aussagen des Zeugen der Verteidigung H. Bickel (NOR 4, S. 5335–5359 G) und des Angeklagten Mummethey, leitender Geschäftsführer der DEST (NOR 4, S. 5588–5589 G). Zámečník: Das war Dachau. S. 257. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 256 ff. KZ Dachau. Deutsches Historisches Museum Kupfer-Koberwitz: Die Mächtigen. Band II, S. 177. Im Frühjahr führten die Häftlinge auf einer improvisierten Freilichtbühne ein selbstgeschriebenes Theaterstück auf, der Text war zensiert worden, es kam dennoch zu Anspielungen auf Hitler: Eine Person hieß Adolar, ein anderer Schausteller sprach den Namen dann absichtlich als Adol-f-ar aus. Ab Ende April gestattete Redwitz wöchentlich sonntags auf dem Appellplatz ein Fußballspiel. Am 29. August durften polnische Volkstänze aufgeführt werden. laut Aussage von Häftling Emil Mahr, Case Dachau, Exhibit 93, S. 1–2. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 259 ff. Nach französischen Quellen, von denen zum Beispiel auch Berben ausgeht, kam der Transport am 5. Juli mit 984 Toten an. – Die Quelle Dachauer Archiv DA-1042 nennt hingegen den 6. Juli mit 891 Toten. Auch so bei Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 346: er verwendet die niedrigere Zahl (6. Juli, 891 Tote). Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 323. Meerwasser-Versuche 1944 Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 348. Tabellen des ITS Arolsen. Zámečník, S. 399. Erinnerungsorte des Nationalsozialismus in Innsbruck und Seefeld. (Memento vom 14. Juli 2014 im Internet Archive) Institut für Zeitgeschichte der Universität Innsbruck 2004. History: Dachau: II. Dachau, concentration camp, OSS section, seventh army. Abgerufen am 13. Oktober 2014. Morris U. Schappes: The Editors Diary. In: Jewish Currents, Volume 47, 1993, S. 20 Michael Wiley Perry, US 7th Army: Dachau Liberated: The Official Report by U.S. Seventh Army Released Within Days of the Camp's Liberation by Elements of the 42nd and 45th Divisions, 2000, S. 2 John C. McManus: Hell Before Their Very Eyes: American Soldiers Liberate Concentration Camps in Germany, April 1945, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2015, ISBN 978-1-4214-1765-3, S. 138 Zit. n.: Benjamin Bauer: Arbeitszwang gegen „Asoziale“? Kontinuitäten des KZ Dachau in der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit. In: Wissen schafft Demokratie 7/2020 (Kontinuitäten), S. 158–169. Barbara Diestel, Wolfgang Benz: Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung. Hrsg.: Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 31. Dezember 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung (Memento vom 4. Dezember 2005 im Internet Archive) siehe farbige Umrandung (Memento vom 19. Juli 2011 im Internet Archive) Vgl. Zámečník: S. 298–300. IMT Nürnberg, Band 32 (Dokumentenband 8), ISBN 3-7735-2524-9, S. 62 = Dokument 3249 PS. Barbara Distel: Die Gaskammer in der „Baracke X“ des Konzentrationslagers Dachau. In: Günther Morsch, Bertrand Perz: Neue Studien zu nationalsozialistischen Massentötungen durch Giftgas. Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-940938-99-2, S. 339. Barbara Distel: Die Gaskammer in der „Baracke X“… S. 338/339. Sabine Schalm: Überleben durch Arbeit? Außenkommandos und Außenlager des KZ Dachau 1933–1945. In: Geschichte der Konzentrationslager 1933–1945. Band 10. Metropol, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-940938-45-9, S. 45–50 (zugleich Diss. an der TU Berlin 2008). Barbara Diestel, Wolfgang Benz: Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung. Hrsg.: Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 17. April 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Dachauer Außenkommandos (Memento vom 11. März 2007 im Internet Archive) Karin Orth: Wie SS-Männer zu Mördern gedrillt wurden. In: Spiegel Online. 12. März 2008. Torsten Passie: Meskalinforschung in Deutschland 1887–1950: Grundlagenforschung, Selbstversuche und Missbrauch. Abgerufen am 10. Juli 2021. Karl-Heinz Roth: Strukturen, Paradigmen und Mentalitäten in der luftfahrtmedizinischen Forschung des „Dritten Reichs“ 1933–1941: Der Weg ins Konzentrationslager Dachau. In: 1999. Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts 15 (2000), S. 49–77. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 158. Henryk Maria Malak: Shavelings in Death Camps: A Polish Priest’s Memoir of Imprisonment by the Nazis, 1939–1945, S. 363. Eugen Kogon: Der SS-Staat. Das System der deutschen Konzentrationslager. Alber, München 1946. nach Dachauer Archiv DA-36125. Zámečník, S. 398. Vgl. KZ Bruttig-Treis (Juni–September 1944) und Hessentaler Todesmarsch.Stanislav Zámečník (Hrsg. Comité International de Dachau): Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 390–396.H. W. – Geboren am 30. Juni 1921 in Gausbach bei Gernsheim (Baden)KZ-Gedenkstätte Sandhofen: Die SS-Führer Ahrens und Wicker. (Memento vom 19. Juli 2011 im Internet Archive) Anschlag: KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau mit antisemitischen Parolen beschmiert. In: FAZ.NET. ISSN 0174-4909 (faz.net [abgerufen am 26. August 2022]). Gregor Staltmaier: Von KZ-Schändern in Dachau fehlt noch jede Spur. In: DIE WELT. 17. September 2001 (welt.de [abgerufen am 26. August 2022]). KZ -Gedenkstätte Dachau geschändet. sub-bavaria.de. In: Aus Deutsch-Tschechische Nachrichten Nr. 33. Abgerufen am 26. August 2022. Gegen das Vergessen. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2. Mai 2010. Tor von KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau in Norwegen entdeckt. In: Berliner Zeitung, 3. Dezember 2016, S. 4. Gestohlenes Tor ist zurück in Dachau. Spiegel Online, 22. Februar 2017, abgerufen am gleichen Tage Beiheft: Der Priesterblock. (Memento vom 5. November 2014 im Internet Archive) (PDF) FWU – Schule und Unterricht; abgerufen am 5. November 2014.Liste der KZ-StammlagerDeutsches Reich: KZ Arbeitsdorf | KZ Bergen-Belsen | KZ Buchenwald | KZ Dachau | KZ Flossenbürg | KZ Groß-Rosen | SS-Sonderlager Hinzert | KZ Mittelbau-Dora | KZ Mauthausen | KZ Neuengamme | KZ Ravensbrück | KZ Sachsenhausen | KZ Niederhagen-Wewelsburg | KZ Stutthof | Polen: KZ Auschwitz I | KZ Auschwitz-Monowitz | KZ Majdanek | KZ Warschau | KZ Plaszow | Estland: KZ Vaivara | Litauen: KZ Kauen | Lettland: KZ Riga-Kaiserwald | Frankreich: KZ Natzweiler-Struthof | Niederlande: KZ Herzogenbusch169 Außenlager und -kommandos des KZ DachauAußenlagerkomplexeDeutschland Allach Hauptlager München-Allach (BMW) • Außenlager Karlsfeld (OT) • RothschwaigeAllgäu Außenlager Kempten • Kottern • Fischen • Blaichach • KaufbeurenBodensee Hauptlager Friedrichshafen • Außenlager Überlingen-Aufkirch • SaulgauKaufering/Landsberg Hauptlager Kaufering I – Landsberg • Außenlager Kaufering II – Igling • III – Kaufering • IV – Hurlach • V – Utting • VI – Türkheim • VII – Erpfting • VIII – Seestall • IX – Obermeitingen • X – Utting • XI – StadtwaldhofMühldorf Hauptlager Mühldorf-Mettenheim (M 1) • Außenlager Mühldorf-Ampfing Waldlager V/VI • Mühldorf-Mittergars • Mühldorf-Thalham • Außenkommando Mühldorf-ZangbergSchwaben Hauptlager Augsburg-Pfersee • Außenlager Gablingen • Horgau • BäumenheimDeutschland München Außenlager Agfa Kamerawerke • Neuaubing (Dornier) • Riem (OT, SS-Reit- & Fahrschule) • Außenkommando Bombensuche • 30 Münchner AußenkommandosOberbayern Außenlager Eching • Germering • Gendorf • Landsberg • Landshut • Neufahrn • Ottobrunn • Stephanskirchen • Trostberg • Außenkommando Hausham • Ingolstadt • Rosenheim • Sudelfeld (SS-Berghaus) • Sudelfeld (Luftwaffe) • Weitere AußenkommandosSchwaben Außenlager Augsburg-Kriegshaber • Augsburg-Haunstetten • Burgau • Lauingen • Riederloh • Außenkommando Oberstdorf-Birgsau • Schlachters • Weitere AußenkommandosÖsterreich Außenlager Mauthausen • Weißsee • Außenkommando Fischhorn • Hallein • Lochau • Salzburg (Polizeidirektion) • Salzburg (Bombensuche) • St. ty of Dachau and 169 geographically widely distributed satellite campsCommunity-generated content on this topic is also available• automatic translation• ContributeDachau concentration campDachau concentration camp in GermanyWatchtower B of the Dachau concentration camp, April 1945Propaganda photo: Dachau concentration camp, prisoners at roll call (June 28, 1938). Photo by Friedrich BauerPropaganda photo: Heinrich Himmler (2nd from left) and - next to him - Rudolf Heß (2nd from right) during a camp inspection in 1936Concentration camp prisoners doing forced labor in the camp (pushing Loren) (July 20, 1938)The Dachau concentration camp , full name Dachau concentration camp , official abbreviation KL Dachau , existed from March 22, 1933 until it was taken over by soldiers of the 7th US Army on April 29, 1945 ( liberation of the Dachau concentration camp ). The Nazi regime built it just a few weeks after Adolf Hitler came to power . It was the first concentration camp to be built as a permanent facility , [1] and one of the best known due to the publication of the conditions in the camp immediately after the liberation. [2] It operated continuously for twelve years, twice as long as many of the other concentration camps .The site is approximately 20 kilometers northwest of Munich. The camp initially served to imprison political opponents of National Socialism. Heinrich Himmler , police chief of Munich and Reichsführer SS from 1934 , had it built east of the city of Dachau on the site of a former ammunition factory. It was used - especially in its early years, when the NSDAP wanted to consolidate its power - to imprison and intimidate political dissidents.After the dismantling of the SA in 1934, which was accompanied by the propaganda lie of an impending “ Röhm Putsch ,” Himmler planned to expand the Dachau concentration camp. In 1937, construction work began on the new prisoner area, which was connected to the former ammunition factory. The organization and spatial structure later served as a template for new concentration camps in the Reich. The Nazi regime presented it as a “model camp” for propaganda purposes , for example using euphemistic photographs.Dachau was a training location for concentration camp guards and SS leaders, who were also deployed in extermination camps after the start of the Second World War . The Dachau concentration camp was not an extermination camp; However, no other concentration camp saw so many political murders .After Kristallnacht , the SS increasingly imprisoned Jews and other persecuted people. After the start of the Second World War, people from occupied areas of Europe were also imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp. It developed into the nucleus for new concentration camps and occupied several special positions: The camp was the first place in the German Reich where an SS camp commander was assigned sole jurisdiction and applicable law was successfully repealed. The SS created a “ state within a state ”. The imprisonment and murder of political opponents were beyond the reach of the justice system.Of the total of at least 200,000 prisoners, around 41,500 died, of which around 14,500 died between June 1944 and April 1945 in the Kaufering subcamp complex alone. [3] In addition, the SS often deported prisoners to other camps with harsher conditions or even to the extermination camps in the East.The Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial has been located on the site since 1965 and was visited by around 800,000 people annually in 2008. [4]Table of contentsOriginPropaganda shot: Release of prisoners as part of a “mercy action” at Christmas 1933On the night of the Reichstag fire on February 27, 1933, the National Socialists began imprisoning their political opponents. [5] Many members of the Reichstag , members of the state parliament , communists, social democrats, trade unionists, conservatives, liberals and monarchists were arrested.The prisoners were housed in different places with different responsibilities - Sturmabteilung (SA), SS, Interior Ministries, etc. The places are now referred to as “wild” or early concentration camps ; they were mostly improvised places of detention. Dachau was the only one of the early concentration camps that was not dissolved until the beginning of the Second World War : Heinrich Himmler had it systematically expanded and used it as a model for concentration camps built later.StoryPolitical terror 1933–1934SS guards at the end of May 1933Newspaper clipping from the Dolomites from May 22, 1933, p. 2, with the explicit mention of the Dachau concentration campThe Dachau camp was built three weeks after the Reichstag fire. On March 13, 1933, Himmler, who had been in office as acting police chief of Munich for a week , arranged for the establishment of a political concentration camp near Dachau and announced this to journalists from Bavarian newspapers a week later, on March 20, 1933, at a press conference at the Munich police headquarters . [6] [7] On March 22nd, around 150 prisoners from the Landsberg correctional facility , the Neudeck prison and the Stadelheim prison were brought to the site of the disused Dachau Royal Powder and Ammunition Factory . The communist Claus Bastian received prison number one . [8] In the first few days they were guarded by the Bavarian State Police . [9] From April 11th, the police and SS shared the guarding of the camp; the SS was used as auxiliary police. The next day the first murders were committed, of the prisoners Rudolf Benario , Ernst Goldmann and Arthur Kahn. [10] Numerous other deaths followed, for example Fritz Dressel , Wilhelm Aron , Sebastian Nefzger .In May, Hans Beimler ( KPD ) managed to escape; He had been a member of the Reichstag until his imprisonment. Shortly afterwards, he published the brochure In the Dachau Murder Camp abroad . [11] The first commandant was Hilmar Wäckerle ; he wrote the first provisional camp regulations in May on Himmler's instructions. It stated that jurisdiction over the camp lay solely with the commandant. He could even sentence prisoners to death if two SS guards he appointed agreed. Reasons for death penalty were e.g. E.g. “acts of violence against camp staff”, “collective refusal to obey” or incitement to do so. At the beginning of June, the SS took over sole guarding. At the end of June , Theodor Eicke became camp commandant. Eicke aimed to completely seal off the camp from outsiders. Even the fire department was not allowed to enter the area to check compliance with fire regulations. [12] Karl Wintersberger from the Munich public prosecutor's office was investigating the first three prisoner shootings in Dachau during this time. [13] When all proceedings were stopped after a few months, the Dachau concentration camp had become a lawless area. [10]Concentration camp prisoner postcard from August 1933For example, members of the state parliament such as Alois Hundhammer ( BVP ) or members of the Reichstag such as Ernst Heilmann and Friedrich Puchta (both SPD ) were imprisoned. The numerous examples of imprisoned politicians or activists had an intimidating effect on the public. The NSDAP had already achieved many things with the help of the political police and judiciary: weakened the influence of trade unions, banned or dissolved parties, brought states and municipalities into line , and abolished democratic conditions. Radio and film were controlled. By controlling or taking over all existing associations and restricting freedom of speech , ideological control was gained over communication among the people. Forming new opposition proved difficult. At that time, there were more than a hundred mostly small concentration camps in the Reich in which opposition members were held in “ protective custody ”. Hardly anyone kept track of who was imprisoned. It was at the discretion of ambitious local Nazis to arrest or release anyone. Frictions soon arose over questions of jurisdiction and power struggles. At that time, SA group leader Schmid was the special commissioner of the Supreme SA leadership in the government of Upper Bavaria. On July 1, 1933, he wrote an incendiary letter to the Bavarian Prime Minister Siebert :“The authority of the state is at risk from the all-round, unauthorized interference of political officials in the wheels of normal administration. Every NSBO man, NSBO local group leader, NSBO district leader (…) every political base leader, local group leader, political district leader issues orders that intervene in the lower command powers of the ministries, i.e. in the command powers of the district governments, district offices, down to the smallest gendarmerie station. Everyone arrests everyone (...), everyone threatens everyone with Dachau (...) Down to the smallest gendarmerie station, the best and most reliable officials have become insecure, which is bound to have devastating and state-destroying effects." [12]Prisoners eating (May 1933), propaganda photo by Friedrich BauerPropaganda photo: A group of around 50 prisoners being released at the camp gate (December 1933)On July 16, 1933, a propagandistic report about the camp appeared in the magazine Münchner Illustrierte Presse with the subtitle Early Appeal in the Education Camp . The cover picture showed prisoners dressed neatly and cleanly (see Fig. [14] ). Since July, a priest from the Dachau community appeared regularly and held a service on Sundays; An average of 20 people took part. At this time the prisoners still wore their own clothes. Camp meals on weekdays consisted, for example, of substitute coffee, bread, and stew; On Sundays, for example, there was soup and a piece of roast pork with potato salad. The prisoners received up to 30 RM per month from their own or sent money , which they could use to buy bread, butter, sausage or fruit in the canteen at higher prices. A camp library was built in the fall; It contained, among other things, books by Karl May and Hitler's Mein Kampf . [15] By publicizing these initial living conditions, the SS combated the so-called atrocity propaganda from abroad ; The living conditions in the camp also changed within the twelve years.On October 1, 1933, Eicke presented the second camp regulations , which were much stricter than the previous ones. He also introduced mandatory guard duty where blank shots were prohibited and live fire should be carried out immediately. The Dachau camp became a “state within a state”: a place isolated from the outside world with its own laws and the threat of death. A ban on dismissals was ordered on October 20, 1933 and lasted two months. In November 1933, camp inmates were able to take part in the Reichstag election . During a Christmas amnesty , 400 prisoners were released on December 9th, which was a low number compared to the average due to the previous release ban. Another amnesty took place on the anniversary of the National Socialist takeover of power in Bavaria. [10]The Dachau camp was planned from the start with a capacity of 5,000 people, which made clear the extent of the planned political persecution; a method that was later transferred to other groups and radicalized. In 1933, 4,821 people were imprisoned, about half were released, so that 2,425 were still imprisoned at the end of the year. [5] The released prisoners reported about the concentration camp. The camp slowly developed into a concept that spread terror among the population and prevented many dissidents from making public statements. [9] Long before the outbreak of war, the saying came up: “Dear God, make me dumb so that I don’t come to Dachau!”Closure of 48 concentration campsBy January 1934, SS leader Himmler had managed to increase his influence. He was commander of the political police in almost all German states. At that time , SA leader Ernst Röhm was considered the second most powerful man in the state. The SA controlled many of the early concentration camps. Above all, Göring and Frick wanted to end the power and arbitrary rule of the SA and its subsidiary organization, the SS. “Protective custody” should be restricted and the “wild” concentration camps should be dismantled. 34 concentration camps were cleared - partly through armed police operations - by October 1933; the prisoners were transferred or released. By May 9, 1934, another 14 “wild” camps were closed. For the time being, only a few camps remained in the German Empire ; Dachau was one of these few.Disempowerment of the SASS troopHimmler's SS, which was in competition with the SA, achieved the murder of Röhm and the disempowerment of the SA by the end of June 1934. In order to be able to show an official reason and not to antagonize the people, Hitler had the SA chief Röhm ( Röhm Putsch ) spread the rumor of an allegedly impending putsch . In the Dachau camp, the prisoners were able to observe preparations for the executions as early as June 29th: a large part of the SS left the camp and a unit of the Reichswehr took their place . The SS troops returned and executed 17 [16] people in the camp on July 1st and 2nd: members of the huge SA party army as well as opponents of the regime who had nothing to do with the SA: For example, Fritz Gerlich , Bernhard Stempfle , Gustav von Kahr , who as General State Commissioner put down the Hitler putsch in 1923, as well as five prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp who had sat in the bunker. [17] The camp commandant Eicke, a former SA member, shot Röhm in the nearby Stadelheim prison . Six days later, Himmler appointed him inspector of all concentration camps ( IKL ). His successor as commander from December 10th was Heinrich Deubel .After the SA was removed from power, Göring later managed to become the second man in the state by accumulating offices. Himmler was given the opportunity to separate his SS from the SA and build it up as a large organization. Those early, “wild” SA concentration camps were already feared by the people. Gradually, the government began to set up “systematic” camps in which order supposedly prevailed and which were presented, among other things, as “education camps”. The SS, which initially only controlled the Dachau camp and was still subordinate to the SA, was able to build new concentration camps in the following years, such as Sachsenhausen (1936), Neuengamme (1938), Mauthausen (1938) and Auschwitz (1940).1935Starting around 1935, the government began increasingly deporting people who had been released from prison. [9] In addition to these prisoners, a few Sinti and Roma , Jews , Jehovah's Witnesses and homosexuals were imprisoned; these did not arrive in larger numbers until 1936. In September, the Nuremberg Racial Laws created a legal basis for the persecution and imprisonment of Jewish citizens.Transition period 1936–1938Propaganda photo: Himmler visits the Dachau concentration camp, 1936.The years 1936 to 1938 represented a transitional period. The first blow of political terror slowly subsided. The regime had consolidated and was now preparing for war. It had successfully found an “instrument of terror” in the concentration camps. A second phase of incarceration began in the camp after the start of World War II and intensified in 1942 and 1943. [18]1936Propaganda photo and propaganda campaign: BDM leaders visiting the camp (1936)Propaganda photo: construction work (1936)In March 1936, camp inmates were allowed to take part in the Reichstag election again . [19] Hans Loritz was promoted to camp commandant on April 1st. While the prisoner clothing previously indicated the reason for imprisonment using colored dots and stripes, a new identification system for prisoner groups was introduced under Loritz, as was the striped prisoner clothing .The 1936 Winter Olympics took place not far from Munich in February and the Summer Games in Berlin in August. The regime presented the Olympics as a festival of the peoples ; they became a major propaganda success for the “Third Reich”. In 1936, in connection with the large number of tourists expected to attend the Olympic Games, the Bavarian Political Police issued guidelines on the imposition of “protective custody” for “ public pests ”. Affected were so-called “beggars, tramps, gypsies, work-shy people, idlers, prostitutes, habitual drinkers, bullies, traffic offenders, troublemakers, psychopaths, mentally ill people”. Frick issued the circular to combat the “Gypsy plague” in 1936. [20]In Switzerland, Julius Zerfaß published the book Dachau - A Chronicle under the protective pseudonym Walter Hornung.The local press in Munich reported several times about the concentration camp until the start of the war, mostly with a derisive tone about political inmates and with warnings about the “dangerous Bolsheviks ” (see World Bolshevism ). At the end of the year, the Illustrierte Observer published a propaganda report about the Dachau camp.1937At the beginning of the year, construction work began on the larger, planned new prison area . New barracks were built. The new site measured 583 by 278 meters and was partially adjacent to the old camp, the former ammunition factory. A roll call area, wooden barracks, a bunker with 136 cells for solitary confinement, a farm building with a kitchen and other buildings were built. The new prisoner accommodation corresponded to the status of imperial barracks at the time. On the east side of the camp, the soil was cultivated to create a medicinal herb plantation (project of the German Research Institute for Nutrition and Catering ). The site was rebuilt and expanded by 1938. In 1937, 38 [5] people died in the camp.1938Propaganda photo: After the November pogrom, a column of Jews is taken to the concentration camp for so-called protective custody, Baden-Baden, November 1938.On April 1, 1938, three weeks after the annexation of Austria , the first 151 Austrians came to Dachau on the so-called celebrity transport . They were primarily media-effective opponents of various political directions. The Dachaulied was also written in the same year . In June, another wave of arrests took place with the “Workshy Reich” campaign , which affected people with “ anti-social ” behavior. [21] Foreign journalists and representatives of international humanitarian organizations were invited to visit the camp as early as 1933. On August 19, Guillaume Favre, a member of the International Committee of the Red Cross , wrote in a letter to Himmler: “Therefore, I would just like to emphasize here that everything I saw and heard, as well as in relation to the living conditions "The material and hygienic facilities of the camp, as well as the treatment, nutrition and work of the prisoners, left me a very favorable impression." [22] The first Sudeten German prisoners arrived in October . Anti -Semitism had increased sharply, and in the course of Kristallnacht , 10,911 [10] Jews, including 3,700 from Vienna , were brought to the camp.In a telex sent on the night of the pogrom, SS group leader Reinhard Heydrich instructed the StaPo to “arrest as many Jews in all districts – especially wealthy ones – as can be accommodated in the existing detention rooms.” [23]Decaying greenhouse in the former Dachau herb gardenThese Jewish prisoners were gradually released until May 1939. Threats were used to put pressure on them and their families to immediately emigrate and Aryanize their assets . [24] In several cases, individual National Socialists succeeded in extorting houses, businesses or assets from the so-called “ Action Jews ” at far below their value. At Christmas, several prisoners were publicly whipped in the roll call area next to the Christmas tree.From May 1938 to 1942, concentration camp prisoners built a “ herb garden ” directly next to the concentration camp on behalf of the German Research Institute for Nutrition and Catering as a research facility for the use of plant-based active ingredients and organic-dynamic farming .1939Prisoner postcards were checked and censored by the SS for their content .On the night of January 24th, the painter Louis Übrig managed to escape. As a blanket punishment, the SS ordered the entire camp staff to stand in the freezing cold of the night, which resulted in deaths. [10]On January 25, 1939, a letter from the Berlin Foreign Office described the goal [25] of Germany's “Jewish policy” and pointed out in detail the ways and means of emigration and the whereabouts of property. On the anniversary of the annexation of Austria, some Austrian prisoners were given amnesty. A month later, a “jubilant amnesty” took place on Hitler’s 50th birthday . In the second half of 1939, the inmates of the Jewish block were punished with isolation several times.Catholic “Fear of Christ Chapel” [26]Russian Orthodox Church “Resurrection of Our Lord” [27]“Skeletons in Barbed Wire” monument by the Yugoslavian sculptor Nandor Glid, a Jew who lost most of his relatives in the Auschwitz concentration camp . [28]Jewish memorial [29]War begins in September 1939Propaganda photo: SS guards and prisoners, June 1938After the start of the Second World War, the SS filled the camp with prisoners from occupied countries. Originally, the concentration camps were places of harassment and deterrence for influential opponents of the regime. Now the arms industry was increasingly dependent on the cheap labor of prisoners to wage war (see graph on unemployment [30] ). Inmates were used in SS-owned companies, for example the German Earth and Stone Works ( DEST ) or the German Equipment Works ( DAW ), as well as in quarries, brickworks, gravel pits and various other professional sectors and companies. They were allocated by the government and used in the company cost-effectively and profitably. Prisoners were also used to build the Reichsautobahn . For local reasons, satellite camps and flexible work teams became necessary.Between September 27, 1939 and February 18, 1940, the prisoners were transferred to other camps. Meanwhile, 7,000 members of the SS Totenkopf units were trained in Dachau . The prisoners were relocated: 2,138 to Buchenwald , 1,600 to Mauthausen , 981 to Flossenbürg . Only a work detail of around 100 prisoners remained in the camp. [10]1940Camp fence and watchtower (photo from 1991, memorial)At New Year's Day 1940, the SS armaments company, the German Equipment Works (DAW) , took control of the concentration camp's workshops such as metalworking, carpentry and saddlery. At the end of April and beginning of May, transports with Polish prisoners from the Krakow special operation arrived . The film The Great Dictator , a satire on Hitler and National Socialism that dealt with the forced camps, was released abroad this year . Towards the end of the year, the priests and pastors from all the concentration camps began to be brought together in Dachau; [31] the prisoner barracks there were called the pastor's block . While extermination camps such as Chelmno , Auschwitz-Birkenau , Belzec , Sobibor , Treblinka and Majdanek emerged in the occupied territories of Poland, the use of violence also increased in the Dachau concentration camp. [32]1941In January 1941, on Himmler's orders, an improvised chapel was set up for the clergy in Block 26. From January 22nd onwards, the clergy were allowed to celebrate services there every day, under the supervision of an SS man. From April 11, all clergy received better food rations, financed by the Vatican . The privileged status of prisoners led to physical resentment from other prisoners and SS men; it was reversed in September. [33] This year, a prisoner music group was formed under Egon Zill , which had to play music on certain occasions. At the beginning of 1941, an experimental station was set up in the hospital ward in which 114 registered tuberculosis patients were treated homeopathically . The head doctor was von Weyherns. In February he tested biochemical agents on prisoners. From June 1st, a special camp registry office (Dachau II) was set up to register deaths . By then, according to the registry office of the city of Dachau, the number of deaths was 3,486 [34] people.From October 1941, thousands of Soviet prisoners of war were deported to the camp. The SS shot a total of more than 4,000 Soviet prisoners of war in the courtyard of the bunker and later at the SS training shooting range in Hebertshausen . [35]1942Pick-up bus from the Hartheim Nazi killing center at Hartheim Castle: The “invalids” were led to believe that they were going to a sanatorium to recoverThe Wannsee Conference took place on January 20th, at which the Holocaust was coordinated. On January 2nd, the first transport, called “ Invalidentransport ” in Nazi cover language , started to the Nazi killing center in Hartheim . There the Dachau prisoners were killed by gas as part of Action 14f13 . Within a year, the SS brought undesirable concentration camp prisoners there in 32 transports [10] who were labeled mentally ill or unfit for work, a total of around 3,000 prisoners. These killings in Hartheim Castle took place as part of the Nazi murders .On February 22nd, the negative pressure test series began in the concentration camp, in which the aviation physicians Georg Weltz , Siegfried Ruff , Hans-Wolfgang Romberg and the SS-Hauptsturmführer Sigmund Rascher were involved. [36] The doctors were commissioned to determine people's ability to react and survive at high altitudes, during rapid ascents (at heights of up to 20 kilometers and more) and when suddenly falling from great heights. A Luftwaffe negative pressure chamber was delivered and set up between Block 5 and the adjacent barracks. [37] The series of experiments ended in the second half of May and cost the lives of 70 to 80 [10] of around 200 prisoners.On February 23, 1942, Claus Schilling began his first experiments to research drugs against the tropical disease malaria . 1100 [10] prisoners were infected and used as test subjects. Ten deaths were clearly proven in the Dachau trials . Schilling carried out these experiments until April 5, 1945. [10] While the medical experiments on pressure effects were intended to benefit pilots, this research was aimed at Wehrmacht soldiers deployed in the African campaign .In the first years of the war, the infirmary consisted of six barracks; the Kapo in the infirmary was Josef Heiden . A biochemical experimental station was set up in Block I in June. The director was Heinrich Schütz . The phlegmon (inflammation) test series began , carried out in Block 1, Room 3. By the time it was completed in the spring of 1943, this had cost the lives of at least 17 [10] prisoners.On August 15, hypothermia attempts began under the direction of doctors Holzlöhner , Finke and Rascher. Their purpose was to be able to better help pilots who got into distress at sea. The experiments officially ended in October 1942. Rascher extended the series of experiments on his own initiative until May 1943. The number of test subjects was between 220 and 240 people, of which around 65 to 70 prisoners died.On September 1st , Martin Weiß became the new commander. He had been sharply instructed by Pohl [38] to pay better attention to maintaining the prison labor force. During his command, the punishment of hanging on poles was abolished, harassment, beatings and roll calls became less frequent, and prisoners were allowed to go to their barracks more often. Above all, the weight and number of food shipments were no longer restricted. More packages arrived, some prisoners were now very well looked after, and a lively barter trade arose. A differentiation developed among the prisoners. [39] Soviet prisoners were unable to have any contact with their homeland and were not sent any packages. Anyone who received enough packages could now also get prison functionaries accepted into a good work detail. [40]After Himmler's order of October 5, 1942 to make the concentration camps in Germany free of Jews , the SS deported all of Dachau's Jewish prisoners to the Auschwitz concentration camp. [41]At the end of November, typhus and typhus broke out. Typhus, transmitted by lice, became an epidemic. Posters with the title A Louse - Your Death were hung in the barracks.A film screening took place for the first time in Block 4 at Christmas, [42] a total of around eight more followed. Selected feature films and propaganda reports on German war successes were shown. The government wanted to use war propaganda to counteract the hopes of political opponents and resistance fighters in the camp. The situation in the Stalingrad pocket gave rise to suspicions that the war might not be won. A few weeks later, Goebbels publicly called for total war .1943Bunker (Dachau concentration camp)From January 1 to March 15, 1943, the entire camp was under quarantine because of a typhus epidemic. During this time, the prisoners lived in the prison area; SS men did not enter it. The prisoners were allowed to rest, occasionally they were allowed to make music and poems were also written. The camp library had expanded because books were now arriving in parcels. Cultural activities continued to a limited extent during the quarantine period. [43] At the same time, around 800 to 1000 inmates were executed for “sabotage” during these months. [44] On August 4th, 16 prisoners were beaten as a deterrent to the assembled camp inmates . Rascher and Schilling's series of experiments were also running. [45] In October , Eduard Weiter became the new and last commandant of the concentration camp.1944Death Notification (1944)In 1944, the first concentration camps in the East were evacuated due to the advancing front. Western camps were increasingly filling up with evacuated prisoners. On February 22nd, 31 Soviet officers were shot by the SS in the courtyard of the crematorium. [10]On May 11, a camp brothel was put into operation and six women from the Ravensbrück concentration camp arrived. It was related to Oswald Pohl's service regulations to reward and thus increase exceptional work performance among prisoners. It was dissolved again towards the end of the year. [5] On July 6th, the death transport from the Compiègne camp arrived in Dachau; out of 2,521 [10] prisoners, 984 [10] were already dead. [46]On the same day, prisoner Sepp Eberl managed to listen to the news about the Allies landing in Normandy on a radio in the SS rooms . [47] In the summer, Wilhelm Beiglböck attempted to use seawater as drinking water. [48] His test subjects were 44 [10] imprisoned Sinti . From autumn onwards, the camps were completely overcrowded: the rooms planned for 52 people now had to be shared by 300 to 500 people. On September 4th and 6th, a further 92 [10] Soviet officers were shot in the courtyard of the crematorium, publicly to deter the prisoners. [49] In November, another typhus epidemic broke out, brought into the camp by an evacuation transport. Death rates increased, from 403 in October to 997 in November and 1,915 in December. [50] On December 17, deacon Karl Leisner was secretly ordained a priest in the camp chapel by the French bishop Gabriel Piguet .In September 1944, the Dachau Mass was composed by the church musician and composer Father Gregor Schwake as a prisoner in the Dachau concentration camp.1945Prisoner clothing, April 30, 1945From the beginning of the year until April, evacuation transports arrived from camps that had already been evacuated. In order to be able to continue using their labor, the prisoners were sent on long and costly transports to the west of the empire. Camp personnel also arrived, such as the later acquitted SS doctor Hans Münch in January 1945 . The overcrowding of the camp accelerated the typhus epidemic: the mortality rate was 2,903 deaths in January and increased in the following months. The crematorium was taken out of operation, from February 12th the deceased were buried in mass graves on the Leitenberg, and from 1949 the Dachau-Leitenberg concentration camp cemetery was built there. [51] A number of doctors and nurses also succumbed to the epidemic. Father Engelmar Unzeitig died of typhus during this time. Towards the end of March, hundreds of German clergy were dismissed; 170 [10] remained imprisoned.On April 4, Danish and Norwegian inmates were handed over to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) as part of the White Bus rescue operation . The prisoners Georg Elser and Charles Delestraint were shot on April 9th and 19th, respectively. At the beginning of April, the SS began burning papers and documents. In mid-April, the SS suspended Johan Meansarian and Albert Wernicke. She put the two prison functionaries, who were feared by the prisoners, in the bunker. [5] On April 14th, Himmler sent a radio message to the commandant's office in Dachau and Flossenbürg . He ordered a total evacuation, [10] which was later reduced to the removal of Germans, Soviet citizens, Poles and Jews. This marked the beginning of the evacuation and death marches . On April 17th and 24th, some prisoners, including Niemöller , Piquet and Schuschnigg , were transported towards Tyrol.On April 23, the work detail stopped leaving the camp for the first time. Another evacuation transport with 1,700 Jewish prisoners arrived on the Reichsbahn via Emmering-Munich- Wolfratshausen -Mittenwald on April 28th to Seefeld in Tyrol . The railway line was interrupted in Reith, so the prisoners had to march further into the Inn Valley on foot. In Mösern, the SS guards received the order from Gauleiter Franz Hofer to turn back, so that the next day the majority of the group was forced to return to Seefeld in order to be transported back to Mittenwald by train. Some prisoners did not survive the hardships. [52] Another transport with the Reichsbahn ran on April 25th from Emmering via Munich, Wolfratshausen and Kochel to Seeshaupt on Lake Starnberg. The 3,000 prisoners were freed on April 30th. The evacuation transport from April 26th via Emmering-Munich-Wolfratshausen-Penzberg-Staltach with 1,759 Jews was also freed on April 30th. On the same day, the Americans stopped a march of 6,887 [10] prisoners. It began on April 26th and led via Pasing, Wolfratshausen and Bad Tölz to Tegernsee. Many did not live to see liberation; they died of complete physical exhaustion or were murdered. 1000 more Russian prisoners were saved from the march by the camp committee through sabotage. [53] On April 27, 2,000 prisoners were sent on a transport from Emmering on the Reichsbahn; From Wolfratshausen the prisoners had to march on foot. At night the train arrived with prisoners from Buchenwald , many of whom had starved to death.A day later, on April 28, German Major General Max Ulich, wanting to avoid unnecessary losses against the US forces , withdrew the 212th Volksgrenadier Division from the camp area. The Dachau Uprising also took place in the city on this day , led by former Dachau prisoners Walter Neff and Georg Scherer .Liberation in 1945Death train from Buchenwald (April 29, 1945)→ Main article : Liberation of the Dachau concentration campThe next day, April 29, 1945, the US Army marched in to liberate the main camp. She was completely unprepared for the death train from Buchenwald , which was standing next to the prisoner camp on the SS site and had around 2,300 corpses in its wagons. This shocking impression led to spontaneous vigilantism. The US soldiers executed SS men. The shootings, which were not necessary to liberate the camp - the men of the Waffen-SS had hardly offered any resistance - were later used as propaganda in right-wing extremist circles to offset them, and the event itself was spread as the so-called " Dachau massacre " .A day later the troops marched into Munich. Other nearby satellite camps were liberated; among the prisoners was, for example, Viktor Frankl , whose later book ... Still Saying Yes to Life about his experiences in the Dachau and Auschwitz camps achieved worldwide fame. Prisoner transports that were still in the Munich area were also released on April 30th.US administrationLiberated prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp greet US soldiersView of the camp barracks, a few days after the camp was liberated by the US ArmyInitially, Dachau was under quarantine due to a US order. Typhus and typhus were rampant on the site. The epidemic and the consequences of malnutrition during concentration camp imprisonment decimated the number of survivors by around 2,000 people. In the now liberated Dachau camp, between 100 and 300 dead had to be buried every day in May 1945. The formation of an international prisoners' committee ( CID ) was planned and announced. During the acute emergency, the camp area was temporarily used as accommodation for homeless and sick former prisoners. In July, U.S. military authorities established the Dachau internment camp on the site .Shortly after the liberation, Colonel William W. Quinn, then Assistant Chief of Staff of the military intelligence service G-2 Section of the 7th US Army, arrived at the camp. In view of the dramatic conditions and the enormous crimes, he decided to immediately form a larger investigative commission made up of employees from various military intelligence services who would create comprehensive documentation. After about one or two weeks [54] the 72-page report entitled Dachau was published , which soon reached the press. [55] It is considered one of the first publicly accessible studies of the German concentration camp complex. [56]Towards the end of 1945, the main Dachau trial took place as part of the Dachau Trials ; 36 of the 40 defendants were sentenced to death by hanging . In May 1946, 28 of the 36 death sentences in the Landsberg war crimes prison were carried out. In 121 follow-up proceedings, around 500 defendants had to answer before US military courts in the following years . The defendants were mostly SS members who had previously worked in the main camp and its satellite camps. The Dachau Trials, which concerned, among other things, the Holocaust , took place on the site until 1948 . The medical experiments on prisoners were also discussed in the Nuremberg medical trials and the Milch trial .Almost three and a half years after the liberation, the US military handed the site over to the Bavarian authorities in September 1948. As early as the winter of 1947/48, CSU state parliament member Hans Hagn submitted a proposal to the Bavarian state parliament to build a labor camp on the site of the concentration camp as a “site for the re-education of anti-social elements”. The motion was passed unanimously; At the same time, the Bavarian Federation of Trade Unions crematoriumThe early Dachau camp was still in the premises of the former factory in 1933. The newly built camp was built around 1937 and was divided into the following areas:• Inmate compound• SS area (west of the prisoner area)• Herb plantation (east of the prison compound)• Hebertshausen shooting range• Leitenberg cemetery• Grave complex in the forest cemetery• With the start of the war, an increasing number of satellite camps were set up, most of which were located near armaments factories or important workplaces in the southern Reich.Inmate compound View from the roll call area onto Lagerstrasse and barracks, 2020Digging behind electric fenceThe first large section of the concentration camp was the prison camp, also euphemistically known as the protective custody camp . It was surrounded by an inner ditch, behind it an electrically charged barbed wire fence, a patrol path and finally a wall that also served as a privacy screen from the outside. As soon as anyone approached the fence, the SS personnel fired from guard towers without warning. At night the fence was illuminated. There were a total of 34 barracks in two rows, with camp street in the middle . The Jourhaus formed the entrance to the prisoner area . The living barracks were given the name “blocks” under Commander Loritz. Each apartment block had two washing facilities, two toilets and four “stuben”. Each room had a living room and a bedroom. 52 people were to be accommodated in each room, which meant 208 prisoners per apartment block. In the last years of the war, up to 1,600 [58] prisoners had to share an apartment block.Stone surround of a former barracksThe roll call took place at the beginning and end of the day on the roll call square. If someone was missing, a penalty call was held all night or for half a day. Seven watchtowers surrounded the area, each of which was usually manned by two SS guards with two machine guns. The so-called infirmary initially consisted of two barracks, but was expanded in 1939. In the last years of the war it was 18 barracks in size. The “hospital” included a disinfection barracks and a mortuary chamber. There was a work barracks, another barrack formed the canteen , which was also used for propaganda purposes. The kitchen and also the infamous “bathroom” were located in the farm building . Behind it was the bunker , where camp arrests, camp punishments (for example increased solitary confinement) and shootings were carried out. Standing bunkers were added from autumn 1944 .In 1933, prisoners had to erect two Nazi monuments in the camp: From then on , prisoners passing by had to take off their caps in front of the Schlageter monument, as well as in front of the Wessel monument .Over the course of twelve years, various divisions of the apartment blocks were formed: The punishment blocks were surrounded by barbed wire: here were inmates who had been repeatedly imprisoned or who had been subjected to stricter imprisonment. Other blocks were: Interbrigadist Block , Jewish Block, Invalid Block , Celebrity Block and Pastor Block . From the beginning of the war there was a division according to nationalities (Polish bloc, Czech bloc, ...).SS compoundThe second large area of the camp was the SS area; it was a good twice as big as the prisoner area. Part of it was not officially a concentration camp because there was an SS training camp with barracks and training rooms here. [59] However, there were also workshops at the SS training camp in which prisoners had to work. There were also team barracks and officers' apartments, a bakery and the administration building in the area. Two crematorium buildings were added later.First crematoriumDouble muffle furnace of the first crematoriumForced laborers with tongs and a corpse in front of an incinerator (probably staged photo after the liberation of the concentration camp)For about seven years, the deceased were brought to a crematorium in Munich for cremation, which meant that the number of deaths beyond the camp boundaries could be known. In 1940 the SS built its own crematorium on its SS premises. It was a very small building with only one room and a so-called double muffle furnace, set a little apart and hidden by trees.A special prisoner commando, who were not allowed to have any contact with other prisoners, now had to carry out the cremations. Only prisoners from the “Crematorium Work Squad” were allowed to enter this area. Inside the SS camp the path branched off to the crematorium. It was therefore strictly separated from the prisoner area and had little visibility. This is also why the SS carried out executions by hanging and shooting at this place.Barracks X (second crematorium with gas chamber room)Barracks X, also called Block XTransport list of 555 prisoners to Auschwitz , referred to in Nazi cover language as the “invalid transport”.From May 1942 to April 1943 , the camp administration had a larger building built opposite the first crematorium, the so-called Baracke X. In addition to two entrance rooms, there were several mortuary rooms. The new crematorium room was equipped with four ovens that were used for cremation from April 1943 to February 1945 [5] . Afterwards, mass burials began at the Leitenberg cemetery. The building also contained four disinfection chambers for prisoners' clothing, which had been in operation since the summer of 1944. Another room had the inscription “Brausebad” above the entrance. The room was tiled in white, had a peephole and 15 simple dummy shower heads. There were two metal flaps on the outer wall, which would also have allowed Zyklon B to be poured in . US troops identified this room as a gas chamber on April 29, 1945 .There were no mass killings by gas in the camp, even at the end of the war. This is also reported by former prisoners: “When the fears that there would be mass killings did not come true after the completion [of the gas chamber], […]”. [60]It cannot be proven whether individual people or a small group died from Zyklon B or other gas - for example combat gas ; because many documents were destroyed before the end of the war. An indication of experiments with combat gas is provided by the surviving letter from SS doctor Rascher to Himmler dated August 9, 1942: “As you know, the same facility is being built in KL Dachau as in Linz. Since the transports of invalids end up in certain chambers [meaning gas chambers] anyway , I ask whether the effects of our various combat gases can not be tested in these chambers on the people who are designated anyway." Another indication is the statement of the prisoner Frantisek Blaha: " The gas chamber was completed in 1944; I was called to Rascher to examine the first victims. Of the eight to nine people who were in the chamber, three were still alive and the others appeared to be dead." [61]The historian Barbara Distel judges: “It is still not clear whether the combat gas testing proposed by Rascher was carried out, but according to the statements of former prisoners, such use cannot be ruled out.” [62]It is proven that there were no mass killings by gas in Dachau. [63] For murder by gas, the SS preferred to deport Dachau prisoners to the gas chamber in Hartheim or to Auschwitz.Concentration camp internal commandosThe concentration camp prisoners were used for forced labor not only in the concentration camp itself in 34 "internal commandos", but also in another type of "internal commandos" of very different sizes, from just a few to hundreds of prisoners, sent to different companies for daily work assignments for the respective shift , partly on foot, partly by train. After the shift, these prisoners from these 45 commandos returned to the Dachau concentration camp to spend the night. [64]See also : Section “Inner Command of the Dachau Concentration Camp” in the article “Subcamp of the Dachau Concentration Camp”Concentration camp subcamp→ Main article : Subcamp of the Dachau concentration campThe 169 satellite camps did not have a uniform appearance. [65] Many thousands of concentration camp prisoners were deployed in the Kaufering and Mühldorf concentration camp subcamp complexes or the large subcamps such as Allach or Lauingen , and only a few elsewhere. [32] Dachau was the most extensive camp system of the National Socialist regime. Forced labor in the concentration camp subcamps initially extended from construction work, such as in gravel pits, quarries and road construction (mostly for the SS-owned Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke group ) or in the infrastructure measures of the Todt organization , to agricultural work such as cultivation from moors. Manual work was also carried out, mostly in SS-owned craft workshops. From 1942 onwards, sub-camps were created to build huge underground complexes as part of the so-called U-relocation , with the aim of continuing arms production underground in order to protect them from air raids. Upon request, concentration camp prisoners were also used as workers, among other things. Loaned to BMW , Messerschmitt AG , Reichsbahn , Luftschiffbau Zeppelin , Dyckerhoff & Widmann , Agfa and various government agencies. Around 37,000 prisoners worked in the satellite camps at that time.Organizational structurePrisoner work and selectionPropaganda photo: prisoners doing forced labor (1938)According to propaganda, work was primarily a means of political education so that reformable prisoners could be accepted into National Socialist society. However, the SS made more and more profit from prisoner work. The cultivation of the surrounding moors was the initial task of prisoners, but this quickly changed. The establishment of artisanal workplaces - road construction, bricklayers, carpenters, locksmiths, tailors, shoemakers, saddlers, bakers, butchers - promised more profit or self-sufficiency . Just a few months after the camp opened in 1933, 300 prisoners were already working for the SS. Housing furnishings were made, clothes and shoes were made. The camp developed into the economic base of the SS. The Chamber of Crafts wrote a letter on November 28, 1933, expressing its fear that the camp represented untenable competition for other local craftsmen. The political police responded that production in the camp would definitely be be continued. Officially, the assets generated were part of state property, but in reality they benefited Himmler's SS by reducing dependence on the SA and the Reich Ministry of the Interior. Until 1940, the SS was able to use the full profits of prisoner labor. In numerous cases, forced labor resulted in humiliation, abuse and physical destruction, with prisoners being harassed or hunted to death. Later, v. a. in the large satellite camps, this number increased dramatically.Sick and physically weakened prisoners were moved to the invalids' block , from where they were transported to the killing sites.Training campPropaganda photo: Himmler in the SS area of the camp (1938)Since Dachau was the SS's first self-operated camp, the systematic expansion of the concentration camp system in the Reich took place from here. The training of SS personnel took place here, and numerous later concentration camp commanders were initially employed as guards in the Dachau concentration camp.On the adjacent site of the Dachau SS training camp , which was put into operation in 1935 and had a separate entrance, both the staff building and the guards' accommodation were housed in the form of the SS barracks. Furthermore, the SS-Unterführerschule Dachau was located on the site of the training camp , the staff of which was housed in the headquarters building of the SS-Totenkopfverband. The junior non-commissioned officers of the “Camp SS” were brought in and trained there. The General SS also had its own “leader school” there. The neighboring SS Administrative School Dachau served to train the administrative cadre until autumn 1942 and was then partially relocated to the then SS barracks in Arolsen due to the course of the war .In the Dachau training camp, Dachau's later guard personnel were brutalized by being trained strictly according to Eicke's specifications ("Dachau School") and the SS men were encouraged to actively use violence on "camp duty" against the local "enemies of the state" in the form of the prisoners to act brutally against them (“tolerance means weakness”). The recruits learned to use corporal punishment and torture on a daily basis during their deployment as concentration camp guards . With what they learned there, the guards were then deployed to other Nazi camps. [66]Medical experimentsNegative pressure test for the Luftwaffe, 1942Since the SS also trained doctors to carry out operations on injured soldiers during wartime, operations were carried out several times for training purposes in the infirmary. In addition, numerous Dachau SS doctors carried out various experiments on prisoners , for example the TB series of experiments, liver punctures, Sigmund Rascher carried out high-altitude and hypothermia experiments, and Claus Schilling infected prisoners with malaria. Hubertus Strughold , Sigmund Ruff and Rascher also carried out mescaline experiments on inmates for interrogation purposes. [67] The experiments were part of the so-called “aviation medical experiments”, in which prisoners were “experimentally” exposed to various extreme physiological stresses until their (precisely measured) death occurred. [68]Camp regulationsThe whipping box on which the corporal punishment was carried outIn almost all early camps, camp regulations emerged that were derived from the common regulations of police and judicial prisons. Things were completely different in the Dachau camp. Here, in the first camp regulations, Commander Wäckerle assigned full jurisdiction to the office of camp commandant, which gave him sole legal authority and was therefore the most far-reaching change. Six months later, the second version was tightened by Commander Eicke on October 1, 1933, and corporal punishment was added as a further innovation. The camp regulations became valid for all SS concentration camps from 1934. The hierarchy of SS personnel was determined by the IKL . The IKL later also provided uniform guidelines for the procedure of the so-called criminal proceedings in the SS concentration camps. In the guard's duty , Himmler had it written down that prisoners had to be shot immediately without being called out and without a warning blank shot. In the case of the numerous unnatural deaths, the attempted explanation was often that prisoners had been shot in an alleged attempt to escape.prison functionariesThe “divide and rule” method was used through graduated prisoner self-management in the camp. The SS appointed prisoners to oversee duties. As soon as they did not complete their task satisfactorily, they lost their status again. Then they had to fear reactions from other inmates. The SS forced prison functionaries to subject other prisoners to strict regulations, for example with regard to order and cleanliness in barracks and clothing. Minor offenses were severely punished. One of the most feared prison functionaries was Johan Meansarian; He was shot by US soldiers after the camp was liberated. [69] [70] Dachau was a political camp throughout its twelve years of existence. The positions occupied by prisoners remained in the hands of political prisoners; These had been imprisoned for the longest time since the beginning of the Nazi era .Warehouse terminologyThe SS used the abbreviation KL in internal correspondence; This abbreviation was also used in newspaper reports at the time. According to contemporary witness Eugen Kogon, the SS preferred to use the harsher and more threatening-sounding abbreviation “KZ” to the outside world. Since all concentration camps were under the control of the SS, the unusual abbreviation was memorized. [71]According to the official definition of the Nazi regime, only those that were under the command of the SS were considered concentration camps. [32] The SS ruled here arbitrarily and without legal restrictions. Other places of detention that were not under the jurisdiction of the SS were referred to in National Socialist terminology as labor education camps .propagandaHimmler and the NSDAP carried out calculated propaganda with the “ Dachau model camp ” in order to counteract the “atrocity propaganda from abroad” (→ Potemkin Village ). The SS later also carried out propaganda with the “model camp” Theresienstadt : prominent Jewish prisoners were forced to take part in propaganda films and then deported to extermination camps .The victimsPrisoner groupsidentification for prisoners; Training material for SS guards→ Main article : Identification system for prisoner groupsThe commander SS Oberführer Loritz systematized the identification of the prisoner groups . They were small triangles of fabric, called chevrons, that were sewn onto the prisoner's uniform. The main groups were distinguished by the color of the triangles.In addition, each prisoner had a number sewn onto their clothing. As for prisoner numbers, the first series ran from No. 1 to 37,575 from March 22, 1933 to March 31, 1940. The second series was No. 1 to 161,896, starting from April 1, 1940 to April 28, 1945.Prisoners→ Main article : Prisoners in the Dachau concentration campIn total, around 200,000 prisoners were imprisoned in Dachau, including numerous well-known personalities such as mayors, local politicians and members of the Reichstag from all parties. Many publishers of newspapers and magazines were on the prisoner list, as were well-known - and therefore influential - writers and aristocrats. Other high-profile professions were also affected: musicians, composers and lawyers. Another special position of the camp was that from the end of 1940, imprisoned clergy of various denominations from other camps were brought to Dachau and imprisoned in the pastor's block there .See also : Category:Prisoner in the Dachau concentration campFatalities→ Main article : Death figures from the Dachau concentration campGate in the Dachau concentration camp with the inscription Arbeit macht freiThe surviving documents from the registry offices and the special registry office in Bad Arolsen, which was set up after the end of the war , provide written evidence of 32,009 deaths. [72] However, it must be noted that the camp's registry office only documented deaths until April 20, 1945. The SS destroyed many files and did not document all deaths and murders. For example, the SS executed Soviet prisoners of war. Shortly before the liberation, there were numerous deaths during the prisoners' marches out of the camp, which were also not officially registered. Current historical research assumes around 41,500 deaths. [3]Guards and commanders→ Main article : Personnel in the Dachau concentration campResponsibilitiesThe SS Totenkopf units were responsible for guarding all later concentration camps. These specially created SS units were trained in the Dachau concentration camp (see also the article SS-Unterführerschule Dachau ). The SS personnel lived on the immediately adjacent SS compound. The SS-Totenkopf unit responsible for guarding the Dachau concentration camp was the SS-Totenkopf-Standarte I “Oberbayern” , from which the later Waffen-SS Division “Totenkopf” was set up in October 1939. After the reclassification, the SS standard in Dachau was renamed the SS Totenkopf recruit standard “Upper Bavaria”.Second in command, from the end of June 1933 to July 7, 1934, was Theodor Eicke . After his murder of the SA leader Röhm, he was promoted and became head of the SS Inspectorate of Concentration Camps (responsible for all concentration camps). He issued regulations that were implemented in practically all concentration camps. He was followed as commanders by Heinrich Deubel , Hans Loritz , Alex Piorkowski , Martin Weiß and Eduard Weiter (October 1, 1943 to April 26, 1945). After him, SS-Untersturmführer Heinrich Wicker (born 1921) [73] handed over the camp to the US troops on April 29th.Dachau trialsMain defendant in the Dachau main trial on November 15, 1945→ Main article : Dachau main trialThe US military used the former prisoner camp and the SS barracks to imprison NSDAP officials and members of the SS. A total of 489 trials were carried out in Dachau, the Dachau Trials being military trials.The first trial, the Dachau main trial (United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et al.) , was directed against parts of the Dachau concentration camp team and was carried out from November 15th to December 13th, 1945. So-called concentration camp doctors and Otto Schulz as a representative of the German Equipment Works (DAW, Exploitation of Slave Labor ) were also charged there. All 40 defendants were found guilty and 36 of them were sentenced to death; 28 were hanged in Landsberg prison in 1946 . The main Dachau trial was followed by 121 follow-up trials with around 500 defendants.However, numerous SS men managed to escape abroad via the Rat Lines .Memorials and memorial workMemorial stone and inscription “Never again”Death March from the Dachau Concentration Camp (bronze sculpture by the sculptor Hubertus von Pilgrim )→ Main article : Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial (with religious memorials and memorial) and Comité International de DachauIn 1963, Konrad Adenauer and Charles de Gaulle signed the Franco-German Friendship Treaty . The German federal government committed to preserving the gravesites of former prisoners.The Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial was built in 1965. With the exception of the various church-sponsored facilities on the site, the land and properties of the actual camp, some branch offices and extensive exhibition and archive holdings are sponsored by the Bavarian Memorials Foundation, which was set up in 2003 .After the war, the remaining buildings of the SS area were initially used by the US Army. In the 21st century it is used by the Bavarian riot police and is not open to the public.In 1996, January 27th was set as a national day of remembrance for the victims of National Socialism . Since 2005, January 27th has also been an international day of remembrance.On the night of September 15th to 16th, 2001, the entire length of the back and side walls of the two reconstructed prisoner barracks was daubed with numerous anti-Semitic, anti-Israel and anti-American slogans. The perpetrators, who are still unknown to this day, were probably at work quietly throughout the night, as there was no night-time security service on the site and there were no alarm systems. [74] [75] [76]On May 2, 2010, on the 65th anniversary of the liberation, a sitting German Federal President ( Horst Köhler ) took part in the commemoration ceremony at the Dachau concentration camp memorial for the first time. [77] On the 70th anniversary, German Chancellor Angela Merkel gave a speech on May 3, 2015.On the night of November 2, 2014, the original entrance door with the cynical inscription Arbeit Macht Frei was stolen by unknown perpetrators. Despite intensive search work, the thieves have not yet been identified, but the door was found in the Norwegian city of Bergen following an anonymous tip . [78] On February 22, 2017, the door returned to Dachau. It can be seen in the museum's permanent exhibition in an alarm-protected and air-conditioned display case. [79]medialiterature• Wolfgang Benz , Angelika Königseder (eds.): The Dachau concentration camp. History and effects of National Socialist repression. Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-940938-10-7 , 460 pages.• Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist concentration camps. Volume 2: Early camps, Dachau, Emsland camp. CH Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52962-3 .• Comité International de Dachau - Barbara Distel: Dachau concentration camp 1933 to 1945. Dachau 2005, ISBN 3-87490-750-3 .• Barbara Distel, Wolfgang Benz: The Dachau concentration camp 1933–1945. History and meaning. Published by the Bavarian State Center for Political Education , Munich 1994 ( km.bayern.de ( Memento from December 3, 2005 in the Internet Archive )).• Barbara Distel, Wolfgang Benz: Dachau books . Studies and documents on the history of the National Socialist concentration camps. Website of the Dachau books.• Barbara Distel (arr.): Dachau concentration camp. 1933 to 1945; Text and image documents for the exhibition. Catalog for the exhibition “Dachau Concentration Camp 1933 to 1945”; Redesign of the exhibitions at the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial. 4th edition. Munich 2005. ISBN 978-3-87490-750-7 .• Johann Neuhäusler : What was it like in Dachau? An attempt to get closer to the truth . Board of Trustees for Atonement Dachau Concentration Camp 1960 (13th edition 1986)• Hans-Günter Richardi : School of Violence. The beginnings of the Dachau concentration camp 1933–1934. Beck, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-406-09142-3 .• Dirk Riedel : Dungeon in the Dachau concentration camp. The history of the three bunker buildings. Dachau 2002.• Sabine Schalm: Surviving through work? External commands and subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp 1933 1945, Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-940938-45-9 .• Sybille Steinbacher : Dachau - The city and the concentration camp during the Nazi era. Investigating a Neighborhood. Peter Lang, Frankfurt a. M. 1993, ISBN 3-631-46682-X .• Nikolaus Wachsmann : KL: The history of the National Socialist concentration camps. Siedler Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-88680-827-4 .• Stanislav Zámečník (ed. Comité International de Dachau): That was Dachau. Luxembourg 2002, ISBN 2-87996-948-4 .• Detailed list of further literature on hagalil.comGraphic novel• Guy-Pierre Gautier, Tiburce Oger: Survival in Dachau , Bahoe Books, Vienna 2020, ISBN 978-3-903290-20-4FilmsFeature films with a historical reference• The ninth day . Feature film, Germany, 2004, directed by Volker Schlöndorff.documentaries• Dachau concentration camp. Documentary, Germany. The film can be viewed, among other things, in the cinema hall of the Dachau concentration camp.• The priest block. Documentary, Germany, 2005, directed by Max Kronawitter. The film reports on the pastor's block (Dachau concentration camp) with interviews and individual scenes from the feature film The Ninth Day . [80]• Hafner's paradise . Documentary, Germany, 2007, directed by Günter Schwaiger. The film describes the encounter between former prisoner Hans Landauer and former SS man Paul Hafner .• The white raven. Documentary, 2009, about the former prisoner Max Mannheimer .• Born in a concentration camp. Documentary, 2010. Story of two Jewish women who gave birth to children in the Kaufering subcamp during the last winter of the war.Photo archive of the Bavarian State Library• Staged propaganda photos. Photographer: Heinrich Hoffmann , June 1933◦ Prisoners build a swimming pool , view of the Dachau camp , guards , prisoners curling , curling 2 , curling 3 , curling 4 , prisoner on the ice , building the Wessel monument• Secret photography (photography ban), Dachau area, everyday war life in 1943.◦ Everyday war life in 1943 , + , + , + , + , + , + , +• Photos: Trial of SS guards, December 1945.◦ Identification of concentration camp personnel , crematorium ovens with wreathsWeb linksCommons : Dachau concentration camp - collection of images, videos and audio files• Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial• Dachau concentration camp – the first Nazi concentration camp – dossier on BR.de• Link catalog on the topic of Dachau concentration camp at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )• (Educational) material on the Dachau concentration camp (learning from history)• Michael Backmund, Thies Marsen: “The German people forget too quickly ,” Neues Deutschland, April 18, 2020• End of horror? The liberation of the Flossenbürg and Dachau concentration camps , documentary, Bavarian features section• Place of remembrance (website on the history of the Kaufering subcamp complex)Individual evidence1 ↑ Stanislav Zámečník : Early camps, Dachau, Emsland camp . In: Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . tape 2 . C. H. Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52962-3 , p. 233 f .2 ↑ Barbara Distel : Early camps, Dachau, Emsland camp . In: Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . tape 2 . C. H. Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52962-3 , p. 275 : “The catastrophic conditions […] were spread around .6 ↑ Peter Longerich : Heinrich Himmler. Biography. Siedler, Munich 2008, p. 161.7 ↑ Dachau - Heinrich Himmler and the first concentration camp Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 17. April 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung (Memento vom 11. März 2007 im Internet Archive)11 ↑ Hans Beimler: Im Mörderlager Dachau. Vier Repressionssystems. (Memento vom 5. Januar 2007 im Internet Archive)13 ↑ Staatsanwalt Karl Wintersberger. (PDF; 103 kB) Geschichte 2 (Memento vom 24. Dezember 2008 im Internet Archive)14 ↑ Münchner Illustrierte Presse. Bericht vom 16. Juli 193315 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 54–58.16 ↑ Am 2. Juli entdeckte der Häftling Hans Deller 17 mit Chlorkalk überschüttete Leichen. Die Zahl der Toten lag vermutlich etwas höher, in dem Buch Die Toten von Dachau sind für diese Tage höhere Todesfälle angeführt. Vgl. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 70.17 ↑ Häftlinge hatten nachts eine Hinrichtung durch die Fenster der Baracken beobachtet; der Lagerverwalter hielt SS-Männer davon ab, in die Baracken zu stürmen und diese zu erschießen. Am nächsten Tag ordnete Eicke an, dass sie bei einer weiteren Hinrichtung durch den Drahtzaun zusehen mussten. Vgl. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 69.18 ↑ Vgl. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 90.19 ↑ Werbeplakat Reichstagswahl 29. März 193620 ↑ Vgl. auch Wolfgang Benz: Geschichte des Dritten Reiches. Beck, München 2000, ISBN 3-406-46765-2, S. 80–81. Am 16. Juli 1936 wurden unter der Propagandaparole „Berlin ohne Zigeuner“ rund 600 Sinti und Roma in Berlin verhaftet und in das dazu errichtete Gefangenenlager Berlin-Marzahn gesperrt, von den Nazis als Zigeunerrastplatz Marzahn bezeichnet. Von dort wurden später viele in die KZ deportiert. Vgl. Wolfgang Benz: Das Lager Marzahn. Zur nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung der Sinti und Roma und ihrer anhaltenden Diskriminierung. In: Helge Grabitz, Klaus Bästlein, Johannes Tuchel (Hrsg.): Die Normalität des Verbrechens. Bilanz und Perspektiven der Forschung zu den nationalsozialistischen Gewaltverbrechen. Berlin 1994, S. 260–279.21 ↑ Vgl. Wolfgang Ayaß: „Asoziale“ im Nationalsozialismus. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1995, S. 138–179.22 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. 2002, S. 98.23 ↑ Faksimile des Fernschreibens von Heydrich in der Pogromnacht 1938. NS-Archiv, Dokumente zum Nationalsozialismus, Stand: 6. Dezember 2008.24 ↑ Wolf-Arno Kropat: Kristallnacht in Hessen, Das Judenpogrom vom November 1938. Wiesbaden 1988, ISBN 3-921434-11-4, S. 167 ff.25 ↑ Schreiben des Auswärtigen Amtes Berlin 1939, Stand 9. Januar 2007.26 ↑ Die katholische Kapelle bildet einen aufgebrochenen Zylinder, der für den Architekten Josef Wiedemann ein Symbol für die Befreiung aus der Gefangenschaft durch Christus darstellen soll. Vor der Todesangst-Christi-Kapelle befindet sich noch eine Gedächtnisglocke, die täglich um 15:00 Uhr (nach biblischer Angabe die Todesstunde Jesu) läutet. Sie war das erste religiöses Mahnmal, das 1960 auf Initiative des ehemaligen Häftlings und späteren Münchner Weihbischofs Johannes Neuhäusler gebaut wurde. Ihre Weihe am 5. August 1960 im Rahmen des Eucharistischen Weltkongresses wurde zu einem wichtigen Signal für das Anliegen, am Ort des ehemaligen Konzentrationslagers eine Gedenkstätte zu errichten.27 ↑ Der Grundriss der aus Holzplanken errichteten russischen Kapelle ist ein Oktogon und steht auf einem Hügel, der teilweise aus Erde aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion aufgeschüttet wurde. Die Hauptikone im Inneren der 1995 eingeweihten Kapelle zeigt den auferstandenen Christus, der die Insassen des Lagers aus ihren Baracken durch das von Engeln geöffnete Tor herausführt.28 ↑ „Möge das Vorbild derer, die hier von 1933 bis 1945 wegen ihres Kampfes gegen den Nationalsozialismus ihr Leben ließen, die Lebenden vereinen zur Verteidigung des Friedens und der Freiheit und in Ehrfurcht vor der Würde des Menschen.“ Inschrift des Internationalen Mahnmals von Nandor Glid.29 ↑ Die jüdische Gedenkstätte rechts neben der Todesangst-Christi-Kapelle wurde am 7. Mai 1967 eingeweiht. Der Bau des Architekten Zvi Guttmann ist aus schwarzem Lavabasaltstein und führt wie auf einer Rampe in die Tiefe. Am tiefsten Punkt dringt jedoch Licht durch eine Öffnung in der Decke. Überragt wird der Bau von einer siebenarmigen Menorah aus Marmor, der aus Peki'in in Israel stammt. Der Ort Peki'in soll im Verlauf der Jahrhunderte immer wenigstens von einem Juden bewohnt gewesen sein, wodurch eine Kontinuität des Judentums symbolisiert wird. Im Inneren leuchtet das „Ner Tamid“, das Ewige Licht. Die Geländer greifen das Bild des im Konzentrationslager allgegenwärtigen Stacheldrahtes auf und gemeinsam mit der Rampe stellt das Gebäude auf einer symbolischen Ebene eine Erinnerung an die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden dar.30 ↑ Grafik Arbeitslosigkeit zwischen 1921 und 1939 (Memento vom 4. Februar 2007 im Internet Archive)31 ↑ „Hitler kam (…) in „Mein Kampf“ zu dem Schluss, dass (…) ein politischer Einfluss der Religion – in Geschichte und Bedeutung. Hrsg.: Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 17. April 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung (Memento vom 3. Dezember 2005 im Internet Archive)33 ↑ Zámečník, S. 174.34 ↑ Dachauer Archiv, DA-36125.35 ↑ Zahlenangabe der Gedenkstätte (Memento vom 24. September 2010 im Internet Archive)36 ↑ Erst Klee: Deutsche Medizin im Dritten Reich. Karrieren vor und nach 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt/M. 2001, ISBN 3-10-039310-4, S. 185.37 ↑ Versuche mit Unterdruck im Jahr 1942 (Memento vom 13. Februar 2009 im Internet Archive), Stand 9. Januar 2007.38 ↑ Laut Aussagen des Zeugen der Verteidigung H. Bickel (NOR 4, S. 5335–5359 G) und des Angeklagten Mummethey, leitender Geschäftsführer der DEST (NOR 4, S. 5588–5589 G).39 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. S. 257.40 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 256 ff.41 ↑ KZ Dachau. Deutsches Historisches Museum42 ↑ Kupfer-Koberwitz: Die Mächtigen. Band II, S. 177.43 ↑ Im Frühjahr führten die Häftlinge auf einer improvisierten Freilichtbühne ein selbstgeschriebenes Theaterstück auf, der Text war zensiert worden, es kam dennoch zu Anspielungen auf Hitler: Eine Person hieß Adolar, ein anderer Schausteller sprach den Namen dann absichtlich als Adol-f-ar aus. Ab Ende April gestattete Redwitz wöchentlich sonntags auf dem Appellplatz ein Fußballspiel. Am 29. August durften polnische Volkstänze aufgeführt werden.44 ↑ laut Aussage von Häftling Emil Mahr, Case Dachau, Exhibit 93, S. 1–2.45 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 259 ff.46 ↑ Nach französischen Quellen, von denen zum Beispiel auch Berben ausgeht, kam der Transport am 5. Juli mit 984 Toten an. – Die Quelle Dachauer Archiv DA-1042 nennt hingegen den 6. Juli mit 891 Toten. Auch so bei Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 346: er verwendet die niedrigere Zahl (6. Juli, 891 Tote).47 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 323.48 ↑ Meerwasser-Versuche 194449 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 348.50 ↑ Tabellen des ITS Arolsen.51 ↑ Zámečník, S. 399.52 ↑ Erinnerungsorte des Nationalsozialismus in Innsbruck und Seefeld. (Memento vom 14. Juli 2014 im Internet Archive) Institut für Zeitgeschichte der Universität Innsbruck 2004.53 ↑ History: Dachau: II. Dachau, concentration camp, OSS section, seventh army. Abgerufen am 13. Oktober 2014.54 ↑ Morris U. Schappes: The Editors Diary. In: Jewish Currents, Volume 47, 1993, S. 2055 ↑ Michael Wiley Perry, US 7th Army: Dachau Liberated: The Official Report by U.S. Seventh Army Released Within Days of the Camp's Liberation by Elements of the 42nd and 45th Divisions, 2000, S. 256 ↑ John C. McManus: Hell Before Their Very Eyes: American Soldiers Liberate Concentration Camps in Germany, April 1945, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2015, ISBN 978-1-4214-1765-3, S. 13857 ↑ Zit. n.: Benjamin Bauer: Arbeitszwang gegen „Asoziale“? Kontinuitäten des KZ Dachau in der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit. In: Wissen schafft Demokratie 7/2020 (Kontinuitäten), S. 158–169.58 ↑ Barbara Diestel, Wolfgang Benz: Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung. Hrsg.: Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 31. Dezember 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung (Memento vom 4. Dezember 2005 im Internet Archive)59 ↑ siehe farbige Umrandung (Memento vom 19. Juli 2011 im Internet Archive)60 ↑ Vgl. Zámečník: S. 298–300.61 ↑ IMT Nürnberg, Band 32 (Dokumentenband 8), ISBN 3-7735-2524-9, S. 62 = Dokument 3249 PS.62 ↑ Barbara Distel: Die Gaskammer in der „Baracke X“ des Konzentrationslagers Dachau. In: Günther Morsch, Bertrand Perz: Neue Studien zu nationalsozialistischen Massentötungen durch Giftgas. Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-940938-99-2, S. 339.63 ↑ Barbara Distel: Die Gaskammer in der „Baracke X“… S. 338/339.64 ↑ Sabine Schalm: Überleben durch Arbeit? Außenkommandos und Außenlager des KZ Dachau 1933–1945. In: Geschichte der Konzentrationslager 1933–1945. Band 10. Metropol, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-940938-45-9, S. 45–50 (zugleich Diss. an der TU Berlin 2008).65 ↑ Barbara Diestel, Wolfgang Benz: Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung. Hrsg.: Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 17. April 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Dachauer Außenkommandos (Memento vom 11. März 2007 im Internet Archive)66 ↑ Karin Orth: Wie SS-Männer zu Mördern gedrillt wurden. In: Spiegel Online. 12. März 2008.67 ↑ Torsten Passie: Meskalinforschung in Deutschland 1887–1950: Grundlagenforschung, Selbstversuche und Missbrauch. Abgerufen am 10. Juli 2021.68 ↑ Karl-Heinz Roth: Strukturen, Paradigmen und Mentalitäten in der luftfahrtmedizinischen Forschung des „Dritten Reichs“ 1933–1941: Der Weg ins Konzentrationslager Dachau. In: 1999. Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts 15 (2000), S. 49–77.69 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 158.70 ↑ Henryk Maria Malak: Shavelings in Death Camps: A Polish Priest’s Memoir of Imprisonment by the Nazis, 1939–1945, S. 363.71 ↑ Eugen Kogon: Der SS-Staat. Das System der deutschen Konzentrationslager. Alber, München August 2022]).75 ↑ Gregor Staltmaier: Von KZ-Schändern in Dachau fehlt noch jede Spur. In: DIE WELT. 17. September 2001 (welt.de [abgerufen am 26. August 2022]).76 ↑ KZ -Gedenkstätte Dachau geschändet. sub-bavaria.de. In: Aus Deutsch-Tschechische Nachrichten Nr. 33. Abgerufen am 26. August 2022.77 ↑ Gegen das Vergessen. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2. Mai 2010.78 ↑ Tor von KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau in Norwegen entdeckt. In: Berliner Zeitung, 3. Dezember 2016, S. 4.79 ↑ Gestohlenes Tor ist zurück in Dachau. Spiegel Online, 22. Februar 2017, abgerufen am gleichen Tage80 ↑ Beiheft: Der Priesterblock. (Memento vom 5. November 2014 im Internet Archive) (PDF) FWU – Schule und Unterricht; abgerufen am 5. November 2014.Liste der KZ-StammlagerDeutsches Reich: KZ Arbeitsdorf | KZ Bergen-Belsen | KZ Buchenwald | KZ Dachau | KZ Flossenbürg | KZ Groß-Rosen | SS-Sonderlager Hinzert | KZ Mittelbau-Dora | KZ Mauthausen | KZ Neuengamme | KZ Ravensbrück | KZ Sachsenhausen | KZ Niederhagen-Wewelsburg | KZ Stutthof | Polen: KZ Auschwitz I | KZ Auschwitz-Monowitz | KZ Majdanek | KZ Warschau | KZ Plaszow | Estland: KZ Vaivara | Litauen: KZ Kauen | Lettland: KZ Riga-Kaiserwald | Frankreich: KZ Natzweiler-Struthof | Niederlande: KZ Herzogenbusch169 Außenlager und -kommandos des KZ DachauAußenlagerkomplexeDeutschlandAllachHauptlager München-Allach (BMW) • Außenlager Karlsfeld (OT) • RothschwaigeAllgäuAußenlager Kempten • Kottern • Fischen • Blaichach • KaufbeurenBodenseeHauptlager Friedrichshafen • Außenlager Überlingen-Aufkirch • SaulgauKaufering/LandsbergHauptlager Kaufering I – Landsberg • Außenlager Kaufering II – Igling • III – Kaufering • IV – Hurlach • V – Utting • VI – Türkheim • VII – Erpfting • VIII – Seestall • IX – Obermeitingen • X – Utting • XI – StadtwaldhofMühldorfHauptlager Mühldorf-Mettenheim (M 1) • Außenlager Mühldorf-Ampfing Waldlager V/VI • Mühldorf-Mittergars • Mühldorf-Thalham • Außenkommando Mühldorf-ZangbergSchwabenHauptlager Augsburg-Pfersee • Außenlager Gablingen • Horgau • BäumenheimDeutschlandMünchenAußenlager Agfa Kamerawerke • Neuaubing (Dornier) • Riem (OT, SS-Reit- & Fahrschule) • Außenkommando Bombensuche • 30 Münchner AußenkommandosOberbayernAußenlager Eching • Germering • Gendorf • Landsberg • Landshut • Neufahrn • Ottobrunn • Stephanskirchen • Trostberg • Außenkommando Hausham • Ingolstadt • Rosenheim • Sudelfeld (SS-Berghaus) • Sudelfeld (Luftwaffe) • Weitere AußenkommandosSchwabenAußenlager Augsburg-Kriegshaber • Augsburg-Haunstetten • Burgau • Lauingen • Riederloh • Außenkommando Oberstdorf-Birgsau • Schlachters • Weitere AußenkommandosÖsterreichAußenlager Mauthausen • Weißsee • Außenkommando Fischhorn • Hallein • concentration campNational Socialist concentration camp in Bavaria (1933–1945), with the main camp in the city of Dachau and 169 geographically widely distributed satellite campsCommunity-generated content on this topic is also available• automatic translation• ContributeDachau concentration campDachau concentration camp in GermanyWatchtower B of the Dachau concentration camp, April 1945Propaganda photo: Dachau concentration camp, prisoners at roll call (June 28, 1938). Photo by Friedrich BauerPropaganda photo: Heinrich Himmler (2nd from left) and - next to him - Rudolf Heß (2nd from right) during a camp inspection in 1936Concentration camp prisoners doing forced labor in the camp (pushing Loren) (July 20, 1938)The Dachau concentration camp , full name Dachau concentration camp , official abbreviation KL Dachau , existed from March 22, 1933 until it was taken over by soldiers of the 7th US Army on April 29, 1945 ( liberation of the Dachau concentration camp ). The Nazi regime built it just a few weeks after Adolf Hitler came to power . It was the first concentration camp to be built as a permanent facility , [1] and one of the best known due to the publication of the conditions in the camp immediately after the liberation. [2] It operated continuously for twelve years, twice as long as many of the other concentration camps .The site is approximately 20 kilometers northwest of Munich. The camp initially served to imprison political opponents of National Socialism. Heinrich Himmler , police chief of Munich and Reichsführer SS from 1934 , had it built east of the city of Dachau on the site of a former ammunition factory. It was used - especially in its early years, when the NSDAP wanted to consolidate its power - to imprison and intimidate political dissidents.After the dismantling of the SA in 1934, which was accompanied by the propaganda lie of an impending “ Röhm Putsch ,” Himmler planned to expand the Dachau concentration camp. In 1937, construction work began on the new prisoner area, which was connected to the former ammunition factory. The organization and spatial structure later served as a template for new concentration camps in the Reich. The Nazi regime presented it as a “model camp” for propaganda purposes , for example using euphemistic photographs.Dachau was a training location for concentration camp guards and SS leaders, who were also deployed in extermination camps after the start of the Second World War . The Dachau concentration camp was not an extermination camp; However, no other concentration camp saw so many political murders .After Kristallnacht , the SS increasingly imprisoned Jews and other persecuted people. After the start of the Second World War, people from occupied areas of Europe were also imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp. It developed into the nucleus for new concentration camps and occupied several special positions: The camp was the first place in the German Reich where an SS camp commander was assigned sole jurisdiction and applicable law was successfully repealed. The SS created a “ state within a state ”. The imprisonment and murder of political opponents were beyond the reach of the justice system.Of the total of at least 200,000 prisoners, around 41,500 died, of which around 14,500 died between June 1944 and April 1945 in the Kaufering subcamp complex alone. [3] In addition, the SS often deported prisoners to other camps with harsher conditions or even to the extermination camps in the East.The Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial has been located on the site since 1965 and was visited by around 800,000 people annually in 2008. [4]Table of contentsOriginPropaganda shot: Release of prisoners as part of a “mercy action” at Christmas 1933On the night of the Reichstag fire on February 27, 1933, the National Socialists began imprisoning their political opponents. [5] Many members of the Reichstag , members of the state parliament , communists, social democrats, trade unionists, conservatives, liberals and monarchists were arrested.The prisoners were housed in different places with different responsibilities - Sturmabteilung (SA), SS, Interior Ministries, etc. The places are now referred to as “wild” or early concentration camps ; they were mostly improvised places of detention. Dachau was the only one of the early concentration camps that was not dissolved until the beginning of the Second World War : Heinrich Himmler had it systematically expanded and used it as a model for concentration camps built later.StoryPolitical terror 1933–1934SS guards at the end of May 1933Newspaper clipping from the Dolomites from May 22, 1933, p. 2, with the explicit mention of the Dachau concentration campThe Dachau camp was built three weeks after the Reichstag fire. On March 13, 1933, Himmler, who had been in office as acting police chief of Munich for a week , arranged for the establishment of a political concentration camp near Dachau and announced this to journalists from Bavarian newspapers a week later, on March 20, 1933, at a press conference at the Munich police headquarters . [6] [7] On March 22nd, around 150 prisoners from the Landsberg correctional facility , the Neudeck prison and the Stadelheim prison were brought to the site of the disused Dachau Royal Powder and Ammunition Factory . The communist Claus Bastian received prison number one . [8] In the first few days they were guarded by the Bavarian State Police . [9] From April 11th, the police and SS shared the guarding of the camp; the SS was used as auxiliary police. The next day the first murders were committed, of the prisoners Rudolf Benario , Ernst Goldmann and Arthur Kahn. [10] Numerous other deaths followed, for example Fritz Dressel , Wilhelm Aron , Sebastian Nefzger .In May, Hans Beimler ( KPD ) managed to escape; He had been a member of the Reichstag until his imprisonment. Shortly afterwards, he published the brochure In the Dachau Murder Camp abroad . [11] The first commandant was Hilmar Wäckerle ; he wrote the first provisional camp regulations in May on Himmler's instructions. It stated that jurisdiction over the camp lay solely with the commandant. He could even sentence prisoners to death if two SS guards he appointed agreed. Reasons for death penalty were e.g. E.g. “acts of violence against camp staff”, “collective refusal to obey” or incitement to do so. At the beginning of June, the SS took over sole guarding. At the end of June , Theodor Eicke became camp commandant. Eicke aimed to completely seal off the camp from outsiders. Even the fire department was not allowed to enter the area to check compliance with fire regulations. [12] Karl Wintersberger from the Munich public prosecutor's office was investigating the first three prisoner shootings in Dachau during this time. [13] When all proceedings were stopped after a few months, the Dachau concentration camp had become a lawless area. [10]Concentration camp prisoner postcard from August 1933For example, members of the state parliament such as Alois Hundhammer ( BVP ) or members of the Reichstag such as Ernst Heilmann and Friedrich Puchta (both SPD ) were imprisoned. The numerous examples of imprisoned politicians or activists had an intimidating effect on the public. The NSDAP had already achieved many things with the help of the political police and judiciary: weakened the influence of trade unions, banned or dissolved parties, brought states and municipalities into line , and abolished democratic conditions. Radio and film were controlled. By controlling or taking over all existing associations and restricting freedom of speech , ideological control was gained over communication among the people. Forming new opposition proved difficult. At that time, there were more than a hundred mostly small concentration camps in the Reich in which opposition members were held in “ protective custody ”. Hardly anyone kept track of who was imprisoned. It was at the discretion of ambitious local Nazis to arrest or release anyone. Frictions soon arose over questions of jurisdiction and power struggles. At that time, SA group leader Schmid was the special commissioner of the Supreme SA leadership in the government of Upper Bavaria. On July 1, 1933, he wrote an incendiary letter to the Bavarian Prime Minister Siebert :“The authority of the state is at risk from the all-round, unauthorized interference of political officials in the wheels of normal administration. Every NSBO man, NSBO local group leader, NSBO district leader (…) every political base leader, local group leader, political district leader issues orders that intervene in the lower command powers of the ministries, i.e. in the command powers of the district governments, district offices, down to the smallest gendarmerie station. Everyone arrests everyone (...), everyone threatens everyone with Dachau (...) Down to the smallest gendarmerie station, the best and most reliable officials have become insecure, which is bound to have devastating and state-destroying effects." [12]Prisoners eating (May 1933), propaganda photo by Friedrich BauerPropaganda photo: A group of around 50 prisoners being released at the camp gate (December 1933)On July 16, 1933, a propagandistic report about the camp appeared in the magazine Münchner Illustrierte Presse with the subtitle Early Appeal in the Education Camp . The cover picture showed prisoners dressed neatly and cleanly (see Fig. [14] ). Since July, a priest from the Dachau community appeared regularly and held a service on Sundays; An average of 20 people took part. At this time the prisoners still wore their own clothes. Camp meals on weekdays consisted, for example, of substitute coffee, bread, and stew; On Sundays, for example, there was soup and a piece of roast pork with potato salad. The prisoners received up to 30 RM per month from their own or sent money , which they could use to buy bread, butter, sausage or fruit in the canteen at higher prices. A camp library was built in the fall; It contained, among other things, books by Karl May and Hitler's Mein Kampf . [15] By publicizing these initial living conditions, the SS combated the so-called atrocity propaganda from abroad ; The living conditions in the camp also changed within the twelve years.On October 1, 1933, Eicke presented the second camp regulations , which were much stricter than the previous ones. He also introduced mandatory guard duty where blank shots were prohibited and live fire should be carried out immediately. The Dachau camp became a “state within a state”: a place isolated from the outside world with its own laws and the threat of death. A ban on dismissals was ordered on October 20, 1933 and lasted two months. In November 1933, camp inmates were able to take part in the Reichstag election . During a Christmas amnesty , 400 prisoners were released on December 9th, which was a low number compared to the average due to the previous release ban. Another amnesty took place on the anniversary of the National Socialist takeover of power in Bavaria. [10]The Dachau camp was planned from the start with a capacity of 5,000 people, which made clear the extent of the planned political persecution; a method that was later transferred to other groups and radicalized. In 1933, 4,821 people were imprisoned, about half were released, so that 2,425 were still imprisoned at the end of the year. [5] The released prisoners reported about the concentration camp. The camp slowly developed into a concept that spread terror among the population and prevented many dissidents from making public statements. [9] Long before the outbreak of war, the saying came up: “Dear God, make me dumb so that I don’t come to Dachau!”Closure of 48 concentration campsBy January 1934, SS leader Himmler had managed to increase his influence. He was commander of the political police in almost all German states. At that time , SA leader Ernst Röhm was considered the second most powerful man in the state. The SA controlled many of the early concentration camps. Above all, Göring and Frick wanted to end the power and arbitrary rule of the SA and its subsidiary organization, the SS. “Protective custody” should be restricted and the “wild” concentration camps should be dismantled. 34 concentration camps were cleared - partly through armed police operations - by October 1933; the prisoners were transferred or released. By May 9, 1934, another 14 “wild” camps were closed. For the time being, only a few camps remained in the German Empire ; Dachau was one of these few.Disempowerment of the SASS troopHimmler's SS, which was in competition with the SA, achieved the murder of Röhm and the disempowerment of the SA by the end of June 1934. In order to be able to show an official reason and not to antagonize the people, Hitler had the SA chief Röhm ( Röhm Putsch ) spread the rumor of an allegedly impending putsch . In the Dachau camp, the prisoners were able to observe preparations for the executions as early as June 29th: a large part of the SS left the camp and a unit of the Reichswehr took their place . The SS troops returned and executed 17 [16] people in the camp on July 1st and 2nd: members of the huge SA party army as well as opponents of the regime who had nothing to do with the SA: For example, Fritz Gerlich , Bernhard Stempfle , Gustav von Kahr , who as General State Commissioner put down the Hitler putsch in 1923, as well as five prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp who had sat in the bunker. [17] The camp commandant Eicke, a former SA member, shot Röhm in the nearby Stadelheim prison . Six days later, Himmler appointed him inspector of all concentration camps ( IKL ). His successor as commander from December 10th was Heinrich Deubel .After the SA was removed from power, Göring later managed to become the second man in the state by accumulating offices. Himmler was given the opportunity to separate his SS from the SA and build it up as a large organization. Those early, “wild” SA concentration camps were already feared by the people. Gradually, the government began to set up “systematic” camps in which order supposedly prevailed and which were presented, among other things, as “education camps”. The SS, which initially only controlled the Dachau camp and was still subordinate to the SA, was able to build new concentration camps in the following years, such as Sachsenhausen (1936), Neuengamme (1938), Mauthausen (1938) and Auschwitz (1940).1935Starting around 1935, the government began increasingly deporting people who had been released from prison. [9] In addition to these prisoners, a few Sinti and Roma , Jews , Jehovah's Witnesses and homosexuals were imprisoned; these did not arrive in larger numbers until 1936. In September, the Nuremberg Racial Laws created a legal basis for the persecution and imprisonment of Jewish citizens.Transition period 1936–1938Propaganda photo: Himmler visits the Dachau concentration camp, 1936.The years 1936 to 1938 represented a transitional period. The first blow of political terror slowly subsided. The regime had consolidated and was now preparing for war. It had successfully found an “instrument of terror” in the concentration camps. A second phase of incarceration began in the camp after the start of World War II and intensified in 1942 and 1943. [18]1936Propaganda photo and propaganda campaign: BDM leaders visiting the camp (1936)Propaganda photo: construction work (1936)In March 1936, camp inmates were allowed to take part in the Reichstag election again . [19] Hans Loritz was promoted to camp commandant on April 1st. While the prisoner clothing previously indicated the reason for imprisonment using colored dots and stripes, a new identification system for prisoner groups was introduced under Loritz, as was the striped prisoner clothing .The 1936 Winter Olympics took place not far from Munich in February and the Summer Games in Berlin in August. The regime presented the Olympics as a festival of the peoples ; they became a major propaganda success for the “Third Reich”. In 1936, in connection with the large number of tourists expected to attend the Olympic Games, the Bavarian Political Police issued guidelines on the imposition of “protective custody” for “ public pests ”. Affected were so-called “beggars, tramps, gypsies, work-shy people, idlers, prostitutes, habitual drinkers, bullies, traffic offenders, troublemakers, psychopaths, mentally ill people”. Frick issued the circular to combat the “Gypsy plague” in 1936. [20]In Switzerland, Julius Zerfaß published the book Dachau - A Chronicle under the protective pseudonym Walter Hornung.The local press in Munich reported several times about the concentration camp until the start of the war, mostly with a derisive tone about political inmates and with warnings about the “dangerous Bolsheviks ” (see World Bolshevism ). At the end of the year, the Illustrierte Observer published a propaganda report about the Dachau camp.1937At the beginning of the year, construction work began on the larger, planned new prison area . New barracks were built. The new site measured 583 by 278 meters and was partially adjacent to the old camp, the former ammunition factory. A roll call area, wooden barracks, a bunker with 136 cells for solitary confinement, a farm building with a kitchen and other buildings were built. The new prisoner accommodation corresponded to the status of imperial barracks at the time. On the east side of the camp, the soil was cultivated to create a medicinal herb plantation (project of the German Research Institute for Nutrition and Catering ). The site was rebuilt and expanded by 1938. In 1937, 38 [5] people died in the camp.1938Propaganda photo: After the November pogrom, a column of Jews is taken to the concentration camp for so-called protective custody, Baden-Baden, November 1938.On April 1, 1938, three weeks after the annexation of Austria , the first 151 Austrians came to Dachau on the so-called celebrity transport . They were primarily media-effective opponents of various political directions. The Dachaulied was also written in the same year . In June, another wave of arrests took place with the “Workshy Reich” campaign , which affected people with “ anti-social ” behavior. [21] Foreign journalists and representatives of international humanitarian organizations were invited to visit the camp as early as 1933. On August 19, Guillaume Favre, a member of the International Committee of the Red Cross , wrote in a letter to Himmler: “Therefore, I would just like to emphasize here that everything I saw and heard, as well as in relation to the living conditions "The material and hygienic facilities of the camp, as well as the treatment, nutrition and work of the prisoners, left me a very favorable impression." [22] The first Sudeten German prisoners arrived in October . Anti -Semitism had increased sharply, and in the course of Kristallnacht , 10,911 [10] Jews, including 3,700 from Vienna , were brought to the camp.In a telex sent on the night of the pogrom, SS group leader Reinhard Heydrich instructed the StaPo to “arrest as many Jews in all districts – especially wealthy ones – as can be accommodated in the existing detention rooms.” [23]Decaying greenhouse in the former Dachau herb gardenThese Jewish prisoners were gradually released until May 1939. Threats were used to put pressure on them and their families to immediately emigrate and Aryanize their assets . [24] In several cases, individual National Socialists succeeded in extorting houses, businesses or assets from the so-called “ Action Jews ” at far below their value. At Christmas, several prisoners were publicly whipped in the roll call area next to the Christmas tree.From May 1938 to 1942, concentration camp prisoners built a “ herb garden ” directly next to the concentration camp on behalf of the German Research Institute for Nutrition and Catering as a research facility for the use of plant-based active ingredients and organic-dynamic farming .1939Prisoner postcards were checked and censored by the SS for their content .On the night of January 24th, the painter Louis Übrig managed to escape. As a blanket punishment, the SS ordered the entire camp staff to stand in the freezing cold of the night, which resulted in deaths. [10]On January 25, 1939, a letter from the Berlin Foreign Office described the goal [25] of Germany's “Jewish policy” and pointed out in detail the ways and means of emigration and the whereabouts of property. On the anniversary of the annexation of Austria, some Austrian prisoners were given amnesty. A month later, a “jubilant amnesty” took place on Hitler’s 50th birthday . In the second half of 1939, the inmates of the Jewish block were punished with isolation several times.Catholic “Fear of Christ Chapel” [26]Russian Orthodox Church “Resurrection of Our Lord” [27]“Skeletons in Barbed Wire” monument by the Yugoslavian sculptor Nandor Glid, a Jew who lost most of his relatives in the Auschwitz concentration camp . [28]Jewish memorial [29]War begins in September 1939Propaganda photo: SS guards and prisoners, June 1938After the start of the Second World War, the SS filled the camp with prisoners from occupied countries. Originally, the concentration camps were places of harassment and deterrence for influential opponents of the regime. Now the arms industry was increasingly dependent on the cheap labor of prisoners to wage war (see graph on unemployment [30] ). Inmates were used in SS-owned companies, for example the German Earth and Stone Works ( DEST ) or the German Equipment Works ( DAW ), as well as in quarries, brickworks, gravel pits and various other professional sectors and companies. They were allocated by the government and used in the company cost-effectively and profitably. Prisoners were also used to build the Reichsautobahn . For local reasons, satellite camps and flexible work teams became necessary.Between September 27, 1939 and February 18, 1940, the prisoners were transferred to other camps. Meanwhile, 7,000 members of the SS Totenkopf units were trained in Dachau . The prisoners were relocated: 2,138 to Buchenwald , 1,600 to Mauthausen , 981 to Flossenbürg . Only a work detail of around 100 prisoners remained in the camp. [10]1940Camp fence and watchtower (photo from 1991, memorial)At New Year's Day 1940, the SS armaments company, the German Equipment Works (DAW) , took control of the concentration camp's workshops such as metalworking, carpentry and saddlery. At the end of April and beginning of May, transports with Polish prisoners from the Krakow special operation arrived . The film The Great Dictator , a satire on Hitler and National Socialism that dealt with the forced camps, was released abroad this year . Towards the end of the year, the priests and pastors from all the concentration camps began to be brought together in Dachau; [31] the prisoner barracks there were called the pastor's block . While extermination camps such as Chelmno , Auschwitz-Birkenau , Belzec , Sobibor , Treblinka and Majdanek emerged in the occupied territories of Poland, the use of violence also increased in the Dachau concentration camp. [32]1941In January 1941, on Himmler's orders, an improvised chapel was set up for the clergy in Block 26. From January 22nd onwards, the clergy were allowed to celebrate services there every day, under the supervision of an SS man. From April 11, all clergy received better food rations, financed by the Vatican . The privileged status of prisoners led to physical resentment from other prisoners and SS men; it was reversed in September. [33] This year, a prisoner music group was formed under Egon Zill , which had to play music on certain occasions. At the beginning of 1941, an experimental station was set up in the hospital ward in which 114 registered tuberculosis patients were treated homeopathically . The head doctor was von Weyherns. In February he tested biochemical agents on prisoners. From June 1st, a special camp registry office (Dachau II) was set up to register deaths . By then, according to the registry office of the city of Dachau, the number of deaths was 3,486 [34] people.From October 1941, thousands of Soviet prisoners of war were deported to the camp. The SS shot a total of more than 4,000 Soviet prisoners of war in the courtyard of the bunker and later at the SS training shooting range in Hebertshausen . [35]1942Pick-up bus from the Hartheim Nazi killing center at Hartheim Castle: The “invalids” were led to believe that they were going to a sanatorium to recoverThe Wannsee Conference took place on January 20th, at which the Holocaust was coordinated. On January 2nd, the first transport, called “ Invalidentransport ” in Nazi cover language , started to the Nazi killing center in Hartheim . There the Dachau prisoners were killed by gas as part of Action 14f13 . Within a year, the SS brought undesirable concentration camp prisoners there in 32 transports [10] who were labeled mentally ill or unfit for work, a total of around 3,000 prisoners. These killings in Hartheim Castle took place as part of the Nazi murders .On February 22nd, the negative pressure test series began in the concentration camp, in which the aviation physicians Georg Weltz , Siegfried Ruff , Hans-Wolfgang Romberg and the SS-Hauptsturmführer Sigmund Rascher were involved. [36] The doctors were commissioned to determine people's ability to react and survive at high altitudes, during rapid ascents (at heights of up to 20 kilometers and more) and when suddenly falling from great heights. A Luftwaffe negative pressure chamber was delivered and set up between Block 5 and the adjacent barracks. [37] The series of experiments ended in the second half of May and cost the lives of 70 to 80 [10] of around 200 prisoners.On February 23, 1942, Claus Schilling began his first experiments to research drugs against the tropical disease malaria . 1100 [10] prisoners were infected and used as test subjects. Ten deaths were clearly proven in the Dachau trials . Schilling carried out these experiments until April 5, 1945. [10] While the medical experiments on pressure effects were intended to benefit pilots, this research was aimed at Wehrmacht soldiers deployed in the African campaign .In the first years of the war, the infirmary consisted of six barracks; the Kapo in the infirmary was Josef Heiden . A biochemical experimental station was set up in Block I in June. The director was Heinrich Schütz . The phlegmon (inflammation) test series began , carried out in Block 1, Room 3. By the time it was completed in the spring of 1943, this had cost the lives of at least 17 [10] prisoners.On August 15, hypothermia attempts began under the direction of doctors Holzlöhner , Finke and Rascher. Their purpose was to be able to better help pilots who got into distress at sea. The experiments officially ended in October 1942. Rascher extended the series of experiments on his own initiative until May 1943. The number of test subjects was between 220 and 240 people, of which around 65 to 70 prisoners died.On September 1st , Martin Weiß became the new commander. He had been sharply instructed by Pohl [38] to pay better attention to maintaining the prison labor force. During his command, the punishment of hanging on poles was abolished, harassment, beatings and roll calls became less frequent, and prisoners were allowed to go to their barracks more often. Above all, the weight and number of food shipments were no longer restricted. More packages arrived, some prisoners were now very well looked after, and a lively barter trade arose. A differentiation developed among the prisoners. [39] Soviet prisoners were unable to have any contact with their homeland and were not sent any packages. Anyone who received enough packages could now also get prison functionaries accepted into a good work detail. [40]After Himmler's order of October 5, 1942 to make the concentration camps in Germany free of Jews , the SS deported all of Dachau's Jewish prisoners to the Auschwitz concentration camp. [41]At the end of November, typhus and typhus broke out. Typhus, transmitted by lice, became an epidemic. Posters with the title A Louse - Your Death were hung in the barracks.A film screening took place for the first time in Block 4 at Christmas, [42] a total of around eight more followed. Selected feature films and propaganda reports on German war successes were shown. The government wanted to use war propaganda to counteract the hopes of political opponents and resistance fighters in the camp. The situation in the Stalingrad pocket gave rise to suspicions that the war might not be won. A few weeks later, Goebbels publicly called for total war .1943Bunker (Dachau concentration camp)From January 1 to March 15, 1943, the entire camp was under quarantine because of a typhus epidemic. During this time, the prisoners lived in the prison area; SS men did not enter it. The prisoners were allowed to rest, occasionally they were allowed to make music and poems were also written. The camp library had expanded because books were now arriving in parcels. Cultural activities continued to a limited extent during the quarantine period. [43] At the same time, around 800 to 1000 inmates were executed for “sabotage” during these months. [44] On August 4th, 16 prisoners were beaten as a deterrent to the assembled camp inmates . Rascher and Schilling's series of experiments were also running. [45] In October , Eduard Weiter became the new and last commandant of the concentration camp.1944Death Notification (1944)In 1944, the first concentration camps in the East were evacuated due to the advancing front. Western camps were increasingly filling up with evacuated prisoners. On February 22nd, 31 Soviet officers were shot by the SS in the courtyard of the crematorium. [10]On May 11, a camp brothel was put into operation and six women from the Ravensbrück concentration camp arrived. It was related to Oswald Pohl's service regulations to reward and thus increase exceptional work performance among prisoners. It was dissolved again towards the end of the year. [5] On July 6th, the death transport from the Compiègne camp arrived in Dachau; out of 2,521 [10] prisoners, 984 [10] were already dead. [46]On the same day, prisoner Sepp Eberl managed to listen to the news about the Allies landing in Normandy on a radio in the SS rooms . [47] In the summer, Wilhelm Beiglböck attempted to use seawater as drinking water. [48] His test subjects were 44 [10] imprisoned Sinti . From autumn onwards, the camps were completely overcrowded: the rooms planned for 52 people now had to be shared by 300 to 500 people. On September 4th and 6th, a further 92 [10] Soviet officers were shot in the courtyard of the crematorium, publicly to deter the prisoners. [49] In November, another typhus epidemic broke out, brought into the camp by an evacuation transport. Death rates increased, from 403 in October to 997 in November and 1,915 in December. [50] On December 17, deacon Karl Leisner was secretly ordained a priest in the camp chapel by the French bishop Gabriel Piguet .In September 1944, the Dachau Mass was composed by the church musician and composer Father Gregor Schwake as a prisoner in the Dachau concentration camp.1945Prisoner clothing, April 30, 1945From the beginning of the year until April, evacuation transports arrived from camps that had already been evacuated. In order to be able to continue using their labor, the prisoners were sent on long and costly transports to the west of the empire. Camp personnel also arrived, such as the later acquitted SS doctor Hans Münch in January 1945 . The overcrowding of the camp accelerated the typhus epidemic: the mortality rate was 2,903 deaths in January and increased in the following months. The crematorium was taken out of operation, from February 12th the deceased were buried in mass graves on the Leitenberg, and from 1949 the Dachau-Leitenberg concentration camp cemetery was built there. [51] A number of doctors and nurses also succumbed to the epidemic. Father Engelmar Unzeitig died of typhus during this time. Towards the end of March, hundreds of German clergy were dismissed; 170 [10] remained imprisoned.On April 4, Danish and Norwegian inmates were handed over to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) as part of the White Bus rescue operation . The prisoners Georg Elser and Charles Delestraint were shot on April 9th and 19th, respectively. At the beginning of April, the SS began burning papers and documents. In mid-April, the SS suspended Johan Meansarian and Albert Wernicke. She put the two prison functionaries, who were feared by the prisoners, in the bunker. [5] On April 14th, Himmler sent a radio message to the commandant's office in Dachau and Flossenbürg . He ordered a total evacuation, [10] which was later reduced to the removal of Germans, Soviet citizens, Poles and Jews. This marked the beginning of the evacuation and death marches . On April 17th and 24th, some prisoners, including Niemöller , Piquet and Schuschnigg , were transported towards Tyrol.On April 23, the work detail stopped leaving the camp for the first time. Another evacuation transport with 1,700 Jewish prisoners arrived on the Reichsbahn via Emmering-Munich- Wolfratshausen -Mittenwald on April 28th to Seefeld in Tyrol . The railway line was interrupted in Reith, so the prisoners had to march further into the Inn Valley on foot. In Mösern, the SS guards received the order from Gauleiter Franz Hofer to turn back, so that the next day the majority of the group was forced to return to Seefeld in order to be transported back to Mittenwald by train. Some prisoners did not survive the hardships. [52] Another transport with the Reichsbahn ran on April 25th from Emmering via Munich, Wolfratshausen and Kochel to Seeshaupt on Lake Starnberg. The 3,000 prisoners were freed on April 30th. The evacuation transport from April 26th via Emmering-Munich-Wolfratshausen-Penzberg-Staltach with 1,759 Jews was also freed on April 30th. On the same day, the Americans stopped a march of 6,887 [10] prisoners. It began on April 26th and led via Pasing, Wolfratshausen and Bad Tölz to Tegernsee. Many did not live to see liberation; they died of complete physical exhaustion or were murdered. 1000 more Russian prisoners were saved from the march by the camp committee through sabotage. [53] On April 27, 2,000 prisoners were sent on a transport from Emmering on the Reichsbahn; From Wolfratshausen the prisoners had to march on foot. At night the train arrived with prisoners from Buchenwald , many of whom had starved to death.A day later, on April 28, German Major General Max Ulich, wanting to avoid unnecessary losses against the US forces , withdrew the 212th Volksgrenadier Division from the camp area. The Dachau Uprising also took place in the city on this day , led by former Dachau prisoners Walter Neff and Georg Scherer .Liberation in 1945Death train from Buchenwald (April 29, 1945)→ Main article : Liberation of the Dachau concentration campThe next day, April 29, 1945, the US Army marched in to liberate the main camp. She was completely unprepared for the death train from Buchenwald , which was standing next to the prisoner camp on the SS site and had around 2,300 corpses in its wagons. This shocking impression led to spontaneous vigilantism. The US soldiers executed SS men. The shootings, which were not necessary to liberate the camp - the men of the Waffen-SS had hardly offered any resistance - were later used as propaganda in right-wing extremist circles to offset them, and the event itself was spread as the so-called " Dachau massacre " .A day later the troops marched into Munich. Other nearby satellite camps were liberated; among the prisoners was, for example, Viktor Frankl , whose later book ... Still Saying Yes to Life about his experiences in the Dachau and Auschwitz camps achieved worldwide fame. Prisoner transports that were still in the Munich area were also released on April 30th.US administrationLiberated prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp greet US soldiersView of the camp barracks, a few days after the camp was liberated by the US ArmyInitially, Dachau was under quarantine due to a US order. Typhus and typhus were rampant on the site. The epidemic and the consequences of malnutrition during concentration camp imprisonment decimated the number of survivors by around 2,000 people. In the now liberated Dachau camp, between 100 and 300 dead had to be buried every day in May 1945. The formation of an international prisoners' committee ( CID ) was planned and announced. During the acute emergency, the camp area was temporarily used as accommodation for homeless and sick former prisoners. In July, U.S. military authorities established the Dachau internment camp on the site .Shortly after the liberation, Colonel William W. Quinn, then Assistant Chief of Staff of the military intelligence service G-2 Section of the 7th US Army, arrived at the camp. In view of the dramatic conditions and the enormous crimes, he decided to immediately form a larger investigative commission made up of employees from various military intelligence services who would create comprehensive documentation. After about one or two weeks [54] the 72-page report entitled Dachau was published , which soon reached the press. [55] It is considered one of the first publicly accessible studies of the German concentration camp complex. [56]Towards the end of 1945, the main Dachau trial took place as part of the Dachau Trials ; 36 of the 40 defendants were sentenced to death by hanging . In May 1946, 28 of the 36 death sentences in the Landsberg war crimes prison were carried out. In 121 follow-up proceedings, around 500 defendants had to answer before US military courts in the following years . The defendants were mostly SS members who had previously worked in the main camp and its satellite camps. The Dachau Trials, which concerned, among other things, the Holocaust , took place on the site until 1948 . The medical experiments on prisoners were also discussed in the Nuremberg medical trials and the Milch trial .Almost three and a half years after the liberation, the US military handed the site over to the Bavarian authorities in September 1948. As early as the winter of 1947/48, CSU state parliament member Hans Hagn submitted a proposal to the Bavarian state parliament to build a labor camp on the site of the concentration camp as a “site for the re-education of anti-social elements”. The motion was passed unanimously; At the same time, the Bavarian Federation of Trade Unions also called for “all anti-social elements to be sent to a work camp”. The implementation failed because a new vote in April 1948 voted in favor of using the concentration camp as a refugee camp . [57]In late post-war investigations, for example the 1960 trial of Karl Kapp , prison functionaries were also brought to trial.Spatial camp was still in the premises of the former factory in 1933. The newly built camp was built around 1937 and was divided into the following areas:• Inmate compound• SS area (west of the prisoner area)• Herb plantation (east of the prison compound)• Hebertshausen shooting range• Leitenberg cemetery• Grave complex in the forest cemetery• With the start of the war, an increasing number of satellite camps were set up, most of which were located near armaments factories or important workplaces in the southern Reich.Inmate compound View from the roll call area onto Lagerstrasse and barracks, 2020Digging behind electric fenceThe first large section of the concentration camp was the prison camp, also euphemistically known as the protective custody camp . It was surrounded by an inner ditch, behind it an electrically charged barbed wire fence, a patrol path and finally a wall that also served as a privacy screen from the outside. As soon as anyone approached the fence, the SS personnel fired from guard towers without warning. At night the fence was illuminated. There were a total of 34 barracks in two rows, with camp street in the middle . The Jourhaus formed the entrance to the prisoner area . The living barracks were given the name “blocks” under Commander Loritz. Each apartment block had two washing facilities, two toilets and four “stuben”. Each room had a living room and a bedroom. 52 people were to be accommodated in each room, which meant 208 prisoners per apartment block. In the last years of the war, up to 1,600 [58] prisoners had to share an apartment block.Stone surround of a former barracksThe roll call took place at the beginning and end of the day on the roll call square. If someone was missing, a penalty call was held all night or for half a day. Seven watchtowers surrounded the area, each of which was usually manned by two SS guards with two machine guns. The so-called infirmary initially consisted of two barracks, but was expanded in 1939. In the last years of the war it was 18 barracks in size. The “hospital” included a disinfection barracks and a mortuary chamber. There was a work barracks, another barrack formed the canteen , which was also used for propaganda purposes. The kitchen and also the infamous “bathroom” were located in the farm building . Behind it was the bunker , where camp arrests, camp punishments (for example increased solitary confinement) and shootings were carried out. Standing bunkers were added from autumn 1944 .In 1933, prisoners had to erect two Nazi monuments in the camp: From then on , prisoners passing by had to take off their caps in front of the Schlageter monument, as well as in front of the Wessel monument .Over the course of twelve years, various divisions of the apartment blocks were formed: The punishment blocks were surrounded by barbed wire: here were inmates who had been repeatedly imprisoned or who had been subjected to stricter imprisonment. Other blocks were: Interbrigadist Block , Jewish Block, Invalid Block , Celebrity Block and Pastor Block . From the beginning of the war there was a division according to nationalities (Polish bloc, Czech bloc, ...).SS compoundThe second large area of the camp was the SS area; it was a good twice as big as the prisoner area. Part of it was not officially a concentration camp because there was an SS training camp with barracks and training rooms here. [59] However, there were also workshops at the SS training camp in which prisoners had to work. There were also team barracks and officers' apartments, a bakery and the administration building in the area. Two crematorium buildings were added later.First crematoriumDouble muffle furnace of the first crematoriumForced laborers with tongs and a corpse in front of an incinerator (probably staged photo after the liberation of the concentration camp)For about seven years, the deceased were brought to a crematorium in Munich for cremation, which meant that the number of deaths beyond the camp boundaries could be known. In 1940 the SS built its own crematorium on its SS premises. It was a very small building with only one room and a so-called double muffle furnace, set a little apart and hidden by trees.A special prisoner commando, who were not allowed to have any contact with other prisoners, now had to carry out the cremations. Only prisoners from the “Crematorium Work Squad” were allowed to enter this area. Inside the SS camp the path branched off to the crematorium. It was therefore strictly separated from the prisoner area and had little visibility. This is also why the SS carried out executions by hanging and shooting at this place.Barracks X (second crematorium with gas chamber room)Barracks X, also called Block XTransport list of 555 prisoners to Auschwitz , referred to in Nazi cover language as the “invalid transport”.From May 1942 to April 1943 , the camp administration had a larger building built opposite the first crematorium, the so-called Baracke X. In addition to two entrance rooms, there were several mortuary rooms. The new crematorium room was equipped with four ovens that were used for cremation from April 1943 to February 1945 [5] . Afterwards, mass burials began at the Leitenberg cemetery. The building also contained four disinfection chambers for prisoners' clothing, which had been in operation since the summer of 1944. Another room had the inscription “Brausebad” above the entrance. The room was tiled in white, had a peephole and 15 simple dummy shower heads. There were two metal flaps on the outer wall, which would also have allowed Zyklon B to be poured in . US troops identified this room as a gas chamber on April 29, 1945 .There were no mass killings by gas in the camp, even at the end of the war. This is also reported by former prisoners: “When the fears that there would be mass killings did not come true after the completion [of the gas chamber], […]”. [60]It cannot be proven whether individual people or a small group died from Zyklon B or other gas - for example combat gas ; because many documents were destroyed before the end of the war. An indication of experiments with combat gas is provided by the surviving letter from SS doctor Rascher to Himmler dated August 9, 1942: “As you know, the same facility is being built in KL Dachau as in Linz. Since the transports of invalids end up in certain chambers [meaning gas chambers] anyway , I ask whether the effects of our various combat gases can not be tested in these chambers on the people who are designated anyway." Another indication is the statement of the prisoner Frantisek Blaha: " The gas chamber was completed in 1944; I was called to Rascher to examine the first victims. Of the eight to nine people who were in the chamber, three were still alive and the others appeared to be dead." [61]The historian Barbara Distel judges: “It is still not clear whether the combat gas testing proposed by Rascher was carried out, but according to the statements of former prisoners, such use cannot be ruled out.” [62]It is proven that there were no mass killings by gas in Dachau. [63] For murder by gas, the SS preferred to deport Dachau prisoners to the gas chamber in Hartheim or to Auschwitz.Concentration camp internal commandosThe concentration camp prisoners were used for forced labor not only in the concentration camp itself in 34 "internal commandos", but also in another type of "internal commandos" of very different sizes, from just a few to hundreds of prisoners, sent to different companies for daily work assignments for the respective shift , partly on foot, partly by train. After the shift, these prisoners from these 45 commandos returned to the Dachau concentration camp to spend the night. [64]See also : Section “Inner Command of the Dachau Concentration Camp” in the article “Subcamp of the Dachau Concentration Camp”Concentration camp subcamp→ Main article : Subcamp of the Dachau concentration campThe 169 satellite camps did not have a uniform appearance. [65] Many thousands of concentration camp prisoners were deployed in the Kaufering and Mühldorf concentration camp subcamp complexes or the large subcamps such as Allach or Lauingen , and only a few elsewhere. [32] Dachau was the most extensive camp system of the National Socialist regime. Forced labor in the concentration camp subcamps initially extended from construction work, such as in gravel pits, quarries and road construction (mostly for the SS-owned Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke group ) or in the infrastructure measures of the Todt organization , to agricultural work such as cultivation from moors. Manual work was also carried out, mostly in SS-owned craft workshops. From 1942 onwards, sub-camps were created to build huge underground complexes as part of the so-called U-relocation , with the aim of continuing arms production underground in order to protect them from air raids. Upon request, concentration camp prisoners were also used as workers, among other things. Loaned to BMW , Messerschmitt AG , Reichsbahn , Luftschiffbau Zeppelin , Dyckerhoff & Widmann , Agfa and various government agencies. Around 37,000 prisoners worked in the satellite camps at that time.Organizational structurePrisoner work and selectionPropaganda photo: prisoners doing forced labor (1938)According to propaganda, work was primarily a means of political education so that reformable prisoners could be accepted into National Socialist society. However, the SS made more and more profit from prisoner work. The cultivation of the surrounding moors was the initial task of prisoners, but this quickly changed. The establishment of artisanal workplaces - road construction, bricklayers, carpenters, locksmiths, tailors, shoemakers, saddlers, bakers, butchers - promised more profit or self-sufficiency . Just a few months after the camp opened in 1933, 300 prisoners were already working for the SS. Housing furnishings were made, clothes and shoes were made. The camp developed into the economic base of the SS. The Chamber of Crafts wrote a letter on November 28, 1933, expressing its fear that the camp represented untenable competition for other local craftsmen. The political police responded that production in the camp would definitely be be continued. Officially, the assets generated were part of state property, but in reality they benefited Himmler's SS by reducing dependence on the SA and the Reich Ministry of the Interior. Until 1940, the SS was able to use the full profits of prisoner labor. In numerous cases, forced labor resulted in humiliation, abuse and physical destruction, with prisoners being harassed or hunted to death. Later, v. a. in the large satellite camps, this number increased dramatically.Sick and physically weakened prisoners were moved to the invalids' block , from where they were transported to the killing sites.Training campPropaganda photo: Himmler in the SS area of the camp (1938)Since Dachau was the SS's first self-operated camp, the systematic expansion of the concentration camp system in the Reich took place from here. The training of SS personnel took place here, and numerous later concentration camp commanders were initially employed as guards in the Dachau concentration camp.On the adjacent site of the Dachau SS training camp , which was put into operation in 1935 and had a separate entrance, both the staff building and the guards' accommodation were housed in the form of the SS barracks. Furthermore, the SS-Unterführerschule Dachau was located on the site of the training camp , the staff of which was housed in the headquarters building of the SS-Totenkopfverband. The junior non-commissioned officers of the “Camp SS” were brought in and trained there. The General SS also had its own “leader school” there. The neighboring SS Administrative School Dachau served to train the administrative cadre until autumn 1942 and was then partially relocated to the then SS barracks in Arolsen due to the course of the war .In the Dachau training camp, Dachau's later guard personnel were brutalized by being trained strictly according to Eicke's specifications ("Dachau School") and the SS men were encouraged to actively use violence on "camp duty" against the local "enemies of the state" in the form of the prisoners to act brutally against them (“tolerance means weakness”). The recruits learned to use corporal punishment and torture on a daily basis during their deployment as concentration camp guards . With what they learned there, the guards were then deployed to other Nazi camps. [66]Medical experimentsNegative pressure test for the Luftwaffe, 1942Since the SS also trained doctors to carry out operations on injured soldiers during wartime, operations were carried out several times for training purposes in the infirmary. In addition, numerous Dachau SS doctors carried out various experiments on prisoners , for example the TB series of experiments, liver punctures, Sigmund Rascher carried out high-altitude and hypothermia experiments, and Claus Schilling infected prisoners with malaria. Hubertus Strughold , Sigmund Ruff and Rascher also carried out mescaline experiments on inmates for interrogation purposes. [67] The experiments were part of the so-called “aviation medical experiments”, in which prisoners were “experimentally” exposed to various extreme physiological stresses until their (precisely measured) death occurred. [68]Camp regulationsThe whipping box on which the corporal punishment was carried outIn almost all early camps, camp regulations emerged that were derived from the common regulations of police and judicial prisons. Things were completely different in the Dachau camp. Here, in the first camp regulations, Commander Wäckerle assigned full jurisdiction to the office of camp commandant, which gave him sole legal authority and was therefore the most far-reaching change. Six months later, the second version was tightened by Commander Eicke on October 1, 1933, and corporal punishment was added as a further innovation. The camp regulations became valid for all SS concentration camps from 1934. The hierarchy of SS personnel was determined by the IKL . The IKL later also provided uniform guidelines for the procedure of the so-called criminal proceedings in the SS concentration camps. In the guard's duty , Himmler had it written down that prisoners had to be shot immediately without being called out and without a warning blank shot. In the case of the numerous unnatural deaths, the attempted explanation was often that prisoners had been shot in an alleged attempt to escape.prison functionariesThe “divide and rule” method was used through graduated prisoner self-management in the camp. The SS appointed prisoners to oversee duties. As soon as they did not complete their task satisfactorily, they lost their status again. Then they had to fear reactions from other inmates. The SS forced prison functionaries to subject other prisoners to strict regulations, for example with regard to order and cleanliness in barracks and clothing. Minor offenses were severely punished. One of the most feared prison functionaries was Johan Meansarian; He was shot by US soldiers after the camp was liberated. [69] [70] Dachau was a political camp throughout its twelve years of existence. The positions occupied by prisoners remained in the hands of political prisoners; These had been imprisoned for the longest time since the beginning of the Nazi era .Warehouse terminologyThe SS used the abbreviation KL in internal correspondence; This abbreviation was also used in newspaper reports at the time. According to contemporary witness Eugen Kogon, the SS preferred to use the harsher and more threatening-sounding abbreviation “KZ” to the outside world. Since all concentration camps were under the control of the SS, the unusual abbreviation was memorized. [71]According to the official definition of the Nazi regime, only those that were under the command of the SS were considered concentration camps. [32] The SS ruled here arbitrarily and without legal restrictions. Other places of detention that were not under the jurisdiction of the SS were referred to in National Socialist terminology as labor education camps .propagandaHimmler and the NSDAP carried out calculated propaganda with the “ Dachau model camp ” in order to counteract the “atrocity propaganda from abroad” (→ Potemkin Village ). The SS later also carried out propaganda with the “model camp” Theresienstadt : prominent Jewish prisoners were forced to take part in propaganda films and then deported to extermination camps .The victimsPrisoner groupsidentification for prisoners; Training material for SS guards→ Main article : Identification system for prisoner groupsThe commander SS Oberführer Loritz systematized the identification of the prisoner groups . They were small triangles of fabric, called chevrons, that were sewn onto the prisoner's uniform. The main groups were distinguished by the color of the triangles.In addition, each prisoner had a number sewn onto their clothing. As for prisoner numbers, the first series ran from No. 1 to 37,575 from March 22, 1933 to March 31, 1940. The second series was No. 1 to 161,896, starting from April 1, 1940 to April 28, 1945.Prisoners→ Main article : Prisoners in the Dachau concentration campIn total, around 200,000 prisoners were imprisoned in Dachau, including numerous well-known personalities such as mayors, local politicians and members of the Reichstag from all parties. Many publishers of newspapers and magazines were on the prisoner list, as were well-known - and therefore influential - writers and aristocrats. Other high-profile professions were also affected: musicians, composers and lawyers. Another special position of the camp was that from the end of 1940, imprisoned clergy of various denominations from other camps were brought to Dachau and imprisoned in the pastor's block there .See also : Category:Prisoner in the Dachau concentration campFatalities→ Main article : Death figures from the Dachau concentration campGate in the Dachau concentration camp with the inscription Arbeit macht freiThe surviving documents from the registry offices and the special registry office in Bad Arolsen, which was set up after the end of the war , provide written evidence of 32,009 deaths. [72] However, it must be noted that the camp's registry office only documented deaths until April 20, 1945. The SS destroyed many files and did not document all deaths and murders. For example, the SS executed Soviet prisoners of war. Shortly before the liberation, there were numerous deaths during the prisoners' marches out of the camp, which were also not officially registered. Current historical research assumes around 41,500 deaths. [3]Guards and commanders→ Main article : Personnel in the Dachau concentration campResponsibilitiesThe SS Totenkopf units were responsible for guarding all later concentration camps. These specially created SS units were trained in the Dachau concentration camp (see also the article SS-Unterführerschule Dachau ). The SS personnel lived on the immediately adjacent SS compound. The SS-Totenkopf unit responsible for guarding the Dachau concentration camp was the SS-Totenkopf-Standarte I “Oberbayern” , from which the later Waffen-SS Division “Totenkopf” was set up in October 1939. After the reclassification, the SS standard in Dachau was renamed the SS Totenkopf recruit standard “Upper Bavaria”.Second in command, from the end of June 1933 to July 7, 1934, was Theodor Eicke . After his murder of the SA leader Röhm, he was promoted and became head of the SS Inspectorate of Concentration Camps (responsible for all concentration camps). He issued regulations that were implemented in practically all concentration camps. He was followed as commanders by Heinrich Deubel , Hans Loritz , Alex Piorkowski , Martin Weiß and Eduard Weiter (October 1, 1943 to April 26, 1945). After him, SS-Untersturmführer Heinrich Wicker (born 1921) [73] handed over the camp to the US troops on April 29th.Dachau trialsMain defendant in the Dachau main trial on November 15, 1945→ Main article : Dachau main trialThe US military used the former prisoner camp and the SS barracks to imprison NSDAP officials and members of the SS. A total of 489 trials were carried out in Dachau, the Dachau Trials being military trials.The first trial, the Dachau main trial (United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et al.) , was directed against parts of the Dachau concentration camp team and was carried out from November 15th to December 13th, 1945. So-called concentration camp doctors and Otto Schulz as a representative of the German Equipment Works (DAW, Exploitation of Slave Labor ) were also charged there. All 40 defendants were found guilty and 36 of them were sentenced to death; 28 were hanged in Landsberg prison in 1946 . The main Dachau trial was followed by 121 follow-up trials with around 500 defendants.However, numerous SS men managed to escape abroad via the Rat Lines .Memorials and memorial workMemorial stone and inscription “Never again”Death March from the Dachau Concentration Camp (bronze sculpture by the sculptor Hubertus von Pilgrim )→ Main article : Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial (with religious memorials and memorial) and Comité International de DachauIn 1963, Konrad Adenauer and Charles de Gaulle signed the Franco-German Friendship Treaty . The German federal government committed to preserving the gravesites of former prisoners.The Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial was built in 1965. With the exception of the various church-sponsored facilities on the site, the land and properties of the actual camp, some branch offices and extensive exhibition and archive holdings are sponsored by the Bavarian Memorials Foundation, which was set up in 2003 .After the war, the remaining buildings of the SS area were initially used by the US Army. In the 21st century it is used by the Bavarian riot police and is not open to the public.In 1996, January 27th was set as a national day of remembrance for the victims of National Socialism . Since 2005, January 27th has also been an international day of remembrance.On the night of September 15th to 16th, 2001, the entire length of the back and side walls of the two reconstructed prisoner barracks was daubed with numerous anti-Semitic, anti-Israel and anti-American slogans. The perpetrators, who are still unknown to this day, were probably at work quietly throughout the night, as there was no night-time security service on the site and there were no alarm systems. [74] [75] [76]On May 2, 2010, on the 65th anniversary of the liberation, a sitting German Federal President ( Horst Köhler ) took part in the commemoration ceremony at the Dachau concentration camp memorial for the first time. [77] On the 70th anniversary, German Chancellor Angela Merkel gave a speech on May 3, 2015.On the night of November 2, 2014, the original entrance door with the cynical inscription Arbeit Macht Frei was stolen by unknown perpetrators. Despite intensive search work, the thieves have not yet been identified, but the door was found in the Norwegian city of Bergen following an anonymous tip . [78] On February 22, 2017, the door returned to Dachau. It can be seen in the museum's permanent exhibition in an alarm-protected and air-conditioned display case. [79]medialiterature• Wolfgang Benz , Angelika Königseder (eds.): The Dachau concentration camp. History and effects of National Socialist repression. Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-940938-10-7 , 460 pages.• Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist concentration camps. Volume 2: Early camps, Dachau, Emsland camp. CH Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52962-3 .• Comité International de Dachau - Barbara Distel: Dachau concentration camp 1933 to 1945. Dachau 2005, ISBN 3-87490-750-3 .• Barbara Distel, Wolfgang Benz: The Dachau concentration camp 1933–1945. History and meaning. Published by the Bavarian State Center for Political Education , Munich 1994 ( km.bayern.de ( Memento from December 3, 2005 in the Internet Archive )).• Barbara Distel, Wolfgang Benz: Dachau books . Studies and documents on the history of the National Socialist concentration camps. Website of the Dachau books.• Barbara Distel (arr.): Dachau concentration camp. 1933 to 1945; Text and image documents for the exhibition. Catalog for the exhibition “Dachau Concentration Camp 1933 to 1945”; Redesign of the exhibitions at the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial. 4th edition. Munich 2005. ISBN 978-3-87490-750-7 .• Johann Neuhäusler : What was it like in Dachau? An attempt to get closer to the truth . Board of Trustees for Atonement Dachau Concentration Camp 1960 (13th edition 1986)• Hans-Günter Richardi : School of Violence. The beginnings of the Dachau concentration camp 1933–1934. Beck, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-406-09142-3 .• Dirk Riedel : Dungeon in the Dachau concentration camp. The history of the three bunker buildings. Dachau 2002.• Sabine Schalm: Surviving through work? External commands and subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp 1933 1945, Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-940938-45-9 .• Sybille Steinbacher : Dachau - The city and the concentration camp during the Nazi era. Investigating a Neighborhood. Peter Lang, Frankfurt a. M. 1993, ISBN 3-631-46682-X .• Nikolaus Wachsmann : KL: The history of the National Socialist concentration camps. Siedler Verlag, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-88680-827-4 .• Stanislav Zámečník (ed. Comité International de Dachau): That was Dachau. Luxembourg 2002, ISBN 2-87996-948-4 .• Detailed list of further literature on hagalil.comGraphic novel• Guy-Pierre Gautier, Tiburce Oger: Survival in Dachau , Bahoe Books, Vienna 2020, ISBN 978-3-903290-20-4FilmsFeature films with a historical reference• The ninth day . Feature film, Germany, 2004, directed by Volker Schlöndorff.documentaries• Dachau concentration camp. Documentary, Germany. The film can be viewed, among other things, in the cinema hall of the Dachau concentration camp.• The priest block. Documentary, Germany, 2005, directed by Max Kronawitter. The film reports on the pastor's block (Dachau concentration camp) with interviews and individual scenes from the feature film The Ninth Day . [80]• Hafner's paradise . Documentary, Germany, 2007, directed by Günter Schwaiger. The film describes the encounter between former prisoner Hans Landauer and former SS man Paul Hafner .• The white raven. Documentary, 2009, about the former prisoner Max Mannheimer .• Born in a concentration camp. Documentary, 2010. Story of two Jewish women who gave birth to children in the Kaufering subcamp during the last winter of the war.Photo archive of the Bavarian State Library• Staged propaganda photos. Photographer: Heinrich Hoffmann , June 1933◦ Prisoners build a swimming pool , view of the Dachau camp , guards , prisoners curling , curling 2 , curling 3 , curling 4 , prisoner on the ice , building the Wessel monument• Secret photography (photography ban), Dachau area, everyday war life in 1943.◦ Everyday war life in 1943 , + , + , + , + , + , + , +• Photos: Trial of SS guards, December 1945.◦ Identification of concentration camp personnel , crematorium ovens with wreathsWeb linksCommons : Dachau concentration camp - collection of images, videos and audio files• Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial• Dachau concentration camp – the first Nazi concentration camp – dossier on BR.de• Link catalog on the topic of Dachau concentration camp at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )• (Educational) material on the Dachau concentration camp (learning from history)• Michael Backmund, Thies Marsen: “The German people forget too quickly ,” Neues Deutschland, April 18, 2020• End of horror? The liberation of the Flossenbürg and Dachau concentration camps , documentary, Bavarian features section• Place of remembrance (website on the history of the Kaufering subcamp complex)Individual evidence1 ↑ Stanislav Zámečník : Early camps, Dachau, Emsland camp . In: Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . tape 2 . C. H. Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52962-3 , p. 233 f .2 ↑ Barbara Distel : Early camps, Dachau, Emsland camp . In: Wolfgang Beepressionssystems. (Memento vom 5. Januar 2007 im Internet Archive)13 ↑ Staatsanwalt Karl Wintersberger. (PDF; 103 kB) Geschichte 2 (Memento vom 24. Dezember 2008 im Internet Archive)14 ↑ Münchner Illustrierte Presse. Bericht vom 16. Juli 193315 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 54–58.16 ↑ Am 2. Juli entdeckte der Häftling Hans Deller 17 mit Chlorkalk überschüttete Leichen. Die Zahl der Toten lag vermutlich etwas höher, in dem Buch Die Toten von Dachau sind für diese Tage höhere Todesfälle angeführt. Vgl. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 70.17 ↑ Häftlinge hatten nachts eine Hinrichtung durch die Fenster der Baracken beobachtet; der Lagerverwalter hielt SS-Männer davon ab, in die Baracken zu stürmen und diese zu erschießen. Am nächsten Tag ordnete Eicke an, dass sie bei einer weiteren Hinrichtung durch den Drahtzaun zusehen mussten. Vgl. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 69.18 ↑ Vgl. Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 90.19 ↑ Werbeplakat Reichstagswahl 29. März 193620 ↑ Vgl. auch Wolfgang Benz: Geschichte des Dritten Reiches. Beck, München 2000, ISBN 3-406-46765-2, S. 80–81. Am 16. Juli 1936 wurden unter der Propagandaparole „Berlin ohne Zigeuner“ rund 600 Sinti und Roma in Berlin verhaftet und in das dazu errichtete Gefangenenlager Berlin-Marzahn gesperrt, von den Nazis als Zigeunerrastplatz Marzahn bezeichnet. Von dort wurden später viele in die KZ deportiert. Vgl. Wolfgang Benz: Das Lager Marzahn. Zur nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung der Sinti und Roma und ihrer anhaltenden Diskriminierung. In: Helge Grabitz, Klaus Bästlein, Johannes Tuchel (Hrsg.): Die Normalität des Verbrechens. Bilanz und Perspektiven der Forschung zu den nationalsozialistischen Gewaltverbrechen. Berlin 1994, S. 260–279.21 ↑ Vgl. Wolfgang Ayaß: „Asoziale“ im Nationalsozialismus. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1995, S. 138–179.22 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. 2002, S. 98.23 ↑ Faksimile des Fernschreibens von Heydrich in der Pogromnacht 1938. NS-Archiv, Dokumente zum Nationalsozialismus, Stand: 6. Dezember 2008.24 ↑ Wolf-Arno Kropat: Kristallnacht in Hessen, Das Judenpogrom vom November 1938. Wiesbaden 1988, ISBN 3-921434-11-4, S. 167 ff.25 ↑ Schreiben des Auswärtigen Amtes Berlin 1939, Stand 9. Januar 2007.26 ↑ Die katholische Kapelle bildet einen aufgebrochenen Zylinder, der für den Architekten Josef Wiedemann ein Symbol für die Befreiung aus der Gefangenschaft durch Christus darstellen soll. Vor der Todesangst-Christi-Kapelle befindet sich noch eine Gedächtnisglocke, die täglich um 15:00 Uhr (nach biblischer Angabe die Todesstunde Jesu) läutet. Sie war das erste religiöses Mahnmal, das 1960 auf Initiative des ehemaligen Häftlings und späteren Münchner Weihbischofs Johannes Neuhäusler gebaut wurde. Ihre Weihe am 5. August 1960 im Rahmen des Eucharistischen Weltkongresses wurde zu einem wichtigen Signal für das Anliegen, am Ort des ehemaligen Konzentrationslagers eine Gedenkstätte zu errichten.27 ↑ Der Grundriss der aus Holzplanken errichteten russischen Kapelle ist ein Oktogon und steht auf einem Hügel, der teilweise aus Erde aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion aufgeschüttet wurde. Die Hauptikone im Inneren der 1995 eingeweihten Kapelle zeigt den auferstandenen Christus, der die Insassen des Lagers aus ihren Baracken durch das von Engeln geöffnete Tor herausführt.28 ↑ „Möge das Vorbild derer, die hier von 1933 bis 1945 wegen ihres Kampfes gegen den Nationalsozialismus ihr Leben ließen, die Lebenden vereinen zur Verteidigung des Friedens und der Freiheit und in Ehrfurcht vor der Würde des Menschen.“ Inschrift des Internationalen Mahnmals von Nandor Glid.29 ↑ Die jüdische Gedenkstätte rechts neben der Todesangst-Christi-Kapelle wurde am 7. Mai 1967 eingeweiht. Der Bau des Architekten Zvi Guttmann ist aus schwarzem Lavabasaltstein und führt wie auf einer Rampe in die Tiefe. Am tiefsten Punkt dringt jedoch Licht durch eine Öffnung in der Decke. Überragt wird der Bau von einer siebenarmigen Menorah aus Marmor, der aus Peki'in in Israel stammt. Der Ort Peki'in soll im Verlauf der Jahrhunderte immer wenigstens von einem Juden bewohnt gewesen sein, wodurch eine Kontinuität des Judentums symbolisiert wird. Im Inneren leuchtet das „Ner Tamid“, das Ewige Licht. Die Geländer greifen das Bild des im Konzentrationslager allgegenwärtigen Stacheldrahtes auf und gemeinsam mit der Rampe stellt das Gebäude auf einer symbolischen Ebene eine Erinnerung an die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden dar.30 ↑ Grafik Arbeitslosigkeit zwischen 1921 und 1939 (Memento vom 4. Februar 2007 im Internet Archive)31 ↑ „Hitler kam (…) in „Mein Kampf“ zu dem Schluss, dass (…) ein politischer Einfluss der Religion – in Hitlers Augen ein Missbrauch – nicht zugelassen werden dürfe“. Textauszug aus: Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 170. Vgl. Quelle: Hitler: Mein Kampf. 1939, S. 292–294.32 ↑ Hochspringen nach:
a b c Barbara Diestel, Wolfgang Benz: Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung. Hrsg.: Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 17. April 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung (Memento vom 3. Dezember 2005 im Internet Archive)33 ↑ Zámečník, S. 174.34 ↑ Dachauer Archiv, DA-36125.35 ↑ Zahlenangabe der Gedenkstätte (Memento vom 24. September 2010 im Internet Archive)36 ↑ Erst Klee: Deutsche Medizin im Dritten Reich. Karrieren vor und nach 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt/M. 2001, ISBN 3-10-039310-4, S. 185.37 ↑ Versuche mit Unterdruck im Jahr 1942 (Memento vom 13. Februar 2009 im Internet Archive), Stand 9. Januar 2007.38 ↑ Laut Aussagen des Zeugen der Verteidigung H. Bickel (NOR 4, S. 5335–5359 G) und des Angeklagten Mummethey, leitender Geschäftsführer der DEST (NOR 4, S. 5588–5589 G).39 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. S. 257.40 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 256 ff.41 ↑ KZ Dachau. Deutsches Historisches Museum42 ↑ Kupfer-Koberwitz: Die Mächtigen. Band II, S. 177.43 ↑ Im Frühjahr führten die Häftlinge auf einer improvisierten Freilichtbühne ein selbstgeschriebenes Theaterstück auf, der Text war zensiert worden, es kam dennoch zu Anspielungen auf Hitler: Eine Person hieß Adolar, ein anderer Schausteller sprach den Namen dann absichtlich als Adol-f-ar aus. Ab Ende April gestattete Redwitz wöchentlich sonntags auf dem Appellplatz ein Fußballspiel. Am 29. August durften polnische Volkstänze aufgeführt werden.44 ↑ laut Aussage von Häftling Emil Mahr, Case Dachau, Exhibit 93, S. 1–2.45 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 259 ff.46 ↑ Nach französischen Quellen, von denen zum Beispiel auch Berben ausgeht, kam der Transport am 5. Juli mit 984 Toten an. – Die Quelle Dachauer Archiv DA-1042 nennt hingegen den 6. Juli mit 891 Toten. Auch so bei Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 346: er verwendet die niedrigere Zahl (6. Juli, 891 Tote).47 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 323.48 ↑ Meerwasser-Versuche 194449 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 348.50 ↑ Tabellen des ITS Arolsen.51 ↑ Zámečník, S. 399.52 ↑ Erinnerungsorte des Nationalsozialismus in Innsbruck und Seefeld. (Memento vom 14. Juli 2014 im Internet Archive) Institut für Zeitgeschichte der Universität Innsbruck 2004.53 ↑ History: Dachau: II. Dachau, concentration camp, OSS section, seventh army. Abgerufen am 13. Oktober 2014.54 ↑ Morris U. Schappes: The Editors Diary. In: Jewish Currents, Volume 47, 1993, S. 2055 ↑ Michael Wiley Perry, US 7th Army: Dachau Liberated: The Official Report by U.S. Seventh Army Released Within Days of the Camp's Liberation by Elements of the 42nd and 45th Divisions, 2000, S. 256 ↑ John C. McManus: Hell Before Their Very Eyes: American Soldiers Liberate Concentration Camps in Germany, April 1945, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2015, ISBN 978-1-4214-1765-3, S. 13857 ↑ Zit. n.: Benjamin Bauer: Arbeitszwang gegen „Asoziale“? Kontinuitäten des KZ Dachau in der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit. In: Wissen schafft Demokratie 7/2020 (Kontinuitäten), S. 158–169.58 ↑ Barbara Diestel, Wolfgang Benz: Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung. Hrsg.: Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 31. Dezember 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung (Memento vom 4. Dezember 2005 im Internet Archive)59 ↑ siehe farbige Umrandung (Memento vom 19. Juli 2011 im Internet Archive)60 ↑ Vgl. Zámečník: S. 298–300.61 ↑ IMT Nürnberg, Band 32 (Dokumentenband 8), ISBN 3-7735-2524-9, S. 62 = Dokument 3249 PS.62 ↑ Barbara Distel: Die Gaskammer in der „Baracke X“ des Konzentrationslagers Dachau. In: Günther Morsch, Bertrand Perz: Neue Studien zu nationalsozialistischen Massentötungen durch Giftgas. Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-940938-99-2, S. 339.63 ↑ Barbara Distel: Die Gaskammer in der „Baracke X“… S. 338/339.64 ↑ Sabine Schalm: Überleben durch Arbeit? Außenkommandos und Außenlager des KZ Dachau 1933–1945. In: Geschichte der Konzentrationslager 1933–1945. Band 10. Metropol, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-940938-45-9, S. 45–50 (zugleich Diss. an der TU Berlin 2008).65 ↑ Barbara Diestel, Wolfgang Benz: Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Geschichte und Bedeutung. Hrsg.: Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. München 1994 (online [abgerufen am 17. April 2006]). Das Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933–1945. Dachauer Außenkommandos (Memento vom 11. März 2007 im Internet Archive)66 ↑ Karin Orth: Wie SS-Männer zu Mördern gedrillt wurden. In: Spiegel Online. 12. März 2008.67 ↑ Torsten Passie: Meskalinforschung in Deutschland 1887–1950: Grundlagenforschung, Selbstversuche und Missbrauch. Abgerufen am 10. Juli 2021.68 ↑ Karl-Heinz Roth: Strukturen, Paradigmen und Mentalitäten in der luftfahrtmedizinischen Forschung des „Dritten Reichs“ 1933–1941: Der Weg ins Konzentrationslager Dachau. In: 1999. Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts 15 (2000), S. 49–77.69 ↑ Zámečník: Das war Dachau. Luxemburg 2002, S. 158.70 ↑ Henryk Maria Malak: Shavelings in Death Camps: A Polish Priest’s Memoir of Imprisonment by the Nazis, 1939–1945, S. 363.71 ↑ Eugen Kogon: Der SS-Staat. Das System der deutschen Konzentrationslager. Alber, München 1946.72 ↑ nach Dachauer Archiv DA-36125. Zámečník, S. 398.73 ↑ Vgl. KZ Bruttig-Treis (Juni–September 1944) und Hessentaler li 2011 im Internet Archive)74 ↑ Anschlag: KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau mit antisemitischen Parolen beschmiert. In: FAZ.NET. ISSN 0174-4909 (faz.net [abgerufen am 26. August 2022]).75 ↑ Gregor Staltmaier: Von KZ-Schändern in Dachau fehlt noch jede Spur. In: DIE WELT. 17. September 2001 (welt.de [abgerufen am 26. August 2022]).76 ↑ KZ -Gedenkstätte Dachau geschändet. sub-bavaria.de. In: Aus Deutsch-Tschechische Nachrichten Nr. 33. Abgerufen am 26. August 2022.77 ↑ Gegen das Vergessen. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2. Mai 2010.78 ↑ Tor von KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau in Norwegen entdeckt. In: Berliner Zeitung, 3. Dezember 2016, S. 4.79 ↑ Gestohlenes Tor ist zurück in Dachau. Spiegel Online, 22. Februar 2017, abgerufen am gleichen Tage80 ↑ Beiheft: Der Priesterblock. (Memento vom 5. November 2014 im Internet Archive) (PDF) FWU – Schule und Unterricht; abgerufen am 5. November 2014.Liste der KZ-StammlagerDeutsches Reich: KZ Arbeitsdorf | KZ Bergen-Belsen | KZ Buchenwald | KZ Dachau | KZ Flossenbürg | KZ Groß-Rosen | SS-Sonderlager Hinzert | KZ Mittelbau-Dora | KZ Mauthausen | KZ Neuengamme | KZ Ravensbrück | KZ Sachsenhausen | KZ Niederhagen-Wewelsburg | KZ Stutthof | Polen: KZ Auschwitz I | KZ Auschwitz-Monowitz | KZ Majdanek | KZ Warschau | KZ Plaszow | Estland: KZ Vaivara | Litauen: KZ Kauen | Lettland: KZ Riga-Kaiserwald | Frankreich: KZ Natzweiler-Struthof | Niederlande: KZ Herzogenbusch169 Außenlager und -kommandos des KZ DachauAußenlagerkomplexeDeutschlandAllachHauptlager München-Allach (BMW) • Außenlager Karlsfeld (OT) • RothschwaigeAllgäuAußenlager Kempten • Kottern • Fischen • Blaichach • KaufbeurenBodenseeHauptlager Friedrichshafen • Außenlager Überlingen-Aufkirch • SaulgauKaufering/LandsbergHauptlager Kaufering I – Landsberg • Außenlager Kaufering II – Igling • III – Kaufering • IV – Hurlach • V – Utting • VI – Türkheim • VII – Erpfting • VIII – Seestall • IX – Obermeitingen • X – Utting • XI – StadtwaldhofMühldorfHauptlager Mühldorf-Mettenheim (M 1) • Außenlager Mühldorf-Ampfing Waldlager V/VI • Mühldorf-Mittergars • Mühldorf-Thalham • Außenkommando Mühldorf-ZangbergSchwabenHauptlager Augsburg-Pfersee • Außenlager Gablingen • Horgau • BäumenheimDeutschlandMünchenAußenlager Agfa Kamerawerke • Neuaubing (Dornier) • Riem (OT, SS-Reit- & Fahrschule) • Außenkommando Bombensuche • 30 Münchner AußenkommandosOberbayernAußenlager Eching • Germering • Gendorf • Landsberg • Landshut • Neufahrn • Ottobrunn • Stephanskirchen • Trostberg • Außenkommando Hausham • Ingolstadt • Rosenheim • Sudelfeld (SS-Berghaus) • Sudelfeld (Luftwaffe) • Weitere AußenkommandosSchwabenAußenlager Augsburg-Kriegshaber • Augsburg-Haunstetten • Burgau • Lauingen • Riederloh • Außenkommando Oberstdorf-Birgsau • Schlachters • Weitere AußenkommandosÖsterreichAußenlager Mauthausen • Weißsee • Außenkommando Fischhorn • Hallein • Lochau • Salzburg (Polizeidirektion) • Salzburg (Bombensuche) • St. </span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com85221 Dachau, Germany48.2629984 11.43390220000003448.178444400000004 11.272540700000034 48.3475524 11.595263700000034tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-37954584358282917392008-01-18T20:11:00.115-08:002023-08-04T05:42:06.711-07:00Remaining Nazi Sites in Westphalia (1)<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span><b> North Rhine-Westphalia</b></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2cVWbty3P5jEgDI1tdNGtwTioU97sP92nU9v9GS4njkhIfp19BVapnGkguAlYwSpHZS8YLOcW_UaOnQjNDzuj0BPMN3WWRv3S6bsgzolgamYioHg16rEm-uVAUirDk7Di2WqdiBNZ4Ipe/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-12-31+at+16.46.58.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="572" data-original-width="751" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2cVWbty3P5jEgDI1tdNGtwTioU97sP92nU9v9GS4njkhIfp19BVapnGkguAlYwSpHZS8YLOcW_UaOnQjNDzuj0BPMN3WWRv3S6bsgzolgamYioHg16rEm-uVAUirDk7Di2WqdiBNZ4Ipe/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-12-31+at+16.46.58.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">As
with England, the first written account of this area and its people was
by its conqueror, Julius Caesar who had subdued the territories west of
the Rhine that were occupied by the Eburones and across from Cologne
east of the Rhine the Ubii and other Germanic tribes such as the Cugerni
who were later settled on the west side of the Rhine in the Roman
province of Germania Inferior. Kenneth Wellesley (91-92) describes this
region during the year of the four emperors, describing the
opportunities its destruction during the Second World War provided for
archæologists: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">At
Cologne, the capital city of the Lower Rhine District, the saturation
bombing of the 1939–45 war opened up the possibility of excavation. It
was carefully conducted for many years. We now know the site and shape
of the governor’s </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">palace
by the Rhine, and public spirited ingenuity has seen to it that the
visitor can still, despite rebuilding, study something of the impressive
remains in a large crypt beneath the Town Hall. Already in 69 a walled
city with its municipality, Cologne, the colony of the people of
Agrippina, had a permanent bridge over the Rhine, serving to connect it
with many Transrhenane Germans and funnel the trade flow in both
directions. No legion guarded it; but slightly further on, at </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4E6jinSSP24j1nr3Rc6rg1g-JcEqtFPpf-ZeCNz1NRppw9tujt5mHGthwfNZ29zTzxRnQhqPwfhPgdrEFOKKnIQMx8x7CSn2BuD1EKCgACT4SJ80_sbsBRREZP1Z8y1YF96oVPexBtnej/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-12-31+at+16.48.44.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="524" data-original-width="810" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4E6jinSSP24j1nr3Rc6rg1g-JcEqtFPpf-ZeCNz1NRppw9tujt5mHGthwfNZ29zTzxRnQhqPwfhPgdrEFOKKnIQMx8x7CSn2BuD1EKCgACT4SJ80_sbsBRREZP1Z8y1YF96oVPexBtnej/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-12-31+at+16.48.44.png" width="400" /></a>Bonn,
just before the hills begin, lay the third station holding another
single legion. A little before Koblenz a humble stream trickles into the
latter from the west, flowing from a well-defined side valley
penetrating the wooded hills; its name, the Vinxtbach, suggests that
this was the frontier between Lower and Upper Germany, and inscriptions
found north and south of the tributary make the supposition certain. At
Mainz, where the inflowing Main forms a broad highway to and from the
east, the double legionary fort was the main military site of the Upper
District, of which the remaining legion lay now far to the south at
Windisch in the Aargau. ... On the waters of the Rhine the ships of the
German fleet gave further protection, and forwarded a useful riverborne
supply of commodities and munitions. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPTt2ViccaEpJBQytzx7uGKzb6y9SutLcAASh7dzXvs9CRrph_iD-R0FcE-_KpumpO5SjciXnfUcjwRBk_U864QA6bP2yJcXTBaFxxclYGWTolkPZAcSpRaSsbeol7RbV6QHA-J1LHWjNG/s1600/Grossbritannien-Teaser.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="84" data-original-width="140" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPTt2ViccaEpJBQytzx7uGKzb6y9SutLcAASh7dzXvs9CRrph_iD-R0FcE-_KpumpO5SjciXnfUcjwRBk_U864QA6bP2yJcXTBaFxxclYGWTolkPZAcSpRaSsbeol7RbV6QHA-J1LHWjNG/s200/Grossbritannien-Teaser.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
current German state of Rhine-Westphalia was created by the British
when, after the war, they were tasked with ruling the largest and most
populous of the four zones that Germany found itself divided into. The
British military administration established it in 1946 from the Prussian
provinces of Westphalia and the northern part of Rhine Province (North
Rhine), and the Free State of Lippe. Giles MacDonogh summarises how
great the task was that the British faced; my family didn't experience
rationing growing up in England during the war; it did after: </span></span></span><br />
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiKuTTB-K6qdku9YPGZtmMK4krwiLkUgfvMZziwKuhKkwb4IJyUs6rSNflTdFmoQ1knLaHXX3YHz34wSbMNtsZQOsFi5SFnyLWer2HBzCKAJi8AvDp-jabi-x7RD2mhPPByfUWzEq9AgTr/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-12-31+at+17.47.14.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="322" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiKuTTB-K6qdku9YPGZtmMK4krwiLkUgfvMZziwKuhKkwb4IJyUs6rSNflTdFmoQ1knLaHXX3YHz34wSbMNtsZQOsFi5SFnyLWer2HBzCKAJi8AvDp-jabi-x7RD2mhPPByfUWzEq9AgTr/s200/Screen+Shot+2019-12-31+at+17.47.14.png" width="200" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<br />
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The
British needed to take stock of their zone. They had the largely empty
farmlands of Schleswig-Holstein, the industrial and farming areas of
Lower Saxony, and the industrialised but also highly cultural region of
the Rhine and the Ruhr. The area had been very badly damaged by bombing.
Cologne was 66 per cent destroyed, and Düsseldorf a staggering 93 per
cent. Aachen was described as a ‘fantastic, stinking heap of ruins’. The
British reordered their domain, creating Rhineland-Westphalia by
amalgamating two Länder. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">(255) <i>After the Reich </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bad Godesberg </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div face="georgia" style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEios9B0oHiVeNApX-N0VxjYGQz45eZHd6ETGE3OipyxH-DOgOYy1ME3uEfGejQldjB-cOcNrginKqeR5AA2sTXZ7-8Q3Je6Wfr5xrGsMYzc-Ib5DjtY1UcZUsAmqRMP--UJJ_aInvwdA-GsXJ-14RcchzPCHur10dfV2ZbdMjIRwBkK86Zg3ALqm3uv7Q/s366/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(61).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="366" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEios9B0oHiVeNApX-N0VxjYGQz45eZHd6ETGE3OipyxH-DOgOYy1ME3uEfGejQldjB-cOcNrginKqeR5AA2sTXZ7-8Q3Je6Wfr5xrGsMYzc-Ib5DjtY1UcZUsAmqRMP--UJJ_aInvwdA-GsXJ-14RcchzPCHur10dfV2ZbdMjIRwBkK86Zg3ALqm3uv7Q/w473-h312/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(61).gif" width="473" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bad
Godesberg was the first major German city to be transferred to Allied
forces control without a battle in 1945. Before this however d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>uring
the Nazi era, Bad Godesberg gained the reputation of being a
particularly popular place for the Führer; between 1926 and 1945, Hitler
stayed on the Rhine no less than seventy times. His most spectacular
appearance took place here on September 22-24, 1938, when he met
Chamberlain in Bad Godesberg to negotiate the Sudeten Crisis with him.
During this visit, as on previous visits, numerous Bad Godesberg
citizens lined the streets to cheer Hitler on his journey from the
centre of Godesberg to the Rheinhotel Dreesen, shown here behind Hitler </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>with its imposing facade and still renowned accommodation due to its location, its historical significance and its numerous prominent guests such as Gustav Stresemann , Walter Rathenau, Charlie Chaplin, Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich. In 1925 the hotel underwent extensive renovations based on plans by the architect Christoph Brüggemann. It's also still run by the old Rüngsdorf innkeeper family Dreesen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc1hn_5yclLX4ulJ5nyOaPlQpvz3TC6norsqCnHYz8OAb5zRfmRO5rSKhv2o-JLPkLGdxwcm7Q8yxyuJK3Fv2T9c0PdL7u7yPQY8cL8KQaBOPEdkVx9FGTFuphq2zv94SxtdwyDz9JEGK_/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc1hn_5yclLX4ulJ5nyOaPlQpvz3TC6norsqCnHYz8OAb5zRfmRO5rSKhv2o-JLPkLGdxwcm7Q8yxyuJK3Fv2T9c0PdL7u7yPQY8cL8KQaBOPEdkVx9FGTFuphq2zv94SxtdwyDz9JEGK_/s400/myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></a>The Rheinhotel Dreesen had been the site of a</span> convention of SA and ϟϟ leaders on August 19, 1933<span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> in which</span> Hitler
delivered a two-and-a-half-hour address, commenting, among other things,
on the relationship between the SA and the Reichswehr. Eventually </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">the hotel would be the site of Hitler's planning for the purge of the SA <span style="font-size: small;">and its leader Ernst Röhm in June 1934.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">It
was from this hotel, run by Herr Dreesen, an early Nazi crony of
Hitler, that the Fuehrer had set out on the night of June 29-30, 1934,
to kill Roehm and carry out the Blood Purge. The Nazi leader had often
sought out the hotel as a place of refuge where he could collect his
thoughts and resolve his hesitations.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>Shirer (nb.349) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuB1T8Cif-Oiq7Y-Iof_SevF2nGmp3BmmDvgpMTWVmAvJjHOf5MWGa-gKJoU7DEWcp0fpTcKxekQ9M5FykJphbWajDx0IpOq7TRK3RX4S1DXXMgoTXsdweS4wU6RzWRvFDN7AdUaU43uWP/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-07-22+at+12.12.48.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuB1T8Cif-Oiq7Y-Iof_SevF2nGmp3BmmDvgpMTWVmAvJjHOf5MWGa-gKJoU7DEWcp0fpTcKxekQ9M5FykJphbWajDx0IpOq7TRK3RX4S1DXXMgoTXsdweS4wU6RzWRvFDN7AdUaU43uWP/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-07-22+at+12.12.48.png" width="400" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;">
When he first visited the hotel in 1926, Hitler signed himself in as a “stateless writer” and then often stopped there. even though the hotel owner at the time was considered a “ half-Jew ” in the sense of Nazi ideology and had a Jewish sister-in-law and numerous Jewish friends, but was able to continue operating his hotel unmolested. On June 29, 1934, Hitler met with Joseph Goebbels and Sepp Dietrich in preparation for the Röhm Putsch.The hotel also played host to meetings between Hitler and Chamberlain on September 21-23, 1938,
regarding Hitler's proposed annexat</span>ion of the Sudetenland in
Czechoslovakia; before he flew to Bad Godesberg, Chamberlain aptly
remarked that he was setting out "to do battle with an evil beast." As
Kershaw relates, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;">It
was almost eleven o’clock when Chamberlain returned to the Hotel
Dreesen. The drama of the late-night meeting was enhanced by the
presence of advisers on both sides, fully aware of the peace of Europe
hanging by a thread, as Schmidt began to translate Hitler’s memorandum.
It demanded the complete withdrawal of the Czech army from the territory
drawn on a map, to be ceded to Germany by 28 September. Hitler had
spoken to Goebbels on 21 September of demands for eight days for Czech
withdrawal and German occupation. He was now, late on the evening of 23
September, demanding the beginning of withdrawal in little over two days
and completion in four. Chamberlain raised his hands in despair.
‘That’s an ultimatum,’ he protested. ‘With great disappointment and deep
regret I must register, Herr Reich Chancellor,’ he remarked, ‘that you
have not supported in the slightest my efforts to maintain peace.’<br />At this tense point, news arrived that Beneš had announced the general mobili<span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">s</span>ation
of the Czech armed forces. For some moments no one spoke. War now
seemed inevitable. Then Hitler, in little more than a whisper, told
Chamberlain that despite this provocation he would hold to his word and
undertake nothing against Czechoslovakia – at least as long as the
British Prime Minister remained on German soil. As a special concession,
he would agree to 1 October as the date for Czech withdrawal from the
Sudeten territory. It was the date he had set weeks earlier as the
moment for the attack on Czechoslovakia. He altered the date by hand in
the memorandum, adding that the borders would look very different if he
were to proceed with force against Czechoslovakia. Chamberlain agreed to
take the revised memorandum to the Czechs. After the drama, the meeting
ended in relative harmony. Chamberlain flew back, disappointed but not
despairing, next morning to London to report to his cabinet.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhetyqudIA5NhT6-LqDr5Fh_2QI6EeAINBx6dGs4wL5QBmG_KXpVo072rJydMzoGtBgXzPURmxd6B_qklochUZXpl6vDNR9l8KpFbvAulR2wWLqI18Z0iAsgGpuKOnV8OQ-DU9-07KBsoeu/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="303" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhetyqudIA5NhT6-LqDr5Fh_2QI6EeAINBx6dGs4wL5QBmG_KXpVo072rJydMzoGtBgXzPURmxd6B_qklochUZXpl6vDNR9l8KpFbvAulR2wWLqI18Z0iAsgGpuKOnV8OQ-DU9-07KBsoeu/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="245" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Chamberlain and Ribbentrop leaving the Hotel Petersberg, on September 25, 1938.</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> Despite
his misgivings about the growing opposition to his policies at home,
Mr. Chamberlain appeared to be in excellent spirits when he arrived at
Godesberg and drove through streets decorated not only with the swastika
but with the Union Jack to his headquarters at the Petershof, a
castlelike hotel on the summit of the Petersberg, high above the
opposite (right) bank of the Rhine. He had come to fulfill everything
that Hitler had demanded at Berchtesgaden, and even more. There remained
only the details to work out and for this purpose he had brought along,
in addition to Sir Horace Wilson and William Strang (the latter a
Foreign Office expert on Eastern Europe), the head of the drafting and
legal department of the Foreign Office, Sir William Malkin. Late in the
afternoon the Prime Minister crossed the Rhine by ferry to the Hotel
Dreesen where Hitler awaited him. For once, at the start at least,
Chamberlain did all the talking. For what must have been more than an
hour, judging by Dr. Schmidt’s lengthy notes of the meeting, the Prime
Minister, after explaining that following ”laborious negotiations” he
had won over not only the British and French cabinets but the Czech
government to accept the Fuehrer’s demands, proceeded to outline in
great detail the means by which they could be implemented. Accepting
Runciman’s advice, he was now prepared to see the Sudetenland turned
over to Germany without a plebiscite. As to the mixed areas, their
future could be determined by a commission of three members, a German, a
Czech and one neutral. Furthermore, Czechoslovakia’s mutual-assistance
treaties with France and Russia, which were so distasteful to the
Fuehrer, would be replaced by an international guarantee against an
unprovoked attack on Czechoslovakia, which in the future ”would have to
be completely neutral.”</span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Shirer (349)</span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;">
At the beginning of the war in 1939, the hotel was confiscated by the
German armed forces and served as the headquarters of the army high
command under General Fedor von Bock. In February 1943, whilst
continuing the hotel business, it was initially used as temporary
accommodation for South and Central American diplomats at the
French Vichy regime and after their departure in 1944-45, especially for
French officers; During this time, from April 1944 at the latest, it
functioned under the code name Winzerstube as an external detachment of
the Buchenwald concentration camp and was under military guard. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></div><p></p>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqHUe17QW5vV8drAaPrXBHMmRKPrparjyAMqd5yS2ap-Y9_K3JpZ7XHqr-V5HiJrNYzs39jY9aGjWeCzQZKYTeN1qHk-LUl_OTaEFkcScMPeAV8H8_3chlPV0s6Jk0mRdso9QRMMzTm3IO/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252812%2529.gif" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqHUe17QW5vV8drAaPrXBHMmRKPrparjyAMqd5yS2ap-Y9_K3JpZ7XHqr-V5HiJrNYzs39jY9aGjWeCzQZKYTeN1qHk-LUl_OTaEFkcScMPeAV8H8_3chlPV0s6Jk0mRdso9QRMMzTm3IO/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252812%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 350px; width: 365px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcobkk7_Skhn9Z7OorpeqeAXg-C0NEKHYSdCtPg_wWI7ifHM9wZj9xRkG546imxrQHAf8v7qQlhi4QC5wc2Zj4AB-Lhj1HoduxyjO5odgjfxaQPyrYtsKdInhvywZstdxHSQT2JDG9_1P9/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252813%2529.gif" data-original-height="473" data-original-width="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcobkk7_Skhn9Z7OorpeqeAXg-C0NEKHYSdCtPg_wWI7ifHM9wZj9xRkG546imxrQHAf8v7qQlhi4QC5wc2Zj4AB-Lhj1HoduxyjO5odgjfxaQPyrYtsKdInhvywZstdxHSQT2JDG9_1P9/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252813%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 350px; width: 231px;" /><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;">Another gasthaus- the <i>Zur Lindenwirtin- </i>with the Godesburg tower in the background, now with a different flag. Its origins begin on October 15, 1210 when the Archbishop of Cologne, Dietrich I von Hengebach, laid the foundation stone for a new building. Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden expanded the castle in 1244 by adding the first five storeys of the keep which Archbishop Walram von Jülich increased to 32 metres and had the outer bailey built. It was destroyed when troops of the newly-elected Elector Ernst of Bavaria besieged the complex in 1583 and the wall was blown up during an attack and on December 17, 1583 a Catholic mercenary got into the castle. Other attackers followed him along the same path, so that the crew, threatened inside and outside the partially destroyed walls, finally had to surrender.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;">Bad Godesberg itself survived the war largely unscathed; largely spared from the air war, the town was heavily populated with the wounded and the elderly. Therefore, Lieutenant General Richard Schimpf, in consultation with some Godesberg citizens, decided to have the approximately 7,000 men of his division cross the Rhine to the east on the night of March 8, 1945 and not to defend the city, but rather to hand it over <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305011810/http://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/epochen/ereignisse/ab1945/Seiten/home.aspx">without a fight</a>. Deputy Mayor Heinrich Ditz handed the city over to the Americans after the Nazi mayor Heinrich Alefdropped to the right bank of the Rhine. This made Bad Godesberg the first major town to fall into the hands of the Allies without a fight and undestroyed. A commemorative plaque at the Godesberg town hall commemorates the three key people who saved Bad Godesberg at risk of death: Lieutenant General Schimpf, City Councilor Ditz and the Swiss Consul General François-Rodolphe de Weiss. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Bonn</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd4q6Tpi8pIv6UExx_DXWblaV3QHXW4NSJel9CbpYyLqYWI2ZMzGd8GSgnu3qqCWumED9-xulJnD8YNnfAkJ5hCxt7TAq-0kJlQzG051F97JDH8yu19QV6RPACnp-x-EfCp5DERf4IeG6y/s1600/output_8xdJzz.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd4q6Tpi8pIv6UExx_DXWblaV3QHXW4NSJel9CbpYyLqYWI2ZMzGd8GSgnu3qqCWumED9-xulJnD8YNnfAkJ5hCxt7TAq-0kJlQzG051F97JDH8yu19QV6RPACnp-x-EfCp5DERf4IeG6y/s400/output_8xdJzz.gif" width="355" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">Bonner Münster on June 6, 1941 and today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">During
the war, Bonn acquired military significance because of its strategic
location on the Rhine River, which formed a natural barrier to easy
penetration into the German heartland from the west. The Allied ground
advance into Germany reached Bonn on March 7, 1945, and the US 1st
Infantry Division captured the city during the battle of March </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">8–9, </span></span></span>1945. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">Following the war, Bonn was in the British zone of occupation, and in 1949 became the <i>de facto</i> capital of the newly formed Federal Republic of Germany (the <i>de jure </i>capital
of the Federal Republic throughout the years of the Cold War division
of Germany was always Berlin). Nevertheless, Berlin's previous history
as united Germany's capital was strongly connected with Imperial
Germany, the Weimar Republic and more ominously with Nazi Germany. It
was felt that a new peacefully united Germany should not be governed
from a city connected to such overtones of war. Additionally, Bonn was
closer to Brussels, headquarters of the EU. The heated debate that
resulted was settled by the Bundestag only on June 20, 1991. By a vote
of 338–320, the Bundestag voted to move the seat of government to
Berlin. The vote broke largely along regional lines, with legislators
from the south and west favouring Bonn and legislators from the north
and east voting for Berlin. It also broke along generational lines as
well; older legislators with memories of Berlin's past glory favoured
Berlin, while younger legislators favoured Bonn. Ultimately, the votes
of the 'Ossi' legislators tipped the balance in favour of Berlin.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM1-mJ0SQYp1-LYg4u-0pF5CZ3qIXgSBhMn7M9j1B3eQS5keU1MMhy3cMKjpaCbMWz8TJFUqurbbknWz_b60dH2WpX6FmGL5MOwYejzj-tnSruQPHhsYz6Fo1yYuqqgMykw18nZYkbU0o/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.22.37.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bonner Universität hitler" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM1-mJ0SQYp1-LYg4u-0pF5CZ3qIXgSBhMn7M9j1B3eQS5keU1MMhy3cMKjpaCbMWz8TJFUqurbbknWz_b60dH2WpX6FmGL5MOwYejzj-tnSruQPHhsYz6Fo1yYuqqgMykw18nZYkbU0o/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.22.37.png" title="Bonner Universität mit hakenkreuz" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">Solemn hoisting of the swastika flag at Bonner Universität in February, 1933 and the site today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF2YYu7mu6LPD6YM-7x4LNDjRkHOuJjEwpu2qhvJBBf01QZNM-t3qxQ6oAXa8HyCWyfdrcMQ_Nv3OTO-aVHHXjp0Omo4-lZnULwz90iYhUPitvrnLILU_93hTg3nwNu0-rRzdld9a9nAM/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25287%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="210" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF2YYu7mu6LPD6YM-7x4LNDjRkHOuJjEwpu2qhvJBBf01QZNM-t3qxQ6oAXa8HyCWyfdrcMQ_Nv3OTO-aVHHXjp0Omo4-lZnULwz90iYhUPitvrnLILU_93hTg3nwNu0-rRzdld9a9nAM/s320/ezgif.com-crop+%25287%2529.gif" width="226" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> Beethoven's birthplace at Bonngasse 20 and during the war. </span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Beethoven’s ‘Heroica’ symphony was played on February 3, 1943 during t</span></span>he
official declaration that the battle of Stalingrad- the same piece
played during Hitler's speech on Heroes’ Day in 1933. The year before
Hitler declared at Berlin's </span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Sportpalast</span></span> </span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">on February 15, 1942 </span></span>to 9,883 officer candidates that </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">When
Mr. President Roosevelt stutters about culture, then I can only say:
what Mr. President Roosevelt calls culture, we call lack of culture. To
us, it is a stupid joke. I have already declared a few times that just
one of Beethoven’s symphonies contains more culture than all of America
has managed to produce up to now! Strictly speaking, we colonised
England and not the other way around.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">On the other side Churchill’s <i>V-for-Victory</i>
device was used by the BBC in Morse code as the opening bar of
Beethoven’s Fifth symphony. The house itself survived the war almost
unscathed although during the air raid of the Bonn city centre on
October 18, 1944, a fire bomb fell on the roof of Beethoven's
birthplace. Thanks to the help of janitor Heinrich Hasselbach and
Wildemans, who were later awarded the German Federal Cross of Merit, as
well as Dr. Franz Rademacher from the Rhenish National Museum, the bomb
did not ignite a conflagration. the connection with Beethoven no doubt
induce the British to decide in Bonn’s favour when choosing the capital
of the new Federal Republic of Germany by offering to make it autonomous
and free from their control, helped too by the fact that Frankfurt was
administratively too important for the Americans to relinquish.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cologne </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">(North Rhine-Westphalia)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn67OctMhxDoPlvWgEkQZnIJcEhj7KtE6Vhz5jsF5L9npgqVFf2Vi0zkVxC-8AFSrBpTSx-7tNYedy58ZtzgvF0E_2M387ZQXiO9NYfHPib1hRkbSqik7uNI_S6WpJBboPc9rfQ0ElK2PW/s1600/1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn67OctMhxDoPlvWgEkQZnIJcEhj7KtE6Vhz5jsF5L9npgqVFf2Vi0zkVxC-8AFSrBpTSx-7tNYedy58ZtzgvF0E_2M387ZQXiO9NYfHPib1hRkbSqik7uNI_S6WpJBboPc9rfQ0ElK2PW/s320/1.jpg" width="240" /></a><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;">Reichsadler found on the</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> Autobahnbrücke Rodenkirchen. </span>Rodenkirchen is a southern borough of Cologne.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">At
the beginning of the Third Reich, Cologne was considered difficult by
the Nazis because of deep-rooted communist and Catholic influences in
the city. The Nazis were always struggling for control of the city.
Local elections on March 13, 1933 resulted in the Nazi Party winning
39.6% of the vote, followed by the catholic Zentrum Party with 28.3%,
the Social Democratic Party with 13.2%, and the Communist Party with
11.1%. One day later, on March 14, Nazi followers occupied the city hall
and took over government. Communist and Social Democratic members of
the city assembly were imprisoned, and Mayor Adenauer was dismissed. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">When
the Nazis came to power in 1933, the Jewish population of Cologne was
about 20,000. By 1939, 40% of the city's Jews had emigrated. The vast
majority of those who remained had been deported to concentration camps
by 1941. The trade fair grounds next to the Deutz train station were
used to herd the Jewish population together for deportation to the death
camps and for disposal of their household goods by public sale. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZkyUo6iA_xbCa97f_d21Gx_K8WSuUkvpEPT0XNjkWtgg1R0Npl104l6GbiJXAibhGWRuRlb8giHdMsAJi7AND0Yi-QbnpZWKUdAbeC1G1olZu21KzsSQGCyEOClVfizKSDzYPUG7WVqk/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-23+at+10.38.19+AM.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZkyUo6iA_xbCa97f_d21Gx_K8WSuUkvpEPT0XNjkWtgg1R0Npl104l6GbiJXAibhGWRuRlb8giHdMsAJi7AND0Yi-QbnpZWKUdAbeC1G1olZu21KzsSQGCyEOClVfizKSDzYPUG7WVqk/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-03-23+at+10.38.19+AM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Swastikas above the Kölner Eis-und Schwimmstadion and today</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">On
Kristallnacht in 1938, Cologne's synagogues were desecrated or set on
fire. It was planned to rebuild a large part of the inner city, with a
main road connecting the Deutz station and the main station, which was
to be moved from next to the cathedral to an area adjacent to today's
university campus, with a huge field for rallies, the Maifeld, next to
the main station. The Maifeld, between the campus and the Aachener
Weiher artificial lake, was the only part of this over-ambitious plan to
be realized before the start of the war. After the war, the remains of
the Maifeld were buried with rubble from bombed buildings and turned
into a park with rolling hills, which was christened
Hiroshima-Nagasaki-Park in August 2004 as a memorial to the victims of
the nuclear bombs of 1945. An inconspicuous memorial to the victims of
the Nazi regime is situated on one of the hills. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpZxi4-H5Q6tMrgfCnKiEoALaCDr5GYgyqeNiyV2ZnfY7DBNuBdmoAgVJsUsgW-IEHzhzyERRMDItMtRpyhhprsKl1uF9GA_uBKnIXtIxOmvXK33W2Cjs8NtZNVzNUTVrnVv5Z9whTQrw/s1600/2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5502997481072060994" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpZxi4-H5Q6tMrgfCnKiEoALaCDr5GYgyqeNiyV2ZnfY7DBNuBdmoAgVJsUsgW-IEHzhzyERRMDItMtRpyhhprsKl1uF9GA_uBKnIXtIxOmvXK33W2Cjs8NtZNVzNUTVrnVv5Z9whTQrw/s200/2.jpg" width="191" /></a></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">
The city of Cologne was bombed 262 times during the Second World War ,
more than any other German city, over 31 of which were heavy. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">On the night of May </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">30–31, </span></span></span>1942,
Cologne was the target for the first thousand bomber raid of the war.
Between 469 and 486 people, around 90% of them civilians, were reported
killed, more than 5,000 were injured, and more than 45,000 lost their
homes. It was estimated that up to 150,000 of Cologne's population of
around 700,000 left the city after the raid. The Royal Air Force lost 43
of the 1,103 bombers sent. By the end of the war, 90% of Cologne's
buildings had been destroyed by Allied aerial bombing raids, most of
them flown by the RAF. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"> After that it was regularly bombarded until 1945. On the left is an image from </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">a series of stamps, showing <b style="font-weight: normal;">Sir Arthur Harris</b>, with a<b style="font-weight: normal;"> </b>Lancaster <span class="highlightedSearchTerm">bomber</span>
from his command. It was his plan that brought about the indiscriminate
area bombing of German cities, destroying houses and civilian morale as
much as factories and military targets. As he stated,</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqaFPIISW0SUaG0wza-RPKY7Z6OgLt6FkzylqfBwV9piLD8zsThp5GI_rY_EiXlRr2FCJU1tK2AQ4RZxtTzQzVTEDmpQnpy7oGYMcJRx7v6cln69cicxumpu8ic1WszF54M6jQzJDEs4Q/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.26.23.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqaFPIISW0SUaG0wza-RPKY7Z6OgLt6FkzylqfBwV9piLD8zsThp5GI_rY_EiXlRr2FCJU1tK2AQ4RZxtTzQzVTEDmpQnpy7oGYMcJRx7v6cln69cicxumpu8ic1WszF54M6jQzJDEs4Q/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.26.23.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Images of Cologne's destruction</span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">The
Nazis entered this war under the rather childish delusion that they
were going to bomb everyone else, and nobody was going to bomb them. At
Rotterdam, London, Warsaw, and half a hundred other places, they put
their rather naive theory into operation. They sowed the wind, and now
they are going to reap the whirlwind.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU0SYlk6vHEqhh-aCalfWOCuJ1aKB7vHWqpWbWSMDV-jc6FhIV5NvnKz6KOXTQvd-l8z-eHXYzgouKLFyDjCAAiu1UyIYxiM0wVSuUdLbVB8gKxEJJLdazb2LBZDuzKmYm5T3TySF8iho/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.29.28.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU0SYlk6vHEqhh-aCalfWOCuJ1aKB7vHWqpWbWSMDV-jc6FhIV5NvnKz6KOXTQvd-l8z-eHXYzgouKLFyDjCAAiu1UyIYxiM0wVSuUdLbVB8gKxEJJLdazb2LBZDuzKmYm5T3TySF8iho/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.29.28.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The Rathausturm from the Alter Markt </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">This
strategy of area bombing was based on the assumption of the so-called
Trenchard doctrine that bombing residential areas - instead of military
facilities - would weaken the civilians' will to fight, based on ideas
about the strategic air war from the First World War. It was hoped that
an uprising or revolution against the governmental system could be
triggered in an opposing state and that the destabilisation of the
opponent could take advantage of war benefits. However, this turned out
to be a fallacy and rather the opposite, namely a solidarity of the
population with its governmental system towards the attacker. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXRm-JJuKxYcPBy5thzxGzQnUqS7zvuBmhibUqyHO42xZCQg-Rf2rGdkwS8DyXBkfRPgMWlJmhOuWm6ZgSgnPKi7pob3t2mR_Gq12GH27HOA-5h5A5heK1q7sXbuIWoCKS4KtMPt1VoHm4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.06.01.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXRm-JJuKxYcPBy5thzxGzQnUqS7zvuBmhibUqyHO42xZCQg-Rf2rGdkwS8DyXBkfRPgMWlJmhOuWm6ZgSgnPKi7pob3t2mR_Gq12GH27HOA-5h5A5heK1q7sXbuIWoCKS4KtMPt1VoHm4/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.06.01.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">An SA man walking through the Heumarkt, and today </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">The first air raid by the Royal Air Force with over 1,000 bombers was given the name <i>Operation Millennium</i>
and aimed at Cologne. Harris had originally selected Hamburg as the
destination, but this was not possible due to the weather conditions on
the day of the attack. The attack was carried out as part of the British
Area Bombing Directive offensive in which it was expected that
widespread devastation in the big cities would weaken the German Reich
or at least break the morale of the population. The attacks were also
useful propaganda for </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">the
Allies and especially for Harriss' concept of strategic area bombing,
with a focus on incendiary bombs. The moderate results of the British
bombardments in 1941 (with a focus </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">on
explosive bombs ) had led to considerations about the dissolution and
redistribution of Bomber Command. A spectacular attack on a </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhisuddXa-3prkPlXrz1UsdvEjwBVyxAkIKuEhHRo5a0kSzxP0FyPPtHQ7NSgrTOnncQGS2_VWZFEWOqdXOAygH-EJyAqRU7ibhAyIr3fTztOZdBzz9YGRtnFUNbVTxbSFZJs3u1yVDE7dE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.05.47.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhisuddXa-3prkPlXrz1UsdvEjwBVyxAkIKuEhHRo5a0kSzxP0FyPPtHQ7NSgrTOnncQGS2_VWZFEWOqdXOAygH-EJyAqRU7ibhAyIr3fTztOZdBzz9YGRtnFUNbVTxbSFZJs3u1yVDE7dE/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.05.47.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Adolf-Hitler-Platz, now Ebertplatz.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">German city seemed to be a </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">good
opportunity for "Bomber-Harris" to demonstrate to the British War
Cabinet the importance of Bomber Command for the course of the war if
there were only enough funds and planes. At the time of the war, Bomber
Command had only a regular fleet of about 485 aircraft and was about to
replace its older, pre-war twin-engined medium-sized bombers with more
modern, heavier ones. In addition to his own planes, Harris also wanted
to use around 330 training squadrons and 250 Coastal Command planes to
defend against the target number of one thousand bombers. The order to
attack was issued on May 23 to the bomber groups involved. On May 25,
however, the Admiralty banned the use of Coastal Command bombers. It
underestimated the propaganda value of the attack and referred to the
importance of bomber operations against submarines in the Atlantic
battle. Harris set all levers in motion and acquired enough aircraft and
crews,</span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEE2ytff3E_Wv_m3vDJ5DZ-5OUhW-YsQT2ocwWCaId_XAGTPfIAi4ADwQ_8mZ8RCteO3OXhUOY1LW-99UHiubhvpRBSIyCsv_34MYI0glonyaR7OQI264Lh0wCAAp9du6pr2YysnLAouaR/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.16.04.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEE2ytff3E_Wv_m3vDJ5DZ-5OUhW-YsQT2ocwWCaId_XAGTPfIAi4ADwQ_8mZ8RCteO3OXhUOY1LW-99UHiubhvpRBSIyCsv_34MYI0glonyaR7OQI264Lh0wCAAp9du6pr2YysnLAouaR/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.16.04.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Prinzenhof in 1939 and today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">some of them with flight students and flight</span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">
instructors , in the initial training courses, and was finally able to
send 1,047 bombers to attack Cologne - two and a half times as many as
in </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">any
previous RAF bombing. In addition to the fleet that attacked Cologne,
113 aircraft were used to attack German night fighter airports. It was
the first time that a " bomber stream " tactic was used, and most of the
knowledge gained from this operation formed the basis for Bomber
Command's missions in the following two years of the war, and some were
used until the end of the war. It was assumed that such a large number
of bombers, if they flew through the Kammhuber line in formation, would
surprise and overwhelm the German night fighters, and that their own
losses would remain manageable. The recently introduced GEE navigation
system allowed the bombers to fly a given route with time and altitude
planning very precisely. British night bomber activities </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">have
been going on for a few months and the knowledge gained from these
operations has given an estimate of how many bombers would </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixf3jFxqMgz2Hz_Q_v7SCJIiMDdbpUCDBvF9FNbrgExftAguXpjuDocVl7p7U4-SrTJvk615j1DuMQvd2HnT8UJdatpvuX8IqBIVJ2kIomMtkWbZ7lQ_AFC1JcOyNjABbSED4fg8F9iDk/s1600/4myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixf3jFxqMgz2Hz_Q_v7SCJIiMDdbpUCDBvF9FNbrgExftAguXpjuDocVl7p7U4-SrTJvk615j1DuMQvd2HnT8UJdatpvuX8IqBIVJ2kIomMtkWbZ7lQ_AFC1JcOyNjABbSED4fg8F9iDk/s400/4myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The Heumarkt in 1938 and today</span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">fall
victim to the enemy night fighters and anti-aircraft fire and
collisions. In addition, it was assumed that the pilots of the enemy
night fighters could fly a maximum of six intercept flights per hour and
that the anti-aircraft guns could not intercept this large number of
attacking aircraft. A period of about four hours was calculated for such
an attack earlier in the war. In Operation Millennium, the bombers only
needed ninety minutes to drop the bombs. This time could be reduced to
less than twenty minutes for around 800 bombers. The first aircraft
appeared in the Cologne night sky on May 31 at 12:47 a.m. Of the 1047
bombers launched, more than half of which were twin-engine Vickers
Wellington, about 890 reached the target area and dropped 1455 tons of
bombs, two thirds of which were incendiary bombs. The Bomber Command
expected that the high concentration of bomb drops in a very short space
of time would completely overwhelm the </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">Cologne fire brigade and thus trigger large fires such as the attacks by the Luftwaffe on London during the Blitz. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRcAuKN7sGieamNvhJtVe2zfUr3_OOmMhaMO3CWl_GztHyN0bZWU6XIlmfJxixQ2bSuS0gPJMd9T4Dt8EL1anJhXBtokRfsAz4iosJw6kILBi5xhJeNQmZ6BuLQqRFkzgl40n_pdrR47Me/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="500" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRcAuKN7sGieamNvhJtVe2zfUr3_OOmMhaMO3CWl_GztHyN0bZWU6XIlmfJxixQ2bSuS0gPJMd9T4Dt8EL1anJhXBtokRfsAz4iosJw6kILBi5xhJeNQmZ6BuLQqRFkzgl40n_pdrR47Me/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" width="400" /></a>The attack caused about 2,500 fires in </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">the
city, 1,700 of which were described by the Cologne fire brigade as
"large". Due to the efforts of the fire brigade and thanks to the
vastness of many streets, there was no fire storm , but the majority of
the damage was caused by fire and less by the explosive devices. Around
3,300 non-residential buildings were completely destroyed, 2,090
severely and 7,420 more easily damaged. This makes a total of 12,810
buildings in this category that have been hit. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">The
only military building that was damaged was an anti-aircraft position.
On the other hand, 13,010 of civilian residential units, mostly in
multi-storey houses, were completely destroyed, seriously and 22,270
more easily damaged. According to the report by the chief of police,
469 people were killed involving 411 civilians and 58 military officers,
5,027 were wounded and 45,132 homeless. The number of registered
residents of Cologne decreased by around 11% in the next few weeks. It
is estimated that between 135,000 and 150,000 of the 684,000 residents
left the city after the attack. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNhaYwBA0JFkgDsrRjlLisTozhzZhSz2FrulPh89tyd-dVgdlHolzpE5GnUicfGHAdQTgmPBOc-des-llGATAEJ5MyMmyCgbfTjY_Gpp6bfp4liynbxndBUIIxJU2TkKYYx29J-QMVsDOv/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNhaYwBA0JFkgDsrRjlLisTozhzZhSz2FrulPh89tyd-dVgdlHolzpE5GnUicfGHAdQTgmPBOc-des-llGATAEJ5MyMmyCgbfTjY_Gpp6bfp4liynbxndBUIIxJU2TkKYYx29J-QMVsDOv/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">The
RAF meanwhile lost 43 aircraft, which corresponds to approximately 4.5%
of the bombers used. 22 of them were shot down above or near Cologne,
sixteen elsewhere by anti-aircraft fire, 4 by night fighters, 2 in
attacks on surrounding airfields and 2 were lost in a collision. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">Later
in the war there were "more 1000 bomber attacks" although only
four-engine machines with a significantly higher bomb load were used. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">On
November 10, 1944, a dozen members of the anti-Nazi Ehrenfeld Group
were hanged in public. Six of them were sixteen-year-old boys of the
Edelweiss Pirates youth gang, including Barthel Schink; Fritz Theilen
survived. The bombings continued and people moved out. </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">On
March 2, 1945, the RAF attacked Cologne for the last time with 858
bombers in two phases. As part of Operation Lumberjack, the first part of
Cologne was captured by the 1st US Army a few days later. </span></span></span>By
May 1945 only twenty thousdand residents remained out of 770,000. The
outskirts of Cologne were reached by American troops on March 4, 1945.
The inner city on the left bank of the Rhine was captured in half a day
on March 6, meeting only minor resistance. Because the
Hohenzollernbrücke was destroyed by retreating German pioneers, the
boroughs on the right bank remained under German control until mid-April
1945 before the British took over. As the director of the British
Military Government, General Gerald Templer, put it, "[t]he city was in a
terrible mess; no water, no drainage, no light, no food. It stank of
corpses."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrg9EvCigeFF4tJkXVY_YcaFyIGXUD23viDDq3gRT2MgVTOB8R9FTyAcaSYGUxodPtas0u-hfo7OvHniaYoscQKqJWUnOVOxHhU52y9PiriZ1pSpAu8tjR-UtUPPGoKaX6kLt3HhnEIrQN/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrg9EvCigeFF4tJkXVY_YcaFyIGXUD23viDDq3gRT2MgVTOB8R9FTyAcaSYGUxodPtas0u-hfo7OvHniaYoscQKqJWUnOVOxHhU52y9PiriZ1pSpAu8tjR-UtUPPGoKaX6kLt3HhnEIrQN/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 315px; width: 420px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCL89vR7ZUFCeUlGr1dB5dt3I9b32_oaLZtY3E-fqSR4Vp1QyAnucDJSgfRU10Vg-G72-b7x0qwmofgoWAm6nUOoNNGYmnZom_WlP6PcHmalISaRd3ltx690dmzLu8GH8maHEWQGr3qxvy/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-02-26+at+20.18.34.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCL89vR7ZUFCeUlGr1dB5dt3I9b32_oaLZtY3E-fqSR4Vp1QyAnucDJSgfRU10Vg-G72-b7x0qwmofgoWAm6nUOoNNGYmnZom_WlP6PcHmalISaRd3ltx690dmzLu8GH8maHEWQGr3qxvy/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-02-26+at+20.18.34.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 315px; width: 225px;" /><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Troops
entering the Rhineland via the Hohenzollernbrücke in March 1936 in
contravention of the treaties of Versailles and Locarno.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRoGU4sf2zcekBAKTiMQgpUO-mF714-SrB9KAb74iCQBffnnA9S1P7Mi3wOnGyvgxA7a5QLIrXO9MirBzje7s_u42M3HmyAm1V6AFv-apwMiQqKAy4dKOeQr_Ykd_UPqKsddcue_1utmc/s320/myphoto.jpeg" width="226" /></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;">Hitler
inspecting a model of the cathedral and the real thing in 1936 when, on
March 28, Hitler arrived in Cologne and had himself celebrated
as the “liberator of the Rhineland” at an official reception in the
Giirzenich banquet hall. He received the <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">praise</span> of various
“liberated” districts and declared
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;">That Providence has chosen me to perform this act [restoring German
military sovereignty in the Rhineland) is something I feel is the greatest blessing
of my life.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: small; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8sIT0Vn4Gav8mn64GI2-jxLicYOvt2JJ35qSdYc66YC_xKINAizCJ8Wsz7mqAWZVNSHCwlD07vyG0Wpuq7spGoneHwt4DrCYgpIvFp6yClMT0MQq804Grz4zNVNb7TZeerJ48oWBI5XOO/s320/ezgif.com-resize%25284%2529.gif" width="264" /></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;">The
cathedral in Cologne is Germany's most visited landmark, attracting an
average of thwenty thousand people a day, and currently the tallest twin-spired
church at a height of 515 feet, second in Europe after Ulm Minster and
third in the world. </span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;">Together the towers for its two huge spires give the cathedral the largest façade of any church in the world. </span></span></span></span>Its
construction began in 1248 but was halted in 1473, unfinished. Work did
not restart until the 1840s, and the edifice was completed to its
original mediæval plan in 1880. </span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;">The choir has the largest height to
width ratio, 3.6:1, of any mediæval church. Cologne's mediæval builders
had planned a grand structure to house the reliquary of the Three Kings
and fit its role as a place of worship for the Holy Roman Emperor.
Despite having been left incomplete during the mediæval period, Cologne
Cathedral eventually became unified as "a masterpiece of exceptional
intrinsic value" and "a powerful testimony to the strength and
persistence of Christian belief in medieval and modern Europe" according
to UNESCO. Not mentioned is the fact that the cathedral has stones with swastikas, leading church bell expert <a href="https://www.thelocal.de/20170607/church-hitler-bell-out-of-tune-with-the-times-say-critics">Birgit Müller to remark</a> that “[i]f these were taken out, the cathedral would have to be reconstructed.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-vKFryVWJIzN7aXsAWAWeKtUi8QkkGTkHO0oBn5ZDlZQOnuyBCx1cDPeO8FI2DzhVg6OzRqVG-Uc_N1KrEpR4oenUNo4iO_DYiPws6YGxkr5Bz5fVkautXs_t_eg1bNaaB__IcH0vmKdj/s1600/1" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5542009963739002658" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-vKFryVWJIzN7aXsAWAWeKtUi8QkkGTkHO0oBn5ZDlZQOnuyBCx1cDPeO8FI2DzhVg6OzRqVG-Uc_N1KrEpR4oenUNo4iO_DYiPws6YGxkr5Bz5fVkautXs_t_eg1bNaaB__IcH0vmKdj/s400/1" style="height: 229px; width: 629px;" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Cologne
from aerial photos taken by the Nazis to assist in rebuilding plans
once Germany won the war. The photos were recently discovered in an
attic by the daughter of an employee of Speer's building inspection
department.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO5OQsp-e4g4DDY7YlNL4xMmRC4xuPGIdxKqs5j4tH-QfDfpX9XVHrUJZMmcYt6KQuSU180b4IC2qexJlvr4ye5Qa3khm_M7pFIx7nYVp8cV1NwY46idQmdbb92lGlwucciD6mAZA2vHOr/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO5OQsp-e4g4DDY7YlNL4xMmRC4xuPGIdxKqs5j4tH-QfDfpX9XVHrUJZMmcYt6KQuSU180b4IC2qexJlvr4ye5Qa3khm_M7pFIx7nYVp8cV1NwY46idQmdbb92lGlwucciD6mAZA2vHOr/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>The
Hohenzollern Bridge, with Cologne Cathedral and Museum Ludwig in the
background, after the war and as it appears today. Cologne was left
after the war with its cathedral seemingly the only intact building
whilst the Hohenzollern Bridge across which a faux German division
marched in 1936 is destroyed. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>The
Hohenzollern Bridge functioned as one of the most important bridges in
Germany during the war; even consistent daily
airstrikes did not badly damage it. On March 6, 1945 German military
engineers blew up the bridge as Allied troops began their assault on
Cologne. After Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, the bridge was
initially made operational on a makeshift basis, but soon reconstruction
began in earnest. </span></span></span></span></span>Originally, the
bridge was both a railway and road bridge but after its destruction in
1945 and its subsequent reconstruction, it was only accessible to rail
and pedestrian traffic. By May 8, 1948 pedestrians could again use the
Hohenzollern Bridge. The southern road traffic decks were removed so
that the bridge now only consisted of six individual bridge decks, built
partly in their old form. The surviving portals and bridge towers were
not repaired and were demolished in 1958; finally the following year
reconstruction of the bridge was completed.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1JWPw_u5mQ8soW4TqJjnNnITegfsjKkQ5fpRZUaBhwtpG-gMgbyWprsjN3AUUcrPaiWNjwefLb_VgIU792koVUWnjTb7WV-sCYSKOUP4lkjykJAJ-2jN4nMPHLLeF2lIj0NFhEiS9VElk/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1JWPw_u5mQ8soW4TqJjnNnITegfsjKkQ5fpRZUaBhwtpG-gMgbyWprsjN3AUUcrPaiWNjwefLb_VgIU792koVUWnjTb7WV-sCYSKOUP4lkjykJAJ-2jN4nMPHLLeF2lIj0NFhEiS9VElk/s400/myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The
cathedral itself suffered fourteen hits by aerial bombs during the war.
Badly damaged, it nevertheless remained standing in an otherwise
completely flattened city; the twin spires provided an easily
recognisable navigational landmark for Allied aircraft bombing. On March
6, 1945, an area west of the cathedral along Marzellenstrasse and
Trankgasse was the site of intense combat between American tanks of the
3rd Armoured Division and a Panther Ausf. A of Panzer brigade 106
Feldherrnhalle. The Panther successfully knocked out a Sherman, killing
three men, before it was destroyed by a T26E3 Pershing hours later.
Footage of that battle survives. The destroyed Panther was later put on
display at the base of the cathedral for the remainder of the war in
Europe. shown in these photographs. Repairs of the war damage were
eventually completed in 1956. An emergency repair to the base of the
northwest tower, carried out in 1944 using poor-quality brick taken from
a nearby ruined building, remained visible as a reminder of the war
until 2005, when it was decided to restore the section to its original
appearance. Repair and maintenance work is constantly being carried out
in one or another section of the building to this day, and thus the
cathedral is rarely completely free of scaffolding, as wind, rain, and
pollution slowly eat away at the stones.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaOAjkWj_hmxKgkBjDu4RN7fXpwxCLJo-0wXTOh9d3f_3tUysG8eGSSJbqi4mj-2qj6Wr-U5lO9l098ijulO85v7TUu0L76OE5CkFSIcTXjHLF3ef69DaJviMgr4ZNRMFehS55qly27JM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.28.16.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaOAjkWj_hmxKgkBjDu4RN7fXpwxCLJo-0wXTOh9d3f_3tUysG8eGSSJbqi4mj-2qj6Wr-U5lO9l098ijulO85v7TUu0L76OE5CkFSIcTXjHLF3ef69DaJviMgr4ZNRMFehS55qly27JM/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.28.16.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Attempts to protect the interior from further collapse.<span style="font-size: 100%;"> Inside, under a choir-stall seat, a <i>judensau</i>
is still allowed to remain. On the left a Jew holds up a pig by the
front leg whilst a second Jew feeds it whilst a third kneels down in
order to drink from its teats. In the right quatrefoil a pig with three
piglets is knocked out of a trough. From the right a Jew leads a boy who
is distinguished by a nimbus with a cross which continues to trot out
the mediæval lie about Jewish ritual murder of Christian children.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh97tsnw1CuiWwE-UbOShflycpWDvPyC0hFNwF7DGoDBmliRg9cih9Y_MHJc7pJToro98vKbQSJKivuLqhVnxUPbC3d5hfdjXAHzbdf71wC7zUwTZ48JeF_EKtl87IFB9MyCyB2HxvAidAj/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.05.34.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh97tsnw1CuiWwE-UbOShflycpWDvPyC0hFNwF7DGoDBmliRg9cih9Y_MHJc7pJToro98vKbQSJKivuLqhVnxUPbC3d5hfdjXAHzbdf71wC7zUwTZ48JeF_EKtl87IFB9MyCyB2HxvAidAj/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.05.34.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
altar in 1943 and 2013, when lunatic Josephine Witt disrupted Christmas
service by jumping topless onto the altar with the words "I am God"
scrawled on her chest.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnlNokDyqILA2uxG1tz1gyuydFTp6iB_1tKwa0g_D6v_DBIjmw0niREUR2RvhCQI7U9cg_y9Qxg7a2ryoVdEQCOlMhqalMOpRyN9CZ1FyIe0okw-PXjfYwXkkRA2oek8qvapjLgLI-_WDf/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.06.54.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnlNokDyqILA2uxG1tz1gyuydFTp6iB_1tKwa0g_D6v_DBIjmw0niREUR2RvhCQI7U9cg_y9Qxg7a2ryoVdEQCOlMhqalMOpRyN9CZ1FyIe0okw-PXjfYwXkkRA2oek8qvapjLgLI-_WDf/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.06.54.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 128px; width: 333px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLER8j2awAOBq748bt28yAl-C0RlEyh46lBul1p7aML68e_IYsTskosEVdGcFYY19ihCguT8t_GAit8rNVN0THzb3TCdbPRPRvc56yztAqREX7SroU3DnfhKNTKFc1tj1bOwSianpqTquu/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.07.14.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLER8j2awAOBq748bt28yAl-C0RlEyh46lBul1p7aML68e_IYsTskosEVdGcFYY19ihCguT8t_GAit8rNVN0THzb3TCdbPRPRvc56yztAqREX7SroU3DnfhKNTKFc1tj1bOwSianpqTquu/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.07.14.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 128px; width: 318px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> The
Nazis celebrating the Machtübernahme in 1933 in front of the rathaus,
and how it appeared after their war, now extensively rebuilt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs0sX3hjx6OI5ocH99WDxpFqNC0mGRQXdxhtZPlaBRQs2EWnn6FAoVnfrepokRQh-_Ye4EUyC-wmCKScFbUY7yD69lEezE6K5yboEiy6TMaH9QRgDnOy-5EjVyObJuqdI-b5CntGr6EX-f/s1600/4243_6182.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs0sX3hjx6OI5ocH99WDxpFqNC0mGRQXdxhtZPlaBRQs2EWnn6FAoVnfrepokRQh-_Ye4EUyC-wmCKScFbUY7yD69lEezE6K5yboEiy6TMaH9QRgDnOy-5EjVyObJuqdI-b5CntGr6EX-f/s1600/4243_6182.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 175px; width: 125px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6rH62h72w4M77OSlAfn0GDz7P9rjrAZlSU00FG9xENt6y4YAIgzTY938lRh1kopm-qA__3uh0siR90ErzFIP2iCw0tA6xRcQUHyVNCi0kMVYSQ2JkeA4XpEvBxkViRxpkxIYQGQepBGV2/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-02-17+at+16.11.42.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6rH62h72w4M77OSlAfn0GDz7P9rjrAZlSU00FG9xENt6y4YAIgzTY938lRh1kopm-qA__3uh0siR90ErzFIP2iCw0tA6xRcQUHyVNCi0kMVYSQ2JkeA4XpEvBxkViRxpkxIYQGQepBGV2/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-02-17+at+16.11.42.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 175px; width: 500px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Hitler at the balcony of the Dom Hotel, March 30 1938; rebuilt after the war </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVsKn2IUJ4_M_O20VuXYHvxAILi7QJGCAk15LHiLnGuqnEi6l5QiaJRSMjNVZmjCffTvaiTIAhyphenhyphenJSYbNKm_eizQHG28R1OUxWy4tiD7Rlp4fzk1Lq11b6MS0xYV-SSkr5qP87nxbVM2RU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252840%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="410" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVsKn2IUJ4_M_O20VuXYHvxAILi7QJGCAk15LHiLnGuqnEi6l5QiaJRSMjNVZmjCffTvaiTIAhyphenhyphenJSYbNKm_eizQHG28R1OUxWy4tiD7Rlp4fzk1Lq11b6MS0xYV-SSkr5qP87nxbVM2RU/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252840%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">On
the left is a closer view of what was the Schlagetersäule on
Rudolfplatz which in 1933 was renamed Schlageterplatz to which the
column with the Swastika-adorned flagpole was added. Albert Leo
Schlageter was born in Schönau in the Black Forest on August 12, 1894.
On May 26, 1923, he was shot because of sabotage in the Ruhr which had
been occupied by the French at that time. Because of the special
historical situation, Albert Leo Schlagter became the last soldier of
the Great War and, at the same time, the first soldier of the Third
Reich according to Nazi propaganda. Between 1919 and 1921 he was
involved as a volunteer corps member in battles in the Baltics and in
Upper Silesia as well as the suppression of a communist uprising in the
Ruhr. From 1922 Schlageter had been a member of the "Greater German
Labour Party," (Grossdeutschen Arbeiterpartei), a branch of the Nazi
Party. He ended up being betrayed after his sabotage during the
so-called "Ruhr struggle" against the French occupation forces, arrested
by the French occupation forces and on May 26, 1923, shot near
Dusseldorf.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3yTnDdENarF9LfqT1Z5yjBHcq2hYtzHEJo-f5pDddBw4TjYhKpCbes2OGQj-Xwgi4vC5lbwCZBc472tEAcYfH3ssrtZ4gwLnGMPx7P8fv_LZAqo5xgA4Xa24RWMFwJX-Mjyusc-B-ntej/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3yTnDdENarF9LfqT1Z5yjBHcq2hYtzHEJo-f5pDddBw4TjYhKpCbes2OGQj-Xwgi4vC5lbwCZBc472tEAcYfH3ssrtZ4gwLnGMPx7P8fv_LZAqo5xgA4Xa24RWMFwJX-Mjyusc-B-ntej/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The Hahnentor sporting the swastika and today. </span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">As
with the aforementioned opportunities the destruction of Cologne
provided in the field of archæology, so too did it allow for urban
planning that had been held up before the war.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Already
in the 1920s there were considerations for car-friendly street
breakthroughs, but failed due to the resistance of the mayor Konrad
Adenauer. Upon his depaerture in March 1933, the traffic planners had
free rein. After Nazi Gauleiter Josef Grohé received the order to
redesign the city on June 7, 1939, Hahnenstrasse became the centre of
planning for an east-west axis with a width of 68 metres from July 1939,
but due to the events of the war could not be realised. Because of
the international traffic exhibition planned for 1940 in Cologne, the
planners had to be satisfied with a much reduced width of 28 metres due to lack of time.
However, the exhibition was canceled due to the war. The breakthrough on
Hahnenstrasse / Pipinstrasse began as early as January 22, 1939,
which led to the straightening of the original course of the road. As a
result, the older plots of land were under today's street whilst some
buildings such as the Apostelgymnasium had to make way </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOnpgSDOOuILG2-Kz-wMy6o0polgxyw3aAZGFfi4eGxinhzKt3F6Bm9jFxOry9BPqfiBoFIu-YlNqAntT9sI3FXs8CtSztcWEeHRfINn3rtIAARv2H6xjmsW-ASXZqRL7OqGR5nvo-Zo4a/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="416" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOnpgSDOOuILG2-Kz-wMy6o0polgxyw3aAZGFfi4eGxinhzKt3F6Bm9jFxOry9BPqfiBoFIu-YlNqAntT9sI3FXs8CtSztcWEeHRfINn3rtIAARv2H6xjmsW-ASXZqRL7OqGR5nvo-Zo4a/w436-h256/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.gif" width="436" /></a>for the
breakthrough in 1939. In August 1939 the breakthrough to the Hahnentor
was made.</span></span></span></span> <span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">After
the war on the right, showing the severe damage. The Hahnentorburg was badly damaged
in the Second World War with the half tower on the left of the field
largely destroyed. </span></span></span></span>After war, Rudolf Schwarz was commissioned to design the
entirety of Hahnenstrasse in mid-1945, and the war ruins in the street leading to the tower were
removed in 1946. Wilhelm Riphahn received an additional order from the
city to develop a concrete "development plan" for this connection
between Neumarkt and Rudolfplatz . In September 1945 he conceived his
“basic ideas for the redesign of Hahnenstraße / Cäcilienstraße” as a
promenade and cultural mile with a city character as well as an
architectural and visual connection between the high Wilhelminian-style
buildings on the ring and the buildings of the lower old town. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj56lYnv5peNo8qH7OulBO2g1onRQIMlx2IG9l23ohI-KuAL_Yas9Q174uLK2h2gnZMGr6g_Dn8jSRftMtLZHphZMrV6ssP69mdOswQ6o_Rkht5SlwFDLWaa61iFmheid_WNokwqvaLWef6/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj56lYnv5peNo8qH7OulBO2g1onRQIMlx2IG9l23ohI-KuAL_Yas9Q174uLK2h2gnZMGr6g_Dn8jSRftMtLZHphZMrV6ssP69mdOswQ6o_Rkht5SlwFDLWaa61iFmheid_WNokwqvaLWef6/s640/ezgif.com-resize.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">What
remains of the Stapelhaus from the south with the cathedral in the
background. In 1942 and again in 1944-45 the building was devastated by
fire bombs with only the stair tower and south side of the building
survived. In the 1960s it was converted into the form it has today.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Gestapo Headquarters</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" times=""><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLpkTwSdo-RqTOpAcQgRlK-hO-n0TBkLnXVmMHLac1WgfvIAi1Ru6-R5wCB-NQkdv7NbN0BDpRAx3tzPu6NFwBzdeWS0sflCXGMb1w_ki3b680zMKmO0_dcVk6BFIVWvQXxYq7gqMnXJy_/s320/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLpkTwSdo-RqTOpAcQgRlK-hO-n0TBkLnXVmMHLac1WgfvIAi1Ru6-R5wCB-NQkdv7NbN0BDpRAx3tzPu6NFwBzdeWS0sflCXGMb1w_ki3b680zMKmO0_dcVk6BFIVWvQXxYq7gqMnXJy_/s400/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Standing
in front of the former EL-DE Haus, now officially known as the National
Socialist Documentation Centre, the former headquarters of the Gestapo
and now a museum documenting the Third Reich. The building was commissioned by the Cologne gold and watch wholesaler Leopold Dahmen in 1934 according to the plans of the architect Hans Erberich as a residential and commercial building at Appellhofplatz 23-25 on the corner of Elisenstraße. Dahmen had the Cologne coat of arms attached to the corner of the house and next to it his coat of arms, consisting of two crossed clock hands with the initials L and D and the lettering EL-DE above them shown in my GIF. After a standstill in the summer of 1935, the shell of the building was confiscated by the Cologne Gestapo, but not expropriated. For the Gestapo, the building had an excellent location in the heart of the city, being in the immediate vicinity of the police headquarters in Krebsgasse, the courthouse and the central prison in Klingelpütz. On December 1, 1935, the Gestapo rented the unfinished house and had prisoners build ten cells in the basement , which were equipped with iron bunks, small guard rooms, niche-like washrooms and toilets, and a gallows. The basement was accessible via two steep staircases secured with iron bars. The main entrance was at Appellhofplatz with the side entrance at Elisenstrasse. Two narrow corridors at right angles to each other separated cells 1 to 4 on Elisenstrasse from the remaining cells on Appellhofplatz. Between cells 4 and 5 was a large two-storey boiler room, which also narrowed the corridor. The cells on Elisenstraße had a size of 5.2 to 5.3 m²; the other cells, coming from Appellhofplatz, varied between 4.6 and 9.3 m². Although I've heard that an underground corridor connected the Gestapo headquarters with the justice building opposite on Appellhofplatz, there's no evidence for this. Indeed, the Nazis would not have needed such elaborate secrecy. There was an air raid shelter in the basement.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Inside the basement to the Gestapo cells:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYQWgrVc2cOXo-VmP0LJbkYqxriqbVgVbG_Zr1u_qaR-KxSqq8j0rHK1r_XMAK_Xe6cT8Gylah_785NEQ_yEDxiZ9wo7omCZz3mKtrflDwgKxoNRTwWiW1yGr7MSB_gVkf_R0foACfGVJW6Rc5u8DESQf9Vy0DUfVIEn8SsCN2KBamX9s4b4QGm2fw7A/s1516/Screenshot%202023-05-24%20at%2021.41.57.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1516" data-original-width="1128" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYQWgrVc2cOXo-VmP0LJbkYqxriqbVgVbG_Zr1u_qaR-KxSqq8j0rHK1r_XMAK_Xe6cT8Gylah_785NEQ_yEDxiZ9wo7omCZz3mKtrflDwgKxoNRTwWiW1yGr7MSB_gVkf_R0foACfGVJW6Rc5u8DESQf9Vy0DUfVIEn8SsCN2KBamX9s4b4QGm2fw7A/w284-h382/Screenshot%202023-05-24%20at%2021.41.57.png" width="284" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;">Standing outside the cells which </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>have been preserved from the original design of the cell block. The iron bars in front of the two staircases in the basement, the cell numbers and the door locks are still intact. Furthermore, a large number of wall inscriptions have been preserved, which can be seen primarily in cells 1 to 4 on Elisenstrasse. The indentations of the bunks can still be seen on the walls and floor, which were removed a few months before the end of the war to make more room in the cells, which were built for a maximum of two to three prisoners, but were severely overcrowded at the time were. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>These cells were originally used to house those arrested while they were
being interrogated. Later it turned out from the inscriptions on the
walls of the prisoners that they had to spend several weeks and months
there. Most prisoners were prisoners of war and forced labourers. The Gestapo also took action against resistance fighters including, among others, members of the Ehrenfeld Group, some of whom belonged to the Edelweißpirates, and the organisation <i>Komitee Freies Deutschland</i>. Amongst those arrested were Joseph Roth, Otto Gerig, Jean Jülich and Gertrud Koch, Peter Schäfer and Hein Bitz. Many prisoners were also taken out of the Klingelpütz for interrogation and other detention centres to the EL-DE house. These interrogations initially took place at the level of the cell block. Since the house was in the city centre, many passers-by heard the screams of the tortured and so these brutal interrogations were later placed in the basement. The detainees were beaten with brass knuckles, blackjacks and rubber truncheons, as well as kicked and punched in order to obtain the desired statements. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>The Gestapo carried out many mass executions that were carried out without a sentence. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaYN3--9odC-1w66rtpGa87NH62zWwJzjbfQP4td0zJ6mj9GMAkggJEm2nc2kTEbDsuhRhlhLY36ImvhHlUNGKmgOsdJDNZqsGNaFeu3ETDYui_ehCASNAiNr9fkr7mmjiqcxH6klM_ODY6OPB9Yf6OEOx3nsK8wdjOONZ2DTW3UXNxzgVp_GAXN53bw/s1516/Screenshot%202023-05-24%20at%2021.41.36.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1516" data-original-width="1136" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaYN3--9odC-1w66rtpGa87NH62zWwJzjbfQP4td0zJ6mj9GMAkggJEm2nc2kTEbDsuhRhlhLY36ImvhHlUNGKmgOsdJDNZqsGNaFeu3ETDYui_ehCASNAiNr9fkr7mmjiqcxH6klM_ODY6OPB9Yf6OEOx3nsK8wdjOONZ2DTW3UXNxzgVp_GAXN53bw/s320/Screenshot%202023-05-24%20at%2021.41.36.png" width="240" /></a>Permission was granted to the Cologne Gestapo by the Reich Security Main Office in Berlin. Most executions took place on the gallows . Not far from the EL-DE house was a gallows frame from which seven people could be hanged at the same time. The corpses were buried in a designated Gestapo field in the western cemetery in Bocklemünd. Municipal refuse collection vehicles were used for transport to the cemetery. Today, 788 dead victims of the Gestapo are remembered in the cemetery. Many were also buried by their relatives in their home towns. The last execution at the EL-DE house took place on March 2, 1945, shortly before the American troops marched in.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Contrary to popular belief, the deposed Mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer, was never imprisoned here; on the day of his first arrest on August 23, 1944, he was taken directly to the Cologne Exhibition Hall, which had been converted into a prison camp. However, his wife Gussi was imprisoned in the EL-DE house for the night of September 24-25, 1944.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>The Russian forced labourer Askold Kurow managed to escape from the El De House in mid-February 1945. When he was deployed to transport files in the basement, the Gestapo officer on duty was called to the first basement level, where the cells were located, by the ringing of the telephone one floor up. Kurow got into the boiler room of the house through an unlocked door and used one of the cellar windows, which were not barred in this area for the purpose of delivering coal, to escape. He escaped unnoticed from a window next to the main entrance door of the Gestapo headquarters onto the sidewalk and made his way to the Bergisches Land. Kurow survived the war and eventually returned to his homeland. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Uncertain that they would never see their relatives again and that they would win their freedom, many prisoners wrote messages or simply drew figures, landscapes, animals and other things on the wall. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAut4oKGWXVW4rhgzsPGIlpymMJyDc7q5K6nKfgG4S7EOSsu6Kda97IuKfC7Tuqj5Rm5I78-4qWHBDMhh3ceIDw2WQfmHsxWo0KrGl0cVbWj7Lav_GDbrUSKSPt7f-4GHGPOfTFp5xbyyM4FvXL37PMgmuIWY4IqPQ6eJyARKY6daqkfSujU-M5yxwiA/s1514/Screenshot%202023-05-24%20at%2021.41.50.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1514" data-original-width="1136" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAut4oKGWXVW4rhgzsPGIlpymMJyDc7q5K6nKfgG4S7EOSsu6Kda97IuKfC7Tuqj5Rm5I78-4qWHBDMhh3ceIDw2WQfmHsxWo0KrGl0cVbWj7Lav_GDbrUSKSPt7f-4GHGPOfTFp5xbyyM4FvXL37PMgmuIWY4IqPQ6eJyARKY6daqkfSujU-M5yxwiA/w150-h200/Screenshot%202023-05-24%20at%2021.41.50.png" width="150" /></a>Since the walls have been painted over several times, around 1800 of the countless inscriptions can still be seen, which date from the period between the end of 1943 and 1945. Other inscriptions can only be guessed at. About 600 inscriptions in Cyrillic script are from Russians and Ukrainians, another 300 are written in French, Dutch, Polish, English and Spanish. After the war, some of the partitions between the cells were removed, such as cells 2 and 3 and cells 5 and 6. As a result, some inscriptions were lost. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Among the remaining examples, one is from a Russian PoW who had actually <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=https://museenkoeln.de/ns-dokumentationszentrum/default.aspx?s%3D448">escaped and survived</a>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Askold Kurov ,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> from Cell 1: “Two friends from the Messe camp have been sitting here at the Gestapo since December 24, 1944, Askold Kurow and Gaidai Wladimir, now it is already February 3, 1945. 40 people were hanged. We've been in prison for 43 days, the interrogation is coming to an end, now it's our turn to hang on the gallows. I ask those who know us to tell our comrades that we too perished in these torture chambers.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>In the same cell there is also the <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=https://museenkoeln.de/ns-dokumentationszentrum/default.aspx?s%3D448%23b43581">lettering by Hans Weinsheime</a> from 1944: "If no one thinks of you, your mother thinks of you." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5dJgbPBgfNqwyPwi4QzzSSMNEUOsyIm0LG18k3V_FAbJChROFjGvEpyvtR5BOLSCyv2e_lmxtiOFeLSl-eksyZeVfW6EuaS5bkgpfWK7GR7RoPD70lH6fMc2ykHEi8jBEPSZG-Eb6ire1slmobYpK2iGf2-zE2-M9EKtarqpQuUSdThTQyAMq6Tigjw/s1512/Screenshot%202023-05-24%20at%2021.41.44.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1512" data-original-width="1132" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5dJgbPBgfNqwyPwi4QzzSSMNEUOsyIm0LG18k3V_FAbJChROFjGvEpyvtR5BOLSCyv2e_lmxtiOFeLSl-eksyZeVfW6EuaS5bkgpfWK7GR7RoPD70lH6fMc2ykHEi8jBEPSZG-Eb6ire1slmobYpK2iGf2-zE2-M9EKtarqpQuUSdThTQyAMq6Tigjw/w150-h200/Screenshot%202023-05-24%20at%2021.41.44.png" width="150" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>A French prisoner wrote in Cell 6: "German customs are particularly evident in cell 6, where they manage to cram up to thirty-three people in at a time." Probably from an edelweiss pirate: "Rio de Schanero, aheu kapalero, edelweiss pirates are loyal." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>After the war, some former prisoners and contemporary witnesses could be questioned about the prison and living conditions in the basement of the EL-DE building. Stefania Balcerzak: “Nata Tulasiewics was interrogated three times in the basement. When Nata went downstairs we could hear her screaming. She came back bleeding.” Nata Tulasiewics (Beata Natalia Tulasiewicz) was arrested in April 1944 and spent several weeks in the EL-DE house. She was then taken to the Ravensbrück concentration camp , where she was murdered on March 31, 1945. In 1999 she was beatified by Pope John Paul II. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpHAHEAhO9WOXQsWwjeMcB1qfEHPJosgPdFZ2RYvO47ZGiqEy_Stn9ncytZdxfE0vdlHTFbu9W5aJ1vFzS-A5dsvECoPNhKOcbVU0Vaf75RUaPEadbM8TwLu3EQczpLAzkBnAWTNPyhXNowc-w3LWFf3vBqR1MENYS-NebjT9u4Csnx9lNJ67a_3GnoA/s1512/Screenshot%202023-05-24%20at%2021.41.29.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1512" data-original-width="1136" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpHAHEAhO9WOXQsWwjeMcB1qfEHPJosgPdFZ2RYvO47ZGiqEy_Stn9ncytZdxfE0vdlHTFbu9W5aJ1vFzS-A5dsvECoPNhKOcbVU0Vaf75RUaPEadbM8TwLu3EQczpLAzkBnAWTNPyhXNowc-w3LWFf3vBqR1MENYS-NebjT9u4Csnx9lNJ67a_3GnoA/w150-h200/Screenshot%202023-05-24%20at%2021.41.29.png" width="150" /></a>Wilhelmine Hömens, who testified before a British investigative court in 1947: “On March 1, 1945, a Stapo detail brought 70 to 80 girls and about 30 men tied together from the Klingelpütz on foot over the castle wall to the Stapo premises. They were Germans and mostly so-called Ostarbeiter. These people were all hung up on the Stapo premises, because I did not see the return transport, but found that around 5 p.m. three trucks with corpses were taken to the cemetery.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>The bombing raids of July 8, 1941 caused severe damage in Langgasse and on Appellhofplatz up to No. 21; the house was largely spared from bombs during the war. After the war, tenants and municipal departments such as the registry office, pension office, legal and insurance office, price authority and occupation office moved into it. From 1947 to 1949 the house was remodeled and the neighbouring houses on Appellhofplatz and Elisenstrasse were integrated into the house. In 1979, demands were made to turn the house into a documentation centrr. In the same year, the Cologne City Council decided to set up a documentation centre. In order to also put the cellar in the public light, the photographer Gernot Huber and the teacher Kurt Holl had themselves locked in the cellar overnight unnoticed. They photographed and documented the wall inscriptions and the cell block, which was used by the departments in the building as a file and storage room. Due to the loud public protest, another decision of the city led to the city curator Hiltrud Kier having the cellar and the inscriptions restored and then the cellar was set up as a memorial on December 4, 1981.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>In 2006, the National Socialist
Documentation Centre was awarded the Best in Heritage award, which is
given to select museums. The only other German museum to have won the
prize is the Buddenbrook Museum in Lübeck.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwA2OEb2xEeGLNmwovq-Z5ex33a_hzA_4_eq2mEl4nHSIdXoLsmtr9hXZwOTC9UEm6XusSGepI5cnvbSZvakDQ8e2aDsk1eI8VOUugq9DHAQttTNt9t9KTNsaKuOQoUWO4Dqsj8r49HiJw/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="650" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwA2OEb2xEeGLNmwovq-Z5ex33a_hzA_4_eq2mEl4nHSIdXoLsmtr9hXZwOTC9UEm6XusSGepI5cnvbSZvakDQ8e2aDsk1eI8VOUugq9DHAQttTNt9t9KTNsaKuOQoUWO4Dqsj8r49HiJw/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">The
neue Universitäts Hauptgebäude by architect Adolf Abel, shown in 1935
and today with the Nazi eagle removed. After the war the British
military government graciously approved the reopening of the university
which resumed its lessons on November 26, 1945. With 1,549 admitted
students on December 10, 1945, the solemn reopening of the university
took place. The students were to be educated into the "ideal of pure
humanity". According to the Cologne history professor Erich Meuthen,
these lines of thought corresponded to an interpretation common after
1945: the turning away from the anti-Christian tradition had led to the
barbarism of National Socialism. Critics later evaluated this "new
beginning" as a restoration and "silence" of the Nazi past. In fact, in
1948 Theodor Schieder was appointed Ordinary for Middle and Modern
History despite his own personal history being known to his colleagues:
Schieder had became a Nazi party member in 1937 and was an active </span></span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkyudQ6cfoTEMcwFYxxEFFY7zsJSs2kJzWl7Gr3TeFRehE9gHwTiW5qSUvT5XPU9Xj_63wGo4pErj1ItU7IZ8wrnvXV6xQ2mEHIf3FSIEwSqxH7ygCicmWZNoXf5reiugyrR9ePxPBXKpU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25285%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="306" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkyudQ6cfoTEMcwFYxxEFFY7zsJSs2kJzWl7Gr3TeFRehE9gHwTiW5qSUvT5XPU9Xj_63wGo4pErj1ItU7IZ8wrnvXV6xQ2mEHIf3FSIEwSqxH7ygCicmWZNoXf5reiugyrR9ePxPBXKpU/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25285%2529.gif" width="240" /></a></span></span>member
of the NS-Dozentenbund. In 1939 Schieder proposed the deportation of
several hundred thousand Poles as well as the "Entjudung" of the rest of
Poland in a "Polendenkschrift". By 1962 he became the rector of the
University of Cologne for two years.<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: small;">LEFT:
The façade of the church of St. Maria in der Schnurgasse in the 1930s
and today. During the war in April 1942 after an incendiary attack hit
the church, the building burnt down. The interior design and the image
of the "Regina Pacis"were destroyed. Only the walls of the western
façade, the southern transept and the church tower were partially
preserved. After the end of the war Joseph Cardinal Frings and the mayor
of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer, pressed for the return of the sisters who
were to rebuild the original Carmel on the Schnurgasse. In mid-1945, the
first Carmelites from Cologne returned from their refuge, the Welden
Monastery near Augsburg, to Cologne and organized its reconstruction. As
early as July 1946 the foundation stone was laid for a new monastery.
In 1948 a donated statue of the Virgin Mary was consecrated in the
partially restored monastery church to replace the destroyed image. In
1949 the sisters were able to return to a first tract of the rebuilt
convent after about 150 years since their abolition. In 1957, after
their consecration on Easter, the bells of the church rang for the first
time again. By 1964 the church was externally restored as it originally
appeared in 1716. Even the original interior was replaced by correcting
the structural changes of the 19th century by, for example, rearranging
the aisles as originally envisioned.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0yvODRsS1szRIWi2GvUYEpzE4jnb1q2oPcS9-lp84e0EnKG0WLkUsm2eb9yOuxvdeJfVssryh_uHzBkZq5K8M0i0_K11K8DGLjtg84C8PFnlvhsdrz6g6f3vDyuEKPQr-hy-CAKnYsxE/s1600/3myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0yvODRsS1szRIWi2GvUYEpzE4jnb1q2oPcS9-lp84e0EnKG0WLkUsm2eb9yOuxvdeJfVssryh_uHzBkZq5K8M0i0_K11K8DGLjtg84C8PFnlvhsdrz6g6f3vDyuEKPQr-hy-CAKnYsxE/s640/3myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">From Adolf-Hitler-Platz to Ebertplatz </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkUeu5kin-pcfRHCTAYRBMPtWx7YGKBT7mweUgtJg6lqRAlj4c2rJzQGfbg4sSo9K22zNFRrgZHggh6UrpgRupSDY5MjQq-Vbl-eYSUSF7_Xt8ULjU33PW47nbRGQg0QZJs5BZ-ayrCpk/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="284" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkUeu5kin-pcfRHCTAYRBMPtWx7YGKBT7mweUgtJg6lqRAlj4c2rJzQGfbg4sSo9K22zNFRrgZHggh6UrpgRupSDY5MjQq-Vbl-eYSUSF7_Xt8ULjU33PW47nbRGQg0QZJs5BZ-ayrCpk/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="295" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">A woman sits with all her possessions amidst the ruins.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">The removal of some 13.5 million cubic meters of rubble from the centre of Cologne alone took over a year, to say nothing of the makeshift restoration of canals, bridges over the Rhine, and the central train station. As if the cleanup in the factories had not been hard enough, “the chief problems only emerged when actual production was restarted,” because the delivery of raw materials slowed and energy supplies remained unreliable. Time and again, frustrating bottlenecks thwarted a revival of activity. If the mines, for example, managed to extract sufficient coal, there would be “no rolling stock” available to transport it to either factories or homes. Likewise, supplying foodstuffs proved particularly difficult, since domestic production was unable to satisfy the needs of a population whose numbers had rapidly grown with the influx of refugees. Rationing of the shortages, moreover, led to a great deal of injustice, with some groups and areas inevitably getting more than others. Thus despite much hard work, by 1946 industrial production had only reached 50 to 55 percent of its pre-war level. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jarausch (82) After Hitler: Recivilising Germans, 1945–1995 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
the summer of 1945, the British wisely installed Konrad Adenauer in
office as Lord Mayor of Cologne, but then ordered him to cut down
Cologne's famous trees to feed the furnaces that winter. When Adenauer
obstinately refused, the British angrily kicked him out of office. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">On October 6, Adenauer was summoned to appear before the head of the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>British
Military Government in North Rhine Province, Brigadier John
Barraclough, and two other officers in Cologne and was denied even the
right to sit down in their presence. They read out a letter dismissing
him from office. He was to be banned from all political activity and was
to leave Cologne as quickly as possible. This would appear to have been a
natural reaction against the representative of a prostate and occupied
enemy especially given that, according to Giles MacDonogh (507), "the
winter of 1946–7 was possibly the coldest in living memory. In Cologne
there were sixty four days in the 121 from December to March when the
temperature was below zero at 8.00 a.m." Such was the state the British
found themselves, now ruling the largest and most populous of the four
zones of postwar Germany.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHfX8FltxJX8L5CJXn9B5OXqi9dDv-ITNkTzkCE4dgCncqoxE7XQSFdS0D1cliULio5TnRb5Lo6vehi82rq8I8MYoZZIsbJ9h_aD9KlIc57cF5RBBVgtq_dcQgP1Qwn3TpPgXrWQNOP5I/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-23+at+10.38.29+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHfX8FltxJX8L5CJXn9B5OXqi9dDv-ITNkTzkCE4dgCncqoxE7XQSFdS0D1cliULio5TnRb5Lo6vehi82rq8I8MYoZZIsbJ9h_aD9KlIc57cF5RBBVgtq_dcQgP1Qwn3TpPgXrWQNOP5I/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-23+at+10.38.29+AM.png" width="640" /></a><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>The
hauptbahnhof in the 1930s, 1960 and today. Things have definitely
changed since, with the mayor of Cologne forced to admit the
"outrageous" series of New Year's Eve attacks on women at the main train
station by large gangs of </span>some<a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/12082366/German-women-report-string-of-sexual-assaults-by-Arab-and-North-African-men.html" target="_blank">
1,000 men who took over the area around the main station on New Year’s
Eve who proceeded to attack and rape numerous German women</a> whilst the authorities covered up all mention of such attacks.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><b><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: large;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Bad Honnef </span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzSGQ2O08pTdCSbnftow_TIM9pTShEkF-Z9h3vnYPWYZJI8juUX_piXz3JY5c0tyE4Ie7qsaTPc45haYgRgO8PBMKpViFnkF-8ssnp6Dqa7ksax1nPA40dSR8eGri56NjuL4UxYaoXUCQR/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzSGQ2O08pTdCSbnftow_TIM9pTShEkF-Z9h3vnYPWYZJI8juUX_piXz3JY5c0tyE4Ie7qsaTPc45haYgRgO8PBMKpViFnkF-8ssnp6Dqa7ksax1nPA40dSR8eGri56NjuL4UxYaoXUCQR/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The Feuerschlößchen<span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> on</span> Rommersdorfer Straße 78–82<span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> is a villa built in 1905/06<span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> and remains</span> as a monument under monument protection. Under the Nazis it became the new "Gauschulungsburg" <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">when it was inaugurated</span> July 1 1934 at the presence of DAF directors Robert Ley and Gauleiter Josef Grohé. </span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">During Reichskristallnacht <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">i</span></span>n
November 1938, the Honnefer synagogue, formerly an evangelical church,
was set on fire on the Linzerstrasse near the Ohbach and was destroyed
in this way. Many Jewish inhabitants emigrated. The Jews living in
Honnef after 1939 had to leave their homes and were all concentrated <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">within</span>
two houses in Honnef. From here they had to relocate to a camp in Much.
In July 1941, transport to the east was carried out from Much to their <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">deaths</span>. In the Second World War, around 250 Honnef soldiers were killed and the city had three civilian casualties. Honnef <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">had been</span>
largely spared from air raids in the Allied air war. One of the few
destruction was that of the Penaten factory. For this reason, foreign
authorities moved to the city, including parts of the Upper Prussianium
of the Rhine province from Koblenz, the NSKOV to Linzerstrasse 108.
Numerous prisoners of war and later forced <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">labourers</span>,
especially women from the Soviet Union, worked in Honnef. An air attack
on Honnef with bombs dropped onto Lohfelder Straße took place in
November 1944. On the evening of <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">March 10, 1945</span>, the 331st Infantry Regiment of the 78th Infantry Division of the United States had occupied Honnef. <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Three days later </span>the American combatants reached Hohenhonnef and the Rhine heights near Rhöndorf.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8oRsy2GYcZ64tlH5OP0bRYe-XuJ8M2FazsVMLJR9YbL2RQRYe-WFxiT3YLR9VrMZM_PfEykuI32vz4h4YUn3JbINnvhiX479xrPyRYVjlcZCCPhSvn7aiGPM9hkLK3544nuEplUUjRLv/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="480" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8oRsy2GYcZ64tlH5OP0bRYe-XuJ8M2FazsVMLJR9YbL2RQRYe-WFxiT3YLR9VrMZM_PfEykuI32vz4h4YUn3JbINnvhiX479xrPyRYVjlcZCCPhSvn7aiGPM9hkLK3544nuEplUUjRLv/w400-h216/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The
Heimbach Hydroelectric power station during the final defeat of Germany
and today. The power plant survived the war relatively undamaged
although on February 11, 1945, the German armed forces blew up the
tunnel seals on the power plant's side to prevent the Anglo-American
allied forces from breaking through to the Rhine. Consequently, the Urft
reservoir drained completely and the power plant was flooded by masses
of water and rubble. Following extensive and arduous cleanup and repair
work – both labour and tools were in short supply – the first four
turbines could be started up again in January 1948, followed by the
other four turbines at the end of the year. In his book <i>Kriegsende 1944/1945 – Zwischen Ardennen und Rhein</i> by Hans-Dieter Arntz (169) writes how </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><blockquote>On Wednesday, February 7, 1945, the 3rd Battalion of the US 311th Infantry Regiment occupied a small, desperately resisting position of German infantry. The American march on the dam of the Rurtalsperre near Heimbach began. But General Rundstedt had left his demolition squads at this dam. On the following day, February 8, 1945, German engineers blew up the closures on the outlet pipes of the power plant in Schwammenauel , and now 100 cubic metres of water per second thundered into the bed of the Rur, causing a flood in the lowlands of the lowlands that, as it turned out several days later, did not bring the hoped-for success.</blockquote><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Brühl </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI9aNdylUvmKqQGWOe_bXC8M-MV0u4Lip6pZMoLkkOuhd3vnJdRmSVi8OKZF_yu0POCEtgvUDC7e5Fxvu16p3ukWJBiPA8d1la57YLnQq14BPPwS_yxNdmDYSQRfs2ZH-qLr-5mDwFjTE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.31.10.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI9aNdylUvmKqQGWOe_bXC8M-MV0u4Lip6pZMoLkkOuhd3vnJdRmSVi8OKZF_yu0POCEtgvUDC7e5Fxvu16p3ukWJBiPA8d1la57YLnQq14BPPwS_yxNdmDYSQRfs2ZH-qLr-5mDwFjTE/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.31.10.png" width="640" /></a><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Standing
in front of schloß Augustusburg which was bombed on March 4, 1945. From
shortly after the war until 1994, the schloß was used as a reception
hall for guests of state by the German President, as it is not far from
Bonn, which was the capital of Germany at that time.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dortmund </span><span style="font-size: small;">(North Rhine-Westphalia)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaGN7MWNVtPlS9QWlsjtKH5kfOvng8NbmwD5cz-kLRMtCsCskfnArefkYqMNjAQRTEobh1TM_tf7xLvC6pefkWQKgPs9yGk4gpqrxz9fXRo9WSs5UXssKn48hZbIQat9av4tHE11M4SUI/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-23+at+10.38.52+AM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaGN7MWNVtPlS9QWlsjtKH5kfOvng8NbmwD5cz-kLRMtCsCskfnArefkYqMNjAQRTEobh1TM_tf7xLvC6pefkWQKgPs9yGk4gpqrxz9fXRo9WSs5UXssKn48hZbIQat9av4tHE11M4SUI/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-03-23+at+10.38.52+AM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Nazis
hoisting the hakenkreuz over the town hall on March 3, 1933, thus
marking the start of the transformation of democracy to dictatorship.
Soon after saw the renaming of the town's streets: Rathenau-Allee became
Adolf-Hitler-Allee, Stresemann- to Göringstraße, Erzberger- to
Schlageterstraße and Republikplatz to Horst-Wessel-Platz. All democratic
and socialist newspapers were banned. The left-liberal "Dortmunder
General-Anzeiger" was confiscated and all of its business assets were
confiscated by the Nazis. The first city councilors, especially from the
ranks of the KPD and SPD, were immediately persecuted, mistreated or
taken into so-called "protective custody". As with everywhere else, all
political parties, with the exception of the Nazis, were banned in
Dortmund. On April 20, 1933, Adolf Hitler became an honorary citizen of
Dortmund (revoked immediately after the war in one of the first council
meetings). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgptfbLZL52iton_5LGy4lvO6TZ_Zw1FEJ1PICPDIbdA-qRXxiJB1O_D0XeyB2CdZR9IEK0p0EA2PdhnEWxxqQkTvynZOCNvRaD8W4_pevFs0KhTD3Ul1is_PSgUMWDPzjQ0TEedP_tj3X6/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgptfbLZL52iton_5LGy4lvO6TZ_Zw1FEJ1PICPDIbdA-qRXxiJB1O_D0XeyB2CdZR9IEK0p0EA2PdhnEWxxqQkTvynZOCNvRaD8W4_pevFs0KhTD3Ul1is_PSgUMWDPzjQ0TEedP_tj3X6/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Hansaplatz in 1933 and during the 2006 World Cup</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">On
June 20, social democracy was banned, and on May 2, 1933, the unions
were "brought into line". Many supporters of the KPD, SPD, the trade
unions, as welllas those from other democratic parties </span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">and the churches joined illegal resistance groups. Dortmund remained an unpopular city </span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">with the Nazi leadership due to its intense resistance actions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2QncZZKAqrrg8cK6AQ-6IYZ6kEfHE4KLXhC7p0qM_f5Rfb8Zqf5PEuspVkZIwfgWsNJCKvouhpUvOTCkq7InmAxTNRlmknNjo0iHtprJOnXNY-q8-XuGd2yzL7aCFtLKku7Ozmv1SDME/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.32.06.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2QncZZKAqrrg8cK6AQ-6IYZ6kEfHE4KLXhC7p0qM_f5Rfb8Zqf5PEuspVkZIwfgWsNJCKvouhpUvOTCkq7InmAxTNRlmknNjo0iHtprJOnXNY-q8-XuGd2yzL7aCFtLKku7Ozmv1SDME/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.32.06.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Hansaplatz 1938 with swastikas and today </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Supporters
of socialist and democratic parties, "anti-socal" and "non-Aryan" were
dismissed from the civil service or banned from their profession. Many
resistance fighters and opposition figures fell victim to an
unprecedented persecution of "enemies of the state". Like Fritz Henßler,
who later became mayor of Dortmund, they were arrested, sentenced,
humiliated and ill-treated for years in prisons and concentration camps.
Hundreds of them were murdered by the Nazis and with the help of the
Nazi arbitrary justice system. Between 1933 and 1945, a total of more
than 30,000 political opponents of the Nazi system, including "racially
persecuted" and foreign forced labourers, were temporarily detained in
the "Steinwache" Gestapo prison alone. </span></span></span></span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvgtAoc9ZUeuExbJJZCfPLC6z6-ADOvSlnN5bn_21geySHbzo1dnYGZI17s-AG34Sew_TN_7NDpPhXKGB7Wms0tSA0lYR5JesLejAPEWwe1YNXApXfQo2vZ-R8-tojt82Q5-w7NtDTLM/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvgtAoc9ZUeuExbJJZCfPLC6z6-ADOvSlnN5bn_21geySHbzo1dnYGZI17s-AG34Sew_TN_7NDpPhXKGB7Wms0tSA0lYR5JesLejAPEWwe1YNXApXfQo2vZ-R8-tojt82Q5-w7NtDTLM/s400/1myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The
former Gestapo headquarters (and way station for those being sent to
concentration camps) today serves as the site for the exhibition <i>Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Steinwache</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Inside,
shown below, is a reminder that from 1933 to 1945, over 66,000 people
were imprisoned, some 30,000 of them for "political </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">reasons".</span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The
Jewish population had been systematically marginalised and persecuted
since 1933. In June 1933 the Jewish population numbered 4,108 out of a
total population of 540,875. That year 217 Jews were arrested, including
a few from other communities in the district. Many fell victim to
random acts of violence and harassment by individuals. The economic
boycott against the Jews was rigorously enforced with municipal
institutions breaking off </span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibUQ26LU4e-fatZDzw9VhUVkuIfo_NTY1fI4c6pdzCvIPklZBJJrZdYd1AvcCZmOR3wEXj_-bdSjPe3OvOcH8lUOI3CHe6gohGXAJUn6Ph0WvdY5QtHNJWtW2EAQHAKojlK9EyY3Cwd81J/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibUQ26LU4e-fatZDzw9VhUVkuIfo_NTY1fI4c6pdzCvIPklZBJJrZdYd1AvcCZmOR3wEXj_-bdSjPe3OvOcH8lUOI3CHe6gohGXAJUn6Ph0WvdY5QtHNJWtW2EAQHAKojlK9EyY3Cwd81J/s400/myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>commercial
ties with the Jews and shoppers staying away from stores owned by Jews.
Agitation against Jewish businessmen was intensified in the summer of
1935, with public boycotts organised in front of Jewish stores with
windows occasionally smashed. Anti-Jewish demonstrations were
accompanied by signs labelling the Jews as traitors, murderers,
warmongers and defilers of women. Jewish traders and entrepreneurs faced
a crowding-out campaign, which soon became an "Aryanisation" campaign.
Even before Kristallnacht, the beautiful synagogue on Hiltropwall in
Dortmund, which was in the immediate vicinity of the city theater on the
one hand and the Nazi district leadership on the other, was destroyed.
The synagogue in Hörde was set on fire by SA hordes and, like many
Jewish prayer houses, shops and apartments, looted and destroyed.
Immediately following Kristallnacht six hundred Jews were arrested, most
being sent to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp where seventeen
would die and others released only after paying extortionate demands.
Another five hundred Jews fled the city after the pogrom, leaving a
Jewish population of 1,444 by May 1939. Just 63 houses remained in
Jewish hands in September 1939 and at the end of the same year a mere
eighty businesses. With another two hundred Jews managing to leave after
the outbreak of war, 1,222 remained in June 1941 - these were left
without rights, property, homes or income. They were not allowed to use
public shelters, radios, telephones, or even the streets without
authorization. Gradually they were confined to “Jewish houses.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzV2UmyLjw_7obbm0b6VcRO_qgNtMKexELgK47QAF22TDOciNh6v-TzgDlUavm7oitVT9gFvOsYnZO0ufNWEQQ60-S5u8MxJT7iUwRRDWb3gubsOuFxbi2dKmTL9P60oM3hN8MVsUuMeo/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzV2UmyLjw_7obbm0b6VcRO_qgNtMKexELgK47QAF22TDOciNh6v-TzgDlUavm7oitVT9gFvOsYnZO0ufNWEQQ60-S5u8MxJT7iUwRRDWb3gubsOuFxbi2dKmTL9P60oM3hN8MVsUuMeo/s400/myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The main railway station in 1944 and today. Through it, Dortmund was used as a
central point for deportations to the East; between 1942 and 1945 there
were eight transports, each containing about 5,000 Jews, including the
Jews of Dortmund. On April 27, 1942 the largest group of Jews from
Dortmund numbering 700 -800 was deported to Zamosc in the Lublin
district of Poland and from there sent to the Belzec death camp, which a
month earlier had commenced gassing Jewish communities in the
Generalgouvernment.</span></span></span></span> Of the approximately
4,500 Dortmunders of Jewish origin, two thousand were later murdered in
concentration camps. On January 27, 1942, the first deportation of over
1,000 Jews from the Arnsberg region from Dortmund to Riga took place.
The last deportation took place on February 13, 1945 to Theresienstadt.
But not only citizens of Jewish origin, but also members of other
"racial" or socially discriminated minorities like those of the Sinti
and Roma were persecuted and deported from Dortmund to the Nazi
extermination camps.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha9EGSmLN_Ik9sgwLbu0CNQU-T90l4-aizRpAc9_xQzR4tVrTCDx88t76Th-zktIn2hhHHy2IztUFnY0gsckGJj8-WXL6UUoaEu6qjgJjIrXqKDlKcIQpMp1XhlezsHcMPwZaNTRpbpMnO/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha9EGSmLN_Ik9sgwLbu0CNQU-T90l4-aizRpAc9_xQzR4tVrTCDx88t76Th-zktIn2hhHHy2IztUFnY0gsckGJj8-WXL6UUoaEu6qjgJjIrXqKDlKcIQpMp1XhlezsHcMPwZaNTRpbpMnO/s400/myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Book burning in front of the Amtshaus</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The
cultural and economic life that was so lively in the 1920s became
impoverished in the period of National Socialism. However, Dortmund was
able to claim the dubious reputation that the exhibition on "Degenerate
Art" was already shown in Dortmund in 1935 - two years before Munich -
in what was then the "House of Art" on Königswall. Other exhibitions
such as the Hitler Youth exhibition "Schaffende Jugend" (1936), "Volk
und Rasse" (1938) or "Kunst der Front" (1940) primarily proclaimed the
ideology of blood, soil and race.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOEm2DMvVfsC6lnbBXLVkpPGwF9ooS29pNEdXhFgc2So503mDpUckCG7kBJArPC_6oTM0odBhcoLPXPyO6D8ByCAFcLU5AzxUC7iXlC9_9qerEaMk-bJe84fR-9FGZkauD_o6Bnvamsrw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-23+at+1.37.44+PM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOEm2DMvVfsC6lnbBXLVkpPGwF9ooS29pNEdXhFgc2So503mDpUckCG7kBJArPC_6oTM0odBhcoLPXPyO6D8ByCAFcLU5AzxUC7iXlC9_9qerEaMk-bJe84fR-9FGZkauD_o6Bnvamsrw/s400/Screen+Shot+2014-03-23+at+1.37.44+PM.png" width="400" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The
Market operating in Hansaplatz with the swastika adorning the maypole
during the Nazi era and today. Only with the armaments programme,
accompanied by an improvement in the global economy, did the mining and
steel and iron industries benefit from the Nazis' four-year plans, which
further solidified Dortmund's economic monostructure. From 1937
onwards, total production rose sharply and the unemployment rate fell
rapidly. The Ruhr region industry, and above all coal chemistry, became
increasingly important in the efforts to prepare for war, to secure an
adequate fuel supply for the increasing motorization of the Wehrmacht
and the economy, and to replace the </span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">missing
oil. The situation for Nazi Germany soon turned around as a result of
the war. The war already affected the home front in 1943. Despite the
most ruthless exploitation of foreign forced labourers, in particular
Eastern European prisoners of war, concentration </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">camp
prisoners and abducted workers - 45,000 foreign forced labourers were
still employed in the relevant factories and mines in Dortmund alone
during the last year of the war - the arms industry and other branches
of production collapsed.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRA527-z90bXNZFI9kqn1kzeSEarflu8nwzb9dxhM-32pCpLkEg0aR3LojhCIpN5OKuDm51FjZBajn5IJ7NnnRDS3qAaEOGNHIEmZOcUqLWCRl4H8ubBlyoueR8xJx6Hvkm8BJdL7C7h4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-09-30+at+7.29.06+PM.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRA527-z90bXNZFI9kqn1kzeSEarflu8nwzb9dxhM-32pCpLkEg0aR3LojhCIpN5OKuDm51FjZBajn5IJ7NnnRDS3qAaEOGNHIEmZOcUqLWCRl4H8ubBlyoueR8xJx6Hvkm8BJdL7C7h4/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-09-30+at+7.29.06+PM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Luftwaffe Nazi eagle remaining on the façade of the police academy </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">In
May 1943, Dortmund, considered by the Allies alongside Essen as one of
the "armaments factories" in the Ruhr area, was the target of two major
attacks. Six more were to follow by March 12, 1945, and 95 percent of
the city center was to be destroyed. Around 6,000 civilians and forced
labourers were killed in the bombing. Dortmund had completely lost its
urban face, which was decisively shaped between 1890 and 1930, in the
hail of bombs. When the Americans advanced to downtown Dortmund on
April 13, 1945, they found a chaos of rubble. Electricity, water and
other important elements of urban </span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">infrastructure
had completely collapsed. For the approximately 300,000 Dortmunders who
experienced the last days of the war in their hometown, the city seemed<span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> t</span>o be at the end of its historical development at the end of the war in 1945 - more </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB2FS1RSvS19fZbtN7kcUBsy4nezrCIdUkOU0UoV-GYbjZf11e8ZD8MZKPO0KTkQUOu8oPwaacTtckLPZrelJ76JCgkV1cgIh47Ps1xm7fGgNcjE-TpE0YJ317oPy-KEyngjRoH2xEyiQ/s200/25175224.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="150" /></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Another continues to look down on the city</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">than
ever before. On the part of the British military government and in
parts of the fragmented city administration, people even played with the
idea of rebuilding the city outside of its historical core.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">In
1945 as many as 300,000 people lived in the ruins. Their most pressing
concerns involved the housing shortage and the food supply; in April
1947 there were still hunger demonstrations in Dortmund. Under the
capable British military government, political, urban development and
economic reconstruction were pushed ahead relatively quickly. Fritz
Henßler, the later mayor who was liberated from the concentration camp,
and Wilhelm Hansmann, who had returned from emigration, were regarded as
the "chief initiators" or "motors" of the reconstruction who supported
the British. The dismantling of irreplaceable industrial plants, which
the British military government prescribed as sanctions, and which took
place between 1947 and 1949 under massive protests by the steelworks,
subsequently proved to be a barrier in the drive to modernise outdated
production units. On the other hand, the monostructure of the mining,
iron and steel industry was further stabilised.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYTPgO0Zr0Qy06M-BHy3yaBYg8lLN-P9jjsK-ugw5J3dV6oihF4v83PeYAquB4jna1zzxDE5GgqLpfokSVJEuML9mtMQWikbW4YMVRM_wpNAGjGmt9NB3Rj0WlwR7z-lfQw5a_rIg5swc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.36.02.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="nazi architecture" border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYTPgO0Zr0Qy06M-BHy3yaBYg8lLN-P9jjsK-ugw5J3dV6oihF4v83PeYAquB4jna1zzxDE5GgqLpfokSVJEuML9mtMQWikbW4YMVRM_wpNAGjGmt9NB3Rj0WlwR7z-lfQw5a_rIg5swc/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.36.02.png" title="Dortberghaus" width="640" /></a><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The
Dortberghaus was completed in 1938 after the plans of Cologne architect
Emil Rudolf Mewes as an administrative building of the Gelsenkirchen
Mining-AG and displays classic Nazi architecture. By the beginning of
the Second World War it was planned as a U-shaped building but not fully
completed. It sported a bust of Hitler inside shown here. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDSN1I9tf5WpezGYbSOhS8VdHDnRUmBcdkKcgZ60n8u49yGMLSbnZhtkSOUaF0XYt3maMTwDMY2ZN6R4W6JrpzzryuA4iFU85OwzdMytoherwRr9Bhd8Wy9aiamupx933RtFHKQgr-V7Q/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.38.10.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hohensyburgdenkmal" border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDSN1I9tf5WpezGYbSOhS8VdHDnRUmBcdkKcgZ60n8u49yGMLSbnZhtkSOUaF0XYt3maMTwDMY2ZN6R4W6JrpzzryuA4iFU85OwzdMytoherwRr9Bhd8Wy9aiamupx933RtFHKQgr-V7Q/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.38.10.png" title="Hohensyburgdenkmal" width="400" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
The Hohensyburg memorial, shown with Nazi flags in front from period
postcards and today, located on a hill in the southern Dortmund district
of Syburg. The memorial was erected in memory of Kaiser Wilhelm I from
1893 to 1902 and opened to the public on June 30, 1902. Under the Nazis
the memorial was completely rebuilt in 1935 according to plans by the
Dortmund sculptor Friedrich Bagdons and redesigned based on the National
Socialist architecture. Of the four accompanying statues, those of
Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm and Prince Friedrich Karl (both by Karl
Donndorf) were removed whilst those of Otto von Bismarck and Helmuth von
Moltke (also by Adolf Donndorf) were preserved in a different
arrangement. On an inscription removed after 1945, March 16, 1935 was
given as the date of completion. Nearby are the remains of the castle,
partially destructed in 1287 by Count Eberhard von der Mark and probably
eventually abandoned in the 16th or early 17th century. Inside its
ruins is the war memorial dating from 1930 designed by the sculptor
Friedrich Bagdons. It depicts a lying fallen soldier in the uniform of a
German war participant from the First World War. At the level of his
left lower leg an eagle stands guard. In the immediate vicinity of the
war memorial there are three stone plaques erected by the Syburg
community in memory of the victims of the Syburg war from the
Franco-Prussian war and both world wars.</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
</span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Essen </span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFoRBgUoYQ6OFcs9ahyphenhyphenYaCD6UNH069S8OzyBff3x1xUxPVZiObw0LYYZdJllS6gcOWucz5YNZUHMvIQwH9NWSZyUr1NpD1Yu1NFLPyF_UBvPr8Kvbqq47neqE4IqSwcv2LIPdoNgF3Rg8t/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFoRBgUoYQ6OFcs9ahyphenhyphenYaCD6UNH069S8OzyBff3x1xUxPVZiObw0LYYZdJllS6gcOWucz5YNZUHMvIQwH9NWSZyUr1NpD1Yu1NFLPyF_UBvPr8Kvbqq47neqE4IqSwcv2LIPdoNgF3Rg8t/s400/ezgif.com-resize%25284%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Renamed
Adolf-Hitler-Platz in 1933 and serving as the main site for Nazi
demonstrations in Essen, the main square reverted back to Burgplatz
after the war. Here the Volkshochschule on Burgplatz 1 is decked out in
Nazi regalia.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">After
the right-wing Kapp Putsch in Berlin had failed in the spring of 1920,
the Rote Ruhrarmee rose up against the SPD-led national government with
street fighting in Barmen , Duisburg, Elberfeld , Esseb, Remscheid and
Velbert. On March 19, 1920 armed "Bolshevik" groups in Essen marched up
to the site where civil defence units of the police and Home Guards
waited; forty were killed. It was the largest resistance movement that
has taken place in Germany since the peasant wars of the 16th century.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsQBCbTO7tet_O6OdPqSvY_E42RQSo_lrS0_6yqufBku-IIvh_y5pQ6j3gMrQdA-RER21u35SlikimjWIy_hEXadoX99nenYQzTAGo77N6mcqi1MddlTR63gGpOudQ4ljS6z4VkpkAZsM/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="461" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsQBCbTO7tet_O6OdPqSvY_E42RQSo_lrS0_6yqufBku-IIvh_y5pQ6j3gMrQdA-RER21u35SlikimjWIy_hEXadoX99nenYQzTAGo77N6mcqi1MddlTR63gGpOudQ4ljS6z4VkpkAZsM/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burgplatz on the left in 1941 with the Johanneskirche and Münsterkirche and today.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Hitler had visited Essen a number of times. During one speech he made here at the </span></span></span></span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">Exhibition Grounds </span></span></span></span>on November 2, 19<span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">33</span> Hitler <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">claimed</span>
that "I will never sign anything knowing that it can never be upheld,
because I am determined to abide by what I sign." The following ye<span style="font-size: normal;">ar <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">o</span>n June 2<span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">8</span>
Hitler and Göring went to Essen to attend the church wedding ceremony
of the Essen Gauleiter, Josef Terboven. This was taking place during the
so-called Night of Long Knives during <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">which</span> he purged his own followers in the <span style="font-size: normal;">SA. While he had been in Essen and had toured the <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">labour</span> camps in the West German Gaue in order to create the outer appearance of absolute<span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span>calm so that the traitors might not be warned, the plan of carrying out a thorough purge had been fixed to the last detail. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0NRLoUhN_FtZVUbbWAjgh127Sk2SbHLU1TKfzadUNxIfbzzPZLxinYICNhdlsV4aouslkNePAwdWnNEhSw3O8-ov65pLMaijwKIC4n2RpUwp5sXsLamxIHUoAOa24lZ3QLC4seOPHpVLE/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25285%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0NRLoUhN_FtZVUbbWAjgh127Sk2SbHLU1TKfzadUNxIfbzzPZLxinYICNhdlsV4aouslkNePAwdWnNEhSw3O8-ov65pLMaijwKIC4n2RpUwp5sXsLamxIHUoAOa24lZ3QLC4seOPHpVLE/s400/ezgif.com-resize%25285%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">The
Lichtburg on Adolf-Hitler-Strasse and Platz. The Lichtburg was built as
a result of the city general plan of 1924. The exterior was designed by
municipal planner Ernst Bode in a stark New Objectivist style without
surface adornment; the building had a 20-metre dome, at the time the
largest in a German theatre. It had 2,000 upholstered seats with an
electrical system which sent a message to the cashier when the seat was
occupied, and a 150,000 Reichsmark Wurlitzer organ, at the time the
largest in any European cinema, with sound effects including traffic
noise and thunder. The 30-person orchestra was drawn in part from the
Cologne Philharmonic. Under the Third Reich, the Lichtburg's operator,
Karl Wolffsohn, a Berlin publisher and entrepreneur, was forced as a Jew
to sell it in 1933/34 for a tenth of its value to Universum Film AG
(UfA). He and his family fled to Palestine in 1939 and he did not live
to see the end of his lawsuit for recompense. In 2006 a memorial plaque
was placed on the building; Wolffsohn's nephew, the historian Michael
Wolffsohn, was present at the unveiling and heads the Berlin
Lichtburg-Stiftung, among whose projects is a German-Turkish-Jewish
cultural centre. During World War II, the building was almost
completely destroyed by Allied bombing in 1943. The auditorium was
completely destroyed by fire, but the walls remained standing. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicdRj1mFn_vkVA9Y6VgjUNjtRYp_QlDUXx93pDY5vlMR0GXYSWPz7ZwRCg-0KmD_x5nmekzdBIUgEUtxeSmo-hUFv-nTVLYarOedY4KD-VEpAnCwyEiB787QpDI3Dt-LatoIaA23ZoWIhe/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%252811%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicdRj1mFn_vkVA9Y6VgjUNjtRYp_QlDUXx93pDY5vlMR0GXYSWPz7ZwRCg-0KmD_x5nmekzdBIUgEUtxeSmo-hUFv-nTVLYarOedY4KD-VEpAnCwyEiB787QpDI3Dt-LatoIaA23ZoWIhe/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%252811%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 395px;" /><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqE6sfMUFie9PkuGMs1Uhy84Ega3_GSyTAuHtlDUt2As_Zv0TFyQtqi3V5yPonYAv_A_xzqyEbXDxEQ1kF-TFMi0csOCBRC0uC5nSipweU924vpQXGdrs2utHfHEz4dxKgkOpnXtJigxU/s320/ehpo1474519fx8.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqE6sfMUFie9PkuGMs1Uhy84Ega3_GSyTAuHtlDUt2As_Zv0TFyQtqi3V5yPonYAv_A_xzqyEbXDxEQ1kF-TFMi0csOCBRC0uC5nSipweU924vpQXGdrs2utHfHEz4dxKgkOpnXtJigxU/s320/ehpo1474519fx8.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 240px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> The Hauptpost on Hachestraße 2, completed in 1933. </span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> The reichsadler still adorns its façade.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZTRoZXfBHdBy-FoSGREMT1Cx3VpukhaeQ8eBUqUVPxs73xI3JchOM6LmI7Czbvkg4YhpCeyMhq5tEdiIx4G8vxYJo-wATiPtKIqf96fECypVTxPCHJh-CBhc6WrkXuyutCyBwEpflxsM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.39.04.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Reichsgartenschau in 1938 with the swastika flying atop the Grugaturm" border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZTRoZXfBHdBy-FoSGREMT1Cx3VpukhaeQ8eBUqUVPxs73xI3JchOM6LmI7Czbvkg4YhpCeyMhq5tEdiIx4G8vxYJo-wATiPtKIqf96fECypVTxPCHJh-CBhc6WrkXuyutCyBwEpflxsM/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.39.04.png" title="The Reichsgartenschau in 1938 with the swastika flying atop the Grugaturm" width="640" /></a><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The
Reichsgartenschau in 1938 with the swastika flying atop the Grugaturm
today. The Botanischer Garten Grugapark was established in 1927 for
recreation, teaching, and research. Parts of the garden were destroyed
in the war but gradually rebuilt and re-designed for the Essen
Bundesgartenschau of 1965. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiany1x4AzGc5GJjzar288Dsx6YpVhn5Co3a8l9sJzZV1Oo3_DfkrZc_zb1mKHzs3Yv5JTw-MEneJi2FEQ6ukGzeU3U2TMZyI3t2ZH2qKNwNz8nqi-PKrf0-AXA3xkU4c2SnR5SaGhgfKMNgBeoQL5gLZtWm5SR91DgqUf3EEVVMKc9V38YgKllqwxZVw/s336/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(57).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="268" height="463" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiany1x4AzGc5GJjzar288Dsx6YpVhn5Co3a8l9sJzZV1Oo3_DfkrZc_zb1mKHzs3Yv5JTw-MEneJi2FEQ6ukGzeU3U2TMZyI3t2ZH2qKNwNz8nqi-PKrf0-AXA3xkU4c2SnR5SaGhgfKMNgBeoQL5gLZtWm5SR91DgqUf3EEVVMKc9V38YgKllqwxZVw/w369-h463/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(57).gif" width="369" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">The Hotel Vereinshaus, now renamed the Essener Hof and the oldest still existing hotel in Essen. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">The
Hotel Vereinshaus was occupied by the French during the so-called
Ruhrkampf on January 11, 1923 and they used the lobby as an horse
stable. The occupiers released the hotel on September 1, 1924. The hotel
was reopened on January 3, 1925 after repairing damage caused by the
occupation amounting to 180,000 Reichsmarks.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">Hitler
himself spoke here on June 16 and 20, 1926. The first occasion saw him
speak from 20.00-22.00. The closed general meeting, which according to
the police report was attended by around 1,200 people, was chaired by
Josef Terboven, leader of the Essen Nazi Party district. After the end
of the meeting there were clashes between Nazis and Communists.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">His speech has been recorded as follows:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"><blockquote>Our
Nationalists have not managed to redeem the national idea from its
isolation, which only made it understandable to the intelligentsia, and
have not been able to make the mass of the "people of the fist" its
bearers. Our socialists have not managed to root the social world of
ideas as the world of wishes of the masses in the will to fulfill of the
intelligentsia. Both walk side by side and each insist on his
"privilege". But that is the meaning of the National Socialist idea, to
combine one with the other. In truth, a nationalist is not someone who
teaches the worker to sing patriotic songs and cheer 'hurrah', but
rather someone who creates the weapons for his people that are needed in
all areas of life to fight for life. These weapons consist not only in a
sound mind, but also in a sound body. Anyone who tries to help our
people living in misery by improving their opportunities to make life
physically healthy is a nationalist, and whoever also gives them the
mental opportunities, the pride of the German citizen in his country,
his people, his culture. To understand its history and to empathise with
it fulfills its national task completely. But being a socialist is the
same. Anyone who wants to be a socialist has to serve his people so that
they can hold their own in the brutal struggle for life among peoples.
Because in this fight only the strongest will survive. That is the iron
logic of nature and her highest right, that she only lets the strongest
and best live and the lazy and weak die. - If a new concept of community
is to be formed from this knowledge, there is only one way: that the
social power of the broad masses be paired with the national idea of the
intelligentsia. It is the task of the Hitler movement to work towards
this end. The way is not one of compromise, of lazy fraternisation of
these two elements, but a new faith must arise. Only faith can reform as
the Christian faith reformed the world. That is the mission, to shape
the concept of this new faith and bring it to life. </blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">The
second time Hitler spoke for an hour and a half at a closed meeting.
According to a letter from the chief of police in Essen to Terboven, the
Nazis wanted to invite "about 50-60 representatives of industry and
commerce" to this event, recording how "[a] circle of West German
economists had asked Adolf Hitler to give a lecture on 'German economic
and social policy' to invited business leaders from the district. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqbH4YFN81irRvHWxBfO555qXr0gEAI1WNnfhZ0w08HurjInIJKU9z4fq_3vbFLujMqxRPbFdmcXAExEoa6QBx3DU9vfDYNW2bRWDLU_bgKOGHa2Ydm9dRT15apkLqNf8rNARsY203CreYNJEQafOVx-FrtRPpXn6pkQKOxdb8gorR6E5snvZyMUKZVw/s402/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(58).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="402" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqbH4YFN81irRvHWxBfO555qXr0gEAI1WNnfhZ0w08HurjInIJKU9z4fq_3vbFLujMqxRPbFdmcXAExEoa6QBx3DU9vfDYNW2bRWDLU_bgKOGHa2Ydm9dRT15apkLqNf8rNARsY203CreYNJEQafOVx-FrtRPpXn6pkQKOxdb8gorR6E5snvZyMUKZVw/w400-h275/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(58).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The
fact that many of the first business circles followed this lecture is
the best proof of the importance that the National Socialist movement
has already reached under Hitler's leadership.The impression made by
Hitler's one-and-a-half-hour lecture can be judged by the great
attention with which one listened to it and the applause that was given
to it at the end."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">The
hotel is seen to the left of the Haus der Technik shown in 1941 and
today. Designed by Edmund Körner and inaugurated in 1930, the HdT
originally served as the Essen Stock Exchange building. During the war
it ended up being completely destroyed in a bomb attack on March 5, 1943
and its actual reconstruction eventually took place between 1951 and
1953. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">About
three quarters of the Hotel Vereinshaus itself was destroyed by heavy
air raids and arson. The great hall burned down in 1944. The Wehrmacht
confiscated the building. After the end of the war, the Red Cross set up
a care centre for returning prisoners of war on the ground floor. The
hotel was provisionally repaired piece by piece and put into operation.
In 1946 the guests could have running water again. It was only in 1948,
due to the currency reform and the subsequent economic upswing, that the
new restaurant was able to open on August 1, 1952. <br />
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgom3z8WQ-8SWXA0lqITDMBetlVWI1uRiIc63sTkiS-rL9N0-1306jRExh6ivFmZNymtZPo414a-N-dsa8wfctddQTgltex5ZMwE7J_-jml8Fei2RkqHtdgIJiCNrj2o0uvLQildzHdqbF0DSx6cZqxoxDyjNxwNBsjwEPiCmeIiyCU_hnqQS4iuCTWOw/s399/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(59).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="399" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgom3z8WQ-8SWXA0lqITDMBetlVWI1uRiIc63sTkiS-rL9N0-1306jRExh6ivFmZNymtZPo414a-N-dsa8wfctddQTgltex5ZMwE7J_-jml8Fei2RkqHtdgIJiCNrj2o0uvLQildzHdqbF0DSx6cZqxoxDyjNxwNBsjwEPiCmeIiyCU_hnqQS4iuCTWOw/w431-h267/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(59).gif" width="431" /></a></div>Also shown on the left in 1941 and today,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Adolf-Hitler-Platz, now Willy-Brandt-PlatIt had fomerly been Burgplatz and had marked the historic core of Essen. <a href="https://www.hv-essen.de/projekte/denkmalpfad/stationen/burgplatz/">According to written sources</a>,
there was an early mediæval courtyard here, from which the Essen
convent for women was founded in the 9th century. Excavations in the
1920s and 1940s uncovered various remains of buildings and
fortifications.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">In
1933, the Nazis renamed Burgplatz Adolf-Hitler-Platz and used the
square, which had been the central meeting place in Essen since the
mid-18th century, for their rallies and meetings. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>This took place </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">after the Nazis had taken over the town in 1933 with Theodor Reismann-Grone </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>appointed Mayor of Essen on December 21, 1932, initially on an acting basis after replacing </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">Heinrich Maria Martin Schäfer before being </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>put
on leave on April 5, 1933 and later retired. Essen was subsequently
divided into 27 local Nazi Party groups, whose offices are listed in the
1939 address book of the city of Essen. After the war, the first major
events of the newly founded democratic parties took place here. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkky_8Uea1IdcNbiGhBquucYuCNJftXvP4pPyc_ODyAEu-BfT7ABMic2wwkPUnMQbqnhh80rrEtMNjW_EAL8PZ9f0j7zrdTvWOypQtMklr52tGI4ieCBz_TdisW0XLOusQHjO__M4v0gLU/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25282%2529.gif" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkky_8Uea1IdcNbiGhBquucYuCNJftXvP4pPyc_ODyAEu-BfT7ABMic2wwkPUnMQbqnhh80rrEtMNjW_EAL8PZ9f0j7zrdTvWOypQtMklr52tGI4ieCBz_TdisW0XLOusQHjO__M4v0gLU/w336-h226/ezgif.com-resize%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 298px;" width="336" /></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">The SA being sworn in on Hitler-Platz on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">March 9, 1933. </span></span></span></span></span></span>During
the war, the industrial town of Essen was a target of Allied strategic
bombing. Given that the Krupp steelworks was an important industrial
target, Essen was a "primary target" designated for area bombing by the
February 1942 British Area bombing directive. As part of the campaign in
1943 known as the Battle of the Ruhr, Essen was especially a regular
target. As a deception, the Krupp night light system was erected as a
dummy on Rottberg ten miles away. The attack on Essen marked the
beginning of a five-month British air offensive that lasted until
mid-July 1943 and became known as the Battle of the Ruhr. The 26 air
raids in 1942 caused relatively little destruction; In 1943 heavy
bombardments followed. On March 5, 1943, over 442 aircraft took off from
airfields in East and Central England. The Krupp works and downtown
Essen are marked as destinations. The attacks on the inner city and
densely populated working-class areas were part of the UK's area bombing
directive as around 360 bombers dropped around 1,100 tonnes of
high-explosive and incendiary bombs on the city in three waves within an
hour. At least 457 people were killed and over 3,000 buildings were
completely destroyed, leaving tens of thousands homeless. The Krupp
works suffered major damage for the first time. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE58IX_nFi8PcJVljtB2k3EugjDjM4NplBOTq3cL6INSd_QS930FPVKrCToVNFnbzrZQ5QvPuZ0VgGVZltLvTCTsP241MsLRzD06qYx6Cy27R1Rau0hbCOURLaA0txc842XwUfMhgv0zrG/s320/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE58IX_nFi8PcJVljtB2k3EugjDjM4NplBOTq3cL6INSd_QS930FPVKrCToVNFnbzrZQ5QvPuZ0VgGVZltLvTCTsP241MsLRzD06qYx6Cy27R1Rau0hbCOURLaA0txc842XwUfMhgv0zrG/s320/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 352px;" /></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">Another view of Adolf-Hitler-Platz on the right, seen from the north. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">On
March 11, 1945, Essen experienced the last major attack, which turned
the city's rubble over again. The roads were impassable because of the
many bomb holes and the mountains of rubble; the supply of gas, water
and light collapsed; the Krupp factories were a gigantic field of
rubble. The city centre was more than 90 percent destroyed. In Essen,
which had been under artillery fire for some time, the deputy Gauleiter
Fritz Schlessmann issued an appeal on March 27, 1945, announcing that
the enemy would be "hewn out again with brutal severity". Before that,
however, Essen had to be cleared, but the call went unheeded.
Schlessmann did not fight for the propagated final victory, but went
into hiding with his mistress. He ended up being caught by the Americans
on April 15, 1945 and later sent to the Staumühle internment camp. In a
court hearing in Detmold- Hiddesen he was sentenced to five years
imprisonment, which he served in Esterwegen prison until mid-June 1950.
He was then 'denazified' in Düsseldorf as a lesser offender and ended up
moving back to Essen to work as a merchant.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" times=""><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt6t-v6dEGZtK-OOrDqhBTIFA8wz4lJfv8D-8o7uzyPIdEYQMTPJihBetB4QCqMk6FXkO2Wu3WuxrXdWfFvOO4YUZDDHwrN-n5kk-2lAt6ZmDxUtaRsWIOv-XiRaoInaxwQ3mZ1KBBHOg/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt6t-v6dEGZtK-OOrDqhBTIFA8wz4lJfv8D-8o7uzyPIdEYQMTPJihBetB4QCqMk6FXkO2Wu3WuxrXdWfFvOO4YUZDDHwrN-n5kk-2lAt6ZmDxUtaRsWIOv-XiRaoInaxwQ3mZ1KBBHOg/w400-h248/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 210px; width: 339px;" width="400" /><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">The <span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">Hotel
Handelshof in 1941 and today. The hotel was initially managed by the
parents of the actor Heinz Rühmann, who was born in Essen in 1902 which a
sign on the facade of the building commemorate. He was the star of such
films as the 1941 comedy Quax, der Bruchpilot; <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Erding">my page on Erding</a>
shows scenes shot in the town with how they appear today. In 1916
Rühmann's mother moved to Munich with her children after separating from
her husband and his alleged suicide. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">During the Battle of the Ruhr
in the war the building was severely damaged in 1945 but repaired
without needing major modifications.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">As shown on the right, t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">he Hotel hanged a banner alongside the Nazi and fascist Italian flags </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">that read "Herzlich Willkommen in der Waffenschmiede des Reiches" (Welcome to the armoury of the <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Reich</span>) during a</span></span></span> visit <span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">by </span>Mussolini
accompanied by Hitler in September 1937 through which Germany's
military strength was emphasised during a visit to the Krupp armaments.
Essen had already acquired the myth of being one of the most important
German armories during the First World War. Large cannons such as the
42-centimetre mortar “Dicke Berta” became world-famous, and people from
Essen sent out postcards with “Greetings from the city of cannons”. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDv7UPNC839KoE6Y6YvnS7VTbTXgbZIOS8mapY8JEH1rwsdZ8cSJQM2MiNdjBo98e0qrmQGQuojCta6SYT0DOOxEeUcWclBe2PZm9nqrLu1DGuTxYs-JvsBW1CbLHwOSIZ1FEcizqHJINs9HHUsSGYFX6AH-qlw97qCsFaINTc07my7YLDiP4LWgmakQ/s327/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(60).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hotel Handelshof Hitler Mussolini Nazis" border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="327" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDv7UPNC839KoE6Y6YvnS7VTbTXgbZIOS8mapY8JEH1rwsdZ8cSJQM2MiNdjBo98e0qrmQGQuojCta6SYT0DOOxEeUcWclBe2PZm9nqrLu1DGuTxYs-JvsBW1CbLHwOSIZ1FEcizqHJINs9HHUsSGYFX6AH-qlw97qCsFaINTc07my7YLDiP4LWgmakQ/w400-h354/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(60).gif" title="Hotel Handelshof Hitler Mussolini Nazis" width="400" /></a>After
the German defeat in 1918, the company fell into a severe depression
due to a lack of orders and lost tens of thousands of jobs. After this
experience, despite the pressure from Berlin, Krupp boss Gustav Krupp
shied away from becoming too one-sided in the armaments business,
focussing more on custom-made products and mechanical engineering for
global export such as in locomotive and engine construction rather than
the mass production of grenades and cannons. The armaments share at
Krupp grew slowly at first, but eventually reached 42% in the 1938/39
financial year. At the beginning of the war Krupp was declared a
"Wehrmachtsbetrieb" and the influence of the civilian company management
declined rapidly. Since then, orders important to the war had absolute
priority, and exports were only permitted to allied countries. Economic
historian Werner Abelshauser writes that Krupp was dragged further and
further into the quagmire of the war economy and, as an "icon of German
pride in arms", increasingly attracted the hatred of those opposed to
the war.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3">After
a major attack in October 1944, the Krupp factories were practically
paralysed in the final months of the war due to the destroyed energy
supply. After the surrender, the Anglo-Americanses began dismantling and
blasting, which lasted until 1951. In the end, the Krupp ended up
losing about 70 to 75 percent of its assets. After the war, they city'sp
opulation didn't want to hear anything more about the former pride of
the city, Krupp. The city had the Alfred Krupp monument in front of the
market church removed and the names Berta and Gustav Krupp von Bohlen
und Halbach were removed from the list of honorary citizens. It was only
in 2006 that the monument returned to its old place in the city centre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C3"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsq4oJszLflXYPmGtMdsb0qTJ-oFT2uNkZooH85yA-S-ftVlBbKTT3oJQQRNWwuLDpM0g7hq4mDavL_n3HnNGJpCXiHVVeaqRlgWwbLQaCu-EDokgTPBN6qc4_M_hyphenhyphenkL2OXRQjBFoVU7A/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-11-23+at+4.35.52+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsq4oJszLflXYPmGtMdsb0qTJ-oFT2uNkZooH85yA-S-ftVlBbKTT3oJQQRNWwuLDpM0g7hq4mDavL_n3HnNGJpCXiHVVeaqRlgWwbLQaCu-EDokgTPBN6qc4_M_hyphenhyphenkL2OXRQjBFoVU7A/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-11-23+at+4.35.52+PM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Berliner Straße then and now </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtdDbKNTy-zI-HBy5Vn7fcL4oW0tph1yCXCBD-3GhrRhtMhCZzmX_iB_7DhHjwqfehAmtPa1SVmER7T-Go_AkSNp3UTFpdmNW7I11rFjOgFewSO3n0CiUnAdyAaPKOag_ktnsbZB6BdH4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.41.45.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtdDbKNTy-zI-HBy5Vn7fcL4oW0tph1yCXCBD-3GhrRhtMhCZzmX_iB_7DhHjwqfehAmtPa1SVmER7T-Go_AkSNp3UTFpdmNW7I11rFjOgFewSO3n0CiUnAdyAaPKOag_ktnsbZB6BdH4/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-06-16+at+08.41.45.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>Essen's
Alte Synagogue in 1941 and today. Initially known as the Synagogue at
Steeler Tor, it was completed in 1913 after two years of construction </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>together with the adjoining rabbi's house</span></span></span></span></span>, according to plans by the architect Edmund Körner. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO7rgJPpQaqI2-a0zpWH2a32-9SJW08MPHAP4qbipsbNE27P-HpLVqsu59N_rFyUDaQYibQtO-c6oc6UaM53_VdRojuwOHb-AoTWVfHvrHeLE8DVaSRBiRo8BZ1uyf1N-vhsNZszrUeoMh2GZzzLs6RfQeYjD-dbtXmKuNoPTWTBmgWaVaQagJB9mjHQ/s473/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(61).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="249" data-original-width="473" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO7rgJPpQaqI2-a0zpWH2a32-9SJW08MPHAP4qbipsbNE27P-HpLVqsu59N_rFyUDaQYibQtO-c6oc6UaM53_VdRojuwOHb-AoTWVfHvrHeLE8DVaSRBiRo8BZ1uyf1N-vhsNZszrUeoMh2GZzzLs6RfQeYjD-dbtXmKuNoPTWTBmgWaVaQagJB9mjHQ/w400-h243/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(61).gif" width="400" /></a>Today
the building is one of the largest and best-preserved architectural
testimonies of pre-war Jewish culture in Germany. It's the largest
free-standing synagogue building north of the Alps, even larger in terms
of volume than the New Synagogue in Berlin. Its free-floating dome is
37 metres high and the building seventy metres long in total. From the
start it was the cultural and social centre of a community with around
4,500 members in 1933 when the Nazis took power, having a main room for
over 1,500 people with several galleries, an organ and a large bimah
area (which was also often used for concerts), a weekday synagogue,
classrooms, a community hall, a secretariat, a library, a garden and
apartments for rabbis and cantors in the rabbi's house. It's shown on
the left in 1915 and today; on the right is it in flames on the night of
November 9-10, 1938, during the November pogroms. Badly damaged inside
by arson, its appearance nevertheless remained almost intact. Due to its
massive construction made of reinforced concrete, the Nazis couldn't
demolish the building contrary to their plans; demolition was further
made impossible because of the surrounding houses. The building ended up
surviving the war without major damage.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjULFOoSh8bpILaBKYvWz_SRulCuLfuds8G1UyTMK3rzIE6HTyUuTgOjCTwDlll0vJqKKiWkOkJyGYzZN9NJ4LtBHOnhodRJtu6dRyvUvsNUZtAgvW5SjBqio0Mx5MCBoxrH4MiMtT4SbI/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjULFOoSh8bpILaBKYvWz_SRulCuLfuds8G1UyTMK3rzIE6HTyUuTgOjCTwDlll0vJqKKiWkOkJyGYzZN9NJ4LtBHOnhodRJtu6dRyvUvsNUZtAgvW5SjBqio0Mx5MCBoxrH4MiMtT4SbI/s640/myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gymnasium
Essen-Borbeck- the centre photo shows the school celebration for the
re-establishment of the compulsory military service on April 5, 1935. The
speaker is Head master and <i>Propagandawart</i> Walter PfeilIt.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT3auCWPKxPgyn5s2j19mDNXN5BxoOX0KjPO7ixX32DahuMEGaf0AqjZQrXAAYT4SJlmzT8h5TuxNHxOnf_XljAgoD8HoiUGM3dXeEiiNy-CrDICIETTq4ECOfGThycpAD5UevAhKgj-Q/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT3auCWPKxPgyn5s2j19mDNXN5BxoOX0KjPO7ixX32DahuMEGaf0AqjZQrXAAYT4SJlmzT8h5TuxNHxOnf_XljAgoD8HoiUGM3dXeEiiNy-CrDICIETTq4ECOfGThycpAD5UevAhKgj-Q/s640/1myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> <span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">„Heldengedenktag"
in the auditorium on 11 March 1933, „Day of Potsdam" 21 March 1933,
„Ehrung des Lieblingskomponisten des Führers"- (Wagnerfestival as
Hitler's favourite composer) 3 April 1933 and </span></span></span> „Schlageter-Feier" 27 May 1933</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnU6wIdqAxHNrZlRfPSwgAiuqj312AkaBrgCRvMcW_3ox9sebDZ1bMfy-81mByDpwN58fuNjVJxNGM-Kdu_t6JjTK59E3-rlsCUi7zekpv-aTTuWq6v6J9pssLUym0v-PLevCJ9ShNQkE/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnU6wIdqAxHNrZlRfPSwgAiuqj312AkaBrgCRvMcW_3ox9sebDZ1bMfy-81mByDpwN58fuNjVJxNGM-Kdu_t6JjTK59E3-rlsCUi7zekpv-aTTuWq6v6J9pssLUym0v-PLevCJ9ShNQkE/s640/myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">May
Day 1933 with portraits of Friedrich the Great, Hindenburg and Hitler,
„Saarbefreiungsfeier" 1 March 1935, “Celebration for memory of the
seizure of power” on 30 January 1936 and „Heldengedenktag" March 7 1936
with memorial to the dead of the Great War.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div></div></div><div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZX65UDKl1AyO1oF2BTOCkHg0gjsqtI2netUVgR9c_y2RlxiFVP-OCS45lS8EamlWCH-2qLgxoi1KODsjxnI6wImYL0MvKxJzLD73HwG-wBVPLpTWD3K4twAEuzSaYa3wWYXBtORXcv8c/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-01-03+at+10.38.56+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZX65UDKl1AyO1oF2BTOCkHg0gjsqtI2netUVgR9c_y2RlxiFVP-OCS45lS8EamlWCH-2qLgxoi1KODsjxnI6wImYL0MvKxJzLD73HwG-wBVPLpTWD3K4twAEuzSaYa3wWYXBtORXcv8c/s640/Screen+Shot+2014-01-03+at+10.38.56+PM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> The hauptbahnhof before and during the war, and today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Erwitte </b></span> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1utPIT9mLucUQP-QVWbMOymNxxQvBgRwHrvqrVjuQuTuE9rLZ9aE9DFLf-P0tpG04WzVmJatVLMPhaIdmZCWx2FtjKM9d9xxOSMpJyNVfydOoIXp4_G5_tID2UGVqYcy91CqiyOPpNcCIWoCpNvQvhn8Pj875w-H5F1Mve9Id5WWoZuvnMwlMQ57Ig/s384/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(64).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="384" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC1utPIT9mLucUQP-QVWbMOymNxxQvBgRwHrvqrVjuQuTuE9rLZ9aE9DFLf-P0tpG04WzVmJatVLMPhaIdmZCWx2FtjKM9d9xxOSMpJyNVfydOoIXp4_G5_tID2UGVqYcy91CqiyOPpNcCIWoCpNvQvhn8Pj875w-H5F1Mve9Id5WWoZuvnMwlMQ57Ig/w320-h205/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(64).gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In
the time of the witch hunts around 1630, witch inspector Heinrich
Schultheiss led the witch trials in Erwitte. In 1630 the Westerkötter
complained that "unfortunately this inquisition, execution and
extermination of the witches was far too lenient" even though the
Erwitter pastor Jodocus Boget was burned at the stake that year for
witchcraft. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">During the Nazi era, a
Reich training castle of the DAF and the Nazi Party was housed at
schloß Erwitte, shown here in a 1937 postcard where it's described as
the Reichsschulungsburg den NSDAP. Erwitte Castle was first mentioned in
a document in 1273. Today's moated castle was built for Jobst von
Landsberg zu Erwitte in the immediate vicinity of the previous buildings
at the beginning of the 17th century. Nearby is another earlier noble
estate, the House of Erwitte. In the 19th century the castle passed to
the line of the Counts of Landsberg-Velen and Gemen. They sold it to the
Nazi state in 1934 for 60,000 Reichsmarks which used it as a Reich
training castle for the German Labour Front and the Nazi Party. <span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvBmhd3A6wmJtH0Y2o2QZaHzBH7c9NwG82OEhdvBpHBdFU09rpC6SKZ7UbHJcyJKgj7cBieJrM5ySjvGSTTv-4lCDa0wNJFOTO-HNILD30PyasafY3LI5_4EWthUS6Mu9pRA42cL_dki2Gm9C5JgL7xj2RZHxw-FwfXR6z9-M0MshKcQ9vmVgaNLo9w/s324/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(62).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="249" data-original-width="324" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvBmhd3A6wmJtH0Y2o2QZaHzBH7c9NwG82OEhdvBpHBdFU09rpC6SKZ7UbHJcyJKgj7cBieJrM5ySjvGSTTv-4lCDa0wNJFOTO-HNILD30PyasafY3LI5_4EWthUS6Mu9pRA42cL_dki2Gm9C5JgL7xj2RZHxw-FwfXR6z9-M0MshKcQ9vmVgaNLo9w/w400-h308/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(62).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>During
this time, the castle was extensively renovated under the direction of
the architect Julius Schulte-Frohlinde. In addition, a number of
outbuildings were built such as the Horst-Wessel-Halle, part of a school
complex for the DAF also designed by Julius Schulte-Frohlinde with the
Nazi eagle sculpture that remains in situ by Willy Meller. In 1934, at
the suggestion of Albert Speer, who by then was already overburdened
with orders, Schulte-Frohlinde became deputy head of DAF's own
construction department, and from 1936 head of this DAF architectural
office. Besides Erwitte, he designed the Nazi training castles Sassnitz
on Rügen, arranged folk festivals in Berlin, Nuremberg and Hamburg as
well as the First International Crafts Exhibition in 1938 in Berlin and
undertook the construction of the DAF community centre in Berlin. In the
course of the reorganisation of the offices of the DAF, he was also
responsible for the planning department of the Reichsheimstättenamt ,
where he was responsible, among other things, for the training and
recruitment of architects in the planning departments of the
Gauheimstättenamt. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX2mWggTZnO3JfG2zk1HYaLRwp0S2ouY_dLYb0V6e0yKIAMLxoAc7itJj3ik0zeyrgo8sNySE0qkH2tDTaL-9CeLRLkH8PhiKVeeDPuW5wFLNMyogE6DWhQd2-EnUpTQjEgwdg8b0q0z2F7aFFRcyA_FPjPPnCL2gY2z5ZWCsFFWHp9EFzxf9ti-3nVg/s270/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(66).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="270" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX2mWggTZnO3JfG2zk1HYaLRwp0S2ouY_dLYb0V6e0yKIAMLxoAc7itJj3ik0zeyrgo8sNySE0qkH2tDTaL-9CeLRLkH8PhiKVeeDPuW5wFLNMyogE6DWhQd2-EnUpTQjEgwdg8b0q0z2F7aFFRcyA_FPjPPnCL2gY2z5ZWCsFFWHp9EFzxf9ti-3nVg/w400-h243/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(66).gif" width="400" /></a>When
the general inspector for German roads, Fritz Todt, commissioned
Schulte-Frohlinde to "ensure the most economical and architecturally
flawless further development of housing", Schulte-Frohlinde was able to
expand his area of work. For the increased rationalisation of housing
construction, the DAF construction department developed construction
sheets with "Reichsbauformen" and "Landschaftsbauformen", which -
related to the typology of German landscapes - laid down floor plan
types, facade patterns, plan sheets for individual houses. When in
1935-36 in Braunschweig- Mascherode a Nazi model settlement of the
German Labour Front was to be founded, Schulte-Frohlinde became head of
the architecture office of the DAF for this settlement. With its mixture
of small settlements, single-family houses, terraced houses and rental
apartments, as well as the structure around a central square with a
community house, the picture of a traditional village was created, which
architecturally symbolised the Nazi ideal of ties to the home soil. In
1936 he designed the Strength Through Joy city for the Olympic Games in
Berlin. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlHqkfat8nfLLajqhr5ONuo7MvRjZfSG4r6oeOZ9UGirP7jHZaDBfePD4XGmhdUC3Ji0-GY4bJLI-hkY0zuLq8XTpRHLIVtuBvPcrKJcBDXKXcMYDdPtDEXC3FyWggxTJgqtgit6u4vJMgSXkYR5TQUNkCzVGCMN71ENrw3qTRFrwDxdv3x9CLkbd-og/s381/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(63).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="381" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlHqkfat8nfLLajqhr5ONuo7MvRjZfSG4r6oeOZ9UGirP7jHZaDBfePD4XGmhdUC3Ji0-GY4bJLI-hkY0zuLq8XTpRHLIVtuBvPcrKJcBDXKXcMYDdPtDEXC3FyWggxTJgqtgit6u4vJMgSXkYR5TQUNkCzVGCMN71ENrw3qTRFrwDxdv3x9CLkbd-og/w442-h232/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(63).gif" width="442" /></a>The
folowing year he joined the Nazi Party. His conservative,
traditionalist construction style shaped the housing architecture of the
Third Reich and thus represented the most significant influence of the
Stuttgart School on building under the Nazis. The Horst-Wessel-Halle
today, no longer with the Nazi eagle-mounted column as seen in the
period photo. Schulte-Frohlinde also belonged to the movement's ideology
as seen in his foreword to the book Bauten, in which he openly
expressed anti-Semitic tendencies by denouncing the Jewish-Marxist
influence on German construction. On the role of architecture in the
reconquered east by the Nazis, Schulte-Frohline wrote: "We are fighting
for Germany, for the maintenance and recovery of the soul of our people,
which is mirrored most visibly in our craft and architectural
culture." </span></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">During the war,
Schulte-Frohlinde served as an officer in the Wehrmacht Air Force from
1939 to 1943. Initially deployed as a technical officer on the staff of
Combat Squadron 2, he led the staff squadron of this squadron as a
captain in 1940. He was shot down in the western campaign with his
Dornier Do 17Z and barely survived the crash landing about ten miles
southwest of Diksmuide, receiving the Iron Cross first class and was
promoted to major. During the First World War he had served as a pilot
in the Richthofen fighter squadron until the end of the war. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB9xf3Zk8wceATnUfMaVOIxGVyEDVKtAn-gEz6W6Ind3Fwame7TsG7pVopXKARI3r3XGp9E6nNRsHDjOAwMXgf78hH2xsjnGmJrzKULFbiziU8vNVOt1f3m0lTdYR-pugdAiIZ7eTrnqqR2Zr3_FBtXCNcK784bDficqylAyW6d16G_5AF_Vqxgglg7g/s383/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(65).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="383" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB9xf3Zk8wceATnUfMaVOIxGVyEDVKtAn-gEz6W6Ind3Fwame7TsG7pVopXKARI3r3XGp9E6nNRsHDjOAwMXgf78hH2xsjnGmJrzKULFbiziU8vNVOt1f3m0lTdYR-pugdAiIZ7eTrnqqR2Zr3_FBtXCNcK784bDficqylAyW6d16G_5AF_Vqxgglg7g/w433-h260/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(65).gif" width="433" /></a>On
the left is the former Reichsschulungsburg der NSDAP und DAF in a
period postcard and today, unchanged. In 1941 Schulte-Frohlinde was
appointed honorary professor of architecture at the Technical University
of Munich. Midway through the year he was relieved of his duties as
head of the DAF architects' office and from that point on he headed the
planning of the DAF's large-scale buildings in Munich. From 1943 to 1945
he took over the chair for architecture from German Bestelmeyer at the
Technical University of Munich and in the final phase of the war he was
appointed Gaudozentenbundfuhrer of Munich-Upper Bavaria. In the task
force for reconstruction, which met from 1943 under the direction of
Albert Speer, Schulte-Frohlinde was involved as an advisor and was
entrusted with planning the reconstruction of Bonn. In August 1944,
Hitler included Schulte-Frohlinde in the God-gifted list of the most
important architects. On Easter Sunday, April 1, 1945, a member of the
Freikorps Sauerland shot dead eight Soviet forced laborers in Erwitte. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEzExBIu3H3F8MVmJmC6CPc9FeLlnxuRjyHyLmZqroMfFWWtZI90eGQPqbQHQehfBqtiEbeR817AWGzD9iLJwcbDNm464i3CHGWBbBije8bv29iioVFHZCm0qXed9XSHg8K5Fd0QqQQAs/s1600/483px-DE_Erwitte_COA.svg.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEzExBIu3H3F8MVmJmC6CPc9FeLlnxuRjyHyLmZqroMfFWWtZI90eGQPqbQHQehfBqtiEbeR817AWGzD9iLJwcbDNm464i3CHGWBbBije8bv29iioVFHZCm0qXed9XSHg8K5Fd0QqQQAs/s1600/483px-DE_Erwitte_COA.svg.png" width="165" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></p><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span> <span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;">Despite being banned in all uses by the German government, the town still uses the </span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Wolfsangel</i>, heraldic symbol of the forbidden <i>Jungen Front</i>,
in its Nazi-era arms which were approved by the Oldenburg Ministry of
State for the Interior and have been used since July 10, 1934. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The Wolfsangel was used by Nazi organisations and SS units such as the Waffen-SS Division Das Reich and the Waffen-SS Division Landstorm Nederland during the Third Reich. Later the symbol was used by right-wing extremist organisations that were classified as anti-constitutional in the Federal Republic of Germany. Because of its history, the Wolfsangel is a mark within the meaning of Section 86a of the Criminal Code (use of marks of unconstitutional organizations). According to the Brandenburg Higher Regional Court however, the use of the wolf's rod can also have a different meaning such as its use in municipal coats of arms or in the Federal Armed Forces. Nevertheless, the Anti-Defamation League and others list the Ƶ-symbol as a hate and a <a href="https://www.insider.com/tiktok-users-nazi-symbol-tattoo-for-gen-z-wolfsangel-2020-9">neo-Nazi symbol</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">NS Ordensburg Vogelsang</span><span> </span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlxaW4WZzqjwJsm2I8woDkAdJxZpjL4tOgBiCPgDgjuCMFQeoNlkra192aCWiQ6Xjpj80u_iENpuP-TYIzWsp5CmFIl93OKb2GvoFtAPIul9lmVqxvSxdwobmG6FNOJt7-FXbI-TDi1fAPib91rfxMAhKGk0sVp0petT02Nn0v4qSqRQeYA6y_8AtBjA/s391/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(40).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="391" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlxaW4WZzqjwJsm2I8woDkAdJxZpjL4tOgBiCPgDgjuCMFQeoNlkra192aCWiQ6Xjpj80u_iENpuP-TYIzWsp5CmFIl93OKb2GvoFtAPIul9lmVqxvSxdwobmG6FNOJt7-FXbI-TDi1fAPib91rfxMAhKGk0sVp0petT02Nn0v4qSqRQeYA6y_8AtBjA/w400-h323/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(40).gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> <span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>The
so-called NS-Ordensburg Vogelsang is a building complex built by the
Nazis in the Eifel above the Urfttalsperre on Mount Erpenscheid near
Schleiden- Gemünd. In contrast to the SS Junker School and the
Reichsfuhrer School, the facility served the Nazis between 1936 and 1939
as a training centre for the offspring of the Nazi Party leadership
squad. The part of the building that is under monument protection
comprises a gross floor area of <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.vogelsang-ip.de%252Fnextshopcms%252Fshow.asp%253Flang%253Dde%2526e1%253D902%2526ssid%253D1%2526mdocid%253D731">more than 50,000 square metres</a>
and is considered the largest preserved example of Nazi architecture in
Germany after the party congress buildings in Nuremberg with almost 100
hectares of built-up area.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>In 1933 Hitler called for the construction of new schools for the next generation of Nazi leaders <a href="https://www-bpb-de.translate.goog/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/41831/schulungsort-fuer-den-massenmord?global=true&global-format-main=all&global-year=all&cc-license=all">in a speech</a>
at the Reichsfuhrerschule of the NSDAP and the Deutsche Arbeitsfront in
Bernau near Berlin. Reichsleiter Robert Ley was entrusted with the
construction, and he commissioned the construction of three "training
camps" (NSDAP Ordensburgen) in Crössinsee (Pomerania), Sonthofen
(Allgäu) and Vogelsang here in the Eifel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>The
construction, which was mostly completed in the municipality of
Schleiden, was financed with funds from the expropriated trade unions
and employers' associations. The name Vogelsang came from the
historical field designation of the site. The Cologne architect Clemens
Klotz was commissioned to plan Crössinsee and Vogelsang and on March 16,
1934, the groundbreaking ceremony for the "Reichsschulungslager
Vogelsang" took place. The construction of Vogelsang Castle began in
March 1934 and was built in the first construction phase by up to 1,500
workers within just two years.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzFzihZysWxAiMeoOflRIvkNQShMs56UDeVaH85MTtrUxc6mJ67LR7TsmkAFYwH__mXvXOknSiNRzrlKsGjBak794qUMrdKKIg2lfDZ8Jv5-XD_GvrjdjvDBgkB0fc1vY2ccIMdE2xRr7eK9SJtc7woR-hjGv4p5kwapBnonWCO0TKfka00wmirflQ6g/s388/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(42).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="388" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzFzihZysWxAiMeoOflRIvkNQShMs56UDeVaH85MTtrUxc6mJ67LR7TsmkAFYwH__mXvXOknSiNRzrlKsGjBak794qUMrdKKIg2lfDZ8Jv5-XD_GvrjdjvDBgkB0fc1vY2ccIMdE2xRr7eK9SJtc7woR-hjGv4p5kwapBnonWCO0TKfka00wmirflQ6g/w468-h276/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(42).gif" width="468" /></a></div>Hitler
visiting the Ordensburg Vogelsang school on April 29, 1937 during the
District leader conference from April 22-29, accompanied here by Dr.
Robert Ley. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>In
addition to the buildings erected on Vogelsang, much larger buildings
were also planned. Among other things, a gigantic "House of Knowledge"
was to be built as a library, which would have literally overshadowed
the existing buildings with its floor area of 100 metres by 300
metres. In addition, a “Strength through Joy Hotel” with 2,000 beds was
planned. The largest sports facilities in Europe were also to be built
on Vogelsang. The construction work, some of which had already begun,
was stopped at the beginning of the war. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf-Y6HcKhAfofOVUK40BbQYyvxUAOpeBGsuqQMhRklRYF27hLIrcyZqzDYr5a8WXsX312D5Mwjl8a5ZxjruEQM5FMqhwZ8UYjKXVn9PKjZw3fbsMIAFDcTF7UgbkgvO-Q_Lwm9THxyoui_shnSmY9wGTQgrW68b7T1atUO5EjbcCJHLB4XaquGmgRuPA/s377/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(43).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="377" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf-Y6HcKhAfofOVUK40BbQYyvxUAOpeBGsuqQMhRklRYF27hLIrcyZqzDYr5a8WXsX312D5Mwjl8a5ZxjruEQM5FMqhwZ8UYjKXVn9PKjZw3fbsMIAFDcTF7UgbkgvO-Q_Lwm9THxyoui_shnSmY9wGTQgrW68b7T1atUO5EjbcCJHLB4XaquGmgRuPA/w400-h330/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(43).gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>The eagle seen behind Hitler on the right is still there, albeit moved from the original location and left in a ruined state.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>After
Hitler's visit, the entrance gate was supplemented with Doric
columns without any static function. According to reports, the
initiative for this came from Hitler himself. Also on display were
carpet cycles by Willy Meller, a bronze bust by Ferdinand Liebermann
depicting Adolf Hitler , and an inlaid image by the Cologne sculptor
Josef Pabst . A marble plaster mosaic by Ernst Zoberbier in the swimming
pool and a tapestry by Peter Hecker depicting Siegfried's death and the
fight in Etzel's hall completed the Nazi propaganda art, whose
“teachers” are to be found in the environment of Werner Peiner and the
Hermann Göring master school for painting. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>In
total, the complex was designed for 1,000 people (500 servants and 500
guests). The area is around 100 hectares and the total usable area is
around 70,000 square meters. Entrance guard, training and service
buildings, airfield and accommodation are located as barracks on a ridge
above the Urftstausee. At the edge of the slope is the community centre
with an eagle courtyard and galleries with a large car park, as well as
the tower towering over the site. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8WmihdtI1l8j5Dn7cOlbkJ11WKaUvO2g0VgyAIMu86cJL4nXIGwQFz82rO0dfishy13224aqa5nW_ecTz7HdqeDDGLugoY1_CGhGQUx47bb_FzUE53-ZavoFTk7hMNqyKgqglwDI4HQsgvRsx1U1j1MB4KbhG4bZBYBzPEi6tBOpOi7CKsmB51V4P3g/s415/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(48).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="415" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8WmihdtI1l8j5Dn7cOlbkJ11WKaUvO2g0VgyAIMu86cJL4nXIGwQFz82rO0dfishy13224aqa5nW_ecTz7HdqeDDGLugoY1_CGhGQUx47bb_FzUE53-ZavoFTk7hMNqyKgqglwDI4HQsgvRsx1U1j1MB4KbhG4bZBYBzPEi6tBOpOi7CKsmB51V4P3g/w438-h242/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(48).gif" width="438" /></a><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>The Thingplatz shown here is centrally located in
front of a gymnasium and swimming pool as well as other sports
facilities near the shore. It served as a Freilichtbühne- </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>This
stage, completed in 1936, was a central element of the
landscape-defining architecture of the building, visible from afar and
for which the Cologne architect Clemens Klotz was responsible. It was
placed centrally on the slope of the complex above the sports facilities
including the grandstands and below the accommodation buildings,
meeting the requiremnts of the "Reichsbund für deutsche Freilicht- und
Volksschauspiele" founded in 1933 under the Reich Ministry for Public
Enlightenment and Propaganda for the construction of 400 <i>Thingstätten</i>,
all of which were orientated to the north and embedded within a
scenically impressive location with its rows of seats rising in a
semicircle as well as transverse corridors for march-pasts. The stone
amphitheatrical grandstand created by Klotz directly above the playing
level had 800 seats alone.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Whilst referred to as a <i>Thingstätte</i> during its construction, sources from 1936 onwards describe it as a Feierstätte given that the <i>Thing</i>
movement as a means of propaganda by the Nazi state had already had its
day by the time the Ordensburg was opened and Goebbels's attitude
towards the supposedly Germanic Thingspiel had changed negatively; the
nebulous, mythical character of the events was now embarrassing, so that
the official use of the term <i>Thing </i>was forbidden again by
October 1935. At the same time, the open-air stage erected in Vogelsang
illustrates the intended function of serving as a monumental meeting
place for the emotional communal experience of the Nazi <i>volksgemeinshaft</i>
and was only ever used as a multifunctional open-air stage upon which
ceremonies of the political cult were held on it with the aim of
creating a substitute religious meaning. This supported the actual goal
of the training in Vogelsang with its emphasis on staging a male-heroic,
activist and self-sacrificing image of man with the aim of establishing
a lasting national-racist system of rule. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDqexlOEl_tWQ498oN7oNachqn9-u5CNRIBJrdULOSJ3MuH4oUeGP74tgOypwO7RHuL7bj_oxvd1cZ-qlli1cPtxFfZk7qLUESMbzjGWiHHRyFEAuSnpCfRwElMwd4rBZ_fRgG9xHCGnEJgFJ5aH_o1-k_15JrX0agSgh6RLTEadBLjNmjzWFZsTm-Ng/s330/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(38).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="330" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDqexlOEl_tWQ498oN7oNachqn9-u5CNRIBJrdULOSJ3MuH4oUeGP74tgOypwO7RHuL7bj_oxvd1cZ-qlli1cPtxFfZk7qLUESMbzjGWiHHRyFEAuSnpCfRwElMwd4rBZ_fRgG9xHCGnEJgFJ5aH_o1-k_15JrX0agSgh6RLTEadBLjNmjzWFZsTm-Ng/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(38).gif" width="320" /></a><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Most
of the sculptures in Vogelsang – "Fackelträger" (torch bearer), "Der
deutsche Mensch" (The German Man), "Adler" (Eagle) and the
"Sportlerrelief" (sportsmen-relief) - were created by Willy Meller.
Whilst the wooden sculpture <i>German Man</i> disappeared in 1945, the
other two sculptures - partially damaged - are preserved today as seen
here. The torchbearer at Solstice Square is a five metre high,
martial-muscular figure of the Aryan "master race" to be bred according
to Nazi ideology. The raised torch refers to the ancient Greek myth of
Prometheus, who gives fire to man. It fits with the symbolism of light
popular in National Socialism and was reinterpreted politically: The
flame symbolizes the rebirth of the nation through the victory of
National Socialist Germany. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>The white area next to "Fackelträger" (torch bearer) covers up references to Hitler which originally read:</span>
"Ihr seid die Fackelträger der Nation. Ihr tragt das Licht des Geistes
voran im Kampfe für Adolf Hitler." (You are the torch bearers of the
nation;</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span> You carry on the light of the spirit in the fight for Adolf Hitler.) </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
architect of the monument was Clemens Klotz and the statue
itself was made by Willy Meller. On top of the monument a fire
could be lit.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;">When
the Americans took the Ordensburg in 1945, they fired their weapons at
the torchbearer and other sculptures; the bullet holes are still clearly
visible. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJiiV57D3ErNypVyrxpaAYHh2cQbwHktkaWt37AwvFMyoLyOfJP3iUUdnNqjzaPsJA0eN2J5sSRFq45RAAFKgcdbd2hCB7SWcmcHqNcwYhFAfeyAI4exmS7W5_HoX2uzKJFmIhKTAvw3kCmPLLN215t3QIIYzTqTMloIkWXlGwZl2PPdQO2mM4bMcHBQ/s401/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(37).gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="401" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJiiV57D3ErNypVyrxpaAYHh2cQbwHktkaWt37AwvFMyoLyOfJP3iUUdnNqjzaPsJA0eN2J5sSRFq45RAAFKgcdbd2hCB7SWcmcHqNcwYhFAfeyAI4exmS7W5_HoX2uzKJFmIhKTAvw3kCmPLLN215t3QIIYzTqTMloIkWXlGwZl2PPdQO2mM4bMcHBQ/w848-h344/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(37).gif" width="848" /></a></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>The</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i style="font-size: 100%;"><span> </span>Sportlerrelief</i><span style="font-size: 100%;"> (sportsmen-relief)</span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>
from 1938 is made of red lava on the front wall of the grandstand and
today is badly weathered and shows damage from bullet holes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinlTA0M_VqPA2pV5Mo7DYFgH8YYy7omeVchOR4okOlkffZ2viaGxNyoewOAVsU177Z81tB3QZpBlzPxTD9KXtFOG6E8xzLYJhJhfczNX9YHDw-wavaS889WekxEUJ32YJEr5vyanRn8L-H1qZNAlnZ76fWcULchZfneZAj404armRXHo-ySlga0Pxrzw/s368/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(54).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="368" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinlTA0M_VqPA2pV5Mo7DYFgH8YYy7omeVchOR4okOlkffZ2viaGxNyoewOAVsU177Z81tB3QZpBlzPxTD9KXtFOG6E8xzLYJhJhfczNX9YHDw-wavaS889WekxEUJ32YJEr5vyanRn8L-H1qZNAlnZ76fWcULchZfneZAj404armRXHo-ySlga0Pxrzw/w400-h318/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(54).gif" width="400" /></a></div>On
April 24, 1936, the three Ordensburgen were handed over to Hitler in a
ceremony. A little later, the first 500 Nazi Junkers moved into
Vogelsang, the course participants having come from all over Germany.
They had been handpicked by Robert Ley at the suggestion of the Gau
authorities. Most were in their mid-20s. Prerequisites were initial
probation in party work, complete physical health, labour and military
service, and proof of parentage, which went back to the 18th century.
Furthermore, by order of Robert Ley, the applicants had to be married,
but their academic achievements were of no interest at all. The
applicants were promised when they joined that they would be able to
hold any government or administrative office in Germany after completing
their training. The timetable was: 6:00 a.m. morning sports, 7:00 a.m.
flag roll call, 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. study groups, 10:00 a.m. to
12:00 p.m. lectures in the large lecture hall by guest or main teachers,
afternoon sports, 5:00 p.m. 12:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. working groups, 10
p.m. tattoos. In the main lectures on the subjects of racial studies and
"geo-politics", the Junkers were indoctrinated with aggressive foreign
policy and racist theses. In addition, there was intensive sporting
training, the focus of this training was on horseback riding at
Ordensburg Vogelsang. The courses at the NS Ordensburgen also provided
for pilot training. For this purpose airfields were built at all three
castles. The Vogelsanger airfield was built near the Walberhof, near the
village of Schleiden -Morsbach. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSIx8SqhwpymRlFMUPHVEEdfDMbvXePEdfgrDFiVEHe6UI0acpjbhE7VZJjsufqUfHzoVeoCp_2it0uRjn5kvCJ77ivAc4e-mUIZTB3KrS5me0MvH0Ve7_GiNxNZ2cbka1w4csazU2gX6Yfai1RHdz_5iYyTvv66dfwVJN_zu41LpSX1NdTxydolgqgw/s333/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(55).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="333" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSIx8SqhwpymRlFMUPHVEEdfDMbvXePEdfgrDFiVEHe6UI0acpjbhE7VZJjsufqUfHzoVeoCp_2it0uRjn5kvCJ77ivAc4e-mUIZTB3KrS5me0MvH0Ve7_GiNxNZ2cbka1w4csazU2gX6Yfai1RHdz_5iYyTvv66dfwVJN_zu41LpSX1NdTxydolgqgw/w400-h286/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(55).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" small="" times=""><span>As
might be expected, intellectual standards were very low and attendance
to the Ordensburg did little to foster education. Students went to each
of the four castles for a year at a time. At the academy at Krössinsee,
the first year, the stress was on the study of racial science,
athletics, boxing and gliding. Great attention was given to horse riding
because that gave the Junkers the feeling of being able to dominate a
living creature. The second year, at Sonthofen, the emphasis was on
athletics, parachute jumping, mountain climbing and skiing. The third
year, at Vogelsang, the students received political and military
instruction, and physical training. One of the tests that year was the
Tierkampf, combat with bare hands against wild dogs. The fourth year, at
the prestigious Teutonic castle Marienburg, the Junkers were expected
to obtain their final military formation, and political and racial
indoctrination.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3XbU1HEyfFkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hitler+Youth,+1922%E2%80%931945:+An+Illustrated+History&source=bl&ots=9ULjg75_n-&sig=qRvj8VMEP9aKhi8dVaUcvuufJc0&hl=en&ei=009zTanKEsv1sgbZ0Y2EDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA"><i>Hitler Youth</i>, <i>1922</i>-<i>1945</i>: An <i>Illustrated History</i></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span> (97-98)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJbUuvUsJZeN_Dz5ao2klkDUP-VbEiI3KwdBqV83XzBFsi9fnRuZDY0ozgpd9yHt_gzC3GKxdkRfE7gKE1f4aZXVRF1N1OuRv20NpeWF3t4JcY6ywE_vX69qnhFLg7Pci5iXBCYU2BomSHJu_MS-9kuYF1EMTQDoayRH-oMGPQPgX9G5ZC125H7v4RwQ/s361/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(56).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="361" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJbUuvUsJZeN_Dz5ao2klkDUP-VbEiI3KwdBqV83XzBFsi9fnRuZDY0ozgpd9yHt_gzC3GKxdkRfE7gKE1f4aZXVRF1N1OuRv20NpeWF3t4JcY6ywE_vX69qnhFLg7Pci5iXBCYU2BomSHJu_MS-9kuYF1EMTQDoayRH-oMGPQPgX9G5ZC125H7v4RwQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(56).gif" width="320" /></a></div>On
the left is the Malakoff then and now, the entrance to the Ordensburg.
In February 2020, the German Alpine Club announced that it had taken
over the left wing from Malakoff and would set up a club home there.
Before this the Malakoff entrance building with the vehicle yard was
sold to an Opel car museum, and the Degener brothers moved from Vreden
to the Ordensburg with their Europe-wide largest collection of Opel
vintage cars.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>At
the request of the party leadership in Berlin, the Ordensburg Vogelsang
was secured by a total of sixteen bunkers from the West Wall , the
remains of which can still be seen today and were placed under monument
protection on December 1, 2006. After the opening of the school, the
political prominence of the Third Reich also used Vogelsang as a place
of representation. Hitler and other leading members of the Nazi
state visited the Ordensburg several times. Others came temporarily as
guest lecturers, such as Theodor Oberländer, later CDU federal
minister, in November 1936. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>In
the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>July 1, 1939 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>report by Julius Kölker, head of the district training in the
Cologne-Aachen district, a readiness for unconditional
military action and a radical racial policy is contrasted with the
“conceit” of the “Ordenjunker”, which makes them no longer suitable for
political offices. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS16Cldq72EYm6AKRaSozHHso4BEv7OJ3KFglPY5OQaLmhsZUw2kUihknYBZil6ZvEpguyb-Fu2XYG8xPbfldzzmSatUwfX7BBVo-D4Rq5Fq9Ls9N7X6Qx0HfXTX10O_WjIO3El_ES92Y/s1600-h/1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="266" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5424934426225903682" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS16Cldq72EYm6AKRaSozHHso4BEv7OJ3KFglPY5OQaLmhsZUw2kUihknYBZil6ZvEpguyb-Fu2XYG8xPbfldzzmSatUwfX7BBVo-D4Rq5Fq9Ls9N7X6Qx0HfXTX10O_WjIO3El_ES92Y/s400/1.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Since
1989 the buildings have been under monument protection. In 2016,
Vogelsang became a Nazi documentation center as part of a permanent
exhibition and as an architectural memorial.Ordensburg
Vogelsang is a former Nazi estate placed at the former
military training area in the national park Eifel in North
Rhine-Westphalia. The landmarked and completely preserved estate was
used by the Nazis between 1936 and 1939 as an educational
centre for future leaders. Since January 1, 2006 the area is open to
visitors. It is one of the largest architectural relics from the Nazi era. The gross area of the landmarked buildings is 50,000 m².</span><span> It remains an example of the rural version of 1930s Nazi </span><span style="font-style: italic;">herrschaftsarchitektur.</span><span> Vogelsang was built by architect Clemens Klotz as a training centre
for the young Nazi elite. It is situated on a terraced hillside above
an artificial lake in the Eiffel nature reserve. Its design was based
on the image of the feudal castle or "Ordensburg". </span></span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>In 1950 the British army generously offered Vogelsang to Belgium.</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>
In 2006 the military left and the complex was opened to the public.
Plans are being made to turn the complex into a conference and
exhibition centre, with proper respect for its historical significance.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br /></span>
</div><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitwVQUcja-D1dgRJU9p282uctyGjHy6egNPYJEz_wru-u4lDbWqmqLs3N5afqn9RHHtDz01zpxR7rsGvUqFiHzDTB8r3PSKwA5b-Fjg_VO9gFD7xHa0tdOsOSJBhM1WQxahs6II8zVeN8/s1600/9myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitwVQUcja-D1dgRJU9p282uctyGjHy6egNPYJEz_wru-u4lDbWqmqLs3N5afqn9RHHtDz01zpxR7rsGvUqFiHzDTB8r3PSKwA5b-Fjg_VO9gFD7xHa0tdOsOSJBhM1WQxahs6II8zVeN8/s640/9myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>On the left, the building housed the female service staff whilst that on the right formed </span><span>part of the complex called Forum East which contained at one time an auditorium and ballroom, dining hall and kitchens.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzssYQ3nB9amoIdOmPRGy9m74VyV49ivbDrTA9AJ4U4OgnRFVPSRUXHM2LJsLEACnEcLRVHvK_SnM1pZHqy5vHwsemGMspLTIWEOA2sO6lK8OLnjTwugNiEYSl4jz0a1QhPHsLlCoYR8o/s1600/8myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzssYQ3nB9amoIdOmPRGy9m74VyV49ivbDrTA9AJ4U4OgnRFVPSRUXHM2LJsLEACnEcLRVHvK_SnM1pZHqy5vHwsemGMspLTIWEOA2sO6lK8OLnjTwugNiEYSl4jz0a1QhPHsLlCoYR8o/s640/8myphoto.jpeg" title="NS Ordensburg Vogelsang" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>This
is the water tower and high point of the complex, meant to resemble a
castle keep. Below the reservoir a cult room was situated for use in
Nazi ritual. The photo on the right shows the dormitories called <span style="font-style: italic;">Kameradschaftshauser</span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvZE6Vr04gDy8KbN_LiybNntdEqzh3T2Gyg_WAPLyXkfBeRAre-Tog1BSnFV12atKhyphenhyphenzVS_FMeJweWIS4SsG5Va_YfQ5neZMHD3Wqd3sR4x18BBrLK6dnsvRtdNeEwgGerkVCk1cf42rQ/s1600/7myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvZE6Vr04gDy8KbN_LiybNntdEqzh3T2Gyg_WAPLyXkfBeRAre-Tog1BSnFV12atKhyphenhyphenzVS_FMeJweWIS4SsG5Va_YfQ5neZMHD3Wqd3sR4x18BBrLK6dnsvRtdNeEwgGerkVCk1cf42rQ/s640/7myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>The Burgschanke, left, a restaurant and banquet hall for the senior staff and on the right, so-called Eagle Square</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik0CSbE0haP_-MUi85wDwC0Ec2tvZKrs63W5JDV0IMd6rvDdARvsDNEHVAHqDXkeALxEH1ZoaCZVqDPCKoAZhF4KVQVh6wq0Rpi7uSeJB9HV0tDdpc9gPqrMCdZQMI7fobkY1rlosTEMw/s1600/6myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik0CSbE0haP_-MUi85wDwC0Ec2tvZKrs63W5JDV0IMd6rvDdARvsDNEHVAHqDXkeALxEH1ZoaCZVqDPCKoAZhF4KVQVh6wq0Rpi7uSeJB9HV0tDdpc9gPqrMCdZQMI7fobkY1rlosTEMw/s640/6myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span> <span style="font-size: small;">Eagle on a wall above the Assembly Square</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbNSB6T3krnqUG3Xu5UvCHLLw1vLz61U1EP2fD-pXnKI4kVrd4KWzwAlQP72zndQLuZs0AAUbpj3YwnQ-X1dBnjcNgglzYeRMkzaGek3KiyIuWt42OE_L9JD-vNAhUx-8tykJqVoGmdss/s1600/2myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbNSB6T3krnqUG3Xu5UvCHLLw1vLz61U1EP2fD-pXnKI4kVrd4KWzwAlQP72zndQLuZs0AAUbpj3YwnQ-X1dBnjcNgglzYeRMkzaGek3KiyIuWt42OE_L9JD-vNAhUx-8tykJqVoGmdss/s640/2myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>Equestrian statue at the main gate and surviving reichsadler</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" small="" times=""><span>In
contrast with the Napolas, the castles were not linked with German
military traditions, and the system failed miserably. The Ordensburgen
never attracted a full complement of students despite the financial
inducement and the prestige of attendance. According to some estimates,
half the available places remained vacant. Even in the most fanatical
NSDAP circles, the product of the Ordensburgen were occasionally
considered too ruthless and arrogant.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3XbU1HEyfFkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hitler+Youth,+1922%E2%80%931945:+An+Illustrated+History&source=bl&ots=9ULjg75_n-&sig=qRvj8VMEP9aKhi8dVaUcvuufJc0&hl=en&ei=009zTanKEsv1sgbZ0Y2EDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA"><i>Hitler Youth</i>, <i>1922</i>-<i>1945</i>: An <i>Illustrated History</i></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span> (98)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRrxb_cPb4xqwwo2C-iPjm5nj-kKbWmfnRaZgngjL8YvvQu99lB6on9VZV3VERKjPvHoYvEXoJwoRwgH4b2RMnoFsjuls5pJc9s7I_7QzUrXAKF2jqiw0XKLq-pexfEx-EBSqDCwtvIXOU/s1600/myphoto.jpeg"><img alt="" border="0" height="161" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5691874783580482162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRrxb_cPb4xqwwo2C-iPjm5nj-kKbWmfnRaZgngjL8YvvQu99lB6on9VZV3VERKjPvHoYvEXoJwoRwgH4b2RMnoFsjuls5pJc9s7I_7QzUrXAKF2jqiw0XKLq-pexfEx-EBSqDCwtvIXOU/s400/myphoto.jpeg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/remaining-nazi-sites-in-westphalia-2.html" target="_blank">Remaining Nazi Sites in Westphalia (2) </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><mytubeelement adblock="" adblock_interferance_message="" add="" aiting="" alculating="" and="" any_moment="" as="" autobuffer="" autoplay="" autoplayonbuffer="" autoplayonbufferpercentage="" autoplayonsmartbuffer="" been="" browser="" buffer="" buffered="" buffered_message="" buffering="" buffering_stalled="" bundle="" calculating="" click_to_enable_for_this_site="" completed="" continuation_on_next_line="" data="{" dblock="" default="" denied="" desktop="" desktop_notification="" desktop_notification_denied="" desktopnotification="" ec="" enable="" enablefullscreen="" error="" esktop="" estimated_time="" event="preferencesUpdated" extension="" extension_id="" false="" ff="" for="" fshd="" global_preferences="" has="" have="" he="" hideannotations="" hidepopup="" hr="" hyphen="" id="myTubeRelayElementToPage" ideo="" ill="" in="" initialized="" interfere="" is="" known="" label_delimitor="" lick="" lobal="" loglevel="" loop="" mart="" min="" moment="" n="" nly="" no_notification_supported_on_your_browser="" not_supported="" notification="" notification_status_delimitor="" notify="" null="" ny="" o="" off="" ompleted="" on="" onate="" only_notify="" onlynotification="" oop="" or="" ot="" ou="" ound="" percentage="" permission="" play.="" playing="" please="" popup_donate_to="" preferences="" prefs="" quality="" r="" ready="" requested="" rror="" savebandwidth="" sec="" similar="" site="" smart_buffer="" smartvideo.="" sound="" soundnotification="" stalled.="" start="" start_playing_when_buffered="" stimated="" stop.="" stopped="" supported="" tart="" this="" time="" to="" topped="" true="" turnoffpagedbuffering="" uffered="" uffering="" url="" version="" video="" video_buffered="" waiting="" when="" whitelist.="" will="" will_start_buffering_when_initialized="" will_start_playing_when_initialized="" with="" your=""></mytubeelement><mytubeelement data="{" event="relayPrefs" id="myTubeRelayElementToTab" loadbundle="" true=""></mytubeelement></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-12977712980344841372008-01-18T20:10:00.095-08:002023-03-04T03:41:20.034-08:00Remaining Nazi Sites in Weimar and Buchenwald<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/1999/03/to-what-extent-was-hungarian-revolution.html" target="_blank">For other sites in Thüringen</a></span> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span>Weimar</span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" quot="" serif=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">Weimar was a focal point of the German Enlightenment and home of the leading characters of the literary genre of Weimar Classicism, the writers Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. In the 19th century, famous composers like Franz Liszt made a music centre of Weimar and later, artists and architects like Henry van de Velde, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Lyonel Feininger and Walter Gropius came to the city and founded the Bauhaus movement, the most important German design school of the interwar period. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" quot="" serif=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Gropius
had founded the Bauhaus School in 1919 by a merger of the Weimar
Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School with the Kunstgewerbeschule Weimar. The
Bauhaus in Weimar lasted until 1925 when it moved to <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Dessau">Dessau</a>,
after the newly elected right-wing Thuringian council put pressure on
the School by withdrawing funding and forcing its teachers to quit. In
fact, there are many buildings remaining in Weimar today that have
influences from the Bauhaus period. However, only one original Bauhaus
building was constructed during 1919–1925, the Haus am Horn, now used
for exhibitions and events on Bauhaus culture. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>However, the political history of 20th-century Weimar itself was inconsistent: it was the place where Germany's first democratic constitution was signed after the First World War, giving its name to the Weimar Republic period in German politics, as well as one of the cities mythologised by Nazi propaganda.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5DwoILpHB7f_IZUmh7f5H0M2BVmM-lVhSnZFaOp_E6BQI8KwjBMC_iWSdZwebz6YE-5WF3I1_-7GSYX_n9IkKukjRYdScaywckAdYYTHTXvE0Ci_MLCH_beZlFT-46NlLTyRGWY3TcuqF/s1600/1.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5DwoILpHB7f_IZUmh7f5H0M2BVmM-lVhSnZFaOp_E6BQI8KwjBMC_iWSdZwebz6YE-5WF3I1_-7GSYX_n9IkKukjRYdScaywckAdYYTHTXvE0Ci_MLCH_beZlFT-46NlLTyRGWY3TcuqF/s1600/1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5DwoILpHB7f_IZUmh7f5H0M2BVmM-lVhSnZFaOp_E6BQI8KwjBMC_iWSdZwebz6YE-5WF3I1_-7GSYX_n9IkKukjRYdScaywckAdYYTHTXvE0Ci_MLCH_beZlFT-46NlLTyRGWY3TcuqF/s320/1.jpg" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5DwoILpHB7f_IZUmh7f5H0M2BVmM-lVhSnZFaOp_E6BQI8KwjBMC_iWSdZwebz6YE-5WF3I1_-7GSYX_n9IkKukjRYdScaywckAdYYTHTXvE0Ci_MLCH_beZlFT-46NlLTyRGWY3TcuqF/s400/1.jpg" title="" width="290" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">The period in German history from 1919 to 1933 is commonly referred to as the Weimar Republic, as the Republic's constitution was drafted here. Berlin as the capital was considered too dangerous for the National Assembly to use as a meeting place, because of its street rioting after the 1918 German Revolution and so </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/weimar-verfassung-demokratie-nationalversammlung-1.4318733">here on February 6, 1919, 423 MPs met</a> in the small Thuringian town for 197 days.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Weimar was chosen not only because of the riots in Berlin, but also because of the good transport connections and because there were enough hotels in the city of pensioners and civil servants. In 1920, the federal state of Thuringia was founded by an association of eight former microstates (Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Reuss-Gera and Reuss-Greiz) and Weimar became its capital. Due to that fact, the city experienced another period of growth. In 1919, Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus School by a merger of the Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School with the Kunstgewerbeschule Weimar. The Bauhaus in Weimar lasted from 1919 to 1925, when it moved to Dessau, after the newly elected right-wing Thuringian council put pressure on the School by withdrawing funding and forcing its teachers to quit. Many buildings in Weimar today have influences from the Bauhaus period. However, only one original Bauhaus building was constructed during 1919–1925, the Haus am Horn, now used for exhibitions and events on Bauhaus culture. The Weimar Republic era was marked by a constant conflict between progressive forces and reactionary right wing forces, the former represented by Harry Graf Kessler and the latter Adolf Bartels in Weimar. After 1929, the right wing forces prevailed and Weimar became an early centre of Nazism.</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""> </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip6nBhWY9tyrT0DURM8JA6l-wSFCKPpT3uvVVq04byx6LXT60XWLmkIuyVtnHTEWpdzx_-UBTxJBmmkpjIBayZm0UHgQHFjDGq5nOpqtb8LNxLyerTBQzVXulw2rovl8EH3Lv1cgpH7ZAu/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252838%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="322" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip6nBhWY9tyrT0DURM8JA6l-wSFCKPpT3uvVVq04byx6LXT60XWLmkIuyVtnHTEWpdzx_-UBTxJBmmkpjIBayZm0UHgQHFjDGq5nOpqtb8LNxLyerTBQzVXulw2rovl8EH3Lv1cgpH7ZAu/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252838%2529.gif" width="400" /></a>Weimar was important to the Nazis for two reasons: first, it was where the hated Weimar Republic was founded, and second, it was a centre of German high culture during recent centuries. In 1926, the Nazis held their party convention in Weimar. Adolf Hitler visited Weimar more than forty times prior to 1933. In 1930, Wilhelm Frick became minister for internal affairs and education in Thuringia, the first Nazi minister in Germany. In 1932, the Nazis came to power in Thuringia under Fritz Sauckel. In 1933, the first Concentration Camps were established around Weimar in Nohra (the first one in Germany) and Bad Sulza. Most prisoners at this time were communists and social democrats. After Kristallnacht in 1938, harassment of Jews became more intense, so that many of them emigrated or were arrested. The Weimar Synagogue was destroyed in 1938. Meanwhile during the 1930s, the barracks in Weimar was greatly extended. As it was the capital of Thuringia, the Nazis built a new Roman-fascist-style administrative centre between the city centre and the main station. This Gauforum, designed by Hermann Giesler, was the only Nazi governmental building completed outside Berlin (though there were plans for all German state capitals). Today it hosts the Thuringian State Administration. Other Giesler buildings are the "Villa Sauckel", the Governor's palace and the "Hotel Elephant" in the city centre. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span>
</span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjenNFLFc1glxhro-UnYombmQEWiN2v8H1NioLzVAIr-cwhZUUxt52oRaBIKj7f-x0NdONb1QOUuKADnBunTUR46Srz-cGljZGE9_4yy7B3LF7ruWi_yAhnf5SVpftBh_eF4oJn9qn3mBOh/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252869%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="355" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjenNFLFc1glxhro-UnYombmQEWiN2v8H1NioLzVAIr-cwhZUUxt52oRaBIKj7f-x0NdONb1QOUuKADnBunTUR46Srz-cGljZGE9_4yy7B3LF7ruWi_yAhnf5SVpftBh_eF4oJn9qn3mBOh/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252869%2529.gif" width="320" /></a>Hitler visited Weimar at least 35 times and each time stayed at the <span style="font-style: italic;">Haus Elephant</span>. Here he is shown being saluted from its balcony on November 11, 1938 and me in 2007. On November 27, 1927 Hitler held a speech here "announcing a change of course" in the election campaigns according to Kershaw. In 1932 Hitler gave interviews to the press here on January 31 and November 27 and on June 17, 1933 over a thousand Thüringian Nazi members were honoured in the presence of Hitler. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""> In July 1926, Hitler felt strong enough to hold a mass rally of the Party at Weimar, in Thuringia, one of the few States in which he was still allowed to speak. Five thousand men took part in the march past, with Hitler standing in his car and returning their salute, for the first time, with outstretched arm. Hoffman's photographs made it all look highly impressive, and a hundred thousand copies of the Volkischer Beobachter were distributed throughout the country. It was the first of the Reichsparteitage later to be staged, year after year, at Nuremberg.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><a href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.507192/2015.507192.Hitler-A_djvu.txt">Bullock (139) </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The Nazi Party Congress took place at that time in the German National Theatre from about 14.00 to 15.00. The Reich Delegates' Congress began that morning at 10.00 with a short speech by Artur Dinter, which was followed by a presentation by Gottfried Feder on "The State, Money and Finance" and the cash report by Treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz. After a break, starting at noon, came the reports on the special conferences and a report by Joseph Goebbels about propaganda. The congress ended with Hitler's speech when, at around 16.00 a demonstration march through Weimar followed by a rally on the market square. </span></span><br /></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBCTYcQIwvmEXP9hWEJWATGKqfkK6pM3-hPYqJpA6vf-XjfIfk14Bfl_U6H8dQsxaMsQ4dMZcZ7iCisYV49UXZY6vJzM1dHT2KeI7B2kLt1I_0Mdwh3pTqEEZIPPU2AXZ3RC50RqvS0ey2/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252837%2529.gif" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBCTYcQIwvmEXP9hWEJWATGKqfkK6pM3-hPYqJpA6vf-XjfIfk14Bfl_U6H8dQsxaMsQ4dMZcZ7iCisYV49UXZY6vJzM1dHT2KeI7B2kLt1I_0Mdwh3pTqEEZIPPU2AXZ3RC50RqvS0ey2/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252837%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 199px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOeBiyGzUvvjCgOIMH0eaRJBxoI-KGirLuXPVnfY-hWVFHChjS88iEZy7_SI1ZGoZ44263p8XEJI-eRVGRpWXRJoPzptr_SG6VD-EcxF-t6Ny1vAm7WzpJ8MC2kBggxLKhgUegm7MMDc7Z/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25282%2529.gif" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="415" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOeBiyGzUvvjCgOIMH0eaRJBxoI-KGirLuXPVnfY-hWVFHChjS88iEZy7_SI1ZGoZ44263p8XEJI-eRVGRpWXRJoPzptr_SG6VD-EcxF-t6Ny1vAm7WzpJ8MC2kBggxLKhgUegm7MMDc7Z/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 415px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Hitler in 1938 and from the same shot today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">Julius Schaub
cupped his hand over one ear and grunted. ‘Mein Fuehrer,
do you remember the Hotel Elephant at Weimar!’ ‘And how!’ said Hitler.
‘My regular rooms had running water but no WC, so I had to walk down
this long corridor and vanish into the little room at the end. It was
sheer
purgatory every time, because when I left my room word spread around
the hotel like wildfire, and when I emerged from the closet they were
all
waiting to cheer me and I had to give the Hitler salute and a rather
embarrassed smile all the way back to my room. Later on I had that hotel
rebuilt.’</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span> <span>Irving (778) <span><a href="http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/1977/index.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's War</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span>
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</span><div face="Georgia" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2BgT73qTq3CeIEevhyLvDl18Mson8RnwIlxTcXZmsEh5Ivre4qndIG4uksOm1sepf3mDURysBcwB7xmAeqc1K9p7zZDeE-Ktun0uP_rV7NxILeCtaoMV3eth-pfU3vGFW9TpMBytGWyYm/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252868%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="505" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2BgT73qTq3CeIEevhyLvDl18Mson8RnwIlxTcXZmsEh5Ivre4qndIG4uksOm1sepf3mDURysBcwB7xmAeqc1K9p7zZDeE-Ktun0uP_rV7NxILeCtaoMV3eth-pfU3vGFW9TpMBytGWyYm/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252868%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler tourism flourished in Weimar as well, a city the Führer visited at least once a year between 1925 and 1939. When there, he always stayed at his favourite hotel, the Elephant. Once he was in power, local brochures and guides began to promote the hotel as a ‘not to be missed’ attraction for visitors to Weimar. The hotel, built in 1696, was, according to the Weimar Tourism Society, not only the inn ‘most visited by famous guests’ during the classical period, including Goethe; it was also the ‘residence of the Führer during his visits to Weimar’. Tourists flocked to the Elephant. When Hitler was there, crowds of visitors and locals alike gathered outside in hopes of catching a glimpse of him. While they did, they were said to have chanted:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW7CsAineEH0eggUW2f1229fqwbHWdaKpXyTjGoEd2aJmj3bKMQaCZvvb8S_pfSe_ztZN-R2G3MJ3vAAZtBOpCkth3FNGbs_DHAXj92hhy1hI4u0Dpm83_HqsBmSuKS7bfJEn3aqhyphenhyphenMiym/s1600/elephantez.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="400" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW7CsAineEH0eggUW2f1229fqwbHWdaKpXyTjGoEd2aJmj3bKMQaCZvvb8S_pfSe_ztZN-R2G3MJ3vAAZtBOpCkth3FNGbs_DHAXj92hhy1hI4u0Dpm83_HqsBmSuKS7bfJEn3aqhyphenhyphenMiym/s320/elephantez.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">Lieber Führer, komm heraus aus dem Elephantenhaus, Lieber Führer sieh doch ein, wir können nicht mehr länger schrein’ Lieber Führer, geh nicht fort, bleib an diesem schönen Ort. [Dear Führer, come on out, out of the Elephant House. Dear Führer, please do see we can’t scream any longer. Dear Führer, don’t go away – in this pretty place you should stay.]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">Even when he was not there, the hotel remained a popular attraction for Germans. Yet not all were satisfied with their visit. Paul Gerhard, a local reporter, tour guide and Heimat historian wrote about the experiences of a ‘poor comrade from the village’, who had visited the Elephant Hotel ‘to see where our Führer lives’ and left ‘shocked at the high drink prices’. Still, the hotel drew its share of Weimar’s guests and viewing it became one of the highlights of the city’s Nazi tourist culture.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Kristin-Semmens/e/B001JRZRSI"><span id="btAsinTitle" style="font-style: italic;">Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich</span></a></span><span>, page 58</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGKUi4ilNCu1qjM6Pvbr9iLDLZj3wafGA3N3Lk6-zfOuCwK0iokyZdvgfn-VrH8UW5fWZ0AbBsmin9tUZbyIG1xM9BVIvDoelEXWBHwh6ldr2VY4ktq9ypA2lxJSifvcoxyG5Vpe9Tx7Pu/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252836%2529.gif" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGKUi4ilNCu1qjM6Pvbr9iLDLZj3wafGA3N3Lk6-zfOuCwK0iokyZdvgfn-VrH8UW5fWZ0AbBsmin9tUZbyIG1xM9BVIvDoelEXWBHwh6ldr2VY4ktq9ypA2lxJSifvcoxyG5Vpe9Tx7Pu/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252836%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 260px; width: 205px;" /></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgShdlDv9rbN4GNerSzB_bQOi60rQICrnTm9Qqel2HA2iFyoMVg9wrij2ynzYdXxRXwraX7Rl_UQUj1LsgOj6CdITkVEmRuX3WiwdfKQO3lKMx-8wXaWk815fFqBJsEKDO1xhtZB-K72R_a/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252839%2529.gif" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgShdlDv9rbN4GNerSzB_bQOi60rQICrnTm9Qqel2HA2iFyoMVg9wrij2ynzYdXxRXwraX7Rl_UQUj1LsgOj6CdITkVEmRuX3WiwdfKQO3lKMx-8wXaWk815fFqBJsEKDO1xhtZB-K72R_a/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252839%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 260px; width: 408px;" /></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">Hermann Goering delivering a speech whilst standing in an open car at the Gau Parteitag rally in Weimar on </span></span></span></span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">April 12, 1931 as </span></span></span></span>Hitler stands beside. On the right is the rear of the hotel showing Hitler's former swastika-adorned balcony and today. Hitler's private suite faced this quiet garden but after its ostentatious inauguration in November 1938, however, it was little used because Hitler no longer came to his "Palatinate" too often.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUgWZG7oRusuZBk_mR_CPARLwzkLfjngNN_X8IlS8Ou7BBacOW_otguWRDwp2jvh0Kywt-yBEjUxKl79-CrS-cUzddJw7Ly7yTeHBi3AbgVCopetuThuYavab3TJ8pfIZ7TAwDl0ZdJe_g/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252830%2529.gif" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="437" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUgWZG7oRusuZBk_mR_CPARLwzkLfjngNN_X8IlS8Ou7BBacOW_otguWRDwp2jvh0Kywt-yBEjUxKl79-CrS-cUzddJw7Ly7yTeHBi3AbgVCopetuThuYavab3TJ8pfIZ7TAwDl0ZdJe_g/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252830%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 295px;" /><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjffulsOpQmZ24hZ4V85onvDC11niTwBhD9WKUWBR_Eo7DPBRg0ssP6ORheB4GeO4YatqSagyfGXAnr1A_FoP8F9rVOuzaPNNB4IGuJ7_Lp0ADnX7I6y4K7PpkDko8apZjQ-lIfYKNorpoL/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252840%2529.gif" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjffulsOpQmZ24hZ4V85onvDC11niTwBhD9WKUWBR_Eo7DPBRg0ssP6ORheB4GeO4YatqSagyfGXAnr1A_FoP8F9rVOuzaPNNB4IGuJ7_Lp0ADnX7I6y4K7PpkDko8apZjQ-lIfYKNorpoL/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252840%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 357px;" /></span></span></span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">SA rally in front of the rathaus in 1931 and another rally in 1932. </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">It had been here </span><span class="Normal-C1" white="">on March 6, 1932 and January 15, 1933 that Hitler spoke, the latter occasion to nearly 10, 000 people. According to Goebbels and Lohse, Hitler is said to have spoken for three hours. It had been preceded by a previous discussion among the Gauleiters chaired by Rudolf Hess. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-9ah0JyiH9Y9g0iSG0BGNZaV9A9uWVx4l79zl8Al8aqy4K3tNtjdfmSyANK95q4WFFBgdwPspIKfhWWLgNNd6hNOeZFfWgYgxSYadjZa_pfHQK8E-BBTTtbGol7yCJCS_-h3xHc3hnRR5/s1600/ezgif.com-resize+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="432" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-9ah0JyiH9Y9g0iSG0BGNZaV9A9uWVx4l79zl8Al8aqy4K3tNtjdfmSyANK95q4WFFBgdwPspIKfhWWLgNNd6hNOeZFfWgYgxSYadjZa_pfHQK8E-BBTTtbGol7yCJCS_-h3xHc3hnRR5/s400/ezgif.com-resize+%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span class="Normal-C1" white="">According to the recollections of the then-Gauleiter of the Gau of Halle-Merseburg, Rudolf Jordan, Hitler - strengthened by the previous day's election victory in Lippe - used this conference to finally distance himself from Gregor Straßer and to firmly reunite all Gaue in to get his hand. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">On the left the ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-Stabswache in front of the National Museum in 1934 when the site was used used as the Reichsstatthalterei and me at the site today. In search of a representative seat, Nazi Gauleiter and Reich Governor Fritz Sauckel decided in July 1933 to install his office in the east wing of the then Landesmuseum, staying here until 1937. This severely restricted the museum's operation - all the more regrettable since the house had been one of the most renowned German museums of modern art in the 1920s. But by 1930, the tide had turned as Thuringia's Minister of Culture Wilhelm Frick, a Nazi from the very beginning, demanded that Wilhelm Köhler remove about seventy works of the Classical Modernism from the Schlossmuseum. Köhler was director of the museum since 1919 and at the same time a committed supporter of the Bauhaus and the avant-garde. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHaPFoMobsBwb8J1pweFx5w_CdRoa0Q1BXpDSALbONjl_F1BEDTnIC9zKMepnWv53YZfvP4eMpdSmtgKa4EUvyUlRJz_lGjM5GtSj1QgdUMYTlwacJbwEBJLAZMH1LS0FicPf7aNIadzI/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252824%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHaPFoMobsBwb8J1pweFx5w_CdRoa0Q1BXpDSALbONjl_F1BEDTnIC9zKMepnWv53YZfvP4eMpdSmtgKa4EUvyUlRJz_lGjM5GtSj1QgdUMYTlwacJbwEBJLAZMH1LS0FicPf7aNIadzI/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252824%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">In October 1930, the State Museum presented works by the harshest critic of aesthetic modernism, the Weimar painter and cultural editor Mathilde von Freytag-Loringhoven. These events around Frick's notorious decree against the Negro culture for German nationality were a reflection of later attacks against modern art. From March 23 to April 24, 1939, the Landesmuseum exhibited the exhibition Entartete Kunst conceived for Munich in 1937. This "horror show" was combined with the touring exhibition Entartete Musik, which Weimar's most influential Nazi cultural functionary, Hans Severus Ziegler, had already designed in 1938 for the Düsseldorfer Reichsmusiktage.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> The GIF on the left attempts</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""> to show the Neues Museum on Adolf-Hitler-Platz and today. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs4SBHe94iXpPzrJ-UBV0VQFTJfRgLzw0wRyUESf-FTbSz9bQeKZ9RqTJJFMW2wUTbphWNLrTgqGQ9fUOM0GYUNN_VuDFEgNMVj240cMFjGsESUdklRf0fdcahL4q_jmLVcfRGn-0CLzaw89KbS5LC--KW3eEAzR9-o5pwoVWdrKaderVHLFaZPCcJ6w/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(14).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="320" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs4SBHe94iXpPzrJ-UBV0VQFTJfRgLzw0wRyUESf-FTbSz9bQeKZ9RqTJJFMW2wUTbphWNLrTgqGQ9fUOM0GYUNN_VuDFEgNMVj240cMFjGsESUdklRf0fdcahL4q_jmLVcfRGn-0CLzaw89KbS5LC--KW3eEAzR9-o5pwoVWdrKaderVHLFaZPCcJ6w/w400-h266/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(14).gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">That on the right shows more clearly the damage incurred on the building after the war and today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">In the air raids on Weimar in March 1945, air mines damaged the roof of the building, but it was repaired for the first Thuringian Art Exhibition in 1946. Then began the expansion of all recyclable materials, which led from 1948 to decay. During the DDR era, the building was a ruin, and there were considerations for its demolition. Even before the collapse of the East German regime citizens raised the demand for the reconstruction of the museum, which finally took place on the still solid building fabric between 1996 and 1998. Since 2004, special exhibitions have been shown in the Neues Museum. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf0bKhfJKm7D97qt8377dy6odBgrL_rR5FKDj5ICumgH7cZdy6vlgmvVTYbHoRzlN3RODbN1aAOP8pHNwKHjRWLYUTHvoOkTtPuHU1NUZjhKFYw76-IuM8LMTPVBqI9AllU6S5rgMQp_Q/s1600/44436575_c8fd755a1b.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf0bKhfJKm7D97qt8377dy6odBgrL_rR5FKDj5ICumgH7cZdy6vlgmvVTYbHoRzlN3RODbN1aAOP8pHNwKHjRWLYUTHvoOkTtPuHU1NUZjhKFYw76-IuM8LMTPVBqI9AllU6S5rgMQp_Q/s400/44436575_c8fd755a1b.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">Berlin
was not the only city in which new building projects were designed and
executed under Hitler. In Weimar, there was the enormous Gauforum on the
massive square, Platz Adolf Hitlers. Hitler had made the first thrust
of the spade (Spatenstich) on 4 July 1936 during the festivities to mark
the tenth anniversary of the second Reich Party Rally. Heralded as the
‘fundament of a new classicism’, the Gauforum, designed by architect
Hermann Giesler, was intended to serve as a new centre of National
Socialist power in the state of Thuringia. The three buildings, meant to
surround a gigantic parade ground, were to house offices for the
district leadership, individual divisions of the Party and the German
Labour Front. An enormous meeting hall, the Hall of the National
Community, was also planned. The Nazis had plans for similarly massive
governmental complexes elsewhere in the Reich, but the Gauforum was the
first and only on which construction actually began. The site of the
Gauforum was soon added to the tourist’s itinerary, but tourism
brochures often relied on photographs of architectural models since the
complex was never fully completed.</span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: right;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>Kristin Semmens, <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Kristin-Semmens/e/B001JRZRSI"><span id="btAsinTitle" style="font-style: italic;">Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMG-V2GsgTTIIiQ6-SiDVjLbJcDJB0dSvjkYueV_cqDJd9pBB-Mth1dU7SzZzEQi2SbuccTH3KItQ_K5cFtXqeMsivvM6OK0wgxtzRn4m5IK21S2gN6QjoVoa1oNCrpDM7CgJZrAK_pTXS/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-06-12+at+12.56.40.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="619" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMG-V2GsgTTIIiQ6-SiDVjLbJcDJB0dSvjkYueV_cqDJd9pBB-Mth1dU7SzZzEQi2SbuccTH3KItQ_K5cFtXqeMsivvM6OK0wgxtzRn4m5IK21S2gN6QjoVoa1oNCrpDM7CgJZrAK_pTXS/w320-h245/Screen+Shot+2019-06-12+at+12.56.40.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sauckel and Hitler at groundbreaking July 4, 1936</span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span>Gauleiter Sauckel's expanding power and the growing importance of Weimar as the capital of the Gau and as an industrial and armaments location made it advisable from 1934 to plan larger administrative and representative buildings for the party and the state. This met with ideas from the Berlin Nazi leadership to upgrade all German Gau capitals architecturally. In Weimar, when the construction ensemble was first thought of as being located near the Goethe National Museum, the park in front of the Landesmuseum soon moved into the planner's realm. From November 1934, several architectural competitions were held, in the result of which Hermann Giesler finally won the contract for a Weimar Gauforum. Not least Hitler himself and his star architect Albert Speer made sure of that. After the groundbreaking ceremony on July 4, 1936, by Hitler himself and the laying of the foundation stone on May 1, 1937, by Rudolf Hess, work began on Adolf Hitler's site. This construction was completed, the Weimar prototype for all German Gauforen, but never. </span></span><span><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbxHp3vhKV41ZUIj299MujjvzRW_wamttOF2KVNhTvqu3UShFJq7BYqZ9zBgfUlckxE5ZdxTSBRStuB49OE9sSWb2IBFf-m2HGFwiqKv5xHwVqaoCSsv-o-Glc6y05z6EazsmyCTMzP33X/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-08-07+at+15.09.34.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="453" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbxHp3vhKV41ZUIj299MujjvzRW_wamttOF2KVNhTvqu3UShFJq7BYqZ9zBgfUlckxE5ZdxTSBRStuB49OE9sSWb2IBFf-m2HGFwiqKv5xHwVqaoCSsv-o-Glc6y05z6EazsmyCTMzP33X/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-08-07+at+15.09.34.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span>After 1945, three buildings initially housed the Soviet Military Administration of Thuringia, then other municipal authorities and educational institutions. </span></span><span><span>In the 1970s, finally, the multi-purpose building, now called the Atrium, was turned into a multipurpose building from Kopfbau, which was planned to be the hall of the Volksgemeinschaft in 1937. A comprehensive exhibition on the history of the entire complex can be found in the annex of the unfinished bell tower.<span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""> </span></span></span></span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">To establish the Gauforum, the northern part of the suburb of Jakobsvorstadt
saw a total of 139 houses demolished and the small river Asbach be
redirected. Rudolf Hess laid the foundation stone of the "hall of the
national community" and the solemnly renamed the square
Adolf-Hitler-Platz on May 1, 1937. At the carefully staged mass rally
nearly 40,000 people took part. The massive investment clearly
demonstrates the leadership of the Nazi Party, the small town houses of the
city of Weimar should appear next to it. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">Hitler personally added the
design to the "hall of the national community" with standing room for
20,000 and a bell tower which was the tallest building in Weimar. Fritz
Sauckel celebrated his 45th birthday in 193<span style="font-size: normal;">9
inside. By 1943 all the buildings were completed with the exception
of the hall, using in the construction work prisoners from Buchenwald. One can see the Reichsstatthalterei in this model in the centre of the background with the bell tower planned to have been considerably higher. </span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho85E14YTOaJDsucIOGAWinQozy7uKhx4JIz1Cclon5SpFQesgnPXQGiH_HztuomTahxrLUDTiG8_lJ1jpEmcrR6bDHI4knflchhYFc3r1wH9UCDkLNXvlr6mltFNdSebeRGLymlGD3Qs2/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-08-07+at+15.18.09.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="849" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho85E14YTOaJDsucIOGAWinQozy7uKhx4JIz1Cclon5SpFQesgnPXQGiH_HztuomTahxrLUDTiG8_lJ1jpEmcrR6bDHI4knflchhYFc3r1wH9UCDkLNXvlr6mltFNdSebeRGLymlGD3Qs2/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-08-07+at+15.18.09.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>The </span><span><span style="font-style: italic;">Deutsche Arbeitsfront</span></span><span> </span><span>building</span><span><span><span white="">, </span></span></span><span>shown in the foreground of the model on the left, </span><span><span><span white="">served
as the Headquarters for the amalgamated National Socialist trade union
organisation which replaced the free and diverse Weimar trade unions
that Hitler outlawed on May 2, 1933. Its leader was Dr. Robert Ley, who
claimed its aim as 'to create a true social and productive community' by
serving as a medium through which workers and owners could mutually
represent their interests</span>.
The open staircase of the museum shown above affords one a good view of
a group of buildings which now has an underground car park under
Weimarplatz, billboards at the Atrium shopping centre and signs on the
Thuringian state administration office which reveal a pragmatic use of
the buildings. In the vernacular, they are today sarcastically referred
to as the "Reichskaufshalle." During the Nazi era they were called the
"Sauckropolis" in reference to the then-client. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The most famous city in the hilly region, Weimar, was taken on the 12th.
Buchenwald was so close to Weimar that its ancient trees had been the
object of Goethe’s daily walks, and yet the Weimarer insisted that they had
not known what was happening behind the barbed wire. To some extent
this was true, but prisoners were used for menial tasks around the town and
had been involved in the often mortal work building the new Adolf-
Hitler-Platz between the old town and the railway station. Even if they had
been unclear about the extent of the brutality, they knew full well that the
prisoners were abused and maltreated. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>MacDonogh (85) <span><span id="btAsinTitle"><a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/military%20pdfs3/AfterTheReich-TheBrutalHistoryOfTheAlliedOccupation.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;">After the Reich - The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation</a>
</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk7V_96-OEfdNJTn2tkMjExiUxh3gAQOlJeeqsGFXd0JbJ4VqpyODMFKb16TSGRST-bIzvjTMytkpR2kQI3ZpLmz44Nhv_rY3N9Q1gBqJbBTzwTXScit7Gc_Y92u_f5wqx2veY84tGF5jA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-08-07+at+15.07.51.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="678" data-original-width="921" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk7V_96-OEfdNJTn2tkMjExiUxh3gAQOlJeeqsGFXd0JbJ4VqpyODMFKb16TSGRST-bIzvjTMytkpR2kQI3ZpLmz44Nhv_rY3N9Q1gBqJbBTzwTXScit7Gc_Y92u_f5wqx2veY84tGF5jA/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-08-07+at+15.07.51.png" width="400" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span white="">The <span style="font-style: italic;">Reichsstatthalter</span> was used by the Nazis to gain direct control over the federal states by abolishing independent state governments and parliaments through the process of Gleichschaltung (coordination). The Reichsstatthalterei here in Weimar was the Headquarters for Gauleiter Fritz Sauckel. He served as Reich defence commissioner for the Kassel district before being appointed General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment on 21 March 1942, on the recommendation of Albert Speer. He worked directly under Hitler through the Four-Year Plan Office, directing and controlling German labour. He was found guilty at the Nuremberg War trails of war crimes and crimes against humanity and hanged on October 16, 1946. His last words were recorded as "Ich sterbe unschuldig, mein Urteil ist ungerecht. Gott beschütze Deutschland!" (I die innocent, my sentence is unjust. God protect Germany!). His superior, Albert Speer, <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/p/sample-dp-history-ias-did-albert-speer.html">was only given a twenty year prison term</a>. Shortly after the war, the square in the middle of Gauforum was used as parade ground for the Soviet Army, renamed <span white="">Karl-Marx-Platz on May 1, 1945</span>.
Between the 1950s and 1989 it was transformed to offices, a school and
a store. Today the main building is used as a shopping mall.</span> The Gauforum remained empty until the war ended,
the place being renamed on May 1, 1945. The shell of the
unfinished hall was indeed completed after the war, but only in 1967
made available by installing floors. In 1976, the now barely visible
concrete slat façade was installed. Inside
the tower is a permanent exhibition is on the history of the place, the
entrance is on the corner Weimarplatz and Peace Street.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4B07sc-324-GAKrlOgcSZxaY6T2_mIV7pKcfPumNCySC2URPcka8_0NXrSx2Hz3xGAIlqQfgUscLvCQIb4Zwe9YU19cZjasMQ0KCnX-vHydyAI_gtCWRxU9Lo6JCJ0swZufbGYzZcu_Jf/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252843%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="242" data-original-width="609" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4B07sc-324-GAKrlOgcSZxaY6T2_mIV7pKcfPumNCySC2URPcka8_0NXrSx2Hz3xGAIlqQfgUscLvCQIb4Zwe9YU19cZjasMQ0KCnX-vHydyAI_gtCWRxU9Lo6JCJ0swZufbGYzZcu_Jf/s640/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252843%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">The Nazi Party kreishaus on </span></span></span></span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">Schwanseestraße. It was the </span></span></span></span>first public new Nazi building in Weimar, built between 1936-37. It served as the decentralised administrative offices and departments of the Nazi party. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPhSUhvYv9iYo6hEc7ayjG_UqQLzcsX52vYbMnXRoDCJ1bguSPN3qerKKliK3Th8dt8aqCBf8O8v-W0y88JLrBLDQ1QfXd_A4k6gwRaFFS2UvVYovV5zZhvjBZpksfy0wcqk8KHBhK9EoK/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-08-07+at+15.23.01.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="1015" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPhSUhvYv9iYo6hEc7ayjG_UqQLzcsX52vYbMnXRoDCJ1bguSPN3qerKKliK3Th8dt8aqCBf8O8v-W0y88JLrBLDQ1QfXd_A4k6gwRaFFS2UvVYovV5zZhvjBZpksfy0wcqk8KHBhK9EoK/s320/Screen+Shot+2019-08-07+at+15.23.01.png" width="320" /></a>Although the decision to build the site was made as early as 1934, it was only at the beginning of 1936 that the issue with land was solved by the purchase of the "Stahr property" on Schwanseestrasse. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">As headquarters of the district administration and at the same time the first architectural self-presentation of the Nazi Party in Weimar, this project was of particular importance and culminated in two architectural competitions through which eight architects, Barthel, Meisel, Flemming, Knopf and Rietschel, Wiesenbach and Späthe from Weimar and Schirrmeister from Jena, submitted drafts. From these a committee of experts, including deputy Gauleiter Siekmeier, NSDAP Kreisleiter Hofmann, the Gauinspektor and Nazi commissioner for Weimar Biedermann, the head of the construction department of the Thuringian Ministry of Finance, Ministerialrat Voigt and Stadtoberbaurat Lehrmann, directed Georg Schirrmeister and Ernst Flemming to produce a collaborative design which in the end never materialised. District Administrator Hofmann finally commissioned Ernst Flemming with the planning. The ground-breaking ceremony took place symbolically in 1936 on May 1, the "Day of National Work," but the excavation work began only in early June 1936. Already on November 21, 1936 the topping-out ceremony was celebrated; in July 1937, the first offices began their work in the house, and the "artistic" design of the house with its Nazi symbols and heroic paintings were completed after. The new building was referred to in the press as the "District House of the NSDAP", but it also included other county-level organisations. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOs-exuWzhIfcrB3_tgfuvCCdJmEYFPEmJW5cDZ_crUw3Zj5-iYGoPYZnekTynRGytjRvTM19bAuKoAgnIQDb3YcMry307Z3ZzAj_de2QR3su2xe1133p5PP8GshoZCX_uO50kir2yYaEx/s1600/output_P5Tt50.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOs-exuWzhIfcrB3_tgfuvCCdJmEYFPEmJW5cDZ_crUw3Zj5-iYGoPYZnekTynRGytjRvTM19bAuKoAgnIQDb3YcMry307Z3ZzAj_de2QR3su2xe1133p5PP8GshoZCX_uO50kir2yYaEx/w420-h315/output_P5Tt50.gif" width="420" /></a><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""> Standing in front of the German National Theatre, where the Weimar Constitution was ratified. Founded in 1791 under Goethe's direction, it was given the name Deutsches Nationaltheater in 1919, when the National Assembly met here and decided the constitution of the Weimar Republic. When, in August 1924, groups of nationalists wanted to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the so-called <i>Augusterlebnisses 1914</i> and thus the deutsche Volksgemeinschaft, they deliberately chose the Nationaltheater to to symbolically purify it from <i>Ungeist der Novemberabrecher</i>. The Nazis, who relocated their Reich Party Rally to Weimar at the beginning of July 1926, struck a similar note. In the same place that Friedrich Ebert had sworn his oath to the constitution in 1919, Hitler consecrated the highest relic of the movement, the 'blood flag'.</span></span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""> Many other party events followed. The tenth anniversary of the Reichsparteitag in 1936 was particularly successful as masses gathered in front of the theatre to cheer their "leader". During the Nazi era Hitler's loyalists and confidants such as </span></span></span></span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">Ernst Nobbe and Hans Severus Ziegler</span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">served as its general director, removing works from the avant-garde from the repertoire, which had earlier been staged. Nazi-compliant performances took over as the regime preferred conservative staged classic performances and operettas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc0hEQR2nIE8L6zF0qwOTYtY8LRbTxZwNNXZKJ5CW-nC60EmFUy07n5utnBEOKsyoJVUvW0L5BnNqtlPudNL3VHIfPW41tbkog_YdkKs8EKv6lSBmtx-gUw_iFxHvobXeJpcIusJQGEmnh/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252831%2529.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="464" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc0hEQR2nIE8L6zF0qwOTYtY8LRbTxZwNNXZKJ5CW-nC60EmFUy07n5utnBEOKsyoJVUvW0L5BnNqtlPudNL3VHIfPW41tbkog_YdkKs8EKv6lSBmtx-gUw_iFxHvobXeJpcIusJQGEmnh/w421-h300/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252831%2529.gif" width="421" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hitler in front; Hess in backseat</span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">The advocate of the "blood and soil" ideology banished all pieces of Jewish and politically undesirable authors from the schedule. He also fought for the dismissal of "non-Aryan" actors and musicians. The ϟϟ wardens of the nearby Buchenwald concentration camp, on the other hand, were courted as an audience and reserved the best places in particular row C7. The theatre also enjoyed use of the ϟϟ casino in Buchenwald. Hitler, who wanted to expand the Weimar Nationaltheater into a leading stage of the German Reich, supported it not only financially but also attended numerous operatic and operetta performances. His place was specially adapted for him and decorated with a hook-and-cross covering hanging over the parapet. At the beginning of the 1930s the actress Emmy Sonnemann, the future wife of Hermann Goering, was among its ensemble. In September 1944 the theatre had to close and was used as armaments company of the company Siemens & Halske. During the air attack on February 9, 1945, the building had been burnt out. The ceremonial reopening took place with a production of <i>Faust</i> on August 28, 1948. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWgZrRzkRIkmHeo-ObBqEEA6D7WfB4VWfuPwd-ul1Mw5pkz_zsHZXcYEuJphp_DVKOUS9QzfwB0TD2Ui2zx1I-TM8RQOcH7ZQ2uC8wEYz9YidrK3MDsp7cjv6J-vdGSgAG8GbUavEMV7CR/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252833%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="301" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWgZrRzkRIkmHeo-ObBqEEA6D7WfB4VWfuPwd-ul1Mw5pkz_zsHZXcYEuJphp_DVKOUS9QzfwB0TD2Ui2zx1I-TM8RQOcH7ZQ2uC8wEYz9YidrK3MDsp7cjv6J-vdGSgAG8GbUavEMV7CR/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252833%2529.gif" width="257" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">Hitler in front of the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">Ernst Rietschel's </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Goethe-Schiller statue, probably the most recognisable symbol for Weimar, which has stood here on Theaterplatz since 1857. Hitler spoke at the National Theatre at noon April 12, 1931 at a porivate meeting of the Gaufuhrertagung of the Thuringian Nazi Party, opened by Gauleiter Fritz Sauckel. After greetings from SA Oberführer Gustav Zunkel, Hans Schemm and the Saxon Gauleiter Martin Mutschmann, Gau propaganda leader Franz Metzner, chief editor Hans Ziegler and Fritz Wächtler, Sauckel spoke. Then Hitler, who had previously spoken at the dedication of the SA standard, gave his speech. In the afternoon he inspected a march of around 12,000 members of the SA, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and HJ on the market square <a href="https://hait.tu-dresden.de/media/zeitschrift/TD_02_01_Fritze.pdf">according to the <i>Weimarische Zeitung</i></a> of the following day. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">According to <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kCDYByxCSYC&pg=PA84">Hans Pohlsander</a>, "Weimar boasts one of the most famous and most beloved monuments in all of Germany, the Goethe–Schiller monument in front of the Nationaltheater" which <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2VxdRS6sCcgC&pg=PA5">Paul Zanker</a> argues represented the start of "a true cult of the monument [when] the Germans began to see themselves, faute de mieux, as "the people of poets and thinkers." There are replicas in Cleveland, Syracuse, Milwaukee and San Francisco and even a smaller one in Anting, a "German-themed" town outside Shanghai. From May 1942 to 1945 the monument - the only one in the city - was walled in for protection against air raids; in the summer of 1945 it was restored. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzj2bAd-XeaXKMlA_PhJcbMWCfONMWkj5r1-2UYz1rZtc1MZbbUlq7P1FReO0Td527pFDrurTJNDw7jWCCS3Ot_hynvSAQmMzzgEBtfFx585UmeRAED53WQg13qtp3Yn8FiHJxa0fQrPRM/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252832%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="396" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzj2bAd-XeaXKMlA_PhJcbMWCfONMWkj5r1-2UYz1rZtc1MZbbUlq7P1FReO0Td527pFDrurTJNDw7jWCCS3Ot_hynvSAQmMzzgEBtfFx585UmeRAED53WQg13qtp3Yn8FiHJxa0fQrPRM/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252832%2529.gif" width="378" /> </a><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span none="">Behind the statue on the facade of the theatre shown on the right is t</span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">he<span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">
memorial tablet designed by Walter Gropius commemorating the adoption
of the first democratic constitution in Germany being removed by SA men
in March 1933. A replica of the panel can be seen to the left of the
entrance<span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""> behind. It had been inaugurated on August 11, 1922, after the ceremony began at 16.00 with a speech from the former Minister of State which ended with a cheer for the republic and the daughter of Minister of State Frölich unveiling the memorial. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">At the order of the Thuringian Minister of Education Fritz Wachtler the memorial board was removed on March 26, 1933 with the local newspaper announcing its removal under the headline "The disgrace is extinguished". The article stated how, "[g]iven that the inscription on this tablet represents an infamous lie and lies are eradicated in the new state, it was a matter of course that this tablet had to disappear... The design comes from the communist former Weimar Bauhaus leader Gropius, the 'darling' of the former state government, who 'worked' here from 1919 to 1925! ... The tablet was embedded in the masonry as if it had to stay there for centuries. The new era has already done other deeds, so it has not stopped at the table of shame. Weimar is German again!" It is assumed that the sign was temporarily stored and, unnoticed during the war, escaped melting. The replica was installed on August 28, 1948.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh27pZx6NKpmG2IfxIRO8qTmSzimk-_F0JQxtQsAgaZUOJDvwFFTh3k41_h2ALZLfFGhp2ygZDgYygZWB-oxX4Ia2bf38b8PjJXtuodkHkaUzMS0xE4aGRTkgPKbVjm2Fwn18i6KxBFYNvsKUjSFEn4Tj6_EGyO18rLkVf0ImYa_cY5NoVhFRLqG8-MYA/s375/ezgif.com-optimize(1).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="375" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh27pZx6NKpmG2IfxIRO8qTmSzimk-_F0JQxtQsAgaZUOJDvwFFTh3k41_h2ALZLfFGhp2ygZDgYygZWB-oxX4Ia2bf38b8PjJXtuodkHkaUzMS0xE4aGRTkgPKbVjm2Fwn18i6KxBFYNvsKUjSFEn4Tj6_EGyO18rLkVf0ImYa_cY5NoVhFRLqG8-MYA/w400-h278/ezgif.com-optimize(1).gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">O</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>n the left the Hitler Youth and BDM with a Nazi Propagandawagen in front of the Wittumspalais in 1943. Just past the Wittumspalais turning into Schillerstrasse from 1911 to 1938 was the well-known textile department store of the Sachs and Berlowitz families, who were among the founding members of the Jewish community in Weimar, located on the right-hand side where an eyewear shop is located today. The company was 'Aryanised' in 1938; part of the Berlowitz family managed to escape to Palestine, other members were murdered in Latvia.<br /></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiihhmQ3JFWi3ObEGu-NYEHXbuJPzNa3CRlCJO3kRWI5u_SFHFkpISnxg3_Xs6z5ZVRRSBd5RKlYfWiBrRblyWJYqjjcG_-z2D0OdDsYftazxTksv8wFVtoSpCyJ9qhQXtnaKi0f6XsLRTe/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252834%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="349" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiihhmQ3JFWi3ObEGu-NYEHXbuJPzNa3CRlCJO3kRWI5u_SFHFkpISnxg3_Xs6z5ZVRRSBd5RKlYfWiBrRblyWJYqjjcG_-z2D0OdDsYftazxTksv8wFVtoSpCyJ9qhQXtnaKi0f6XsLRTe/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252834%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">On </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>Schillerstrasse is </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Schiller's house, opened in 1847 as Germany's first literary memory museum. Below </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Hitler is shown </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">in 1934 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">outside Schiller's house </span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">where the poet lived from 1802 until his death in 1805, </span></span></span>and me in front today. The Nazis were masters in the instrumentalisation of almost all cultural traditions in Germany. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Whilst local Nazi functionaries had called for a boycott of the republican Reichs- Goethe celebration in 1932, in 1933 it was propagandistically clever to use the fact that the year of the "seizure of power" was also a year of Luther. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The "free spirit" Luther was short-circuited politically with the "liberator" Hitler. One year later, national Schiller celebrations were staged with great pomp in Marbach am Neckar (Schiller's place of birth) and in Weimar on the occasion of Schiller's 175th birthday. Schiller's adaptation by the regime as a 'national poet, 'freedom hero' and 'liberator' of the Germans was able to build on the nationalisation of the classics of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Goethe's friend, who wanted to write<a href="https://schillerinstitute.com/blog/tag/helga-zepp-larouche/"> "for humanity," rather than "for a nation,"</a> had long ago made a contemporar of all subsequent epochs, often being narrowed down nationalistically. It was more subtle to reinterpret Schiller's longing for freedom with the idea of the self-liberation of the Germans under their "Führer" or to accentuate the "heroic" in Schiller's own life and the fate of his most famous dramatists. Less pleasant was the regime's idea of tyrannicide (William Tell) and the demand for freedom of thought (Don Carlos) - both dramas were banned in 1941-44. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI6CxlSjFiIre2_V0dTvMmsY51fjvdmS71NP4vOUFtdebQyiVPlQFiAYMhllY23TQUNXhr6ARwB08Ugzsk1Tt56Ee6zlkNRfOd6kCsDzpGzbXbndaadqWzN40qiGUWK4XXiDlfzx5LawGm/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-03-20+at+12.36.36.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI6CxlSjFiIre2_V0dTvMmsY51fjvdmS71NP4vOUFtdebQyiVPlQFiAYMhllY23TQUNXhr6ARwB08Ugzsk1Tt56Ee6zlkNRfOd6kCsDzpGzbXbndaadqWzN40qiGUWK4XXiDlfzx5LawGm/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-03-20+at+12.36.36.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 314px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Schiller's death chamber, decorated with Nazi paraphernalia</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">In
1941 the first heavy bombing raids were flown on German cities, and the furniture here used by Friedrich Schiller was deemed important cultural
relics. The Schiller Museum was also kept open to the war-weary "national community" to suggest perseverance. Thus on February 17, 1942 a consultation on the "Protection of cultural sites, art treasures and cultural assets" adopted the measure to produce faithful copies of the museum's items whilst the
originals were brought to the basement of what was left of the Nietzsche Memorial Hall. The workshops of the ϟϟ in Buchenwald concentration camp offered a pragmatic and cost-effective way where the inmates made forty wooden crates for storage of
smaller items, as well as copies of Schiller's desk, bed, two chairs and
spinet. The city government was pleased with the quality of the reproductions highly satisfied and the mayor had a affix a plaque with the following text in the
Schiller House affixed: "Furniture in Schiller's work and death room are
replicas of the originals now placed in safety." After the war, the original furnishings were returned to the Schiller House. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitHVKr4RXbKk66XFsIAPmHWImDdkht1s7Xv2HRFb8lfGXwqYwwbIA8jH8AIRT7f3sTwIdy28S3xz_N93zZynByPQlKWVoN576vCb5-pWvgeL02dOz-mjoAQl5Ylhj6klnVs996vqwB_Mcg/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitHVKr4RXbKk66XFsIAPmHWImDdkht1s7Xv2HRFb8lfGXwqYwwbIA8jH8AIRT7f3sTwIdy28S3xz_N93zZynByPQlKWVoN576vCb5-pWvgeL02dOz-mjoAQl5Ylhj6klnVs996vqwB_Mcg/w407-h261/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 336px;" width="407" /></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">In September 1934 the Prussian Ministry of Education received an angry letter from a Mr Heinrich Ludendorff: ‘As is conveyed to me by reliable sources,’ he wrote, ‘a volume of the Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn has lain for years in the Schiller House in Weimar as the only book on this German poet’s writing desk in his study. ... Visitors to this room ... [have] struggled in vain for a long time to have this book removed.’ The 1930 guide to the house confirms that Mendelssohn’s ‘philosophical writings’ did indeed lie on the desk alongside a quill pen, a letter opener and a globe. The Thuringian Minister for Education requested more information on the matter. In response, the director of the Schiller House, Professor Eduard Scheidemantel, made a moving, eloquent plea to leave the book where it was, claiming he had never heard any calls for its removal. Scheidemantel’s arguments were ignored: the book was removed and guides to the house no longer mentioned it. Guides to the Goethe House during the Nazi period remarked that the only things missing from that poet’s study, which otherwise remained in the same condition as just after his death, were ‘a few meaningless pieces, among them, several books’. It is tempting to attribute this absence to the kind of cultural cleansing that occurred at the Schiller House. Likewise, it is possible to see the ‘thorough re-arrangement’ of the rooms in the Kirms-Krackow-House, which took place in the Third Reich and which ‘freed [them] from all foreign ingredients’, in a similar light. Proof that the cultural sites of memory underwent alterations along such blatantly ideological lines in Weimar or elsewhere in Germany is difficult to obtain. But these kinds of disappearing acts are easy to detect in that other essential item of touristic equipment, the map.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Semmens (60-<span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">61)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBUwBcKzZcnBOqzAxIs6NrvAPRmWJqeBSL8RLfmgYsO_Is8Ijbam1r8cEKBW3uZG3qxM_puvO4sm3arvUjQupKUA3TOdGZfU1b-d7n4ZeEJN_jj5ztPX05omCL4a4jngBx9auIC-HLKL_N/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBUwBcKzZcnBOqzAxIs6NrvAPRmWJqeBSL8RLfmgYsO_Is8Ijbam1r8cEKBW3uZG3qxM_puvO4sm3arvUjQupKUA3TOdGZfU1b-d7n4ZeEJN_jj5ztPX05omCL4a4jngBx9auIC-HLKL_N/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 239px; width: 292px;" /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Hitler visiting the Nietzsche Archives in August, 1934, being welcomed by Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, the month he became absolute ruler. Early in February 1932 Hitler presented Förster-Nietzsche with a bouquet of roses in Weimar. Nietzsche's sister later responded by giving Hitler Nietzsche's walking stick. However, Nietzsche was never mentioned in either public or private speeches by Hitler, and National Socialism was limited to symbolic gestures in this regard. In 1934, Nietzsche's <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i> was laid down in the burial vault of the Tannenberg memorial alongside Alfred Rosenberg's <i>Myth of the 20th Century</i> and Hitler's <i>Mein Kampf</i>. In 1935 Hitler appeared in the Nietzsche archive for the funeral service for the late Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche. In 1934 the idea of building a Nietzsche Memorial Hall came up. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicLkAPIXqXOnNy0TGunhI-r6X_xb1TDsWJkT6bifrro_Beym8FibGG8md0RSKtYobyQx9pAufrnoRyAjcnikolq6_bePcxhnTzplIMBxByCYadnzvYOg881WessqxUkIrQEo3xLUaFStMO-mU07W1-tJSeNP1Jo9M7zDpknFKE9nT7qaz8GDMKF_C-IQ/s367/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-23T100724.793.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="344" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicLkAPIXqXOnNy0TGunhI-r6X_xb1TDsWJkT6bifrro_Beym8FibGG8md0RSKtYobyQx9pAufrnoRyAjcnikolq6_bePcxhnTzplIMBxByCYadnzvYOg881WessqxUkIrQEo3xLUaFStMO-mU07W1-tJSeNP1Jo9M7zDpknFKE9nT7qaz8GDMKF_C-IQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-23T100724.793.gif" width="300" /></a>Hitler had donated 50,000 RM from his private fortune for the project. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The project was particularly supported by Fritz Sauckel and so in 1937 construction began on the neighbouring property of the Nietzsche Archive although it could not be completed after the start of the war. From 1935 to 1941 a total of 557,000 RM was made available with only the Ministry of Propaganda and the Ministry of Education expressly refusing to support the construction. At the request of Georg Lüttke, Mussolini sent a Dionysos statue, which only arrived in 1944 and could no longer be erected because the Nietzsche Hall was now being used by the Thuringian government and police. 1944 was the hundredth anniversary of Nietzsche's birthday and anniversary editions were planned, but were not realised due to adverse circumstances. Rosenberg gave a speech at the commemoration hour on October 15, 1944 in Weimar whilst Heinrich Härtle gave a lecture in Wilhelmshaven and Hans Frank in Kraków.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4wDjXrXd__iWjqc28TeCSuGIos6iGfVoVsBMDzbpqbVgdlhI_pw_xYnl2aEt0fV8pqpi1rDHS42SriJvsZr42OvOT9Oaz0kAZByQL9h-adOh7FTfDypUdUIRARIOoBm2GKJdsK2vtso0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-06-30+at+9.15.28+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4wDjXrXd__iWjqc28TeCSuGIos6iGfVoVsBMDzbpqbVgdlhI_pw_xYnl2aEt0fV8pqpi1rDHS42SriJvsZr42OvOT9Oaz0kAZByQL9h-adOh7FTfDypUdUIRARIOoBm2GKJdsK2vtso0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-06-30+at+9.15.28+AM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The bust remains in the same location. After 1918, the archive became a place where anti-Democrats and Republican opponents set the tone. Elisabeth's early sympathies for Mussolini were extended to include the Nazis and their prominent representatives around 1930. For the first time in 1932, Hitler visited the house, returned several times, and was also present at the state funeral for Förster-Nietzsche in November 1935. After the capitulation to the Anglo-American forces in 1945, the archive closed its doors and was never reopened. The archive holdings came to the Goethe and Schiller archives. The building is today the seat of the Kolleg Friedrich Nietzsche.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5L0Kuh_KJSJvnz_lvgm0XafbDYRpICD2Ghj0-d_8SBidjx3ln6k4P9Ei4EoKpwabaG2hyEcSGz9Q2Hk2RgrZBG15urwQNIy4OVLUr9V40l7ceJhY9C0kzAGAxIWtx0FvVjy0XASsL_wv7OQI7vafmhiCHDJcEyq4z6ef3i_X8GeFlPA_VX_-t3LY4dQ/s514/demoplatzez.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="514" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5L0Kuh_KJSJvnz_lvgm0XafbDYRpICD2Ghj0-d_8SBidjx3ln6k4P9Ei4EoKpwabaG2hyEcSGz9Q2Hk2RgrZBG15urwQNIy4OVLUr9V40l7ceJhY9C0kzAGAxIWtx0FvVjy0XASsL_wv7OQI7vafmhiCHDJcEyq4z6ef3i_X8GeFlPA_VX_-t3LY4dQ/w431-h261/demoplatzez.gif" width="431" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>Me in front </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">at today's <i>Platz der Demokratie</i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>; the Hochschule für Musik "Franz Liszt", Gelbe Schloss and Residenzschloss remain intact. </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>After 1918, the </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>Residenzschloss</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>
functioned as the official seat of the Provisional Government, and then
of the democratic state parliament in the Free State of Thuringia. This
made it the scene of fierce debates between democrats and opponents of
the republic. </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The so-called <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">O</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>rdnungsbund government, in office from February 1924 and made up of
various bourgeois parties, was only able to act with the toleration of völkisch
deputies. In January 1930, a state government was formed, which for the
first time included two Nazis as ministers. </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>If the Hotel Elephant was a place of Hitler's triumph in Weimar a few yards down here on </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Platz der Demokratie </i></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>was
a site a humiliation for Hitler. </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>Minister of
the Interior and Education Wilhelm Frick had Hitler issued with a
certificate of appointment as gendarmerie commissioner in Hildburghausen in another attempt to naturalise the Austrian Hitler. A year and a half
later, this action was discovered; the new state parliament convened a
committee of inquiry through which its chairman Hermann Brill of the SPD invited Hitler,
Frick and Sauckel as witnesses. Hitler cut a rather pathetic figure, but
in speeches to supporters in Weimar he stylised himself as the winner
of the process. Even before the Nazis' landslide victory in July
1932, the state parliament was dissolved and didn't meet again until
1945. I</span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Y2hBQe1QzvkKw_P0gpJ3hNEhLL8BjM8o4QhyphenhyphenmBQBQd7n_Dit5BPrdqPKydyuTyTiQj3qxIAbnTQlbSF_RxyxK09GURV4YYW1Z59Z6BneAbdMa55LgQeOLZNfzzjX5UjJLwDXYDkXJjN4/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252835%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="489" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Y2hBQe1QzvkKw_P0gpJ3hNEhLL8BjM8o4QhyphenhyphenmBQBQd7n_Dit5BPrdqPKydyuTyTiQj3qxIAbnTQlbSF_RxyxK09GURV4YYW1Z59Z6BneAbdMa55LgQeOLZNfzzjX5UjJLwDXYDkXJjN4/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252835%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>n 1933, the Nazi authorities moved into the </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span>Residenzschloss.</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span> From
June 1937, Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter Sauckel resided here with his
staff. Brill eventually was
imprisoned in Brandenburg and in 1943 in the Buchenwald concentration
camp. After the liberation, he was one of the leading personalities of a
new democratic beginning, which, however, was not given a chance in the
new regime.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek on the right and Hitler in front in
1937. The state library, as the institution was known from August 1919,
was in crisis since the end of the 19th century, which continued to
worsen during the economically turbulent 1920s. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hopes
that the Nazis would invest in the library quickly vanished after 1933
when, instead, what occurred what the aryanisation of the staff. Deputy
Director Paul Ortlepp, married to a Jewish woman, was harassed, spied
on, and removed from office in December 1937. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">His wife ended up being murdered in August 1943 in Auschwitz. After the death of Werner Deetjens in 1939
and the tenure of interim director Hermann Blumenthal, the Nazi cultural
bureaucracy installed the völkisch author Robert Hohlbaum from Vienna.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">He had been in charge of the Duisburg city library since 1937 and now
used the library as a forum for his ideological and poetic presumptions.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
After Weimar capitulated on April 12, 1945, a dozen days later the
undamaged library reopened its doors, allowing for Paul Ortlepps's
rehabilitation and reinstatement as director until his early death in
July 1945.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
Duchess Anna Amalia Library has recently attracted a great deal of
publicity, in particular through its fire in September 2004. </span></span></span></span> </span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QmT7TWSnpoyPB24F7Bv6upILbhmAH95jTz1_q9X2jlhRgyxMxpI7gVVZ7DfPj_dmerSCeQllo-OIAXc3IKhrR7-E9oCN3ypJHwfxtmqU0In_p4J0ipqRCXpd4fddNQmflCK9XpQlkHbF/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25284%2529.gif" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="417" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QmT7TWSnpoyPB24F7Bv6upILbhmAH95jTz1_q9X2jlhRgyxMxpI7gVVZ7DfPj_dmerSCeQllo-OIAXc3IKhrR7-E9oCN3ypJHwfxtmqU0In_p4J0ipqRCXpd4fddNQmflCK9XpQlkHbF/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25284%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 447px;" /><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzNakVzy5xmL-ShAPzPPKVO830WFNL7ePq9rfJYhFqTCwiNHg04axn4bhURQL7OjnsAzKt8TKuHSX4nFn6lVvWABO3Qso_GTvG9lptHHjR-lUUxyT9KSsNZFyUytYMkuxh0qlLzuj1HgE/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzNakVzy5xmL-ShAPzPPKVO830WFNL7ePq9rfJYhFqTCwiNHg04axn4bhURQL7OjnsAzKt8TKuHSX4nFn6lVvWABO3Qso_GTvG9lptHHjR-lUUxyT9KSsNZFyUytYMkuxh0qlLzuj1HgE/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 205px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The Bastille, <span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">s</span>chloß Hornstein<span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">, with Nazi <span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">flags flying from the Residenskaffee replaced by the red ensign on the back of my bike, and the wife in fron<span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">t a dozen years earlier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: none; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZRUY8Jqk90rqsvhh_2BxiFgFKjJZBznEPlFRPTo1hHk1KIZKxVKapreXk5geAcht80QZPQLmFpQ7aANdFfF-2rnoCTfeZEdPB7ksxXwoSgrUM-jly9WmItkqrsISqheVwHd5e3b4r7TuX/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252841%2529.gif" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="454" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZRUY8Jqk90rqsvhh_2BxiFgFKjJZBznEPlFRPTo1hHk1KIZKxVKapreXk5geAcht80QZPQLmFpQ7aANdFfF-2rnoCTfeZEdPB7ksxXwoSgrUM-jly9WmItkqrsISqheVwHd5e3b4r7TuX/w400-h279/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252841%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 359px;" width="400" /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The Bastille and Neptune fountain are the only set reference points between these images of the market square immediately after its</span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""> extensive bombing on February 9, 1945 and today. The </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Wielandbrunnen on Wielandplatz continues to experience considerable reconstruction. During bombing raids on the town– almost exclusively by the USAAF – on February 9, 27 and on March 10, 1945, the city centre was badly damaged as seen here. 965 tonnes of bombs were dropped. On February 9, 1945 alone, around 460 residents lost their lives in a daytime attack by 198 B-17 “Flying Fortress” bombers from an altitude of around 6,000 metres. Among them were eighty of the ninety children from the NSV kindergarten (today the “Hufeland” day care centre). A total of 1,254 residents and 600 Buchenwald prisoners died in the air raids. 325 buildings ended up being destroyed and another 210 badly damaged among which were the Herderkirche, the Gelbe Schloss, Jägerhaus, Zeughaus, Wittumspalais, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Templar House in the Goethe Park</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, the Kulissenhaus on Theaterplatz, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">the State Museum, the National Theatre, the court pharmacy, the Stadthaus, the Fürstenkeller and the <i>Gasthof zum Erbprinz</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="background-color: none; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqHxdvjP3kGNAnUzvKHPJbft7bIjPqzQVxXkdgvbBUV8ig-7BhlXmeGgXeFAXU60H4km-Z5XJi-keurdBit0dbhX8Gq1tJGgmyUHNgfzdhDmaTGAGbbi544jwb8L8Y79sbrrqCpCdutUT1/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252861%2529.gif" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqHxdvjP3kGNAnUzvKHPJbft7bIjPqzQVxXkdgvbBUV8ig-7BhlXmeGgXeFAXU60H4km-Z5XJi-keurdBit0dbhX8Gq1tJGgmyUHNgfzdhDmaTGAGbbi544jwb8L8Y79sbrrqCpCdutUT1/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252861%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 250px; width: 262px;" /><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span>Also affected were the Goethe House, Vulpius Houses, Schiller House, Residenzschloss, Goethe's Garden House, Kirms-Krackow House, Sächsischer Hof and Deutschritterhaus. These culturally valuable buildings were largely rebuilt with quite a few - despite the general shortage - already shortly after the war. In the last months of the war, Weimar and the surrounding area also suffered heavily from low-flying aircraft attacks. Particularly tragic was the death of 117 Allied prisoners of war who died on February 27, 1945 on the autobahn west of Weimar as a result of gunfire from American fighter-bombers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">At the end of the war Lieutenant Colonel Josef Ritter von Gadolla, an Austrian, decided not to obey the order for the absolute defence of Weimar and thus, as combat commander, prevented the final destruction of Weimar. This action cost him his life, as he was arrested by Wehrmacht soldiers on the way to the advancing Americans and, one day after Gotha's surrender on April 5, 1945 in the Mackensen barracks in Weimar was sentenced to death and summarily shot </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">because of his "<a href="https://www.gotha.de/leben-in-gotha/stadtportraet/persoenlichkeiten/ehrenbuerger/2018-josef-ritter-von-gadolla-1897-1945.html">abandonment of the <i>festen Platzes</i> Gotha</a>"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Gadolla thus became a victim of Nazi military justice; the verdict was overturned in 1997 and he was thus rehabilitated.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4O7o1mLvLtcTahdRaA-4sjzJlQYMwWjpfMqDD1Qit8qWCKTKSe_bYtoCEMFpMqR7CoSk6FJ-b7zsOJ19Bb8QC_HfvqYn2G2QjgbyiQ1TM2NNMRD2UDXFLPWL4zPgPx1wKao9ArG5CH0XcZUrGCVvWmRigTmjI945y9ngc1D4rFl_FHXx7lKUE6bID_Q/s451/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-22T213317.716.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="219" data-original-width="451" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4O7o1mLvLtcTahdRaA-4sjzJlQYMwWjpfMqDD1Qit8qWCKTKSe_bYtoCEMFpMqR7CoSk6FJ-b7zsOJ19Bb8QC_HfvqYn2G2QjgbyiQ1TM2NNMRD2UDXFLPWL4zPgPx1wKao9ArG5CH0XcZUrGCVvWmRigTmjI945y9ngc1D4rFl_FHXx7lKUE6bID_Q/w722-h310/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-22T213317.716.gif" width="722" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The Market Square on April 12, 1945 with American soldiers from the 317th Regiment. After the American 3rd army had reached Buchenwald concentration camp the day befoe an American city command had been set up in Weimar, the latter ordered a compulsory visit by one thousand residents to the liberated camp to force them to acknowledge the horror of their regime. At the beginning of July, the Americans withdrew from Thuringia, and the period of Soviet occupation began in Weimar.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY_kJi2AvtIo7KtakuDD2Drwmz8I5xOJYGRBHx6by_8j7G02bT62PanwFVJc7AZyzE8C_pR8lH65SYEszVET1CUN4_1I8DwJ-V63Lyugsk7zsp2eJimF2HiD20slY7dmiEEHL5AkdoW-4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="440" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY_kJi2AvtIo7KtakuDD2Drwmz8I5xOJYGRBHx6by_8j7G02bT62PanwFVJc7AZyzE8C_pR8lH65SYEszVET1CUN4_1I8DwJ-V63Lyugsk7zsp2eJimF2HiD20slY7dmiEEHL5AkdoW-4/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""> The Weimarhalle flanked by Nazi flags and its current form today. Built in 1931 within just fifteen months of construction according to the designs of Max and Günther Vogeler in the style of the New Objectivity directly behind the Bertuchhaus, today's city museum in Froriepschen garden. In 1925 the Weimar-Halle Aktiengesellschaft was founded to finance the largest hall building. On the occasion of the centen of the death of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe on March 12, 1932, the Weimarhalle was inaugurated with a "memorial service of the German Reich". The National Socialists used the Weimarhalle as the venue for their mass events. Even before the Nazis' 'seizure of power,' Hitler appeared here </span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">on March 15, 1932 </span>for a mass rally of the Nazi Gau Thuringia. </span>After the war the Weimarhalle served until 1948 as the replacement venue for the destroyed German National Theatre. After that, it was the scene of numerous major political events until the Weimarhalle from 1952 to 1974 became the home of Soviet officers. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwCCBUuUHOYYTSus_-2dIJ5csFXVDZLZiK8tslIazCwU5XyDw_6BNghqjG-L6nSNH00_1OBIBdX176nNDVLj6BJG6l2Sl_nE5f5T9PI8SqYe5BjzH9j2ilhgmEQAISC4Wic9SOcblYhvEZh2FcN1WWyNbpkVWGRkt6_Jiv-51rbmPkf8ErlHj6hLorAA/s327/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(21).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="195" data-original-width="327" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwCCBUuUHOYYTSus_-2dIJ5csFXVDZLZiK8tslIazCwU5XyDw_6BNghqjG-L6nSNH00_1OBIBdX176nNDVLj6BJG6l2Sl_nE5f5T9PI8SqYe5BjzH9j2ilhgmEQAISC4Wic9SOcblYhvEZh2FcN1WWyNbpkVWGRkt6_Jiv-51rbmPkf8ErlHj6hLorAA/w400-h239/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(21).gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The main railway station in July 1936 and today. Between 1914 and 1922 this new entrance building was built in the neoclassical style although the construction work was suspended because of the First World War from 1916. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Nearly
10,000 Jewish men were deported in the days after Kristallnacht in 1938
to Buchenwald. They were first transported to the Weimar Central
Station,
where ϟϟ and auxiliary police drove them through the tunnel
passage and beat them. Survivor <a href="https://einfachraus.eu/ernst-cramer-ein-grosser-deutscher-publizist/">Ernst Cramer recalled </a>how "[i]t seemed
pointless; we were herded like cattle and beaten against the wall [...],
Go, Go! '
roared our tormentors, and drove us up the stairs with their batons out
of the station forecourt, a truck waiting there. We were crammed within
as more new people were beaten inside." Such abuses took place in
public. At the eastern entrance of the station in 1998 a memorial plaque
was erected, which commemorates the arrival of the victims of the
anti-Jewish pogrom in Weimar. Later f</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>rom 1943 during the war the prisoners were transported to the Buchenwald concentration camp via the connecting route to Buchenwald which started here. Between 1946 and 1953, part of this railway was used for public transport. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoFd31Ln3K44a0PszGyzqUqopxlC2B73QG1_7SCG9RWaQkhJsrIS7X9f0FxRaYinfvuf_k1r0WivLFmwoKfRE9mVKyEMGKYtliPhW2L4Yka3DuOPxkovnU15yq7SSHS4z1_U_jzqOBCtZf/s1600/output_gFzYKF.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoFd31Ln3K44a0PszGyzqUqopxlC2B73QG1_7SCG9RWaQkhJsrIS7X9f0FxRaYinfvuf_k1r0WivLFmwoKfRE9mVKyEMGKYtliPhW2L4Yka3DuOPxkovnU15yq7SSHS4z1_U_jzqOBCtZf/s400/output_gFzYKF.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">In
1936, the Gestapo moved from
the police headquarters in the former Sophie Street to here, the former Grand
Ducal stables. <span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">After the abdication of Grand Duke Karl in 1918, the site, known as the Marstall, became the seat of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Justice in Thuringia, founded in 1920. In 1937, the Gestapo office in Thuringia moved into the eastern wing of the building, the Ilm Pavilion. It set up a "house gaol" in the basement where political prisoners were heard. When the Gestapo needed more space, they set up a government barracks in the courtyard and used the local garage as a makeshift prison. </span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Here twelve cells were converted by
concentration camp prisoners from Buchenwald. From here </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">spying, searches, arrest, torture, and statements under duress were part of the practice of authority.
Through the imposition of "protective custody" suspects would be admitted without evidence, prosecution and judgement indefinitely in a
concentration camp.
From May 1942, and headed the Gestapo oversaw the deportation of Jewish
inhabitants of Weimar to extermination camps, the riding hall was used
as a meeting place before entry to the freight depot. </span></span></span></span>In 1942, the former riding hall (today the user room of the archive) served as a collection point for the transports of Jews to the extermination camps. Between 1945 and 1951 Soviet secret services used the former rooms of the Gestapo to house political prisoners. </span></span></span></span>From <span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">July of that year the rooms were used for storage of files from the
Provincial Archives; today it hosts the <a href="https://landesarchiv.thueringen.de/weimar"><i>Thüringisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Weimar</i></a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO-eZmI1gUu6VNjjjS2bQHEKsk9DXQ8wSIXhS2EFEM7EsZl0sn4kXlVp_9TPiXLG3VLI-xphHuGZZBuAAFWM4Bwzj0oKY04syMFfqepUuGPlRS_2MK3CryeHvgwazE9rODXNSSqK9iPlzr/s1600/z" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5547211233806072914" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO-eZmI1gUu6VNjjjS2bQHEKsk9DXQ8wSIXhS2EFEM7EsZl0sn4kXlVp_9TPiXLG3VLI-xphHuGZZBuAAFWM4Bwzj0oKY04syMFfqepUuGPlRS_2MK3CryeHvgwazE9rODXNSSqK9iPlzr/s400/z" style="height: 194px; width: 286px;" /></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">Home on </span><span style="font-size: normal;">Straßenseite </span><span style="font-size: normal;">of Fritz Sauckel the regional Kreisleiter, the political leader of the largest subdivision of the Gaue.</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> During the war he was <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25805229">Reich defence commissioner</a> for Kassel<i> (Reichsverteidigungskommissar Wehrkreis IX)</i> before being appointed General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment (<i>Generalbevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz</i>) on March 21, 1942, on the recommendation of Martin Bormann. He worked directly under Hitler through the Four-Year Plan Office, directing and controlling German labour. In response to increased demands, he met the requirement for manpower with people from the occupied territories. Voluntary numbers were insufficient and forced recruitment was introduced within a few months. Of the 5 million workers brought to Germany, around 200,000 came voluntarily. The majority of the acquired workers originated from the Eastern territories, where the methods used to gain workers were reportedly very harsh. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">At Nuremberg he was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and together with a number of colleagues, he was hanged on October 16, 1946. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtGf_oVuSH1vQAMBGuDJbW7hnM_rWPT2zUMjDPudfb7dba6j8Sl8pwlJqReWpOtbbIzkRKiSw_pj2Q0IEqtvXl_fs531H5Qvx1iBx2KL1UrBGL3OwO1OiQrNOZudYDlXhyphenhyphenxeGo7JaI17gC/s1600/x" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5547211235971722370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtGf_oVuSH1vQAMBGuDJbW7hnM_rWPT2zUMjDPudfb7dba6j8Sl8pwlJqReWpOtbbIzkRKiSw_pj2Q0IEqtvXl_fs531H5Qvx1iBx2KL1UrBGL3OwO1OiQrNOZudYDlXhyphenhyphenxeGo7JaI17gC/s400/x" style="height: 195px; width: 276px;" /></a></span></span></span></span></span>His last words were recorded as "Ich sterbe unschuldig, mein Urteil ist ungerecht. Gott beschütze Deutschland!" (<i>I die innocent, my sentence is unjust. God protect Germany!</i>). Sauckel's sentence has been much the contentious subject among historians. Sauckel's ministerial responsibilities were part of Goering's "Four Year Plan" the so-called economic solution for greater Germany. The common misconception is that Albert Speer was his direct superior on account of his demands to meet the quota of foreign labourers in his munitions divisions when in fact Goering was effectively his direct superior. Whilst it's true that Speer inherited vital economic responsibility from Goering with his assumption as minister of armaments, but the policy of acquiring foreign labour was enabled by then armaments minister Fritz Todt and Hermann Goering. Moreover, the mistreatment of dragooned prisoners was ultimately left up to the discretion of the respective commandant of the division, not Sauckel who had expressly stated in a memorandum to his delegates of foreign labour that the men and women be treated accordingly with adequate care. In this sense the mistreatment of foreign labourers falls neither on Sauckel, nor on Speer for that matter.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9KHIALRktZDMaqiInl7HwQ_8ugz7hdiG7p4NyE2UOPkq_mb7xJLFXZCMoIAUaVpFJf-nP0PHcuoY6wix4up6_EjYp74geqGTfINAA6JcN2lqVJMbg9BG8HFf5l88isrucpVmobrakuJ8/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9KHIALRktZDMaqiInl7HwQ_8ugz7hdiG7p4NyE2UOPkq_mb7xJLFXZCMoIAUaVpFJf-nP0PHcuoY6wix4up6_EjYp74geqGTfINAA6JcN2lqVJMbg9BG8HFf5l88isrucpVmobrakuJ8/s400/1myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">Hermann Göring was instrumental in founding the Emmy-Göring-Stift für Bühnenveteranen (Emmy Goering Foundation for Stage Veterans), named for his actress wife who had retired upon her marriage to him to assist elderly performers. She he had been born Emma Sonnemann in Hamburg in 1893 to a wealthy salesman and eventually became an actress at the National Theatre here in Weimar. After marrying actor Karl Köstlin in Trieste in 1916 she took the name Emmy Köstlin until eventually divorcing a decade later. Through her marriage to Göring she took for herself the mantle of "First Lady of the Third Reich," creating bad blood between herself and Eva Braun whom she treated so badly that Hitler issued angry instructions to Göring demanding that Emmy treat Eva with more respect. After the war she found herself living in a tiny flat in Munich where she died in 1973 at the age of 80 and is now buried in Munich's <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2005/11/nazi-graves-in-munich.html">Waldfriedhof</a>. The Görings refurbished the the Marie Seebach House in Weimar in 1937 as an institution for aging actresses. Here </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">shown in a 1942 postcard, it has been reverted back to the name Marie-Seebach-Stift.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiB2aHWb27kUDbTkGw51tq7LmmWiF8UW9arzCh8fh9MVr3G8TVIkrMMI5A5wOASSOqqPQx9vnkBS9-mHpX6TunVf9ZWoX5unP05hnyV2RwKU9fKEgK_2qzrWKcUDKZ7BpzPIFlu-E9rcB3/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252828%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="316" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiB2aHWb27kUDbTkGw51tq7LmmWiF8UW9arzCh8fh9MVr3G8TVIkrMMI5A5wOASSOqqPQx9vnkBS9-mHpX6TunVf9ZWoX5unP05hnyV2RwKU9fKEgK_2qzrWKcUDKZ7BpzPIFlu-E9rcB3/w345-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252828%2529.gif" width="345" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">Standing beside the Thälmann memorial and at its inauguration. This square up <a href="https://www.weimar-lese.de/streifzuege/geschichtliches/das-weimarer-kriegerdenkmal/">until 1945 was Watzdorfplatz</a>, named after the Grand Ducal Minister Watzdorf. On its western side from 1878 was a monument to the heroes of the Franco-Prussian war and opposite it in 1938 the equestrian monument to Grand Duke Carl Alexander was relocated from Karlsplatz (Goetheplatz today). Both monuments were classified and demolished as "militaristic" in 1946. In the mid-1950s, the orphaned place gained new significance in the context of the DDR's commemoration policy. In 1953, the National Research and Memorial Sites of Classical German Literature (NFG) had already been installed in Weimar. The remembrance-political counterpart of the "classical" memorial sites was created in 1958 as Buchenwald National Remembrance and Memorial Site on the Ettersberg. It was now felt time to create a place within the city that was reminiscent of the concentration camp and thus here at the redesigned site was unveiled the statue of the former leader of the KPD, Ernst Thalmann, <a href="https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/-3006193840/?no_cache=1">the most famous Buchenwald prisoner</a>. In fact, the </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">ϟϟ </span></span> had Thalmann killed on August 18, 1944 as soon as he arrived from Bautzen.</span></span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">A
"monument of the resistance movement" had been planned to cover the
entire square but never realised. </span></span></span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjusDvaDojMYJC8u9kBDwrF3-W5UYws_jJMwk_CS0CIs5a90-RGmbkKnFH6yLoe3cyirOpxetVCk85DkZaT-RaCgMxOIAgRD517fEqevgtqy9YpfsexpJUFONZmK2OOHztv0OgyaxU_zmi7/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252829%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="275" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjusDvaDojMYJC8u9kBDwrF3-W5UYws_jJMwk_CS0CIs5a90-RGmbkKnFH6yLoe3cyirOpxetVCk85DkZaT-RaCgMxOIAgRD517fEqevgtqy9YpfsexpJUFONZmK2OOHztv0OgyaxU_zmi7/w284-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252829%2529.gif" width="284" /></a></span>In its place, the first monument of
the DDR was erected for Ernst Thälmann, Reichstag deputy and president
of the German communist party, who was murdered in Buchenwald on
Hitler's orders on August 18, 1944. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">It
was <a href="https://hansestadt-stralsund.de/de/sehenswertes/denkmaeler/thaelmann_denkmal">created by Dresden sculptor Walter Arnold</a> and shows Thälmann
as a militant speaker in his time as a politician of the Weimar
Republic. On August 17, 1958, the statue was solemnly unveiled. The
wall behind it bears the inscription: "Our
socialist act is growing from your sacrificial death." Symptomatic of
the anti-fascism of the DDR is the history of the memorial, as the
memory of all the dead of the concentration camps disappeared behind the
memory of communist heroes. Since 1991, the square bears the name
Buchenwaldplatz. </span></span>Only in the memory of the Communist prisoners and in the mythic history created by the DDR was "Comrade Thalmann" a "comrade" of the Buchenwald inmates. Even their terrible suffering and dying was later given a higher political meaning. With the line inscribed in the restriction of space, "Our socialist deed grows from your sacrificial death," the victims were made martyrs of anti-fascism and the dead of the concentration camp the "champions" of the "better Germany" of the DDR. The location of the square in Weimar's townscape recalls Richard Alewyn words, coined during the Goethe year of 1949: "Buchenwald lies between us and Weimar; that's why we can not get past."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYE7dAok7jd8PcoKjR2zi6JCVkEeRfMQvj2NlYZl50-sqDc5dtU1bcbps2XM3CcMN3DcV7U1_fcA-tZA_zpl2PDRQyB9G4AAmmsu3d70xH7aVYAxbPt1JVO75PBoga8ytVV3q4G6uwlsU/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252859%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="389" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYE7dAok7jd8PcoKjR2zi6JCVkEeRfMQvj2NlYZl50-sqDc5dtU1bcbps2XM3CcMN3DcV7U1_fcA-tZA_zpl2PDRQyB9G4AAmmsu3d70xH7aVYAxbPt1JVO75PBoga8ytVV3q4G6uwlsU/w400-h370/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252859%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">On March 22, 1925, the annually celebrated anniversary of Goethe's death, Hitler made his first public speech in the writer's hometown. In the years that followed the Nazis became increasingly influential in Weimar, using the economic recovery for regional and national meetings and symbolically reoccupied the building in its spirit. Thus, Weimar helped stage Nazi propaganda, becoming a place to promote the idea of a national conservative literary memory. The largest political celebrations took place here from November 4-6, 1938 on the occasion of the tenth Gautages Thuringia. For this purpose as mentioned above, the 1818 equestrian statue of Grand Duke Carl Alexander on Karlsplatz (now Goetheplatz), from which the damaged pedestal can still be seen today as shown here, was specially removed and moved to today's Buchenwaldplatz in order to make room for Hitler's VIP box. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ZEbrmtzPTb2BLa5l9dY3YE6Ed_SgS1HVSvaPXuvgQRcC87E3r23XrO4uFTQh7_YTTT6ZE4qZFf6xlzO3ZkfXTdjZ39HISC6cwlIU033mz9cvRWvNj6MFTXnAZDG8Qn5j9mOc5jJXDA2O/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252860%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="255" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ZEbrmtzPTb2BLa5l9dY3YE6Ed_SgS1HVSvaPXuvgQRcC87E3r23XrO4uFTQh7_YTTT6ZE4qZFf6xlzO3ZkfXTdjZ39HISC6cwlIU033mz9cvRWvNj6MFTXnAZDG8Qn5j9mOc5jJXDA2O/w246-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252860%2529.gif" width="246" /></a>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">In
March 1932, the 100th anniversary of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was
solemnised. From the political events of the day seemingly unaffected,
celebrated it the "spirit of Weimar". Thomas Mann described his stay:
"Quite strangely touched the mixing of Hitlerism and Goethe Weimar is
indeed a centre of Hitlerism [...] The type of the young man who decided
to indefinitely walked through the city and is greeted with the Roman
salute.. , dominates the city. "</span></span>
<span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The
anniversary also marked the start of the planned expansion of the
Goethe National Museum. In 1931, architect Heinrich Tessenowstraße was
appointed. He had Schinkel's <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/berlin-wehrmacht-hq-site-of-july.html">Neue Wache in Berlin</a> turned into a Reich
Memorial to the fallen of the First World War and was politically
controversial. Wilhelm Frick, later Reich Minister of the Interior,
described him as an "essentially foreign architect".</span></span>
<span style="font-size: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Finally,
the originally rejected designs of the late architect Walter Voigt came
to execution. On the instructions of Hitler more than half of the
required funds came from state finances. In the museum, a plaque
with the inscription was made: "extension created by the generous
support of leader Adolf Hitler in the third year of his reign
inaugurated on Goethe's birthday, 1935." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;">
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</span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" large="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>Buchenwald KZ and Memorial</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3a_xnZIfYCm6bOdl-pxLHYJghKxrTcyyYkOpUF8cfqld_0oSlWb1USAw3UKMZ1wWGKWgr4imsh94Pxq1zYeQEqBwfXM8-3ezrAYExNk6qlWDU9mWmAuI0Hsc2WvW9c_Z7uqUXLPG1C8yC/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252847%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="700" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3a_xnZIfYCm6bOdl-pxLHYJghKxrTcyyYkOpUF8cfqld_0oSlWb1USAw3UKMZ1wWGKWgr4imsh94Pxq1zYeQEqBwfXM8-3ezrAYExNk6qlWDU9mWmAuI0Hsc2WvW9c_Z7uqUXLPG1C8yC/s640/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252847%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">Buchenwald Concentration Camp was built in July 1937 in the direct vicinity of Weimar, the city of German Classicism. It was to this concentration camp on Ettersberg Mountain that the ϟϟ deported men, teenagers and children – political opponents to the Nazi regime, so-called asocials and criminals, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Jews, Sinti and Roma – who had no place in the National Socialist "people's community". </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">Following the outbreak of the war, the Nazis sent people from nearly every country in Europe to Buchenwald. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">At the time of the camp’s liberation, ninety-five percent of its inmates were from countries outside Germany. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">Between 1937 and 1945, altogether more than 250,000 persons were imprisoned here.</span> <span style="font-weight: normal;"> The inmates in the Buchenwald ”parent camp“ and its total of 136 subcamps were ruthlessly exploited. In 1944 the ϟϟ administration of Buchenwald took charge of camps in which women and girls were forced to work for the German armament industry. Some 56,000 human beings met their deaths in Buchenwald and its subcamps; they were killed, they starved to death, they died of illness or as victims of medical experiments. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">Many inmates, among them more than 8,000 Soviet prisoners of war, were systematically murdered by the </span></span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXbOXB12F1X7Hu3MqNpFR9ODZ1-MaLBqQ5_Qf35S7IMu8IkJTwHuQqhA7bLP7Z9TooUZklTy8xZL5rCCLgN43PxUXDpXlUBtTIxhzNcv_XpG22TfIH1yj43inD11S8w0-m8_MBgemN5WrONlFYLb8ESeNbJTE70KBk4eMVSMvCg3AXusRFiep9hwjPGw/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(24).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="400" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXbOXB12F1X7Hu3MqNpFR9ODZ1-MaLBqQ5_Qf35S7IMu8IkJTwHuQqhA7bLP7Z9TooUZklTy8xZL5rCCLgN43PxUXDpXlUBtTIxhzNcv_XpG22TfIH1yj43inD11S8w0-m8_MBgemN5WrONlFYLb8ESeNbJTE70KBk4eMVSMvCg3AXusRFiep9hwjPGw/w482-h347/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(24).gif" width="482" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">I'm standing beside the entrance which served as the main watchtower; the wings housed detention cells (the Bunker) – where ϟϟ gaolers tortured and murdered inmates on behalf of the Gestapo and the camp commander – as well as offices of the ϟϟ camp command. The camp gate with the bizarre inscription Jedem das Seine (to each his own) formed the boundary between the ϟϟ area and the inmates' camp. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">All the concentration camps had slogans on their gates. Often it was Arbeit Macht Frei (Work makes you free). However, in Buchenwald, a labour (not a death) camp – although many thousands of people were worked to death or deliberately killed there – the Nazis chose the motto <i>Jedem Das Seine</i> (To Each What They Are Due). It was placed on the inside of the gate rather than the outside, so that every prisoner was reminded of it as they looked to the world outside. The words are a powerful statement – and in this context a complete and provocative perversion of any notion of justice. They are the German translation of the Roman law maxim <i>Suum cuique,</i> incorporated not just into German law but legal systems across Europe. They are the title of a Bach cantata performed in Weimar, the city of Goethe and Schiller, just 10 miles from Buchenwald. And this gate, so close to Weimar, raises the unanswerable question of modern German history: how can these different components of the German story fit together? How could all these humane traditions of justice and scholarship, music and law – of a civilised society – all collapse in the Nazi abyss? The Nazi authorities conscripted one of the inmates of the camp to design the words. Franz Ehrlich had been interned as a communist on trumped-up charges of treason. He had trained at the Bauhaus, <a href="https://www.weimar.de/fileadmin/Redaktion/Tourismus/Bilder/Service/Broschueren/100_Jahre_Bauhaus_-_Bauhaus.Moderne.Design_2018-2019_Englisch.pdf">the famous school of design</a>, also in nearby Weimar, which was loathed by the Nazis for its internationalism and modernism. Ehrlich nonetheless used a beautiful Bauhaus typeface of the sort that the Nazis categorically disapproved of. Astonishingly, they didn't seem to notice. It is impossible not to read the sign as a quiet, profound protest. Ehrlich was compelled to design this hateful, callous motto, but he did it in a way that showed that another Germany, a humane, international Germany, survived. Using this typeface offered the hope that people, even in terrible circumstances, may sometimes find a way of asserting dignity. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="" x-small=""><a href="http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio4/germany/germany_20141031-1000a.mp3" target="_blank">Highly recommended 15 minute BBC podcast in which Neil MacGregor visits Buchenwald, one of the earliest and largest concentration camps and speaks for himself about this very gate and its relationship with German history. </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdTdH2S96EPaCJcfPWUlyZFh098rd3CcCsx3YMOXwZqOuGB1QF3hFTI7a9SPAcwvGirXTE0ukMpusWZpMaDeEgzR9fuRfWkNE5MVFxfnmdAtFev9aIyNvY39ot_ODDMsGsreLE1XXD0lin/s1600/ezgif.com-crop.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="179" data-original-width="310" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdTdH2S96EPaCJcfPWUlyZFh098rd3CcCsx3YMOXwZqOuGB1QF3hFTI7a9SPAcwvGirXTE0ukMpusWZpMaDeEgzR9fuRfWkNE5MVFxfnmdAtFev9aIyNvY39ot_ODDMsGsreLE1XXD0lin/s400/ezgif.com-crop.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">What remains of the main administration building outside the main camp after the August 24, 1944 incendiary bombing. Buchenwald Concentration Camp was involved in the N<span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">azi</span> killing policies through the practise of inmate selection and deportation to N<span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">azi</span> extermination camps: Buchenwald was the point of departure for extermination transports of children and sick inmates to Auschwitz, and when the ϟϟ cleared the camps in the east in early 1945, many mass transports went to Buchenwald. Shortly before the end of the war, the ϟϟ attempted to ”evacuate“ Buchenwald Concentration Camp as well, and forced 28,000 inmates to set out on ”death marches“. When the Third American Army reached Buchenwald on 11 April 1945, the ϟϟ fled, and inmates of the secret resistance organisation opened the camp. Approximately 21,000 inmates, including more than 900 children and teenagers, were liberated.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">In July 1945, when the American troops withdrew from Thuringia, Red Army units quickly took their place. The living conditions in Buchenwald Special Camp were extremely inhumane. Altogether, more than 7,100 persons died there. The dead were buried in mass graves to the north of the camp and in the vicinity of the Buchenwald railway station.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEqeaacM7mIFPz9LWd0GIooVyMUEkQZD7Afsp7HHcRlgcermymtIma1BqcCon5tu2ePoSKWY_nS41A8QlpTonL6gfH2VD6ixXI_j5ZCNr8PAwCbom63Dsz3bNr6ERptjZffUCNQ7lqWS63bk7q6wIJdxC1Ob_D9xO69SIkItbzwRIdhb_8y-318DQK5w/s328/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(16).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="328" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEqeaacM7mIFPz9LWd0GIooVyMUEkQZD7Afsp7HHcRlgcermymtIma1BqcCon5tu2ePoSKWY_nS41A8QlpTonL6gfH2VD6ixXI_j5ZCNr8PAwCbom63Dsz3bNr6ERptjZffUCNQ7lqWS63bk7q6wIJdxC1Ob_D9xO69SIkItbzwRIdhb_8y-318DQK5w/w400-h381/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(16).gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The Allies were slow to liberate the Little Camp. The stench was appalling. They found a number of children there when they finally braved it, including a three-year-old boy. The inmates died in large numbers even after the Americans began to feed them. The liberators learned that they could function only by repressing all emotion. On 16 April George Patton decided that the inhabitants of Weimar should know what had been happening on the Ettersberg. His men made a thousand or so inhabitants line up in the Paulinenstrasse and marched them off to the camp a kilometre away. Among them were some of the Nazi bigwigs of the city. American cameramen were on hand to film their reactions. The Americans wanted the full propaganda effect, and news of the site-inspection spread as far as Vienna. On the way to the camp there was much amused talk, particularly from the women and girls dressed for the occasion in their last finery. They showed no sign of knowing what to expect. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Their cheerful mood vanished when they saw the heaps of bodies covered with quick-lime. Women began to weep and faint. The men covered<span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span>their faces and turned their heads away. Many of them huddled together for comfort. One of the inmates who had been spared Hitler’s order to murder the last inhabitants of the camp was Imre Kertész, the Hungarian writer, then aged fifteen. He remembered the scene: the Americans had given him some chewing gum, which he belaboured with his jaw while he gazed lazily from the typhus isolation huts to the mass graves in the distance.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>MacDonogh<span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""> (86-87)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPm1inWrruOiNeS-TfLSVOxAAGf5l2GqbU3xipBRSREBmdDAzmhyo2wM_FaDBEa6-bkRn6rf6oMRpkAOYHo2rvtMo78asFcn4dMGmJC7g4C7u6mv0SPH8Jn6Gd7ahWNXvus4jU5KumH1s/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPm1inWrruOiNeS-TfLSVOxAAGf5l2GqbU3xipBRSREBmdDAzmhyo2wM_FaDBEa6-bkRn6rf6oMRpkAOYHo2rvtMo78asFcn4dMGmJC7g4C7u6mv0SPH8Jn6Gd7ahWNXvus4jU5KumH1s/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Before renovation and today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKtNmwgE2v_l22icfKeVN_W-vvHFVjCQJCQMAwcSecIv0kFgO5YMBEHNMyQ0KwFlBoAUKqWatR_epOfLhZmMUY4wPeSGLM8s_bh5Mm6NDvxApzPrsTJ-3EBBFgouwvNbSPe7nhKN-vEkc/s1600-h/3.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5449177346944424258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKtNmwgE2v_l22icfKeVN_W-vvHFVjCQJCQMAwcSecIv0kFgO5YMBEHNMyQ0KwFlBoAUKqWatR_epOfLhZmMUY4wPeSGLM8s_bh5Mm6NDvxApzPrsTJ-3EBBFgouwvNbSPe7nhKN-vEkc/s400/3.jpg" style="height: 279px; width: 309px;" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>Jewish slave labourers at Buchenwald and the site today. Lying at the back on the lower bunk is Max Hamburger, who was left with tuberculosis and malnourishment through his experience in the camp, recovering and later becoming a psychiatrist in the Netherlands. Second row, seventh from left is the famed author Elie Wiesel who later<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23737344"> recollected the day of Buchenwald's liberation</a> on April 11, 1945:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>Strangely, we did not "feel" the victory. There were no joyous embraces, no shouts or songs to mark our happiness, for that word was meaningless to us. We were not happy. We wondered whether we ever would be ... Yes, Hitler lost the war, but we didn't win it. We mourned too many dead to speak of victory.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">At first, Buchenwald was created as a detention camp. There were three main areas, a large camp for the prisoners who were considered political dissidents; a small camp that was called a quarantine camp, and tented section for the prisoners arriving from Poland. As the War progressed, the inmates were forced to engage in the production of arms at the nearby Gustloff factory and at the quarries. The first prisoners were forced to take part in both the creation and the maintenance of their own systems of torture and oppression, building the road, the railway line and the extensive barracks, interrogation chambers and crematoria.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">Unlike the other camps, Buchenwald was not a termination camp. It was a labour camp, if people died, it was because they could not withstand the terrible conditions of work, or because they tried to escape from the camp and were either torn to pieces by the guard dogs, or shot in the woods. Between 1937 and 1945, more than 250,000 of them were held prisoners, 50,000 of them died here.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>Johnson, Eric <i><a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/16267/pdf">Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans</a></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOgNpGsFQOvqisYHKUCEZDB76HrPY9r3F8hW5jExgX9Lh86F5StQRnCA7-QkjcHwKfKsZcWiNX8jl-ffgB7I5D1SpAx5qS6qIHtMzVmH8yJvQDTD6OimB5-FLpWwW_1o-BxGHlApgGJ3wa/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252858%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="542" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOgNpGsFQOvqisYHKUCEZDB76HrPY9r3F8hW5jExgX9Lh86F5StQRnCA7-QkjcHwKfKsZcWiNX8jl-ffgB7I5D1SpAx5qS6qIHtMzVmH8yJvQDTD6OimB5-FLpWwW_1o-BxGHlApgGJ3wa/s640/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252858%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Standing beside the site of the so-called Goethe oak, named by inmates in commemoration of Goethe’s frequent visits to the Ettersberg hill. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">In July 1937, the </span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">ϟϟ</span>
brought inmates from the camp at Sachsenhausen to clear 370 acres of
forest above the town which, as the home of Goethe and his meeting place
with Schiller, symbolises classical German culture. The Nazis spared
one magnificent oak, known to be a favourite of Goethe and his love
Charlotte von Stein, and made it the centre of a concentration camp
built to imprison and work to death Hitler's opponents and victims.' The
irony was not lost on people of the time. In May 1939, just before his
death, the Austrian Jewish emigre novelist and journalist Joseph Roth
devoted an article to the Goethe Oak declaring that "[s]ymbolism has never been as
cheap as it is today. Between the laundry and the kitchen [in the camp]
stands the oak tree of Madam von Stein and Goethe-and as such it is a
protected historical monument. Every day the prisoners of this
concentration camp pass by this oak tree, or rather: they are made to
pass by it."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiULI88DaMk6GfWb4S68qE8J4g5-yvw0tcDm4kp3NhT6QQ3B4fbGsg_LzGKIdZ16bdqhb64tI0a5GYw8OiOhamTcD1HiNGuSnaC4wNzxK-3I0Aa-FbybCENPT2pZI40cx__uxljCYlPpoM_/s1600/2" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5624775531580811106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiULI88DaMk6GfWb4S68qE8J4g5-yvw0tcDm4kp3NhT6QQ3B4fbGsg_LzGKIdZ16bdqhb64tI0a5GYw8OiOhamTcD1HiNGuSnaC4wNzxK-3I0Aa-FbybCENPT2pZI40cx__uxljCYlPpoM_/s400/2" style="height: 220px; width: 332px;" /></a></span>Destroyed by an Allied incendiary bomb on August 24, 1944 when it caught fire from flying sparks following the bombardment of the factory area, it was cut down although its stump remains today, preserved after being cast in concrete under the auspices of the East German government which also placed a plaque stating "Goethe Eiche." The tree had stood in the centre of the camp, where it apparently served for the hanging and torture of prisoners. For the ϟϟ and the prisoners the tree held two completely different meanings: for the ϟϟ it was a link to the Germany they thought they represented, but for the prisoners the tree pointed to a different Germany from the one they experienced in the camp. According to Amos Oz in <i><a href="https://archive.org/details/amosozreader0000ozam">The Amos Oz Reader</a></i> (384), the incorporation of the oak in the camp and its subsequent destruction is evidence that the Nazis destroyed their own heritage, and camp survivor Ernst Wiechert recalled standing under the oak and reflecting on the two Germanies it represented—what later scholars would call the "Januskopfes Deutschland", the so-called Weimar-Buchenwald dichotomy. The building behind me served as the storehouse which today hosts the Concentration Camp exhibition whilst the laundry building shown in front in the period photo no longer remains. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvbQnZqRw4WL8i1sLLa9b4iTGgFCxuBxkJ4pQ1pobE10Ldx_PUpkPxG9njWQhGP6veJI9GR2tymRFX9mpVnIvw6fbnS9SZSQqiSw2-iLJ_04hoenF0qnZq3PgYe-69NOA6y3qbF3wTqkoZEZL2EWxCRXMOOhbsFX1CTcTWKDpWZ9sRyOWiT2VD2u_ilQ/s1276/Screenshot%202023-03-04%20at%2009.45.03.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="1276" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvbQnZqRw4WL8i1sLLa9b4iTGgFCxuBxkJ4pQ1pobE10Ldx_PUpkPxG9njWQhGP6veJI9GR2tymRFX9mpVnIvw6fbnS9SZSQqiSw2-iLJ_04hoenF0qnZq3PgYe-69NOA6y3qbF3wTqkoZEZL2EWxCRXMOOhbsFX1CTcTWKDpWZ9sRyOWiT2VD2u_ilQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-03-04%20at%2009.45.03.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>The photo on the left shows </span></span></span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">ϟϟ</span>-Ustuf
Kurt Franz torturing inmates at Buchenwald whilst the photo I took on
the right shows a replica on the site symbolising the means Nazis used
to torture inmates; the cart would be used for the transport of stones
from the quarry, and prisoners would hang by their wrists from the
hanging post with their hands tied behind their backs. Behind can be
seen the crematorium chimney.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>Franz had worked as a cook in the euthanasia institutions in Grafeneck , Brandenburg , Hartheim and Sonnenstein as part of the T4 campaign and then as a deputy in the Reinhardt campaign and finally last camp commander of Treblinka extermination camp. In the Treblinka trial, Franz was sentenced to life imprisonment on September 3, 1965 for the joint murder of at least 300,000 people, for the murder in 35 cases of at least 139 people and for attempted murder. . The court charged him with "<a href="https://www.schwermetall.ch/forums/21/16182?start=120">almost satanic cruelty</a>", "extraordinarily great criminal energy" and "mercilessness towards the victims" when considering sentencing. regardless, Franz was released in 1993 after having been on day leave since the late 1970s, eventually dying in 1998 in a retirement home in Wuppertal.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsXnlSxacXBQgvJFlEilCqyXnakvRgSSWt9kUzJi_NoLJgiVMghIo9NmmwkPugbFboMl9vVUgyGR1z_5B4I4Gpe35L8kGZD6i8ODt3HCQzQcMENqfwZA2qMnkLNJ0aL2U0QrtkfEAqJuVT/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252845%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="417" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsXnlSxacXBQgvJFlEilCqyXnakvRgSSWt9kUzJi_NoLJgiVMghIo9NmmwkPugbFboMl9vVUgyGR1z_5B4I4Gpe35L8kGZD6i8ODt3HCQzQcMENqfwZA2qMnkLNJ0aL2U0QrtkfEAqJuVT/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252845%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-size: normal;">Here in the crematorium courtyard, the citizens of Weimar were forced to be confronted by American soldiers with the corpses found in the camp. It was the first photo of the Buchenwald camp to be published. Life photographer Margaret Bourke-White was with General George Patton’s troops when they liberated the Buchenwald concentration camps. Forty-three thousand people had been murdered there. Patton was so outraged that he ordered his men to march German civilians through the camp so that they could see, with their own eyes, what really happened to innocent people in these horrible “death camps” and so they could see what their own nation had wrought. Bourke-White’s pictures carried the horrible images to the world. In America, the pictures proved that reports of the Nazi’s [sic] methodical extermination of the Jews were true, and the country began a long process of rethinking its behaviour, such as the decision not to bomb the camps. Bourke-White said, "I saw and photographed the piles of naked, lifeless bodies, the human skeletons in furnaces, the living skeletons who would die the next day... and tattooed skin for lampshades. Using the camera was almost a relief. It interposed a slight barrier between myself and the horror in front of me." LIFE published in their May 7, 1945 issue many photographs of these atrocities, saying, "Dead men will have indeed died in vain if live men refuse to look at them."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>Landsberg, Alison. "America, the Holocaust, and the Mass Culture of Memory: Toward a Radical Politics of Empathy." New German Critique 71 (1997): 63-86.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcV3t1hRkPmj9jxG9NEgZIdy5hjOFaXUJ4iHvYdAApTJw0QBcH5WtxNFlr9tDjulMHDvRcFU9q6p7vBbMqO4Gqsa5lKVIAmKQtEDygshVgcecUxTjii8Ld9I13vIo1oRfUWLEPrLHtYrk/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcV3t1hRkPmj9jxG9NEgZIdy5hjOFaXUJ4iHvYdAApTJw0QBcH5WtxNFlr9tDjulMHDvRcFU9q6p7vBbMqO4Gqsa5lKVIAmKQtEDygshVgcecUxTjii8Ld9I13vIo1oRfUWLEPrLHtYrk/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">During the </span></span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">l</span><span style="font-size: normal;">iberation of Buchenwald on April 16, 1945. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">The
crematorium, which was completed in 1940, had a dissecting room and a
pathology for breaking out gold teeth next to the combustion room in the
cellar. The first incinerators were supplied by the Topf &
Söhne company in Erfurt in December 1939. By the spring of 1941, more
ovens had been delivered and installed by the company. Many inmates were
executed at the wall hooks in the basement of the crematorium. As one
of the most prominent victims here on the night of August </span></span><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white=""><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">17 to 18, </span></span>1944
the KPD leader Ernst Thalmann was shot at the
entrance to the furnace room on the direct orders of Hitler. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOag7j4FB_GDS8l93jPDGoeU8VjugRYXtgioId5LzLJsDMBRZqXIknwFu6a-Cb8pMIPueL0gqTUKFhEFp_dYe9TjOZe9FO3QfB92b0zXzzDswHWDLnKetUkf0mXIDUziG3Sqsab8F7XKs6/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252846%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="419" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOag7j4FB_GDS8l93jPDGoeU8VjugRYXtgioId5LzLJsDMBRZqXIknwFu6a-Cb8pMIPueL0gqTUKFhEFp_dYe9TjOZe9FO3QfB92b0zXzzDswHWDLnKetUkf0mXIDUziG3Sqsab8F7XKs6/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252846%2529.gif" width="385" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Prisoners were treated by inmates in the inmate hospital. However, trained doctors were forbidden to practice. The infirmary was the central place of murder by lethal injection by </span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span> doctors. But it was also a place of internal camp resistance, which included the labour statistics. This was part of the camp administration and was of particular concern of the inmates. Here it was possible for the resistance to change the lists for labour assignments and transports to extermination camps. The dissection room of the pathology department in the crematorium annex. The original photo is in an album Camp Commander Hermann Pister had compiled in late 1943. It was here that the corpses were collected. In two dissection rooms, inmates were forced to remove everything of value from the corpses, which were considered Reich property: gold fillings were broken out of their jaws for the Reich treasury, anatomical specimens taken for universities. One Buchenwald specialty was the production of macabre articles which the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span font-size:="" georgia="" new="" normal="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> produced as gifts: human skin, preferably tattooed, was cut from the corpses, tanned and employed to make items of everyday use. Photos of American soldiers showing lampshades and shrunken heads to the citizens of Weimar on April 16, 1945 as evidence of the crimes committed in Buchenwald went around the world. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2ISe1GpgYrK4i-yTCOJBD8YkZBryKOTs76Qa44NQC2yXp66rnIqZP1OdwVzXZfXMSgmLJjabh0clJmrf9pGdFr-Nd4W4WeWOFjMSOz8p2CxLFz1jdDlk-5x9Vzkko3b7a3mejc5NG1EM/s1600-h/4.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="300" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5449179743252339986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2ISe1GpgYrK4i-yTCOJBD8YkZBryKOTs76Qa44NQC2yXp66rnIqZP1OdwVzXZfXMSgmLJjabh0clJmrf9pGdFr-Nd4W4WeWOFjMSOz8p2CxLFz1jdDlk-5x9Vzkko3b7a3mejc5NG1EM/s400/4.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">These metal posts are not commemorating what the Germans did to their prisoners, but rather to Germans killed by Soviets who had taken over the running of the KZ after the liberation of the concentration camp when the Soviet military administration took over the camp and used it from 1945 to 1950 under the name "<a href="https://www.buchenwald.de/en/1366/">special camp No. 2</a>" as an internment camp. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">In
November 1945, an "isolator" was set up with completely dark single
cells. On Christmas Day 1945, all the prisoners were struck off the
bread rations. Altogether about 28,000 people were imprisoned in the
special Buchenwald camp, of which about a thousand were women, as well
as some children born in Buchenwald and other camps. Eventually </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">more than 7,000 people died through inhumane conditions, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span white="">especially
by completely inadequate nutrition and untreated secondary diseases
such as dystrophy, dysentery, tuberculosis and typhus and were buried in
mass graves on the edge of the camp</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">In 1989 the public learned of the existence of anonymous Soviet special camp graves in areas adjacent to the camp grounds. These graveyards, located to the north of the camp and in the vicinity of the railway station, were then marked with steel stelae and landscaped as forest cemeteries. The small mass graves found in the forest are spread over two cemeteries, one with 850, the other 250 with metal stelae, so that each stele represents about five to seven deaths, the average daily death toll during the entire time of the special camp. Near the stelae, an exhibition building with exhibits for the special camp No. 2 was erected. <span white="">According to the Stalinist rule of terror against dissenters, more and more social democrats, peasants, "Junker" and other alleged or actual opponents of the developing SED regime were interned in the period from 1945 to 1950, including so-called bourgeois outcasts who were to be eliminated for the purpose of enforcing the workers 'and peasants' state. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2NdGVH4eTvhowE9HzyeyTdNc86LLvZunlHqJUobnC8SWbh7Cl9-wz_Zgz8lkVAefg8Wit7R3e7RHXXdp4XqqPhTuA6-l2UO2x_8uANPfblaZ66FK5v_8EG_xCtLG7hnXnPth9CuY9rDM/s1600-h/1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5449182338228884690" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2NdGVH4eTvhowE9HzyeyTdNc86LLvZunlHqJUobnC8SWbh7Cl9-wz_Zgz8lkVAefg8Wit7R3e7RHXXdp4XqqPhTuA6-l2UO2x_8uANPfblaZ66FK5v_8EG_xCtLG7hnXnPth9CuY9rDM/s400/1.jpg" style="height: 254px; width: 341px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6VCF3bxcMcJKAaTyCZ5kxpKHgAm0g8aVtdTYlMRvrrICFM6mhrCn3Fjf_jTdzTxUJ6APBZy2pbvk1P8If0vEfDA6p2JDallsaNzIu5O-_ZfkBYjadWA34WMhpy3aLxb1jHsRzDOYZq3U/s1600-h/2.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5449182325403916066" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6VCF3bxcMcJKAaTyCZ5kxpKHgAm0g8aVtdTYlMRvrrICFM6mhrCn3Fjf_jTdzTxUJ6APBZy2pbvk1P8If0vEfDA6p2JDallsaNzIu5O-_ZfkBYjadWA34WMhpy3aLxb1jHsRzDOYZq3U/s400/2.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 255px; width: 210px;" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">This railway line was built by inmates in 1943 for the armament plants next to the camp and by the following year brought people from all of the many German-occupied countries to Buchenwald Concentration Camp and from there to labour sites in the sub-camps. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">This part
of the old railway line has been visible again since 2007 through the "Buchenwaldbahn memorial path" which begins shortly after the "blood
road" and ends at the loading dock of the concentration camp, next to
the former Gustloff works. It has a length of just under three miles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOd94VX8xq_-FoLURtL2YqhHa58tI987tmXc-1k1WzwdXlu8gljpwTaXhboI_Uj3S7KciLPU5FozG6L59SetlhSdpvnL1wiUlvfvMpsSC_Vyla8E8nLikwV6GNAG0CPS_AHXoZtimFYfRS/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252844%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="236" data-original-width="658" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOd94VX8xq_-FoLURtL2YqhHa58tI987tmXc-1k1WzwdXlu8gljpwTaXhboI_Uj3S7KciLPU5FozG6L59SetlhSdpvnL1wiUlvfvMpsSC_Vyla8E8nLikwV6GNAG0CPS_AHXoZtimFYfRS/s640/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252844%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span>The zoo area for ϟϟ staff. </span><span>The zoo at Buchenwald was within the administrative part of the camp,
although the prisoners would have been able to see some of it as can be seen in my photo. Its
purpose was for the the amusement of the ϟϟ officials, as was the
facilities provided for horse riding. It also acted a showplace for when
higher Nazi officials, such as Himmler, came to the camp.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><a href="https://clearthis.page/?u=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/rise-far-visits-former-nazi-114929792.html"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><b style="background-color: none; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: none; word-spacing: 0px;">Rise in far-Right visits to former Nazi concentration camps...</b></span></span></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Buchenwald Memorial</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQEfzsjudtJfTZ61F4Q-q0SglsNg_TnLcGymnhHFSjvOCoPNtElkURtOKkuU9eUxXhC1xMrTttblUwsjFm7hMn3sBzf2qwo-tyoHP2WvFap4Zz-_pVBSfKWIX6U4uALT9S6RSUIwAJRe1-/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-08-07+at+18.20.18.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="744" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQEfzsjudtJfTZ61F4Q-q0SglsNg_TnLcGymnhHFSjvOCoPNtElkURtOKkuU9eUxXhC1xMrTttblUwsjFm7hMn3sBzf2qwo-tyoHP2WvFap4Zz-_pVBSfKWIX6U4uALT9S6RSUIwAJRe1-/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-08-07+at+18.20.18.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">This memorial was built between 1954 and 1958 based on the motto "By dying and fighting to victory"and intends that the visitor should be shown away from death. The entire monumental structure is in the form of socialist realism. From the entrance gate, a staircase </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">flanked by seven stelae symbolising the seven years of existence of the concentration camp </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>leads down the hill. On the back of the stelae are texts by Johannes R. Becher. At the bottom of the stairs are funeral funers. Shortly before the liberation of the concentration camp in 1945, the </span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span> had about 3,000 dead buried in these depressions. A wide paved staircase leads to the bell tower Tower of Liberty. Inside the tower is a bronze plate, under the earth and ashes from other concentration camps lie. According to <a href="https://publishistory.wordpress.com/2013/11/20/do-memorials-serve-as-true-representations-of-the-past-discuss-with-reference-to-nazi-concentration-camp/">Adam McNeil</a>, "the Buchenwald memorial complex failed on all counts to represent the past... communists replaced Jews as the primary victims of Nazi mass murder, ideologically produced myth of heroic communist resistance obscured the uncomfortable past. By juxtaposing itself to the previous regime the East German state sought to boost its legitimacy. .. The DDR’s Buchenwald memorial complex dually failed to represent the past: it failed to accurately portray historical truth, and it substituted the transmission of traumatic memory for romanticised fabrications. Furthermore the destruction of most original architecture (probably to erase the evidence of postwar Soviet atrocities in the site) eradicated Buchenwald’s historical authenticity, without any resulting representative benefits as previously outlined."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGOJS3KCxxk0aSIvHVMpPyIKqrYf3oIPQU2gGI2uSdrKNe58TpXYrcf2WQDNwJWKqhZpqrrk9yG7Bna9Ol18UL_5O4ap86LKsxIPqW1pZL5b7C1w586F0GmtS_hrOg2jVc3uxCWFzvN4SL/s1600/TEMPLATE%252817%2529.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGOJS3KCxxk0aSIvHVMpPyIKqrYf3oIPQU2gGI2uSdrKNe58TpXYrcf2WQDNwJWKqhZpqrrk9yG7Bna9Ol18UL_5O4ap86LKsxIPqW1pZL5b7C1w586F0GmtS_hrOg2jVc3uxCWFzvN4SL/s400/TEMPLATE%252817%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">In front of the bell tower stands a group of figures designed by Fritz Cremer in collaboration with Bertolt Brecht in honour of the resistance struggle in the camp. When Brecht was asked by Cremer for advice on the design of the memorial, Brecht suggested erecting "an uneven number of giant men, liberated prisoners facing southwest [the direction of the Federal Republic] in the direction of the as yet not liberated regions. It was cast from 1957-1958 in the art foundry Lauchhammercast in bronze and restored in 2002-2005; I'm standing inset beside a working model in the German History Museum in Berlin. In their conception, the group of figures is based directly on "The Citizens of Calais" by Auguste Rodin and was the first German monument to the victims of fascism. The centerpiece of the memorial, Die befreiten Haftlinge (The liberated prisoners), depicting a boy and ten men, one of them carrying a gun and another waving a flag. There was little room in this history for the varied individual lives of either prisoners or guards. There was little room for the experience of Buchenwald. This was nowhere more apparent than in the way in which the site of the Buchenwald memorial, more than a kilometre removed from where the concentration camp had been, was privileged over the site of the actual camp. All barracks were pulled down; in fact, initially plans existed to reforest the area of the camp.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The DDR’s Buchenwald memorial complex dually failed to accurately portray historical truth, and it substituted the transmission of traumatic memory for romanticised fabrications. Furthermore the destruction of most original architecture (probably to erase the evidence of postwar Soviet atrocities in the site) eradicated Buchenwald’s historical authenticity, without any resulting representative benefits as previously outlined. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJOUG-6GSLlcabre3pCJCrNuAoxYOBOFfbD3ph653KD7hnF-MM13-fBCmgtAHa4XSb7osVk-9Rv4wF2VwxipFjB2G3Dl0KvbIAg4BS4rBc-HDMHmriXi38pqzKcHsce311Djwdo75175Q/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" width="400" /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The so-called Straße der Nationen (Avenue of Nations), the construction of which got under way in 1954 as per <span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">D</span>DR
government resolution. By 1958, a monumental national monument had
been erected on the southern slope of the Ettersberg. Three large mass
graves were incorporated into the design.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">The
facility was based on a didactic concept intended to guide the visitor
on a path from death to life: leading through the camp from the
crematorium, the path continues down to the graves and finally uphill
again to the bell tower, a symbol of freedom and light. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the exhibit at the Buchenwald museum told almost exclusively of the underground political organisation in the camp and the role of the Soviet army in the fight against National Socialism.' Visitors (four hundred thousand a year during the time of the DDR) learned that the SED regime was born of the heroic activities of political resisters in the camp-the original and true victims of the Nazi persecution. Only leaders of the Left received significant mention as individuals. At the courtyard of the crematorium, a bronze column and a plaque indicated that Ernst Thalmann, the German Communist Party leader who became the principal hero of the DDR, was murdered there. Other victims of Nazi state terror (Jews, homosexuals, Christians, conservative resisters, the physically and mentally handicapped, Jehovah's Witnesses, Gypsies) remained in the background. In East Germany's interpretation of history, the Third Reich had waged a class war to enslave the working class and destroy Communism and the Soviet Union in the interest of German capital; the systematic murder of the Jews was considered a secondary consequence of the Nazis' repression of the Communist resistance.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtbMkUH16_q-O9viDj3agdfeNE7nJtAEP6eQG3CW6hbNwYMF3jEB8VmQvoFgXO0IAxhay8CgHv02GH2RTB2tBrzVhE3eyUeKoaYyWHkwLpwmUUAxoucDI7awyvQGSF_IKFDdYtVmH0nUg/s1600-h/IMG_0879.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="300" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438280723945130354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtbMkUH16_q-O9viDj3agdfeNE7nJtAEP6eQG3CW6hbNwYMF3jEB8VmQvoFgXO0IAxhay8CgHv02GH2RTB2tBrzVhE3eyUeKoaYyWHkwLpwmUUAxoucDI7awyvQGSF_IKFDdYtVmH0nUg/s400/IMG_0879.JPG" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Nearby is the Ettersberg Cemetery which was landscaped in 1996 with the graves marked with name plaques. Even after the liberation of the concentration camp, inmates continued to die as a result of the conditions of their imprisonment. When Weimar applied in 1993 for the title of 'European City of Culture,' they included a comparatively detailed reference to the concentration camp: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times="">Ever since Buchenwald, the Nazi concentration camp, was built on Ettersberg -almost within view of the sites of German classicism—the name of the city has become linked with the darkest hours of Germany's history and the betrayal of the humanistic ideals and values, conceived in Weimar. This was a disgraceful injustice which had an infamous sequel, when the Soviets ran their own detention camp on the same site from 1946-1952 [sic]. Therefore, Weimar is quite possibly unique in representing the fateful ambivalence and the Janus-faced character of German history. Like no other place, Weimar raises the question of whether a humanistic culture is strong enough to resist all forms of political barbarism. In a time of newly arising antagonisms in Europe, of political fundamentalism and national egotism, Weimar presents itself as a place of calm reflection and thoughtfulness, and as a source of humanitarian visions for the next millennium.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span georgia="" new="" quot="" roman="" serif="" times=""><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/26/british-neo-nazis-hunted-after-hitler-salute-in-german-concentra/" target="_blank">'British neo-Nazis' hunted after Hitler salute in German concentration camp where 56,000 murdered, including Britons </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-19334923907618499652008-01-18T20:09:00.169-08:002024-02-05T06:51:12.373-08:00Reichssportfeld<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><meta 1936="" and="" appeared="" berlin="" content="’Showing" film="" footage="" games="" gifs="" grounds="" how="" images="" including="" name="”description”/" of="" olympic="" originally="" remains="" stadium="" the="" they="" today="" using="" what=""></meta>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLV90B0VuyLUOTnN1TohKmPLJCcQH8E2-Iyv1SIq15GA0EjIK8LIrsUmxUTVVJxOcu3lVOFJmg6Ny0uPYCOo7z5cphNi00eDlzC3RWuKPs4aUDdlGvn4paqX-nh2yGM0VMLiTLTeTKs_ibiWg2XBRhDvzBfA3A2SAtQt-ZBNFJEruXVke3Eg8Mp561Eg/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%20(21).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Heath's Bavarian International School students at Berlin Olympic Stadium" border="0" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="320" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLV90B0VuyLUOTnN1TohKmPLJCcQH8E2-Iyv1SIq15GA0EjIK8LIrsUmxUTVVJxOcu3lVOFJmg6Ny0uPYCOo7z5cphNi00eDlzC3RWuKPs4aUDdlGvn4paqX-nh2yGM0VMLiTLTeTKs_ibiWg2XBRhDvzBfA3A2SAtQt-ZBNFJEruXVke3Eg8Mp561Eg/w498-h353/ezgif.com-optimize%20(21).gif" title="Heath's Bavarian International School students at Berlin Olympic Stadium" width="498" /></a></span></span></div><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Taking my 2017 cohort of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_International_School"> </a></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_International_School">Bavarian International School</a> students to the site of the
most spectacular propaganda exercise ever staged by the Nazis. This was
the Berlin Olympic Games, held during the first half of August 1936. The Games, though revived in 1896 by Baron Pierre
de Coubertin to propagate the Prussian style of physical education and
the English tradition of schoolboy sports, had long been consecrated to
ideals of global harmony. It was for this reason that Hitler had
previously denounced them as "an invention of Jews and Freemasons". Once
in power, though, the Führer saw the Olympics as "a splendid chance of
enhancing our prestige abroad." As <a href="https://archive.org/stream/HitlerTableTalk/Hitler%20TableTalk_djvu.txt">he would later state</a> in one of his 'table talks', "when it was decided that the Olympic Games should be held in Germany, the Ministry of the Interior submitted plans to me for the construction of an appropriate stadium. There were two alternative designs, the one costing eleven hundred thousand and the other fourteen hundred thousand marks. None of the people concerned seems to have taken into consideration the fact that the Olympic Games afforded us a unique opportunity to amass foreign credits, and at the same time a splendid chance of enhancing our prestige abroad. I can still see the faces of my colleagues when I said that I proposed to make a preliminary grant of twenty-eight million marks for the construction of the Berlin stadium! In actual fact, the stadium cost us seventy-seven million marks — but it brought in over half a milliard marks in foreign currency!" Mounted with appropriate pageantry, they
could be a brilliant advertisement for the Nazi State and the Nordic
race. The so-called Führerbalkon is still there as seen on the right shown then and now.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-uEzxra9eKh3xcNCQK3ydXJ5Q3fX-uJuJJsqqB1UZgrkAuv7Yx0SY9PxjgCVh9daPJYUkhTgw_1KPkC8F9OgVA61pd54Z-47MUhGqrzizrPCZ-KpM_nqMOgOMySWsZsix8mg0a0mqo3oKnNHSpRvA4MSTzepRzhd4dCCMvfzb2og5uoiaC13pMEXVcQ/s396/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-05T191620.079.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Führerbalkon" border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="396" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-uEzxra9eKh3xcNCQK3ydXJ5Q3fX-uJuJJsqqB1UZgrkAuv7Yx0SY9PxjgCVh9daPJYUkhTgw_1KPkC8F9OgVA61pd54Z-47MUhGqrzizrPCZ-KpM_nqMOgOMySWsZsix8mg0a0mqo3oKnNHSpRvA4MSTzepRzhd4dCCMvfzb2og5uoiaC13pMEXVcQ/w400-h296/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-05T191620.079.gif" title="Führerbalkon" width="400" /></a></div>At least part of this plan was thwarted by the prowess of a young
black American athlete, Jesse Owens, who for a while stole the
spotlight. "The bright glow of romance," said his home-town newspaper,
"hovers over such a feat." As Owens himself remarked years after, he was snubbed not by Hitler but by President Roosevelt, who never congratulated Owens nor invited him to the White House, an honour reserved for white Olympians. However, the Olympiad did realise much of the
Führer's fell purpose. According to the French Ambassador to Berlin,
André François-Poncet, it was "a great moment, a climax of sorts, if not
the apotheosis of Hitler and his Third Reich". Certainly preparations
for the event were made on a "Wagnerian scale." The Führer personally
authorised the construction of a new stadium, at the Grunewald
race-course, to hold more than 100,000 people. At his insistence glass
and concrete were shunned in favour of Franconian limestone, Saxon
porphyry, Württemberg travertine, basalt from the Eifel, dolomite from
Anröchte, granite and marble from Silesia - Hitler's concentration camps
were often strategically situated near quarries. The complex
surrounding this vast crucible was equally extravagant: the spacious
assembly area known as the May Field; the swimming pool flanked by
steeply rising stands; the fine gymnastic amphitheatre; the slender
243-foot tower for the sixteen-tonne Olympic bell inscribed with
Schiller's line, "I summon the youth of the world." </span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3V_G8eS_6ZcSRWcrZBHeL5c6HSCsGPS71u4ZDtGXRJUxqmnsQIUelAQuDCDL-qT7_Oo77fT1zeZ9Zh1IADvivrpo0GC71ChzwPaMq5ibJFobF3IcRxXapCEvIb1awBd-hrIvdsCLxQzJb/s1600/1936_Summer_Olympics_Reichssportfeld_map.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3V_G8eS_6ZcSRWcrZBHeL5c6HSCsGPS71u4ZDtGXRJUxqmnsQIUelAQuDCDL-qT7_Oo77fT1zeZ9Zh1IADvivrpo0GC71ChzwPaMq5ibJFobF3IcRxXapCEvIb1awBd-hrIvdsCLxQzJb/s400/1936_Summer_Olympics_Reichssportfeld_map.jpg" width="395" /></a></span></span>For the Olympic Games which took place in Berlin in 1936, the area now called 'Reichsportfeld' was recreated essentially in its present form. The German stadium was largely demolished and replaced by the Olympiastadion, while the Sportforum was supplemented by further buildings. Architecturally, the Olympiastadion in Berlin, with its clear, geometric basic forms, was based on ancient buildings. The architect Werner March had for the essential areas of the Reichsportfeldes Greek equivalents of the Olympic Games. The stadium of 1936 was partially executed as a ground stadium, with only the upper ring covered with Frankish muschel limestone protruding above the ground level, which is why its outward effect was not as overpowering as, for example, the congress hall no longer extant at the Reichsparteitagsagents in Nuremberg. Architect March closely followed Hitler's plans for planning on the 1936 Reichsportfeld. In this Olympia building ensemble the essential dramaturgical moments of the gigantomanic plans of the later period are to be found, as later in the Nuremberg Reichsparteitagsgelände and in the plans for the transformation of Berlin into a "world capital city Germania": urban orientation in axes, pathetic antiquating work incarnation of modern Building constructions, targeted installation of architectural sculptural Nazi sculptures, marching possibilities for the human masses, guide tribes and civil architecture. </span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO0D8cTX1Krdt85tujWWbuEDv8CBJUIybetYj9jEVEiY7M3JQm2FeLEJ1BOZMuEO-CB8J9WdT4Fr9nzZ8ChaIvE8jnejZHTRyj-82o5DOFZNyVZdEzDWkxfH7W6mM8wdT1DoqNPIWyx4Li/s1600/toe5.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO0D8cTX1Krdt85tujWWbuEDv8CBJUIybetYj9jEVEiY7M3JQm2FeLEJ1BOZMuEO-CB8J9WdT4Fr9nzZ8ChaIvE8jnejZHTRyj-82o5DOFZNyVZdEzDWkxfH7W6mM8wdT1DoqNPIWyx4Li/w400-h265/toe5.jpg" width="400" /></a>The Olympic construction project became the first of Hitler's large-scale projects. Extending existing planning led to an increase in expenditures from the originally calculated 5.5 million to 42 million reichsmarks (roughly 176 million euros today). </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>With
49 participating nations and 3961 athletes, the Olympic Games in Berlin
set a new participant record and a new visitor record. For the first
time, an Olympic torch relay took place and selected competitions could
be seen through the new medium of television. Of course the athlete who
stood out was the American track and field athlete Jesse Owens, who
would win four gold medals whilst the most successful German athlete was
gymnast Konrad Frey who would end up winning three gold medals, one
silver medal and two bronze medals. In addition to its sporting
importance, the two winter and summer games held in Nazi Germany in 1936
were particularly characterised by the fact that they were
instrumentalised by Hitler and the Nazi Party to present the
totalitarian state abroad in a positive way- just as the IOC continues
to do for Russia and China- whilst at home the Nazi propaganda mainly
emphasised the achievements of the German Olympic participants and
winners. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>However, unlike the IOC and FIFA today with their disregard for
human rights over their insatiable financial greed</span>, the Games
were awarded before the Nazis took power.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2nK1m46RwZELTfyqYXw0x9cip-Meyb1hJ8pOPYIo4cqkBm7mjoOmsmtTYeM49bHuFTbN4SMvySsk4drpeq9HxXiryxYK6HS4E7css8GGrhGtKFx9_G9MHF-NjGmJYvg70XLUtRVvplxmR/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252814%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Heath's Bavarian International School students at Berlin Olympic Stadium" border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2nK1m46RwZELTfyqYXw0x9cip-Meyb1hJ8pOPYIo4cqkBm7mjoOmsmtTYeM49bHuFTbN4SMvySsk4drpeq9HxXiryxYK6HS4E7css8GGrhGtKFx9_G9MHF-NjGmJYvg70XLUtRVvplxmR/w400-h266/ezgif.com-optimize%252814%2529.gif" title="Heath's Bavarian International School students at Berlin Olympic Stadium" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>My <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_International_School">BIS</a> students during our 2013 class trip. </span> The VI. Olympic Games were
awarded to Berlin by the IOC for 1916 but in the midst of the
preparations came the start of the First World War which ultimately led
to the cancellation of the Games. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">After the end of the war, the IOC
excluded Germany from the Olympic community as it being the “official
cause of the war”. The ban lasted until 1925 when its re-admission to
the IOC led the leadership of the German Olympic Committee to consider
bringing the Games back to Berlin. Theodor Lewald, President of the
Committee, wrote a letter to Lord Mayor Gustav Böß on February 25, 1929,
suggesting a new application from Berlin. At the IX. Olympic Congress
Berlin formally presented its candidacy. Reich Minister of the Interior
Joseph Wirth outlined the plan in his opening speech in the main
auditorium of the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University without, however,
specifically mentioning a venue or the year of the games. The
application for 1936 was not announced until the evening at a banquet in
the City Hall. At this time it had been joined by applications from
Alexandria, Barcelona, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Dublin (!), Frankfurt
am Main, Helsinki, Cologne, Lausanne, Nuremberg, Rio de Janeiro and
Rome. A year later at the thirtieth session of the IOC in Barcelona,
only four candidates were left. When Budapest and Rome withdrew their
candidacies, there was a runoff between Barcelona and Berlin. A first
vote resulted in a majority for Berlin but, given that only twenty of
the then 67 IOC members were present at this meeting due to the unrest
in Spain, IOC President Henri de Baillet-Latour, with the consent of the
two German delegates, proposed that the absent members be given the
opportunity to vote by telegraph or postal vote. The final count of
votes took place on May 13, 1931 at the IOC's headquarters in Lausanne,
in the presence of Mayor Paul Perret and IOC Vice-President Godefroy de
Blonay. In the end, 43 IOC members voted for Berlin and 16 for
Barcelona, and eight abstained. <br /></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLsJEKGZKievfkFtN66KKj1l3k4FiV5_ZoI8TuCaEJ61TLbcsiLhfyCLPyZiOjViOtX9gbRQNogYxJzuB14lvIjiQ8cQmx-EqHA7yDsfNSHdITpWT9Mwn6PBQJQjMNRtCHXf8aWNCzXeL9gfXZS6--0plfmKTyR8f0otYkh96vT-jHxWkeVUBhUZhtwg/s1368/Screenshot%202022-12-05%20at%2014.06.39.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1936 Olympic Games poster" border="0" data-original-height="1368" data-original-width="820" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLsJEKGZKievfkFtN66KKj1l3k4FiV5_ZoI8TuCaEJ61TLbcsiLhfyCLPyZiOjViOtX9gbRQNogYxJzuB14lvIjiQ8cQmx-EqHA7yDsfNSHdITpWT9Mwn6PBQJQjMNRtCHXf8aWNCzXeL9gfXZS6--0plfmKTyR8f0otYkh96vT-jHxWkeVUBhUZhtwg/w192-h320/Screenshot%202022-12-05%20at%2014.06.39.png" title="1936 Olympic Games poster" width="192" /></a></div>When the 1936 Olympic Games were announced after Berlin, the Germany of the Weimar Republic still seemed to be able to hold the Games according to the principles of the "Olympic Idea". However, after Hitler 'seized' power on January 30, 1933, discrimination against Jews caused a wave of outrage and contempt, particularly throughout the English-speaking world, and led to considerations of boycotting the Games given the serious doubts about Germany's compliance with and respect for the "Olympic Charter." Certainly t</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>here
was hostility to British participation in the Games with many fearing it would be used to persuade the German people that Hitler's
anti-Semitism was "condoned by the world" and "as a chance of Nazi
glorification". The <i>Daily Herald </i>made play with a book written by the
Nazis' chief athletics coach, Kurt Muench, who acknowledged that
"non-political, so-called 'neutral' sportsmen are unthinkable in
Hitler's state" and which described Jews as a "devilish power in the life of
the people". Nevertheless, the Labour
MP Philip Noel-Baker was persuaded by his fellow ex-Olympic athlete
Harold Abrahams, himself a Jew, to drop his attack on the Berlin Games
in <i>The Times</i> (though he did protest in the Manchester Guardian) because
opinion in Britain was "more pro-Nazi than it has been at any time." In
the United States, however, there was an outspoken campaign to prevent
American athletes from competing "under the Swastika”. Its supporters
pointed out that German Jews, banned from public swimming pools and
sports centres, could neither train nor compete on equal terms.
"Despoiled of good-will, sportsmanship and fair-play, the Games can have
no meaning except as a prestige-building enterprise for the Nazi
regime."</span></span></span>Increased demands were made for equal opportunities for all participants, regardless of religion and race. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaIJzWGOIfRkSrtEHc2irmrrDlCS6qm5UKKlxrIbptNgqq1OBvN7tUy6UIxmfUg2DKU15NONT4O-muZmzm5uJSNfcMjVW4HmFC086zf43X0Kxxw8RKhFwFattROds5_dTHIpLB1adasDwzGo6D-F9Mq8m3IxRMgLPfdHvEL4072ToNpVgpM5vRVjL9Ow/s1364/Screenshot%202022-12-05%20at%2014.06.50.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="1936 Olympic Games poster" border="0" data-original-height="1364" data-original-width="982" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaIJzWGOIfRkSrtEHc2irmrrDlCS6qm5UKKlxrIbptNgqq1OBvN7tUy6UIxmfUg2DKU15NONT4O-muZmzm5uJSNfcMjVW4HmFC086zf43X0Kxxw8RKhFwFattROds5_dTHIpLB1adasDwzGo6D-F9Mq8m3IxRMgLPfdHvEL4072ToNpVgpM5vRVjL9Ow/w230-h320/Screenshot%202022-12-05%20at%2014.06.50.png" title="1936 Olympic Games poster" width="230" /></a>IOC President Henri de Baillet-Latour at the 32nd session of the IOC from June 5th to 7th, 1933 in Vienna therefore suggested a possible postponement of the Olympic Games in 1936 should the Germans not be prepared to issue a written guarantee that the rules of the "Olympic idea" would be observed. Ready to make compromises in foreign policy, the Nazi government undertook to consistently comply with the Olympic rules. They promised free access for all races and denominations to the Olympic teams and toleration of a politically independent organising committee even though this has not been implemented in practice. Hitler was not informed of this promise at the administrative level, so that after his lengthy conversation with the IOC member Gen. Charles H. Sherrill , a considerable argument broke out, during which the Reichssportfuhrer ended by stating that Jews lacked the moral quality to represent Germany. German left-wing intellectual emigrants in France played a special role, protesting against the holding of the Olympic Games in Germany, above all in the <i>Pariser Tageblatt</i>. The "Comité international pour le respect de l'esprit olympique" was founded in Paris on December 7, 1935 to coordinate these various activities against the holding of the 1936 Olympic Games and consisted of members of the Committees for the Defence of the Olympic Idea of the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries, Czechoslovakia and Switzerland, and also liaised with the American Fair Play Committee.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The older brother of Thomas Mann, Heinrich, <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08854300.2011.579476">used the occasion to declare</a> in words that continue to be ignored today,</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><blockquote>A regime based on forced labour and mass enslavement; a regime that prepares for war and exists only through mendacious propaganda, how should such a regime respect peaceful sports and libertarian athletes? Believe me, those international athletes who go to Berlin will be nothing more than gladiators, prisoners and jesters of a dictator who already feels like the master of this world.</blockquote></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The committee also supported the preparations for the People's Olympics from July 19 to 26, 1936 in Barcelona, planned as a counter-Olympic Games, which had to be cancelled due to the onset of the Spanish Civil War, as well as the anti-fascist art exhibition "de olympiade onder dictatuur" in Amsterdam. However, such hollow gestures had no chance against the Nazis' propaganda machine which the IOC was happy to believe. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq9REonMEzo23dko8osNIbowSocfZqjI37oC8zyMWpF7BMIgYcQpn1-b8p3NjATZ3cFK0TBJSdva553-VZLnaKXS1ulCa8lA46Pr7oIPkUT1iI6choQkT99oBX8UUDlEJwsj2mh5RCFSm5ygZyMhZhbfmRrcy5utA5jX1ENkJA1xBU-PNzp5GN2XMIaw/s396/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-05T171102.605.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1936 Olympic Games Nazi Hitler" border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="396" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq9REonMEzo23dko8osNIbowSocfZqjI37oC8zyMWpF7BMIgYcQpn1-b8p3NjATZ3cFK0TBJSdva553-VZLnaKXS1ulCa8lA46Pr7oIPkUT1iI6choQkT99oBX8UUDlEJwsj2mh5RCFSm5ygZyMhZhbfmRrcy5utA5jX1ENkJA1xBU-PNzp5GN2XMIaw/w400-h286/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-05T171102.605.gif" title="1936 Olympic Games Nazi Hitler" width="400" /></a></div>The illustration on the left by Georg Fritz from the book <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520325227-006/pdf"><span style="font-style: italic;">Strassen und Bauten Adolf </span></a></span><span><span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520325227-006/pdf">Hitlers</a> </span>published by the German Labour Front in 1939</span><span> and the site today.</span></span></span></span> Greater weight however was attached to the boycott efforts within the United States, which had <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095138/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007087">already begun in 1933</a> and were reinforced with the passing of the Nuremberg Race Laws of September 15, 1935. A broad fair play movement had formed here, supported by the major sports associations of the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), its largest trade union organisation, the American Federation of Labour (AFL), universities and prominent athletes. The President of the AAU, Avery Brundage, adopted the terminology of the opponents of the Olympics to demand "Fair Play for American Athletes" by allowing them to travel to the Olympic Games to show that the liberal American system was superior to fascism. In fact, </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Avery claimed that the boycott was part of a mendacious
Jewish-Communist conspiracy and that the Games must go on, to ensure that politics were kept out of sport- a fantastical notion today where millionaire footballers ostentatiously 'take the knee' and complain about virtue-signalling armbands without otherwise showing concern for the issues they supposedly choose to focus on when the cameras show up.
Brundage himself at the time was accused of being "a Jew hater and Jew baiter." </span></span></span>A boycott of the Olympic Games by the Americans would have meant a considerable loss of image for the Nazi regime. As seen with the recent Games in Russia and China, as well as the World Cup in Qatar, no government wanted to bother itself with moral issues and left it to athletes themselves to choose personal glory over others' suffering. See for example England manager Gareth Southgate going so far as to speak for the slave labourers building the football stadia and accomodation for him and his players- nearly 7,000 of whom died in the process- to claim</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> “<a href="https://whatsnew2day.com/world-cup-2022-england-boss-gareth-southgate-criticised-over-migrant-worker-claims/">[t]hey want football to come to Qatar</a>.”</span></span> The result then and now was a foregone conclusion. Whilst the Americans selected two Jewish sprinters for the final of the men's 4 x 100 metre relay, Sam Stoller as the starting runner and Marty Glickman as the second, the day before the finale, they were dropped. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlY6TvGjDMOx0X3ZYERMcd5XjY0szNCC3hp4A4P_6MGYK5WZr_PUnxHCIz2JoFZwXs5h7NEp5cQ9Br7JiWEyOYNhua2_Q1saGl6NBUnR1bculXi7q9BGxfaPI_prtPXvRfM3zG2qXnHFMN/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25287%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="384" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlY6TvGjDMOx0X3ZYERMcd5XjY0szNCC3hp4A4P_6MGYK5WZr_PUnxHCIz2JoFZwXs5h7NEp5cQ9Br7JiWEyOYNhua2_Q1saGl6NBUnR1bculXi7q9BGxfaPI_prtPXvRfM3zG2qXnHFMN/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25287%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span>At these Olympic Games, the Olympic torch relay took place for the first time. According to Carl Diem's idea, an Olympic torch was lit in Greece and carried to the opening event in Berlin by 3,400 torch bearers in a run through seven countries over a distance of 3,075 kilometres. The route had been determined and measured by employees of the Ministry of Propaganda. The run started in Olympia on July 20, shown here on the left with </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Drake Winston at site at the temple of Hera and with Jürgen Ascherfeld on the far left, initially used by Leni Riefenstahl for her film<i> Olympia</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Here
Nordic immigrants, Nazis maintained, had founded the ancient Greek
games. Here the 'sacred flame' was kindled from the sun's rays
by a posse of modern Greek virgins - who were perhaps as synthetic as
the ceremony itself. Visiting dignitaries listened to a long message,
delivered by a Greek orator, from Baron de Coubertin. He was happily
able to discern the outlines of a new Europe emerging from "thick
morning mist" and recommended for its guidance "an eternal Hellenism
that has not ceased to light the way of centuries". </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIFyWAtg8ygatiYhTu5yFd_fViva5sebVvni4u-lNMWmNoaIz5hpfXyQp43Z1JyJ7ktFL5ylaZqXsB6NxemQAulBIyqQrC-v3g6G9Xlg3kPjORv106RhCpTfZLWIAwbvk3srhyyLEWjz7K/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-07-07+at+11.58.51+AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIFyWAtg8ygatiYhTu5yFd_fViva5sebVvni4u-lNMWmNoaIz5hpfXyQp43Z1JyJ7ktFL5ylaZqXsB6NxemQAulBIyqQrC-v3g6G9Xlg3kPjORv106RhCpTfZLWIAwbvk3srhyyLEWjz7K/w400-h258/Screen+Shot+2013-07-07+at+11.58.51+AM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span>It then passed through Athens, Delphi, Sofia (July 25), Belgrade (July 27), Budapest (July 28), Vienna (July 29) and Prague (July 30 ).</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> On August 1 at 11:42 a.m. the torch reached the Berlin city area. Before the Olympic flame was brought to the Olympic Stadium, its arrival was celebrated in a "consecration hour" with 20,000 Hitler Youth and 40,000 SA men in the Lustgarten. Two "altars" located in the Lustgarten and across from the stadtschloss were lit by torch-bearer Siegfried Eifrig and burned throughout the Olympics. The final runner of the torch relay was the track and field athlete Fritz Schilgen, who lit the Olympic flame during the opening event. Torch runners then brought the flame to the Olympic venues in Kiel (August 2nd) and Berlin-Grünau (August 7th). The </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">27 centimetre long, 450 gramme </span></span>torch itself was designed by Walter E. Lemcke and Peter Wolf, and the Krupp company provided the torch holders free of charge. The route of the race was engraved on the shaft as a stylised route map above which was an eagle with folded wings and holding the Olympic rings in its talons. Below the eagle was written in capital letters "Fackel-Staffellauf/Olympia-Berlin/1936". The tip of the torch was made of magnesium, which burned for approximately ten minutes. All 3400 of the torch bearers selected by the NOK of the seven countries received a certificate in addition to the torch holder. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjldFYalEEPhlH0_VbdIXXY9rUnEMqvFlTiT9Rh02oxrq6Xk8RoMfasDknpeEzeLMgmnGDW1TrfPV9I1DPwnLbBBfG6ToJhdJ-ZkM7ufH7TLu9q2PF1iDX3TVYbfVAEuFzjrONcHr0wW94lIAGf6xny4Ec2a9ywbx4-EMOHCDKgFN5_C4XwPhuULtXdqQ/s946/Screenshot%202022-12-03%20at%2012.00.07.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="946" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjldFYalEEPhlH0_VbdIXXY9rUnEMqvFlTiT9Rh02oxrq6Xk8RoMfasDknpeEzeLMgmnGDW1TrfPV9I1DPwnLbBBfG6ToJhdJ-ZkM7ufH7TLu9q2PF1iDX3TVYbfVAEuFzjrONcHr0wW94lIAGf6xny4Ec2a9ywbx4-EMOHCDKgFN5_C4XwPhuULtXdqQ/w400-h270/Screenshot%202022-12-03%20at%2012.00.07.png" width="400" /></a></div>Artist Johannes Boehland designed a sign showing the five Olympic rings, an eagle and the Brandenburg Gate. However </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Theodor Lewald</span></span>, the president of the organising committee, wasn't satisfied with this design and suggested opening the lower part of the sign and thus creating the shape of a bell. On the side of the bell would be the inscription “I call the youth of the world!” Johannes Boehland was commissioned to redesign the sign and implement the ideas. The final sign thus showed the Olympic bell, on which the Olympic rings were depicted with the German eagle. Alongside the Olympic rings, the Olympic flame and the Olympic oath, the bell also became a symbol of the 1936 Olympic Games. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> For an Olympic hymn, the organising committee first approached the poet Gerhart Hauptmann, who also promised to write a text. However, since he didn't deliver this, Börries von Münchhausen suggested a competition that ended up having close to three thousand entries. Börries von Münchhausen chose four of these texts and sent them to the composer Richard Strauss to be set to music, who chose an unemployed Berlin actor at the time, </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Robert Lubahn, </span></span>to read out:</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjclEPVm2v44e51e5EOMRhTNbt8zhR6jo4sBwA7hCQHIWcgtCenDDaMwKAmAyMMNoBxJByNiXxxD26QxfuS6_Gle32kQxlor0fgJ6lnytyejkzxRgvGv4vWseyqqMHCnTltCNeYbvlQLa-zZ-p8yScRtbeIVYYFIR3Kfdl3jMOqtkou3PpdkiRRfq7JBw/s387/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T191852.105.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="1936 Olympic Games Nazi Hitler torch" border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="387" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjclEPVm2v44e51e5EOMRhTNbt8zhR6jo4sBwA7hCQHIWcgtCenDDaMwKAmAyMMNoBxJByNiXxxD26QxfuS6_Gle32kQxlor0fgJ6lnytyejkzxRgvGv4vWseyqqMHCnTltCNeYbvlQLa-zZ-p8yScRtbeIVYYFIR3Kfdl3jMOqtkou3PpdkiRRfq7JBw/w400-h276/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T191852.105.gif" title="1936 Olympic Games Nazi Hitler" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Peoples! Be our people's guests, come in through the open gate!</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Peace to the festivities! Let honour be the motto of the contest. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Youth wants to show hot courage, Olympic games! </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Praising your glory in deeds, a pure goal: the Olympics. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Pride and prosperity of many countries came forward to fight hard; </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">All the fire which burns there, pulses together, high and free. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Strength and spirit approaches with trepidation. Sacrifice Olympia! </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Who can wear your laurels, fame's sound, Olympia? </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Now as hearts beating with lofty union, Vigour should be the highest in deeds and in legends. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Joyfully will champions win, in Olympic victory celebration! Joy is still ours in a realm of peace: the Olympics. Joyful even in defeat, Olympic victory celebration! </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Olympia! Olympia! Olympia!</span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The anthem celebrated its world premiere on August 1, 1936 during the opening ceremony in the Olympic Stadium in Berlin.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB-Y4GkF5V-8CqeTIlMN4xQXJXLLHwEIA3Z4sKiCZcen-oPXhQV9ugkvbKdApyTovUSYnP75DhUiQ-KiAJS7Kk2qcboGR4bI6NHtHZ58uywOYAa1NRJ99HAoYYIk8PU142rFwtTHyNbz0/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Heath's Bavarian International School students at Berlin Olympic Stadium" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="550" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB-Y4GkF5V-8CqeTIlMN4xQXJXLLHwEIA3Z4sKiCZcen-oPXhQV9ugkvbKdApyTovUSYnP75DhUiQ-KiAJS7Kk2qcboGR4bI6NHtHZ58uywOYAa1NRJ99HAoYYIk8PU142rFwtTHyNbz0/w400-h217/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Heath's Bavarian International School students at Berlin Olympic Stadium" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The torch race through the Brandenburg Gate and my students during my 2013 Bavarian International School tour. The Olympic Games </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>afforded the Nazis a golden opportunity to impress the world with the
achievements of the Third Reich, and they made the most of it. The signs
”Juden unerwuenscht” (Jews Not Welcome) were quietly hauled down from
the shops, hotels, beer gardens and places of public entertainment, the
persecution of the Jews and of the two Christian churches temporarily
halted, and the country put on its best behaviour. No previous games had
seen such a spectacular organization nor such a lavish display of
entertainment. Goering, Ribbentrop and Goebbels gave dazzling parties
for the foreign visitors – the Propaganda Minister’s ”Italian Night” on
the Pfaueninsel near Wannsee gathered more than a thousand guests at
dinner in a scene that resembled the Arabian Nights. The visitors,
especially those from England and America, were greatly impressed by
what they saw: apparently a happy, healthy, friendly people united under
Hitler – a far different picture, they said, than they had got from
reading the newspaper dispatches from Berlin. And yet underneath the
surface, hidden from the tourists during those splendid late-summer
Olympic days in Berlin and indeed overlooked by most Germans or accepted
by them with a startling passivity, there seemed to be – to a foreigner
at least – a degrading transformation of German life.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span></span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://archive.org/stream/B-001-014-606/B-001-014-606_djvu.txt"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Shirer 206-207</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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</div><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEP4MLiPvI8yUase5L6Iauik0pWmcI6kPGvnvD2ZpcjlVG9VZNSS7N29Ud30I_YajQOOS4LOTQkVzSM95zArMn0AOI-9Q4prkfmO0t-Skbuq8-y9xxtUo2VF5K85voVBtn_uhiKFvi9KLx0Rl-M7Zi1E_WtSuFtcXweRqmvtFZJ6fMqmMuU93ez0Ac-w/s487/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T183015.715.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler Olympic stadium" border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="487" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEP4MLiPvI8yUase5L6Iauik0pWmcI6kPGvnvD2ZpcjlVG9VZNSS7N29Ud30I_YajQOOS4LOTQkVzSM95zArMn0AOI-9Q4prkfmO0t-Skbuq8-y9xxtUo2VF5K85voVBtn_uhiKFvi9KLx0Rl-M7Zi1E_WtSuFtcXweRqmvtFZJ6fMqmMuU93ez0Ac-w/w428-h275/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T183015.715.gif" title="1939 Olympic stadium Nazi Hitler" width="428" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> Hitler at May Day celebrations in Olympic stadium at 1939 on the left and as it appears today. </span></span></span>In view of the propaganda opportunities that a successful staging of the 1936 Olympic Games would offer, Hitler emphasised that he would do everything to make the Games as perfect as possible. With the Olympic Games he wanted to show the whole world that under his leadership Germany was a peace-loving, socially and economically up-and-coming country. In order to achieve this goal, he even tolerated the fact that Theodor Lewald, the president of the organising committee, was in Nazi parlance a “half-Jew." In order to prevent the Games from being moved elsewhere, Hitler officially responded to the IOC's demands for compliance with the Olympic rules. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The
regime made the most concerted effort to shield visitors from vulgar
expressions of anti-Semitism during the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
The display cases erected at bus stops and newsstands for the rabidly
racist tabloid, <i>Der Stürmer</i>, were dismantled; banners advising that
Jews were not welcome were removed from city entrances. However, while
these measures acted as an elaborate smokescreen for the Nazis’ true
ethnic hatreds, the Olympics themselves were otherwise about putting
Nazi Germany on display for the world to see. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO_Sow17RT4aV15cUGd95D2DUnm2Ck-39g4_f83dGNe3YKB6xWbLKt-Op7OjhpRwPidJQELTHoPSnSmZeW7thVrfgcNwoKlYp4Mxc4p_2Jz-yHj8OBNRVvUs-wrO9jEBASgcytkTolk42s9tJ0i8_reYopJQpAC7dn8K6CywoSpCF6PO1m-tZVQl4_Cg/s320/olympiastadion.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Heath's Bavarian International School students at Berlin Olympic Stadium" border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="320" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO_Sow17RT4aV15cUGd95D2DUnm2Ck-39g4_f83dGNe3YKB6xWbLKt-Op7OjhpRwPidJQELTHoPSnSmZeW7thVrfgcNwoKlYp4Mxc4p_2Jz-yHj8OBNRVvUs-wrO9jEBASgcytkTolk42s9tJ0i8_reYopJQpAC7dn8K6CywoSpCF6PO1m-tZVQl4_Cg/w400-h279/olympiastadion.gif" title="Heath's Bavarian International School students at Berlin Olympic Stadium" width="400" /></a></div>The touristic event of the
Third Reich was also a Nazi event, one that celebrated Nazism even as
it camouflaged its most sinister side. The promotional material about
the Games that was sent abroad was certainly never free of swastikas. In
foreign advertisements, Hitler himself appeared alongside the Olympic
bell, both of them summoning ‘the youth of the world’ to Berlin. </span></span></span>The government itself pledged to allow free entry "for all races and creeds" into the Olympic teams. In order to counter the boycott efforts, the organisers made a commitment to the IOC not to exclude German Jews from the games as a matter of principle. In the end, however, only one “half-Jew” belonged to the German Olympic team, the fencer Helene Mayer , who won a silver medal. Just before the start of the games, Gretel was prevented from participating by the Nazi regime for racial reasons and on the grounds of an alleged violation. The Nazis had previously forced the track and field athlete to return from England, where she had emigrated, and to train for the games in Berlin by threatening reprisals to her family who remained in Germany. Werner Seelenbinder , the popular multiple German wrestling champion, had a similar token function, and as a well-known communist he was allowed to take part in the games. Seelenbinder was still active in sports after the games, but was arrested in 1942 and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417055433/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/friv/lists.cgi?id=65">beheaded with an axe</a> in Brandenburg prison in 1944.</span></span></span></div><span>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='450' height='350' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz-ZAO9-nPLFF_YKrJw2Lmd0UIfyU1mwuC5lm82A3hThez2WNl1nxXMAnRfhAYYgpj3atYAD0f3Eww6Qu65MA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> The opening ceremonies on the left. In addition to the possibility of using the games to deceive foreign countries about the true nature of the Nazi state, the opportunity to counter the economic misery with various construction measures, to reduce the number of unemployed and in this way to increase the popularity of the government was another motive for Hitler's efforts, justifying his decision for the extensive construction project of the Reichssportfeld by declaring that "[w]hen you have four million unemployed, you have to find work" </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">as quoted in Lewald's notes.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> However,
the direct impact on the number of employees remained low. At the time
of the construction of the Olympic facilities in Berlin, no more than
2000 construction assistants were used, mostly uskilled labour, for
which could only be used initially for earthworks.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd42UNN_Y5gDE99kD7RFqRYrrhBSkHAeyiY-FsMv50JiLw4gPC6qqVCythkteaKqknwpqxrtgzNVtZcfJvdLjZbFVSNNHIt-mOdalnPeyvgKAa2QV-q6ALp_I2vgHG92Zvhm-LVf2KgZcIIxbhyWe-dFn8fi_QzCT1Y3ZTfPVJuOWIjsOeXdPFtoLobw/s240/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T163137.530.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1936 Olympic Games Nazi Hitler" border="0" data-original-height="144" data-original-width="240" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd42UNN_Y5gDE99kD7RFqRYrrhBSkHAeyiY-FsMv50JiLw4gPC6qqVCythkteaKqknwpqxrtgzNVtZcfJvdLjZbFVSNNHIt-mOdalnPeyvgKAa2QV-q6ALp_I2vgHG92Zvhm-LVf2KgZcIIxbhyWe-dFn8fi_QzCT1Y3ZTfPVJuOWIjsOeXdPFtoLobw/w400-h240/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T163137.530.gif" title="1936 Olympic Games Nazi Hitler" width="400" /></a></div>The Nazis also hoped for propaganda and economic benefits from increasing tourism. The Olympic Games were also a welcome occasion, the physical training demanded by Nazi ideology, the "cultivation of perfectly healthy bodies" for a healthy "national body“ with regard to military training and use in war, to be propagated on a broad basis and also to be put into practice. By integrating all compatriots into the preparations for the 1936 Olympic Games, identification with and loyalty to the regime was to be achieved. The propaganda emphasised that no German should only feel like a visitor to the Olympic Games, but that every German should have the awareness of being a sponsor and thus a participant in the Games. With the slogan "Olympia - a national task", Goebbels and Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick declared how Germans were prepared in the desired direction for the Olympic Games. A successful Olympics should not only serve as an appeal to the competing states, but also give the German people new self-confidence.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWq5uSvM703OJLS_hE5Nc78Flhc-KkbsoT5nZAgkQforBIAucEXd_taToEQnyWzifW928j4Ti1SQyP8FTaZSq31WDZKPFUMJ6S1BXkw-q9qYee7KVN76dd8yLJEIxX2TKvnIM2Py6aUcfBe2hkwcVD3czQ-CWqiubUfzRsseN6TSTpMrB2bhrrhBHC4A/s333/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T184456.679.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="1936 Olympic Games Nazi Hitler cauldron" border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="333" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWq5uSvM703OJLS_hE5Nc78Flhc-KkbsoT5nZAgkQforBIAucEXd_taToEQnyWzifW928j4Ti1SQyP8FTaZSq31WDZKPFUMJ6S1BXkw-q9qYee7KVN76dd8yLJEIxX2TKvnIM2Py6aUcfBe2hkwcVD3czQ-CWqiubUfzRsseN6TSTpMrB2bhrrhBHC4A/w400-h368/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T184456.679.gif" title="1936 Olympic Games Nazi Hitler cauldron" width="400" /></a></div><b>On the right, the Olympic flame cauldron then and as it appears today. </b>To the outside world the Nazis wanted to hold the world up against the size and importance of Germany, trump all previous Olympic Games and present themselves as peace-loving and cosmopolitan. However, the ambiguity of the system was revealed in the cynical and unscrupulous way in which the Nazis whitewashed the true state of affairs in Germany in front of their guests. With houses and streets decorated with flags and garlands, a perfect facade was built to give the impression of a neat, clean, civil and social Germany. In order to deceive international guests about the ongoing discrimination and persecution of Jews in Germany, Karl Ritter von Halt, the organiser of the Winter Games, arranged for the removal of all anti-Semitic signs (such as those reading "Jews undesirable") in Berlin for the period of the games which is why the Hitler Youth sang "<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=de&tl=en&hl=en&client=webapp&u=https://books.google.de/books?id%3DvzXQLoqKdXoC%26pg%3DPA279%26q%3DOlympiade%23v%3Donepage">After the Olympics we'll beat the Jews to jam</a>." Any anti-Jewish statements were to be avoided during the games. Before publication, each issue of <i>Der Stürmer</i> had to be submitted to the police department of the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior for examination. Editors who violated this order and continued to publish anti-Semitic hate campaigns were taken into protective custody. Nevertheless, shortly before the opening of the Summer Olympics, the Roma and Sinti living in Berlin were taken to a forced camp in Marzahn on the outskirts of the city. At he same time Nazi propaganda was celebrating the “World Peace Festival”, the Sachsenhausen concentration camp was being built near Berlin. </span></span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilqPlxIBkdK431RHqrI6ooljvcY01CVnuqvCCoJV8v544RDoMJ5uzwAom2n8CQbcNzNZsZImnXlFWYgoVy5xc_75B-8AxanRpm5byjr-EWny7v212daE-TweMQbd7VS7vfj4kyN_WqV_Nm/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1936 Olympic Games Nazi Hitler" border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="500" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilqPlxIBkdK431RHqrI6ooljvcY01CVnuqvCCoJV8v544RDoMJ5uzwAom2n8CQbcNzNZsZImnXlFWYgoVy5xc_75B-8AxanRpm5byjr-EWny7v212daE-TweMQbd7VS7vfj4kyN_WqV_Nm/w400-h272/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="1936 Olympic Games Nazi Hitler" width="400" /></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">On the left </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">SS men are seen relaxing on the south lawn of the stadium during the Games.
Although, like other Germans, SA men were under orders to behave
politely to all guests irrespective of their race, even Hitler could not
stop them from getting drunk in the streets of his Potemkin city when
they cried out: "When the Olympics are past, the Jews will be gassed." </span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span>At the opening ceremonies of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin and the 1936 Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , the spectators cheered the Olympic teams as they entered the stadium when the athletes raised their right arms and stretched out the supposed Hitler salute. What few people knew at the time, however, was that this outstretched salute was also the Olympic salute . The Hindenburg airship, which was overwhelming in terms of its dimensions, was also used as part of the opening ceremony, with swastikas affixed to its four tail fins. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<div>
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxFPn4WR8FcF_9vVTFqlQWPNH7CmRPe20mM8wnJhsu-JTvMg7-Osfp-s1UvBk14h5bE6JjxQApEeeAlbLyyTwwBr9MwvTNJR9a-EhJHTG5y-6yjQYQkkrtR_p4Bg8WaEqugw-TkMwx9uem/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25282%2529-4.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Olympic stadium is shown as it appeared during the 1936 Olympics with the Hindenburg flying low and today." border="0" data-original-height="374" data-original-width="247" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxFPn4WR8FcF_9vVTFqlQWPNH7CmRPe20mM8wnJhsu-JTvMg7-Osfp-s1UvBk14h5bE6JjxQApEeeAlbLyyTwwBr9MwvTNJR9a-EhJHTG5y-6yjQYQkkrtR_p4Bg8WaEqugw-TkMwx9uem/w264-h400/ezgif.com-crop+%25282%2529-4.gif" title="Olympic stadium is shown as it appeared during the 1936 Olympics with the Hindenburg flying low and today." width="264" /></a><span>Here the
Olympic stadium is shown as it appeared during the 1936 Olympics with the
Hindenburg flying low and today. Nine months before its fiery demise,
the Hindenburg took part in the ceremonyon the rainy opening day the
airship was cheered to an echo as it cruised over the city and the
nearby athletics stadium trailing a giant Olympic banner, its five
linked rings, the multicoloured insignia of international unity,
contrasted starkly with the black swastikas, emblems of aggressive
nationalism, emblazoned on the airship's tail fins. Yet this
juxtaposition, multiplied a million-fold in the forest of flags on the
ground, reflected the paradoxical nature of the eleventh Olympiad. It
also suggested, to those with eyes to see, the barefaced duplicity of
Nazism.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Shortly before Adolf Hitler appeared at the opening ceremony, the airship hauled the Olympic flag attached to a long rope over the spectator stands. </span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Economically, too, the Olympic Games were a great success for Germany. During talks in the Wolfsschanze on April 12, 1942, Hitler announced that the games had brought in half a billion in foreign currency . During the Olympic Games, 23 million foreign currencies were exchanged at Berlin banks, and all foreigners had to pay for their tickets in foreign currency. The proceeds from the tickets brought in 9,034,442.79 Reichsmarks , but the total takings are unknown. A ticket for wrestling or polo cost one Reichsmark, for track and field events or baseball demonstrations about four Reichsmarks. A total of almost 3.8 million tickets were sold. The organisational costs amounted to around 6.5 million Reichsmarks, and the city of Berlin also invested 16.5 million Reichsmarks in the expansion of the infrastructure and almost 100 million Reichsmarks in the construction of the sports facilities. As far as the specific Olympic costs are concerned, according to Carl Diem, there was a surplus of 4.5 million Reichsmarks.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler Olympic Games 1936" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhivfGFy9GhUTuMesyVyByLghxt9FbsSrvBOI-mI-nQBUKMYEvqXZSSk5b8To9fdxIvDDDR-bwLxOS-i13UI831VBf-Gkpww1al7_oR-ucYnaihKwSEqvpHRQe3qMojK3BRiSANwhX4Lsz6/s1600/giphy.gif" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhivfGFy9GhUTuMesyVyByLghxt9FbsSrvBOI-mI-nQBUKMYEvqXZSSk5b8To9fdxIvDDDR-bwLxOS-i13UI831VBf-Gkpww1al7_oR-ucYnaihKwSEqvpHRQe3qMojK3BRiSANwhX4Lsz6/w320-h320/giphy.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 320px; width: 320px;" title="Hitler Olympic Games 1936" width="320" /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">After the 1936 Olympic Games, Hitler announced in September 1937 that Germany would not take part in any more games. In the future, he said, the greatest sporting events in the world and the greatest sporting competitions that have ever taken place would be held in Nuremberg under our own management. Behind Hitler's statement was not just a fantasy. At the end of November 1936, an order was signed according to which so-called National Socialist combat games were to be held under the auspices of the SA. Thus such martial contests were a kind of national Olympiad and intended as a continuation or replacement of the Olympic Games. Albert Speer informed Hitler in the course of 1937 that the previous plans for the German Stadium did not conform to the Olympic dimensions. He then received an answer from Hitler that this was completely unimportant since, after 1940, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43609114">the Olympic Games would take place in Germany for all time</a>, in this stadium. And how the sports field is dimensioned, he continued, we then decide! <br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFuoM_B-DinOj-FfWcnyVsg6B4k-jEaNyc7A6dsqHLo4Syp9co-8x3vLGhc_24B0GDPyIkNHWlRSdvJkGwTyemF6XmLvRDH5shakvJ6Fbrpju5c8Zr1l1JX28qLsJLblJ9ZjRJNQwSzspW/s1600/toe4.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Werner and Walter March's 1936 plan." border="0" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFuoM_B-DinOj-FfWcnyVsg6B4k-jEaNyc7A6dsqHLo4Syp9co-8x3vLGhc_24B0GDPyIkNHWlRSdvJkGwTyemF6XmLvRDH5shakvJ6Fbrpju5c8Zr1l1JX28qLsJLblJ9ZjRJNQwSzspW/w400-h309/toe4.jpg" title="Werner and Walter March's 1936 plan." width="400" /></a> </span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Werner and Walter March's 1936 plan.</span></span></span></div><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The 1936 Games represented a triumph of National Socialist propaganda. They created an extremely favourable impression of the new Germany for most foreign visitors and thereby blinded the majority to the regime’s real ambitions. ‘Almost no one escaped the impression that the new Germans were working hard, were playing hard, were at peace, and would stay that way,’ one historian rightly concludes. Even some Jewish Germans were misled. ‘For me,’ reminisced historian Peter Gay, ‘the most formidable adventure of the year, breathlessly anticipated and just as breathlessly enjoyed, were the Olympic Games. The atmosphere was electric and contagious. ... It took me some years to recognise the political side of this bracing event. The Olympic Games had been staged by the regime with an eye to world opinion.’ In turn, the overwhelmingly positive impressions gained by foreigners also had an effect on non-Jewish Germans. The unabashed foreign enthusiasm of the Olympics and Germany as whole became a further endorsement of ‘their’ system of government. </span><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Semmens (148-9) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Seeing-Hitlers-Germany-Tourism-Third/dp/1403939144/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1292149993&sr=1-1" style="font-weight: bold;">Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlaagEdv69y6hK90J7CFK1wsX4DCK4l8b9NOuL5U0wihE4-osem5mr_Pksv4xqFsU1xNfN_GSU5tCe3bKdN6YNpUxeQNDsqHFKEEH-O7tTUJbk8f5ZH-h_rxtMKZBanyoGvEEKA1dPEBo/s1600/1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5495168822723611426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlaagEdv69y6hK90J7CFK1wsX4DCK4l8b9NOuL5U0wihE4-osem5mr_Pksv4xqFsU1xNfN_GSU5tCe3bKdN6YNpUxeQNDsqHFKEEH-O7tTUJbk8f5ZH-h_rxtMKZBanyoGvEEKA1dPEBo/s400/1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 213px; width: 313px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz6f2aiD_aOlBaqIhzK0r3tBSeaBcrq9-1yRe_K8Q9SeKEuNwU88gWUvmczVE_8FVB0Ntrod0bkFcj7CKwfsH4A9lJv-XnDe9qk7ZLruIw5_9YtRFQiYmceY4qEsZKj_Zntt8I-R0s9v0/s1600/2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5495168810453324914" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz6f2aiD_aOlBaqIhzK0r3tBSeaBcrq9-1yRe_K8Q9SeKEuNwU88gWUvmczVE_8FVB0Ntrod0bkFcj7CKwfsH4A9lJv-XnDe9qk7ZLruIw5_9YtRFQiYmceY4qEsZKj_Zntt8I-R0s9v0/s400/2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 214px; width: 286px;" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span>
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<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The Olympiastadion was one of the few buildings that survived not just in a recognisable form, but almost untouched after the war, only suffering machine gun shots. The most significant battle around the Olympiastadion was in April 1945 when the Soviets sought to capture it. This was during the great final battle of the Second World War in Europe, with the total invasion of Berlin as the Allies' target.</span></span></span></span></div><span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK3LtNuT2j3iDxDmwhPOOUPkoXe9lun8dr_ZgS3NF9BQRFPoJbbzUlth99oFhGWVE0Kjm_GpHsgtZ2dDLvy8zafw4F6Y5UrK_mUW7oJ-KWzJtEye-5ohEoEixRHtbtaKCOIkjM_Hv2R0t1/s1600/output_UT1fIK.gif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Olympic stadium then and now berlin 1936 speer" border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK3LtNuT2j3iDxDmwhPOOUPkoXe9lun8dr_ZgS3NF9BQRFPoJbbzUlth99oFhGWVE0Kjm_GpHsgtZ2dDLvy8zafw4F6Y5UrK_mUW7oJ-KWzJtEye-5ohEoEixRHtbtaKCOIkjM_Hv2R0t1/w400-h241/output_UT1fIK.gif" title="Olympic stadium then and now berlin 1936 speer" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span> <span>Standing in front of the stadium. The clock on the left tower remains, but the sun-style swastika has been removed.</span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Monuments to international sport, the Olympic edifices were also a potent and uncompromising expression of Nazism. The same was true of the Olympic village at Döberitz. A signal improvement on the accommodation pioneered for the Los Angeles Games of 1932, it included 160 tile-roofed bungalows nestling amid woods and lakes in a landscape specially sprayed to get rid of the mosquitoes. Here the male athletes were both housed and pampered. Their hosts catered for national tastes in sleeping as well as eating, providing mattresses for Americans, duvets for Swiss, tatami mats for Japanese. But, built by army engineers, the village had a double purpose: after the Games it became an infantry training centre. Berlin itself, as the American novelist Thomas Wolfe observed, was "<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/war-veterans-and-fascism-in-interwar-europe/fascism-and-veterans-during-the-1920s/8C53A2141EFDB40D0834414BCDFD6F19">transformed into a kind of annex</a>" to the Olympic stadium. Prior to this metamorphosis the capital had been drab and pinched, full of dilapidated buildings, rundown enterprises and dingy shops besieged by food queues. It was so depressed that even New York seemed buoyant by comparison, as a Berliner enthralled by Times Square observed: The dazzling display of flickering advertisements, figures and names, Hashing and disappearing in uninterrupted glitter, was bewildering - like a mirage, a fairy-tale of plenty. Poor old Europe - fortunate America! The difference between the old and the New World seems symbolised in this mélange of colour and light. Now Berlin sought to outshine New York.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2q1A8GmkTjcyrmP_-UNZ2Uul-ChtyqZk-CeGZXKkkO-lW2cHhNruvxRP-iImbsWO925XM8azecn5S8aR0e6TEohLG1MS4wDpPCLpvwUUyj2bINz77MhNQpjduXcXdzXtvphp15RadRK3x/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Traces of Evil" border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="473" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2q1A8GmkTjcyrmP_-UNZ2Uul-ChtyqZk-CeGZXKkkO-lW2cHhNruvxRP-iImbsWO925XM8azecn5S8aR0e6TEohLG1MS4wDpPCLpvwUUyj2bINz77MhNQpjduXcXdzXtvphp15RadRK3x/w400-h226/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Traces of Evil" width="400" /></a> It was cleaned, primped, painted, polished and swathed in miles of banners and bunting. The cosmetic process began along the main routes into the city. Houses facing the railway tracks had uniform window decorations and each mainline station was festooned with 700 square yards of swastika flags and 500 square yards of Olympic flags, as well as 4,200 metres of oakleaf garlands and fifty massive wreaths. The streets and squares of Berlin, sprouting green, loudspeakered flagpoles at regular intervals, were decked-out out in similar fashion. None was more magnificent than <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/olympische-spiele-1936-in-berlin-propagandaschlacht-im-stadion-a-1104943.html">the so-called Via Triumphalis</a>, which led from the Lustgarten through Unter den Linden, beneath the Brandenburg Gate (itself bristling with flags and garlands), along the broad avenues of the Tiergarten to the Olympic stadium. For the benefit of visitors the capital was filled with uniformed interpreters. The legion of prostitutes, which had dwindled since the dissolute days of Weimar, was reinforced by recruits summoned from the provinces. But the city was purged of pickpockets and petty criminals. </span><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Releasing doves at the opening of the Games- the 1936 Games pioneered this ritual." data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPnIJmadTocemWK01cU3lE-wMLTZ5PjqGEOp51VhlTXGBQ5lVXOB4w60oftdtON_DBuK-q5NILykUzyqs7tl3ugHammPyp81DVMm6Pzfx5ueJgCME9-6rLzyfZLnQF8CsvWWUZliRP06Ec/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252818%2529.gif" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPnIJmadTocemWK01cU3lE-wMLTZ5PjqGEOp51VhlTXGBQ5lVXOB4w60oftdtON_DBuK-q5NILykUzyqs7tl3ugHammPyp81DVMm6Pzfx5ueJgCME9-6rLzyfZLnQF8CsvWWUZliRP06Ec/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252818%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 431px;" title="Releasing doves at the opening of the Games- the 1936 Games pioneered this ritual." /> </span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span>Releasing doves at the opening of the Games- the 1936 Games pioneered this ritual. </span></b><br /></span></span></span>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>In order to undermine American attempts to boycott the Olympics, the Nazis made small concessions. For example, a few token Jews, including the foil champion Helene Mayer who looked every inch an Aryan, were selected to represent Germany. The "chosen handful”, as the Manchester Guardian put it, were "paraded before foreign eyes, food for the credulous". Yet such gestures were effective. So was Goebbels's charge that transatlantic protests about Nazi anti-Semitism were consummate hypocrisy. Athletic apartheid was as prevalent throughout the United States as other forms of racism, though, according to a typically smug piece of cant in the New York Times, few literate Americans "made a philosophy of the thing”. Instead they practised racial discrimination in "<a href="https://www.ozy.com/true-and-stories/when-the-nazis-courted-the-kkk/60067/">the good, old thick-headed, prejudiced, irrational human fashion</a>." </span><span>Without question he was hopelessly fooled by the Nazis. Yet, as British Ambassador Sir Eric Phipps noted, they would never be able to succeed in their aim of deceiving "everybody all the time".</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1936 Olympic polo competition." data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikPddZtzSeJmdENfP_BdIfK1kRxgSXJnY5E0FJBXm0ULynuTK22w4ILWkwv7W6XPH09G6mYNbFMP0BZ9e7j9GuvgOWxR33aUkFNgtoDLDvakyu6XbFquROLNf67PJSTw7tAqpZNdGOKQX6/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252821%2529.gif" data-original-height="237" data-original-width="407" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikPddZtzSeJmdENfP_BdIfK1kRxgSXJnY5E0FJBXm0ULynuTK22w4ILWkwv7W6XPH09G6mYNbFMP0BZ9e7j9GuvgOWxR33aUkFNgtoDLDvakyu6XbFquROLNf67PJSTw7tAqpZNdGOKQX6/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252821%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 195px; width: 335px;" title="1936 Olympic polo competition." /></span></span></div>
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The 1936 Olympic polo competition. This would end up being the last polo
tournament held at the Games. The match was played according to the
rules of the Hurlingham Polo Club in London with the only change in the
regulations being the change of ends after each goal. Seven chukkers of
eight minutes each were played. The hope that the United States and the
famous Indian team would also take part was not fulfilled. The teams
were divided according to their skill level. Argentina and Great Britain
played in the strong group with Mexico and determined the final
pairing. In the weak group, Germany and Hungary played one participant
for the 3rd place match. </span></span><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="1936 Olympic polo competition." data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl3Gsql7GccdJ3QgGhnT-VPmQ__VZ-6ekTZ190lKVsBpXjJqRs4UdqvBqCzhBKAQLOVHgiR-uw53DxLOGbQ9Fz92QVIpesaRixQvKZaTI_IE9c8nJfzc6LmqCf_-_olZ0PJ5z_7cdLYzJR/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252820%2529.gif" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl3Gsql7GccdJ3QgGhnT-VPmQ__VZ-6ekTZ190lKVsBpXjJqRs4UdqvBqCzhBKAQLOVHgiR-uw53DxLOGbQ9Fz92QVIpesaRixQvKZaTI_IE9c8nJfzc6LmqCf_-_olZ0PJ5z_7cdLYzJR/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252820%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 195px; width: 293px;" title="1936 Olympic polo competition." /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Since the game between Hungary and Germany
remained a draw in the preliminary round even after extra time, a replay
was scheduled which the team from Hungary clearly won. Germany was
represented by the only club still in existence today, the <a href="https://hamburger-polo-club.de/">Hamburger Polo Club</a>, founded in 1896.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> After the war in particular it became logistically and financially unviable to host Polo in the Olympics. Not all countries or cities have a polo field, as these require at least five hectares per field. Polo itself is played on enormous pitches that are the equivalent to nine football pitches combined. Even though there are only four players per team, each team requires at least 25 horses with the result that the infrastructure is very costly, as they require stables for each horse. At the highest level, each player uses between six and twelve horses per match.<br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-758HwKgObiXHoNnVlt_eZ8pVG_pyvhdbpbg8HeNGcIj_27pQW7_H9xeH9lpJbFlaGG94Fvmc_16NnH47pT56B1tFpXJTDsFoD3Nmu0wCswgKyhMARNfgNU2OVxg8brtz0YZtn-z9Y4CI2SjoNvzbQfDXntnGHp_jMz2Kf5eBVkY9qwWcKff70jhbLA/s405/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-03T130502.090.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi-era statues, such as Karl Albiker's discus thrower and relay racer," border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="405" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-758HwKgObiXHoNnVlt_eZ8pVG_pyvhdbpbg8HeNGcIj_27pQW7_H9xeH9lpJbFlaGG94Fvmc_16NnH47pT56B1tFpXJTDsFoD3Nmu0wCswgKyhMARNfgNU2OVxg8brtz0YZtn-z9Y4CI2SjoNvzbQfDXntnGHp_jMz2Kf5eBVkY9qwWcKff70jhbLA/w400-h275/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-03T130502.090.gif" title="Nazi-era statues, such as Karl Albiker's discus thrower and relay racer," width="400" /></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">There are still numerous sculptures on the grounds of the Sportforum. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Nazi-era
statues, such as Karl Albiker's discus thrower and relay racer, are
among the disputed works that are still permitted to surround the
stadium. </span></span>On the left Albiker's Relay Runners can be seen in the background during the Olympiade as attendees sunbathe, and as they appear <i>in situ</i> today. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">When the art committee looked at the designs of several artists on December 17, 1935, the decision had actually already been made to choose Albiker, stating that after "examining the proposals ... for the two groups of figures at the east end and unanimously agrees with the decision made on the occasion of the individual visits by State Secretary Pfundtner and President Hönig with sculptor Isenbeck to the effect that Professor Albiker's proposals are far superior to the rest of the to be given priority and he should be commissioned with the immediate processing of the models on a larger scale. The upright, columnar development of Albiker's figures is inevitably given by the verticalisation of the towers and the pillars of the arena, as well as by their isolated position against the open sky, while the more or less layered solutions of the other candidates do not have the desired decisiveness in the end of the hedge with the award ceremony.” </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo9OqZ3MFxpEa18kHp9JnId5AfNyQJ76eeQJ3NaeR0vxZFJ2GnwJBjq1xW6tfK-YfMH6_z1HGH1vqNmgRPrkZ8BVtxmbnjF2WQ1D7p5R-S4BhuceDDVJkIGvojPrznCK96RKG2ANCA4tBD7fltZ4rLYLs62C0doiRAE57g92ks7yRxrHca1ofwTWznOQ/s377/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-03T132415.091.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi-era statues, such as Karl Albiker's discus thrower and relay racer, berlin olympic stadium" border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="300" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo9OqZ3MFxpEa18kHp9JnId5AfNyQJ76eeQJ3NaeR0vxZFJ2GnwJBjq1xW6tfK-YfMH6_z1HGH1vqNmgRPrkZ8BVtxmbnjF2WQ1D7p5R-S4BhuceDDVJkIGvojPrznCK96RKG2ANCA4tBD7fltZ4rLYLs62C0doiRAE57g92ks7yRxrHca1ofwTWznOQ/w319-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-03T132415.091.gif" title="Nazi-era statues, such as Karl Albiker's discus thrower and relay racer, berlin olympic stadium" width="319" /></a></span></span>His other sculpture, Diskuswerfer, shown on the right, is also located on the grounds surrounding the Olympic Stadium. </span></span>Although listed as one of the most important visual artists of the Third Reich and featured in the regime's Gottbegnadeten-List, a list of German artists compiled in August 1944 in the last stages of the war by Goebbels to identify those whom the Nazis considered especially important were therefore placed under special protection by it, Albiker himself came under journalistic pressure when the Nazis came to power because he supported the appointment of modern artists such as Otto Dix. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">He ended up losing all his posts except his professorship. On May 1, 1933 however <a href="https://www.wiki.de-de.nina.az/Liste_der_NSDAP-Mitgliedsnummern.html">he joined the Nazi Party</a> (membership number 2,458,650). The Nazi regime, which admittedly lacked artists who could have expressed its ideology, favoured artistic activity through the 1934 Kunst-am-Bau- decree and commissioned sculptors such as Karl Albiker, Richard Scheibe, and Joseph Wackerle, who had already made a name for themselves in the 1920s with the creation of large-scale sculptures for public spaces, as part of the conversion project for the Berlin Sports Forum into the Reichssportfeld. In 1935, Albiker was briefly included in the programme for the sculptural design of the overall area. After the Olympics Albiker worked in the preselection of works for the Great German Art Exhibition and took part himself with a work. In 1943 he took on nine papers from Reichsleiter Baldur von Schirach-organised exhibition Young Art in the German Reich in Vienna, followed in 1944 again with a plaster model of the air district command frieze at the Great German Art Exhibition.</span></span><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiXqO5echtQRvmpZIxp-COoQN59aG__wKfzRUV3-GZxldKOaaR1EY0-QgySjtMuK7BGWFqerH00f2b6rSvlh08khhL9gHHxEPOr4uoYgFTIa0AoRuTvbcXG9yPKiX1p7J0ybOrNYYoV7F283sBaTiLBAx6jzihriqW7ynPw5Dl8XL1tFrKMCwAmkoNVQ/s352/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-03T235109.966.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Josef Thorak's Faustkämpfer (Boxer), modelled on Max Schmeling," border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="239" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiXqO5echtQRvmpZIxp-COoQN59aG__wKfzRUV3-GZxldKOaaR1EY0-QgySjtMuK7BGWFqerH00f2b6rSvlh08khhL9gHHxEPOr4uoYgFTIa0AoRuTvbcXG9yPKiX1p7J0ybOrNYYoV7F283sBaTiLBAx6jzihriqW7ynPw5Dl8XL1tFrKMCwAmkoNVQ/w271-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-03T235109.966.gif" title="Josef Thorak's Faustkämpfer (Boxer), modelled on Max Schmeling," width="271" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Josef </span></span>Thorak's Faustkämpfer (Boxer), <a href="https://bildhauerei-in-berlin.de/bildwerk/boxer-7217/">modelled on Max Schmeling</a></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">, Thorak's neighbour in Bad Saarow</span></span>. In July 1935, unaware of Hitler's preferences, the Art Committee rejected proposals from Thorak. It was not until shortly before the games began, in March 1936, when the budget had long been exhausted, that Hitler's appreciation became known. For a short time, Thorak's bust of Hitler was integrated into the Haus des Deutschen Sport (the empty pedestal is still in its original place) and a huge boxer figure was also set up. The costs for this figure were covered by Hitler's Reich Chancellery. Although the statue is rather crude, it was used as a backdrop for a photograph of swimwear in 1938 seen here.<br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq"><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Once [Hitler] stayed up until 3:15 A.M. to hear the result of the boxing match in the U.S.A. between Max Schmeling and the Negro Joe Louis; but his champion was defeated, and for days afterward his adjutants grinned as they handed him the dutifully translated telegrams sent by U.S. citizens to the Führer. ‘Herr Adolph Hitler, Berlin, Germany,’ cabled one correspondent from Colorado. ‘How do you feel after tonight’s defeat of Nazi number one pugilist, defeated by Afro-American?’ And another, ‘Our sympathies on the disgraceful showing Herr Max made tonight. Just about as long as you would last if we tied in to Germany.’ </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Irving (95) <span><a href="http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/2001/HW_Web_dl.pdf" target="_blank">Hitler's War</a></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpnBJHKFv-0dPfAUBbbzxyZwQgKc4Co0bqAZ6UfuyEtzW2fnXWPYSSOoA0Xk9fJH97D6Q8donKhoeWU3Je6_JHrKU5i9QjX0mtu8aRve7YRfXm7P9_J-r7jUzC7bT0BGT7ioTC5BDSI2-SFRG85zvff1ptuFNxSZCE54Y7jCTiZQ_pmHAAmbQTEvPxmw/s444/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-02T234954.977.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Josef Wackerle's Rosseführer (1936)" border="0" data-original-height="444" data-original-width="277" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpnBJHKFv-0dPfAUBbbzxyZwQgKc4Co0bqAZ6UfuyEtzW2fnXWPYSSOoA0Xk9fJH97D6Q8donKhoeWU3Je6_JHrKU5i9QjX0mtu8aRve7YRfXm7P9_J-r7jUzC7bT0BGT7ioTC5BDSI2-SFRG85zvff1ptuFNxSZCE54Y7jCTiZQ_pmHAAmbQTEvPxmw/w250-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-02T234954.977.gif" title="Josef Wackerle's Rosseführer (1936)" width="250" /></a></span></span></div><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">On either side of this entrance are Josef Wackerle's Rosseführer (1936). Here British troops are atop one after the fall of the Third Reich. The Munich-based sculptor who had belonged to the jury for the competition for the entrance pillars of the open-air stage, was also the dominant sculptor on the art committee. It was probably his idea that several plastic accents should be set between the stadium and the Maifeld. Amongst other things, it was suggested </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">in the protocol of March 7, 1935 </span></span>“to attach horse sculptures with horse drivers to the west of the portal [marathon gate] in the direction of the parade ground.” At the same meeting it was decided that “Prof. Wackerle should be given the horse taming duties. Wackerle (and Jansen) are to be asked for outline proposals, taking into account the later fee.” One of the committee members thus received the most valuable commission (90,000 RM). At the second meeting of the Art Committee on July 5, 1935, Wackerle presented drafts; Thereupon it was decided: “Professor Wackerle’s suggestions for the groups of horse leaders met with unanimous approval, but the figures should stand on the base without a plate and the robes should be kept simpler and more austere. The proposals in their current form are to be presented to the Fuehrer.” The stylistic change from the softly modeled draft to the final version is serious. An enlarged model was presented at the third meeting on December 17, 1935: “One of the Rossefuhrer groups was edited by Prof. Wackerle at a scale of 1:5 and is included in the photo. The work meets with general approval.” </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In his "Deutsche Plastik der Zeit", art historian Kurt Lothar Tank wrote that Wackerle's "men leading horses of the Reich Sport Field a work of art, which in its closed, powerful form ranks them among the very best works in the monumental sculpture up to now."</span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFncnV-s90rJ-U6ON4qqVB_6aSMK8vvB8GBKLT3skB1usPMw1zok9PYV4SA4Ou3TMGzxPxKTk-vGPqSB9cQL-WAwNCz2fCwO4Y8Ol59xCYawxCfCdcD-2B5hgFdA5mLPb9996X6e8BJafT_CY8mbDQv0UXtvC3ZZ8FcvBlkNmlb7vAzWSEFmUx-TyKCg/s342/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-03T125353.110.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Olympic bell tower at the time and as it appears today." border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="320" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFncnV-s90rJ-U6ON4qqVB_6aSMK8vvB8GBKLT3skB1usPMw1zok9PYV4SA4Ou3TMGzxPxKTk-vGPqSB9cQL-WAwNCz2fCwO4Y8Ol59xCYawxCfCdcD-2B5hgFdA5mLPb9996X6e8BJafT_CY8mbDQv0UXtvC3ZZ8FcvBlkNmlb7vAzWSEFmUx-TyKCg/w374-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-03T125353.110.gif" title="Olympic bell tower at the time and as it appears today." width="374" /></a></div> </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The Olympic bell tower at the time and as it appears today. It was originally built in 1934-1936 according to plans by Werner March. The steel skeleton construction was clad with limestone slabs. A number of observation stands for the festival management, police, medical service as well as for radio and film reporting <a href="https://www.glockenturm.de/en/">were housed within its numerous floors</a>. The Langemarck Hall below on the ground floor celebrates the so-called <i>Mythos von Langemarck</i> with records of military honours and sacrificial deaths. The bell tower and Langemarckhalle form the western boundary of the Maifeld with a hill known as the west wall, built before the fortifications of the same name were conceived. During the construction phase, the bell tower was also known as called the Führerturm. Below the bell tower, in the grandstands facing the Maifeld, was the so-called “Führerstand”, under which large crowds of people could leave the Maifeld and greet Hitler through an eight-metre-wide gate. </span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdmkl7w9HRv4FCeF7Sm2KZMsZa_1Owpr-7ooR_7V5FaSzXPItbj_nL5vVu7y5NZB0GNU_JzoLbL9S7inMqkRXnLScQK_v_UetrN9JSWbzlrsUEABCmZBU1-jZfRDFlTK6eJeGsRkyVed_z/s623/Screen+Shot+2013-06-30+at+11.37.05+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdmkl7w9HRv4FCeF7Sm2KZMsZa_1Owpr-7ooR_7V5FaSzXPItbj_nL5vVu7y5NZB0GNU_JzoLbL9S7inMqkRXnLScQK_v_UetrN9JSWbzlrsUEABCmZBU1-jZfRDFlTK6eJeGsRkyVed_z/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-06-30+at+11.37.05+AM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The Langemarck Hall underneath where plaques commemorating the
Eleventh Olympic Games in Berlin, its committee heads, and medal winners
are presented. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Hitler inside the Langemarckhalle during the Games and today" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDfxDaKuBzkKVq9t_KbtSP50GxYcxmPARhg0o0Kf0j7Dj3Dq8hi9Gdsic44s6pl0GfY-_YZJ4pMD0jlCiMB9P21Im3LyQJAXYY-L2q3rxw0S8lRTCR74NpdHKEwsT-DPwXfCta4pIJ4o/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252854%2529.gif" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDfxDaKuBzkKVq9t_KbtSP50GxYcxmPARhg0o0Kf0j7Dj3Dq8hi9Gdsic44s6pl0GfY-_YZJ4pMD0jlCiMB9P21Im3LyQJAXYY-L2q3rxw0S8lRTCR74NpdHKEwsT-DPwXfCta4pIJ4o/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252854%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 350px; width: 219px;" title="Hitler inside the Langemarckhalle during the Games and today" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUT6C5e9XlULky3BEKpwCos2tuAw7Sly3x5D-aVRulGHzw6qszRbl-fpWp9cXv-xwujvufVjJtx_2sw4jPAWxB2k-dzLYU5Gy_j9UQ2yU0_qw3oapDd4B4yZr5dHmi7hPLmTQ4fmsxM0o/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-06-30+at+11.37.32+AM.png" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="589" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUT6C5e9XlULky3BEKpwCos2tuAw7Sly3x5D-aVRulGHzw6qszRbl-fpWp9cXv-xwujvufVjJtx_2sw4jPAWxB2k-dzLYU5Gy_j9UQ2yU0_qw3oapDd4B4yZr5dHmi7hPLmTQ4fmsxM0o/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-06-30+at+11.37.32+AM.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 350px; width: 389px;" /><br />
Hitler inside the Langemarckhalle during the Games and today</span></span></span></div><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi0igwxEYZHWt_ADSd-lyDlqbxNYtn8bTy26SCjIWPRBk7Y0UC17ngeVV1YRVPEmbk0Z2P_vkLJJz6BRWqF2HBnwDxkaMac8NNeaIDt6vlrA1gK8FdeWodU8dfJVNdVo1nCmHZj2oUJQqtmNpV-4ZjTWGD-dam5dOt4kuXAmiuYa4NKVkoHUppOS8B7ag" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Traces of Evil" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="414" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi0igwxEYZHWt_ADSd-lyDlqbxNYtn8bTy26SCjIWPRBk7Y0UC17ngeVV1YRVPEmbk0Z2P_vkLJJz6BRWqF2HBnwDxkaMac8NNeaIDt6vlrA1gK8FdeWodU8dfJVNdVo1nCmHZj2oUJQqtmNpV-4ZjTWGD-dam5dOt4kuXAmiuYa4NKVkoHUppOS8B7ag=w400-h301" title="Traces of Evil" width="400" /></a></span></span> </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The 4.28 metre high Olympic bell of the original tower - with a diametre of around 2.8 metres - was cast on August 14, 1935 by the Bochum Association for Cast Steel Fabrication and lifted into the bell tower after its ceremonial transfer, shown here on the left being taken across Unter den Linden, on May 11, 1936. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The
idea for this bell came from Theodor Lewald, and a sketch was made by
the graphic artist Johannes Böhland. The bell itself was then declared
the official symbol of the Olympic Games on July 18, 1933. The sculptor
Walter E. Lemcke based his design and model on Böhland's sketch. Lemcke,
a student at the Berlin School of Applied Arts, was primarily entrusted
with the design of coats of arms and friezes throughout the Nazi
period. The Olympic bell, a foundation of the "Bochumer Verein für
Gussstahlfabrikation AG", was hung in the bell tower on Maifeld in 1936. </span></span>The bell was transferred from Bochum to Berlin in January 1936 on a low-loader ( Culemeyer R 40) . The tour through various German cities (<a href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/olympische-spiele-1936-in-berlin-propagandaschlacht-im-stadion-a-1104943.html">the so-called </a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/olympische-spiele-1936-in-berlin-propagandaschlacht-im-stadion-a-1104943.html">“Triumphzug”</a>) </span></span></span>was used extensively for propaganda for the 1936 Olympic Games and “a reinvigorated Reich” and was also broadcast on the radio. <br /></span></span></span></span></div></div></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8KwiuJ9i14e5ebjgOZ5hqv-IVTZO33HscJtFF92u5aTthbukns9_2F4IwGw8Mwmgs1As7A38IuESPHC_o7_Ts2lcFcSVKOxE6JVz88qOhDGWhBfPryh5GSvH88pNGckIEh0RT0bmE-YzQjeIdS8hTtGaCkAxeXhunvcnktsBAGWj2_OpnVzfYJVUK5Q/s366/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-02T235839.349.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Olympic bell then and now. swastika eagle" border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="270" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8KwiuJ9i14e5ebjgOZ5hqv-IVTZO33HscJtFF92u5aTthbukns9_2F4IwGw8Mwmgs1As7A38IuESPHC_o7_Ts2lcFcSVKOxE6JVz88qOhDGWhBfPryh5GSvH88pNGckIEh0RT0bmE-YzQjeIdS8hTtGaCkAxeXhunvcnktsBAGWj2_OpnVzfYJVUK5Q/w295-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-02T235839.349.gif" title="Olympic bell then and now. swastika eagle" width="295" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The bell then and now. From its original position in the Bell tower at the western end of the Reichs Sportfield planted amid the tiers of the Maifeld stands could be observed the whole city of Berlin. During the games, it was used as observation post by administrators and police officials, doctors and the media was the Olympic Bell. On its surface were the Olympic Rings with an eagle, the year 1936, the Brandenburg Gate, the date 1.-16. August and a motto between two swastikas: "I call the youth of the world" and "11. Olympic Games Berlin" - even though the Games constituted the 10th (Summer) Olympics, but the Games of the XI Olympiad.</span><span> Bells had a special significance at the time, often placed on war memorials to commemorate dead soldiers or between 1934 and 1936 found a place on the bell towers of the three NS Ordensburgen - training centres for future Nazi Party leadership personnel. In the year of the Olympic Games in Berlin, Hans von Tschammer und Osten, the Reich Sports Leader and Commissioner and Chairman of the German Reich Association for Physical Exercise (DRL) and National Socialist Reich Association for Physical Exercise (NSRL) since 1933, the Olympic bell served as an "eternal reminder of the sacrificial death of our heroes" and as an "obligation" for the living. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDz1g1w5gLNdNWVv6W-3ne1gdoRVDSgEg2ohtnhduAI750h1hyxRZeiqkiTjEIaf9MFcLHB01gwxdT16gotJn9AFO9szodL3B0OmDtwSUT5dYXlOwT3Qzw1cT6dmRpRxzgjkL0Apt6d9Y/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-07-11+at+09.36.39.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Olympic bell then and now. swastika eagle" border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="695" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDz1g1w5gLNdNWVv6W-3ne1gdoRVDSgEg2ohtnhduAI750h1hyxRZeiqkiTjEIaf9MFcLHB01gwxdT16gotJn9AFO9szodL3B0OmDtwSUT5dYXlOwT3Qzw1cT6dmRpRxzgjkL0Apt6d9Y/w400-h220/Screen+Shot+2017-07-11+at+09.36.39.png" title="Olympic bell then and now. swastika eagle" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The Bell Tower was the only part of the Reichssportfeld that was destroyed in the war. The Third Reich used the tower's structure to store archives such as films. Soviet troops set its contents on fire, turning the tower into a makeshift chimney. The structure emerged from the fire severely damaged and weakened. </span><span>In 1947 British engineers <a href="http://geo.hlipp.de/photo/9207">demolished the tower,</a> however eventually reconstructed it faithfully in 1962. The Olympic Bell (which had survived the fire and remained in its place in the tower) fell 77 metres and cracked and has been unable to sound since then. In 1956 the bell was rescued, only in order to be used as a practice target for shooting with anti-tank ammunition. The old bell survives to this day and serves now as a memorial, featuring an half-heartedly de-nazified swastika still...</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>A new Olympic bell made of steel weighing only 4 1/2 tonnes now hangs in the rebuilt bell tower. Like the original bell, it was cast by the Bochum Association for Cast Steel Fabrication. It is decorated with representations of the state eagle and the Brandenburg Gate and bears the text "Olympic Games 1936" and "I call the youth of the world" at the bottom in connection with the Olympic rings . The bell produces the percussion tone fi sharp o. </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOmWjNEgUVr_5JvvbbpURv5sd1KJri5IOfx0ffwD2fjsQaI3EJ3DkTwUkM3edt7lM1zcJ6Pb9ZynhTGBq8cuLEmZEsz2QuXzpuRmJdf70G4G1e-66wHliH7CAPDig1yvlmm0kwWmWtQDWk/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252899%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXZM1rb7dADCQfSCgmii_-w6W-hRoeWOQuG1UKPLW9DrHgDzLRYCtUq-mw2T7h3teI4EQbMN1-arNzy4Xd5u-S-JEBIA_eG-oYoGlTMcVJMj6nPBsW49iDcQ_QMHiFML_W0yuwRyC6D3M/s1600/1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5617931749565789602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXZM1rb7dADCQfSCgmii_-w6W-hRoeWOQuG1UKPLW9DrHgDzLRYCtUq-mw2T7h3teI4EQbMN1-arNzy4Xd5u-S-JEBIA_eG-oYoGlTMcVJMj6nPBsW49iDcQ_QMHiFML_W0yuwRyC6D3M/s400/1" style="cursor: pointer; height: 236px; width: 315px;" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>As
a growing China increasingly becomes emboldened in its attack on basic
human rights, its architecture reflects ideas from another
totalitarian regime as shown here on Chunxiu Road in Peking where this
building with its twin columns and circular building was directly
inspired by the Berlin stadium. </span><span>In
fact, the totalitarian Chinese regime specifically chose Albert Speer
Jr. to design the plan for access to the Olympics complex, focusing on
the construction of an imposing avenue, which connects the Forbidden
City and the National Stadium, aka Bird’s Nest.</span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>“His
Beijing axis is reawakening old memories,” declared Die Welt. “Wasn’t
there a legendary... north-south axis, planned by the elder Speer for
Hitler’s new Berlin? Is his son to copy him or rather outdo him?”</span><span>“I
think it is fascinating that the son of a Nazi is rebuilding Beijing.
Chinese people probably don’t know it, but Hitler was actually a great
artist and his architectural vision for Berlin immense,” said Mi You, a
24-year-old architecture student. </span></span></span><br /></span></div><div>
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2241705.ece"><span>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2241705.ece</span></a></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Q3P9IN-RoWug2H8_BiF2QN7i-pE832K-Kq9LRWnrWcOIdEqDutQqueb0Yt7SxOghxnyXFku2JpbVKF7kI_lUmQvD3FTbLr73yLfafUa__vLJzR66xO0rhI0VzZhgonO42b9YOEUN9Xw/s1600/2" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5617931755637933458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Q3P9IN-RoWug2H8_BiF2QN7i-pE832K-Kq9LRWnrWcOIdEqDutQqueb0Yt7SxOghxnyXFku2JpbVKF7kI_lUmQvD3FTbLr73yLfafUa__vLJzR66xO0rhI0VzZhgonO42b9YOEUN9Xw/s400/2" style="cursor: pointer; height: 237px; width: 322px;" /></a>Fittingly,
he was part of the architectural firm involved in the Qatar 2022 FIFA
World Cup. As with the other children of Nazi officials, such as Gudrun
Himmler and Edda Göring, Speer had to approach the topic of his father's
infamy. However, whilst Himmler would attempt to rehabilitate her
father's image, and Göring tried her best to avoid speaking about it at
all, Speer said that he "tried his whole life to separate himself from
his father". He is credited with being one of the few children of Nazi
leaders to recognise the wrongs of his parent. Speer said that, as a
child, his father "was not the kind of father who went over your
homework", referring to inattentiveness and mild neglect, but also said
that Hitler was "<a href="http://www.timesofisrael.com/german-architect-albert-speer-who-knew-hitler-as-a-nice-uncle-dead-at-83/">a nice uncle</a>,
from my childish perspective." He said he did not hate his father and
considered him "a good architect, much more modern than people think
today". Indeed, <a href="http://newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-complicated-architecture-of-albert-speer-jr">after officials announced</a> in late March that Speer, Jr.,’s firm was involved in planning a new
stadium for Berlin’s Hertha B.S.C. football team, a local tabloid
pointed out that his father had worked on the team’s current stadium,
which was built for Hitler’s 1936 Olympics. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq14rlTuOKipXzyVfWuh6gcQlahFPTY2h6-VUxmQl2gMxAd7nTHIjrg-dpLz0ePvEeRCIVVK7cABJa51hXnVp9YplY9tOTrl6HfNFjaK7eCGBeJmpwCELQOuvy1XC3C2YMBly2iphRHaLXH3H4LR0014mQJQCdNMitk4Zxds9d0ye2pAPNJLsg1ESSfA/s640/6myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="219" data-original-width="640" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq14rlTuOKipXzyVfWuh6gcQlahFPTY2h6-VUxmQl2gMxAd7nTHIjrg-dpLz0ePvEeRCIVVK7cABJa51hXnVp9YplY9tOTrl6HfNFjaK7eCGBeJmpwCELQOuvy1XC3C2YMBly2iphRHaLXH3H4LR0014mQJQCdNMitk4Zxds9d0ye2pAPNJLsg1ESSfA/w400-h138/6myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div>Both countries posed a growing military threat, seeking world domination. China is expanding its military and economic presence with eyes on Taiwan. It has known human-rights abuses, including genocide of the Uyghurs and other international violations such as its open betrayal of the treaty with Britain promising respect for Hong Kong's freedoms enshrined by its British-sponsored constitution. As in 1936, the Olympics afforded China the world stage to show off superpower status as today we wait for China to invade a peaceful, democratic Taiwan having watched IOC-backed Russia launch its Nazi-inspired invasion of Ukraine which voluntarily (if foolishly) disarmed itself of the third-largest arsenal of nuclear weapons.<br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOmWjNEgUVr_5JvvbbpURv5sd1KJri5IOfx0ffwD2fjsQaI3EJ3DkTwUkM3edt7lM1zcJ6Pb9ZynhTGBq8cuLEmZEsz2QuXzpuRmJdf70G4G1e-66wHliH7CAPDig1yvlmm0kwWmWtQDWk/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252899%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="1936 athlete's dining hall at the Olympic village. Hitler himself oversaw the construction of the Olympic village in Wustermark" border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="403" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOmWjNEgUVr_5JvvbbpURv5sd1KJri5IOfx0ffwD2fjsQaI3EJ3DkTwUkM3edt7lM1zcJ6Pb9ZynhTGBq8cuLEmZEsz2QuXzpuRmJdf70G4G1e-66wHliH7CAPDig1yvlmm0kwWmWtQDWk/w400-h280/ezgif.com-optimize+%252899%2529.gif" title="1936 athlete's dining hall at the Olympic village. Hitler himself oversaw the construction of the Olympic village in Wustermark" width="400" /></a>
The athlete's dining hall at the Olympic village. Hitler himself oversaw the construction of the Olympic village in Wustermark which he dubbed the </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>“village of peace,”</span></span></span></span> located on the outskirts of Berlin. Now dilapidated, the complex </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>consisted
of a reception building, about 140 one-storey and 5 two-storey
residential buildings, a large dining house, a kitchen house, the
Hindenburg house, the commander's house, a sports hall, a swimming pool,
a sauna and a doctor's and hospital. The dining house had 38 dining
rooms, each reserved for specific nations. The evening entertainment
events organised by the management of the Nazi cultural community took
place in the Hindenburghaus. These included reports on the Olympic
Games, film newsreels, feature films, sports films, cabaret, concerts,
ballet and cultural films. </span></span></span></span>included state-of-the-art dormitories, dining areas, training facilities, a swimming pool, and hosted roughly four thousand athletes in luxury accommodation. The resulting layout resembled a traditional German village and each hut was named after a German town. After the Games the German Wehrmacht used the site of the Olympic Village. After the war it was converted into a Soviet barracks area that became a <a href="http://dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9591859/Hitlers-1936-Olympic-Village-later-used-KGB-torture-camp-seen-new-images.html">Cold War KGB torture camp</a> and which are being turned into upmarket homes.<br /></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div><span>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='450' height='350' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyQEVJcjd92zJb5BsYS6NWJnQQokLlLkodOMf41Sp28UC5PGEOpn3RpksVOT_QL1Rp1cKQmXEgx3v036n1Ehw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>
The prologue to the film </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Olympia, </span><span>the 1938 film by Leni Riefenstahl documenting the 1936 Summer Olympics. She briefly appears here, uncredited, as the nude dancer).</span><span> </span><span>The movie was produced in two parts: <span style="font-style: italic;">Olympia 1. Teil — Fest der Völker </span>(Festival of the People) and <span style="font-style: italic;">Olympia 2. Teil — Fest der Schönheit</span> (Festival of Beauty). It was the first documentary film on the Olympic Games ever made. Many advanced motion picture techniques, which later became industry standards but which were groundbreaking at the time, were employed, including unusual camera angles, smash cuts, extreme close-ups, setting the railway tracks on the stadium to shoot the crowd and the like. The techniques employed are almost universally admired, but the film is controversial due to its political content. Nevertheless, the film appears on many lists of the greatest films of all-time, including <a href="https://www.imdb.com/list/ls000156310/">Time magazine's "All-Time 100 Movies.</a>"</span><span> </span><span>Of course there has considerable argument as to whether this film should be considered Nazi propaganda like her earlier </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Triumph of the Will</span><span>. On the right is the Munich Glyptothek's Barberini Faun as shown in the prologue and as it apears today.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNaVnEP0gqXyf14e1tOiyoCXioRTqHrodNAo2LUkDtYtR9NWco4mSxaHfzd7I-Hoc4xkQxmaZmd3DzxDTF4kLevLCIO_aHQ0n6L3eXt4K9VuIXF3nL58ypOtlT5ocu13qtpMUmNEWZFEZDujHgX3VETgqaWTT8WcctgD_2R08eoBzNgiXBtrufTV6yiQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(14)%20(1).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Traces of Evil Olympia" border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="320" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNaVnEP0gqXyf14e1tOiyoCXioRTqHrodNAo2LUkDtYtR9NWco4mSxaHfzd7I-Hoc4xkQxmaZmd3DzxDTF4kLevLCIO_aHQ0n6L3eXt4K9VuIXF3nL58ypOtlT5ocu13qtpMUmNEWZFEZDujHgX3VETgqaWTT8WcctgD_2R08eoBzNgiXBtrufTV6yiQ/w320-h258/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(14)%20(1).gif" title="Traces of Evil Olympia" width="320" /></a></div> Whilst the entire 1936 Olympics has been derided as the "Hitler Olympics" and was unquestionably designed primarily to showcase the accomplishments of the Third Reich, and to this extent any film accurately documenting the proceedings would come off as something of a propaganda film, Riefenstahl's defenders have pointed to her close-up shot of the expression on Hitler's face when Jesse Owens, an African-American, won a gold medal, as showing a tacit dissent from Nazi racial supremacy doctrines. Other non-Aryan winners are featured as well. Noted American film critic Richard Corliss <a href="https://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/olympia-parts-1-and-2-1938/">observed in Time that</a></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The matter of Riefenstahl 'the Nazi director' is worth raising so it can be dismissed. [I]n the hallucinatory documentary Triumph of the Will... [she] painted Adolf Hitler as a Wagnerian deity... But that was in 1934–35. In [Olympia] Riefenstahl gave the same heroic treatment to Jesse Owens...</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne</span></span></span> <br /></span></div></div><span>
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<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC9oqMQjOl62mEbXPB0JtLJvGHJ3KJWXyoMUkY_-1bDOzGy1u28JAfZ3JNwSeEkJUWkbq4-IYakbFd3Vt6OvBsXOP_9CKXcEPrG6w8K37hlLYkD6w7v8HQXyUxKzLAweDOd_1XTs3_Kyc1U75eST09eiCFm8_hoyKcsCv4LiFpWFk7BSpeswyMCxNMFA/s469/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-27T095036.337.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne Now renamed the Waldbühne" border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="469" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC9oqMQjOl62mEbXPB0JtLJvGHJ3KJWXyoMUkY_-1bDOzGy1u28JAfZ3JNwSeEkJUWkbq4-IYakbFd3Vt6OvBsXOP_9CKXcEPrG6w8K37hlLYkD6w7v8HQXyUxKzLAweDOd_1XTs3_Kyc1U75eST09eiCFm8_hoyKcsCv4LiFpWFk7BSpeswyMCxNMFA/w400-h278/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-27T095036.337.gif" title="Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne Now renamed the Waldbühne" width="400" /></a></span></span></div><span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Now renamed the Waldbühne (Forest Stage), this was intended as an amphitheatre that was designed by
German architect Werner March in emulation of a Greek theatre and built
between 1934 and 1936 as the Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne, a Nazi Thingplatz,
and opened in association with the 1936 Summer Olympics. The theatre was
built as part of the Olympic complex on the request of Propaganda
Minister Joseph Goebbels. March made use of a natural ravine and
modelled the theatre on ancient Greek amphitheatres. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The
theatre opened on August 2, 1936, the day after the opening of the
games, with the première of Eberhard Wolfgang Möller's Frankenburger
Würfelspiel. 20,000 people were in attendance, and the Reich Labour
Service supplied 1,200 extras. It was also used for some events of the
games, in particular boxing matches. During the Olympics and later,
dance and choral movement productions took place there, in addition to
operas: during the Olympics and again in 1937 for the celebration of the
700th anniversary of the founding of Berlin, Handel's Hercules; also in
1937, Gluck's Orfeo; and in 1939, a production of Wagner's Rienzi paid
for and co-designed by Hitler in association with Benno von Arent.</span></span></span></div><span>
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<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidKbM2c6QPBSHovzOJVI1uicS4eW98XoNQhJqbW_ihvlIWhZKR4YFmX6rn1O1A7ivW1plyM6eatFGvKFjZTx28QCGwN-UeNhN24DUkD_Bli5GJ3666B0q_GUmwt-Ar8Q26pal3B-8yCTFO/s1600/toe1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidKbM2c6QPBSHovzOJVI1uicS4eW98XoNQhJqbW_ihvlIWhZKR4YFmX6rn1O1A7ivW1plyM6eatFGvKFjZTx28QCGwN-UeNhN24DUkD_Bli5GJ3666B0q_GUmwt-Ar8Q26pal3B-8yCTFO/s400/toe1.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The complex on July 9, 1941.<br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The so-called Thingspiel celebrations were theatrical events modelled on earlier lay productions and written in great numbers by Nazi authors after 1933. Again the aspect of monumentality plays a major role. The Dietrich Eckart stage in Berlin held 20,000 spectators, and the event by which it was consecrated, 'The Frankenburger Wurfelspiel', had some 1,200 participants. The architectural model for the Thingspiel was the circular Greek cult theatre, but the stage area was almost always divided into three levels, corresponding to the three stages of the Passion plays of the Middle Ages. These three levels denoted three levels of meaning. The lowest level, the arena, was the entrance field of the common people - the spectators. On the second level stood the worldly powers and sovereigns. On the highest level ruled the 'law': 'The highest level . . . is embodied in seven judges, the power of true might, the voice of the people, and the expression of that which we Germans conceive of as the Fuhrer.' The common people constituted the community of the celebration acclaiming the Fuhrer. their integration into the events was attempted by having the cast stream through the ranks of the spectators towards the stage, just as occurred at Nuremberg. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Simon Taylor </span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8_76HOvShBUPP9n6_LqccbFqRreroItYNTOlLByZiFJeE8Hv6FM9ZR-MYHNE_z6hYrqmMLj4FxWDfIPg07TXxFTNL5eFFIGznivr6zuPIfSGZnYcrtnvVTy3w1CuYvc-d8TDXTKGPe0sIVckijZKSZ3eLB91gbJppyK2et2vzWo8YN7kQGWqDjDjaNg/s628/Screenshot%202022-12-05%20at%2013.54.28.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne Now renamed the Waldbühne" border="0" data-original-height="468" data-original-width="628" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8_76HOvShBUPP9n6_LqccbFqRreroItYNTOlLByZiFJeE8Hv6FM9ZR-MYHNE_z6hYrqmMLj4FxWDfIPg07TXxFTNL5eFFIGznivr6zuPIfSGZnYcrtnvVTy3w1CuYvc-d8TDXTKGPe0sIVckijZKSZ3eLB91gbJppyK2et2vzWo8YN7kQGWqDjDjaNg/w320-h238/Screenshot%202022-12-05%20at%2013.54.28.png" title="Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne Now renamed the Waldbühne" width="320" /></a></div>It wasn't until the summer of 1934 that proposals were made to artistically decorate the Olympic buildings. It began with an open competition for the plastic design of the entrance pillars of the Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne. In February 1935, the jury's first two prizes went to sculptors who were relatively unknown at the time: Konstantin Frick and Josef Walz. Drafts from other artists were purchased and some were later given commissions such as Breker and Lörcher. The magazine "Kunstkammer", the bulletin of the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts, devoted a whole page to the publication of the competition designs. The Art Committee, which met for the first time on March 7, 1935, rejected the earlier decision. “Examination of the documents requested from the award winners and artists considering purchases about their overall work shows that the 1st and 2nd prize winners Frick and Walz are not up to the demands to be made. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhxsCM3u76TWQ4Y4n_xM8wGmNngsSAsHIlQNQVUGk3hUnWSHS3sQFqvd5Xw_mAC2eElH2gLHW6JHuZV0VeqdV0WLDXxpCoTlgLj_JMQQi1tb9oDJhYCiFrrCJn-qFhsWm4RYjbGNjJxlge3rN5r7GVQBBqy44gRxqOxusIYW4getPclQoxFTModI8ByQ/s318/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-05T130454.317.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi statues today" border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhxsCM3u76TWQ4Y4n_xM8wGmNngsSAsHIlQNQVUGk3hUnWSHS3sQFqvd5Xw_mAC2eElH2gLHW6JHuZV0VeqdV0WLDXxpCoTlgLj_JMQQi1tb9oDJhYCiFrrCJn-qFhsWm4RYjbGNjJxlge3rN5r7GVQBBqy44gRxqOxusIYW4getPclQoxFTModI8ByQ/s16000/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-05T130454.317.gif" title="Nazi statues today" /></a></span></span>Notable talents are Brecker (sp), Wamper, Lörcher, Hahn, Fiedler and also Brachert, about whom Hoenig still wants to do certain investigations. For the two entrance pillars, Wamper from Münster is primarily suggested by the art committee, which, however, has to work out a new solution... Wamper is to be called to Berlin immediately for more detailed discussion." </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The minutes of the second meeting of July 5, 1935 stated: “The drafts by Wamper were basically approved by the committee, but the relief should be kept flatter and the figures on the left-hand pillar smaller, so that there is still space above the heads in particular remains. The proposed amendments are to be submitted within 14 days for submission to Reich Minister Dr. Goebbels." These sculptures were financed by the Ministry of Propaganda, which is why Goebbels had to give his place. The two reliefs refer "to the dual purpose of the complex for musical consecration play and patriotic celebration" (March 1936). </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkrOhUK1pGCnE1HbwACqFdwap68VW31bQIiqKELJl22_XiSTbIxTDE-3MrWSz7VJVUXXcCioiOH5MYcAvY3wm9LB75KuJIUEStkjEuqdX3xOvdbZhUZ19QHRXDE0EBHjb4fgZmnjgRaHqlm9V1btpWlOmbMlq0WT_fYNM9Qu1Npy36USK_ox0TJ6ulfw/s310/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-05T130606.226.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi statues today" border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkrOhUK1pGCnE1HbwACqFdwap68VW31bQIiqKELJl22_XiSTbIxTDE-3MrWSz7VJVUXXcCioiOH5MYcAvY3wm9LB75KuJIUEStkjEuqdX3xOvdbZhUZ19QHRXDE0EBHjb4fgZmnjgRaHqlm9V1btpWlOmbMlq0WT_fYNM9Qu1Npy36USK_ox0TJ6ulfw/s16000/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-05T130606.226.gif" title="Nazi statues today" /></a>The latter is represented by two men with swords and torches, precursors of Breker's statues in the Reich Chancellery. It is striking that in this work, which was supervised by the Propaganda Ministry, a dedicated Nazi content can be seen, unlike most of the other examples.With the intent of showing the kinship between ancient Greek and Germanic culture, the entrance is flanked by two pairs of reliefs by Adolf Wamper- Vaterländische Feier and Künstlerische Feier shown here in 1935 and as they appear today. The one on the</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> left, representing the "Fatherland" has two male nudes, one with a sword, the other with a spear, a pairing that was to be used more famously by Arno Breker; and on the right, representing artistic celebration, two female nudes, one with a laurel wreath, the other with a lyre. The arena, the Maifeld field, and the Olympic stadium itself were designed to be used together for large events, and March also provided an indoor arena in the nearby Haus des deutschen Sports that has been regarded as a smaller equivalent of the Dietrich Eckart theatre. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Haus des Deutschen Sports</span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFuWsPZNunw2xUNYNTBu7cHnuA3ivizXklUCDVEqcYdeamo3gQIIF5x8HfckasYQxrIiQAFesvDrbaM8vT5HaHojOttkTNhDDWyv_RBimqPZ_mCLX3NdATuwU3KN-Hd0eyP7PsaUHM8wb60f5RQ5Gv-_KlIy6xF-PrsZcvccwNlzDNO4qG9D9mUW2d-w/s414/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T174028.234.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Haus des Deutschen Sports with the Nazi flag flying atop and today." border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="414" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFuWsPZNunw2xUNYNTBu7cHnuA3ivizXklUCDVEqcYdeamo3gQIIF5x8HfckasYQxrIiQAFesvDrbaM8vT5HaHojOttkTNhDDWyv_RBimqPZ_mCLX3NdATuwU3KN-Hd0eyP7PsaUHM8wb60f5RQ5Gv-_KlIy6xF-PrsZcvccwNlzDNO4qG9D9mUW2d-w/w425-h306/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T174028.234.gif" title="Haus des Deutschen Sports with the Nazi flag flying atop and today." width="425" /></a></div></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The <span style="font-style: italic;">Haus des Deutschen Sports</span> with the Nazi flag flying atop and today. </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>A pair of massive buildings with clear lines arranged symmetrically around a swimming pool and a large inner courtyard (Jahnplatz) were built consisting of the indoor swimming pool and the swimming pool house in the north and the large gymnasium and the gymnasium in the south. Both building ensembles are attached to the "House of German Sports", which was completed in 1936 and is known for its architecturally striking domed hall. The Friesenhof named after Friedrich Friesen adjoins this central building complex in the north-east. During the 1936 Olympic Games, fencing competitions were held in the dome hall and in front of the House of German Sports. In addition to the two eagles sitting atop columns in front, a Nazi eagle remains situated on a stone pillar nearby, shown on the right:</span></span></span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRd54IUZlABIpCGQ8msXAcGDu6tOl555Qmh0HWMci9zOBLthomzNbVgsJvmQ2IraDBTG6Vfwi9vwUaYjhp3-dyMpSTCwqYkWTW1FwVYjX448UE7xFVuugm0YOcZCueVFcFBIl0hfsdAfQ/s1600-h/1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="342" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440560780344437666" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRd54IUZlABIpCGQ8msXAcGDu6tOl555Qmh0HWMci9zOBLthomzNbVgsJvmQ2IraDBTG6Vfwi9vwUaYjhp3-dyMpSTCwqYkWTW1FwVYjX448UE7xFVuugm0YOcZCueVFcFBIl0hfsdAfQ/w257-h342/1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 270px; width: 203px;" width="257" /></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The
House of German Sports has been built on the Reichssportfeld. It
provides accommodation for the executive and its administrative organs.
It is surrounded by buildings and grounds where the sporting and
athletic life of Berlin manifests itself. Everyone whose duty it is to
act in an organising and administrative capacity can watch the games
from his office window. He can no longer shut himself off from these
realities, but is bound to identify himself with them. Such intimate
contact is of very considerable value, and I expect that highly
beneficial results will follow from it. The "organising official" must
see all that is going on in the sports grounds, but must himself be seen
as little as possible. </span></span></span></span>
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<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Hans von Tschammer und Osten, Reich Sports Leader from <a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/political%20pdfs/GermanySpeaks.pdf" target="_blank">Germany Speaks</a> (1938) </span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>In the last years of the war, the Paul Nipkow television station produced programmes in the cupola hall until 1944, after the studio in the Deutschlandhaus on what is today 's Theodor-Heuss-Platz was no longer usable after bomb damage. Parts of the Sportforum were destroyed during the bombing. After Germany was defeated, the Olympic site was taken over by the British military administration and used for sporting and recreational purposes by British military personnel. In 1952, the headquarters of the British military administration was relocated from Fehrbelliner Platz to the Sportforum site and, after the occupation troops had left on September 30, 1994, was handed over to the state of Berlin for use.<br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMM9aInum_XIs9sVQ0Uv5pvEX1Xsj8n0BFHzLctAjO9Bwv48AEVizuk4nyUKQfJv-OjapXuYSYIZCIVpk4ZoQNAShgoIufPptnmB_UG7GtHtKJM86d4OuHkJr0P6u7UG8UplmAf3nq9tB0NzqYqHnBaJE6AfGathISY5UNbAqwkBUxcGNrpi9tJdn9g/s380/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T172717.584.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="rno Breker's Zehnkämpfer (Decathlete)" border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="268" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMM9aInum_XIs9sVQ0Uv5pvEX1Xsj8n0BFHzLctAjO9Bwv48AEVizuk4nyUKQfJv-OjapXuYSYIZCIVpk4ZoQNAShgoIufPptnmB_UG7GtHtKJM86d4OuHkJr0P6u7UG8UplmAf3nq9tB0NzqYqHnBaJE6AfGathISY5UNbAqwkBUxcGNrpi9tJdn9g/w314-h444/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T172717.584.gif" title="rno Breker's Zehnkämpfer (Decathlete), and Siegerin (Victor)" width="314" /></a></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">At
the entrance to the House of German Sports there are two eagle
sculptures by Waldemar Raemisch, at the outside staircase from Jahnplatz
the decathlete and the winner by Arno Breker, at the forum pool the
resting athlete by Georg Kolbe and in the entrance hall of the House of
German Sports Kolbe's decathlon man. At the entrance to Jahnplatz there
are bulls and cows by Adolf Strübe. Josef Thorak 's Boxer is a little
off on the Anger. </span></span>Arno Breker's<i> Zehnkämpfer </i>(Decathlete), and <i>Siegerin </i>(Victor) continue to stand in the front of the building in the Pfeilerhalle (Pillar-hall).</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Breker had taken part in the competition for the pillars of the open-air stage and attracted attention there for which he would win a <a href="https://www-spiegel-de.translate.goog/kultur/lebender-leichnam-a-e4de92c1-0002-0001-0000-000043822563?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp">silver medal at the 1936 Olympic art competition</a>. In the minutes of the first meeting of the Art Committee on March 7, 1935, it was noted that "Brecker, a figurative sculptor of a more realistic nature, is to be considered for the two large figures at the House of German Sports". The artist's name was misspelled; he was hardly known at the time. The "realistic style" of the sculptor was nevertheless repeatedly criticised in the following sessions. Of </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Siegerin </i>in one review from July 5, 1935 it was complained how </span></span>"[t]he large female figure should be a little tighter in contour" In addition, the next meeting of December 17 detailed dissatisfaction because "the new proposals were visibly being developed too closely based on natural models, that the too soft and indefinite treatment of the contours criticised in the first proposals had not yet achieved the desired stricter guidance in addition to the strict architecture.” </span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEFwRNYAwlLdnOnmatdjvIkUPkFzX7dkgTedFFfFBHSyYlVQdmVSC10wwsfhSgbJ6hEX0Ny-dIl-q0Dg7ZqIjJ-N__VIk80rfN1an2nGSwFm-YWjEE2P8v1Rw7J41jEo3cRcqGcp5iPJIKTDnhbFJNg9-fBzsgzAH8XMZTnBqs0Vhjsh6D0_KRO9uR0w/s340/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T173350.505.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="rno Breker's Zehnkämpfer (Decathlete), and Siegerin (Victor)" border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="255" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEFwRNYAwlLdnOnmatdjvIkUPkFzX7dkgTedFFfFBHSyYlVQdmVSC10wwsfhSgbJ6hEX0Ny-dIl-q0Dg7ZqIjJ-N__VIk80rfN1an2nGSwFm-YWjEE2P8v1Rw7J41jEo3cRcqGcp5iPJIKTDnhbFJNg9-fBzsgzAH8XMZTnBqs0Vhjsh6D0_KRO9uR0w/w327-h436/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T173350.505.gif" title="rno Breker's Zehnkämpfer (Decathlete), and Siegerin (Victor)" width="327" /></a></span></span></span></span></span>Whilst Breker's memoirs do not contain any criticism of his designs, he does emphasise Hitler's admiration of the large statues that laid the foundation for his career in the Third Reich in <i>Paris, Hitler et moi</i>. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Breker had two athletes as models for his figures, a javelin thrower for the "victor" and for the "decathlete" Gustav Stührk, who had been recommended by Carl Diem as the "best proportioned, most accomplished athlete" according to Breker himself. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i>Die Siegerin</i>, or more likely the plaster model, stood also in the Reichskanzlei in the ‘Verbindungshallen im Westlichen Verwaltungsbau; it was also displayed in the International Pavilion of the World Exhibition, 1937, in Paris. These two statues provide examples of how the Nazis decided to orientate their state style towards antiquity as Breker's reference to ancient Greek sculptures met these aspirations. The Nazis saw the aesthetic ideals of their racial theory, the "healthy Aryan human type", symbolised in his figures. Breker's form of expression was proclaimed as a "designed attitude, a world view that had taken shape" and was trend-setting for the new German style. In retrospect, Breker himself described the year 1936 as the turning point in his existence. In the period that followed, he was appropriated by Nazi propaganda, stylised as the "most important contemporary German sculptor", even as a pioneer of the Nazi revolution, since his monumental figures seemed excellently suited to representing the New Reich's struggle against the signs of degenerate art and to make it visually comprehensible to society as a whole.<i><br /></i></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4yRrMjs6vtHpSH4ImixFNcvl3yTeGTn9DCdhn7TvMEkTrNm_L_XF6kxumWoELFNqSHyoFrqtnsoKFT_evyZetIRNC-lo8r9bEPSjJps0rTlBIf6eU7aOsZwSoBGeNVeB3cVTTAIOCqyfORIu7ztSyfC-YOtLhBxAs5Gc3CsUDXvq7TQjfGhgV546dEw/s342/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T171319.409.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Georg Kolbe's Ruhende Athlet (Resting Athlete)," border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="342" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4yRrMjs6vtHpSH4ImixFNcvl3yTeGTn9DCdhn7TvMEkTrNm_L_XF6kxumWoELFNqSHyoFrqtnsoKFT_evyZetIRNC-lo8r9bEPSjJps0rTlBIf6eU7aOsZwSoBGeNVeB3cVTTAIOCqyfORIu7ztSyfC-YOtLhBxAs5Gc3CsUDXvq7TQjfGhgV546dEw/w400-h363/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-04T171319.409.gif" title="Georg Kolbe's Ruhende Athlet (Resting Athlete)," width="400" /></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Georg Kolbe's <i>Ruhende Athlet </i>(Resting Athlete), shown then and now on the left.<br /></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Kolbe submitted the draft for this work in the form of a small model to the art committee for the Olympic site in 1935.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span>The relatively easy-going, relaxed attitude that distinguishes this work from all the other sculptures on the site led to criticism and discussions. The artist did not change his design, although the committee had made this a condition of execution. In a letter <a href="https://www.diegeschichteberlins.de/geschichteberlins/berlin-abc/stichworteot/634-olympia-gelaende.html">dated October 1, 1935 to Hilda Dirksen,</a> the wife of the German ambassador in Japan, he wrote how "[t]oday I am sending you a photo of the large lying man that I took on behalf of the Prussian Ministry of Education for the local sports forum The figure is twice life-size. It's well done, it looks like something, it's certainly not dirt. But: it's not at all what you want out there." As with the Olympic bell mentioned above, the statue was buried by the British in 1947 on the Maifeld to protect non-ferrous metal thieves. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">model for the statue was apparently someone named Hans </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Loewy</span></span> whose </span></span></span></span>identification was <a href="https://www.haz.de/lokales/hannover/nazi-kunst-am-maschsee-georg-kolbe-liess-juden-modell-stehen-LPGA7XY3RSKDP35B5E7ESKEQME.html">confirmed by three different contemporary witnesses</a>; apparently </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Loewy</span></span> took his friends to the Olympic grounds with particular pride in order to demonstrate the magnificent figure for which he - according to the Nazi definition at the time, a 'half-Jew'- had posed as a model. Loewy managed to survive the Nazi period in hiding in Berlin.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN7YPcwKyyjrA5eNQdEnjdBaWYWFa1PpsnTb0BMocSb1kTKdzO_bgBPxPkzJhwBqt-4mZiC8VN5PpRQ3SSC9aCWEbuqy4vN69zgGu50IpT4S73N-AGgOUxDfNym8sj-EA_yN1x3xkogJ2Vp2njUbWMUmuquX9-6qHUXN8I-RFU9e3NH2har08Xfa7swQ/s368/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-06T070243.377.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kolbe's Zehnkampfmann" border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="198" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN7YPcwKyyjrA5eNQdEnjdBaWYWFa1PpsnTb0BMocSb1kTKdzO_bgBPxPkzJhwBqt-4mZiC8VN5PpRQ3SSC9aCWEbuqy4vN69zgGu50IpT4S73N-AGgOUxDfNym8sj-EA_yN1x3xkogJ2Vp2njUbWMUmuquX9-6qHUXN8I-RFU9e3NH2har08Xfa7swQ/w215-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-06T070243.377.gif" title="Kolbe's Zehnkampfmann" width="215" /></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Kolbe's <i>Zehnkampfmann, </i></span></span>created in 1933 before the construction of the stadium and the
completion of the sports forum. Kolbe first described him as simply a
"figure for a sports forum". It is very likely that he imagined the
"German Sports Forum" in the neighbourhood of which he lived and worked.
The larger-than-life bronze was exhibited in 1934 at the Academy of
Arts in Berlin and at the Venice Biennale, where, according to press
reports, it is said to have <a href="https://www.meaus.com/95-kolbe-und-ns-zeit.htm">made a great impression on Hitler</a>. However,
it failed to find a permanent place at first; in 1935 it was temporarily
installed in the garden of the National Gallery. There is no
information in the files about the negotiations on the integration of
the “decathlon man” into the sculpture program of the Olympic site but a
friend of Kolbe's remembered that the statue was dumped one night in
front of the artist's front door. However, the bronze returned to the
Olympic grounds. It appears to have been made more architecturally
compatible by altering the plinth, transforming it from an irregular
oval to a square as seen here in the current image. The model for the statue had been <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163605/http://www.schwaebische.de/home_artikel,-_arid,1194241.html">a former decathlete, Hermann Lemperle</a>, who had taken part in the 1928 Olympic Games in
Amsterdam and had become German runner-up in the 1928 decathlon. After
studying sports, he began studying art history in Berlin in 1932 and
later worked as an assistant at Berlin University. In 1936, like many
prominent athletes, he was involved in the Olympic relay race, which was
held for the first time.</span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisBM47T7dx_jBwYAX85PxIHzpXZIn6dYVq9i0DFQXcPD2LCtKpysp8vZGBWP8aHpFZe1n-OlEomBqdu8CBS7yF1iptsfmPrUM8J5JUrl6BUDO5G_1ZaBA24E92L3jwINgBRsanL740ZKQ/s1600/reichsport.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Heath's Bavarian International School students at Berlin Olympic Stadium" border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="524" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisBM47T7dx_jBwYAX85PxIHzpXZIn6dYVq9i0DFQXcPD2LCtKpysp8vZGBWP8aHpFZe1n-OlEomBqdu8CBS7yF1iptsfmPrUM8J5JUrl6BUDO5G_1ZaBA24E92L3jwINgBRsanL740ZKQ/w478-h362/reichsport.gif" title="Heath's Bavarian International School students at Berlin Olympic Stadium" width="478" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
Entrance building of the Olympia-Stadion (Olympic stadium) subway
station, designed by Alfred Grenander and built for the 1936 Summer
Olympics and my 2019 <i>Bavarian International School </i>cohort in front. In
the run-up to the Olympic Games, the Stadion station was given the name
Reichssportfeld . During these Olympic Games, the U-Bahn line A,
together with the S-Bahn, handled traffic to the Olympic Stadium among
other places. During the war, which began three years later the Reichssportfeld station was affected. On February 15, 1944, an air mine
hit the entrance building <a href="https://www.stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de/bahnhof/bahnhof.php?bhf=351">and caused considerable damage.</a> Nevertheless,
the section of the subway line A in the direction of Ruhleben belonged
to the subway lines that were relatively intact until operations ceased
on April 25, 1945 at the latest. After the founding of the Federal
Republic in 1949, the station was given the new name Olympia-Stadion on
June 26, 1950.</span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><b>Berlin 1939-1945 Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjckDHemriAp4diuWyqqql1XeqHaRMEisykLN68-F14_QnfeG4qmZ5w--j4iTpe4K2zL8IMx_UE16dbO196obTWOrFsu0O9MHntVMaXEMCnVrZfCoxrVPqbyZAp3JFtgAufQFZ241YHzfv-ofJSq92YQjNlNRyrnlixAnTx6JdWsY_0j-JJNaE_RUUkEg/s400/7.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjckDHemriAp4diuWyqqql1XeqHaRMEisykLN68-F14_QnfeG4qmZ5w--j4iTpe4K2zL8IMx_UE16dbO196obTWOrFsu0O9MHntVMaXEMCnVrZfCoxrVPqbyZAp3JFtgAufQFZ241YHzfv-ofJSq92YQjNlNRyrnlixAnTx6JdWsY_0j-JJNaE_RUUkEg/s320/7.jpeg" width="320" /></a>The next stop from the </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Olympia-Stadion subway
station is at</span></span></span></span> Pichelsberg which takes one to one of two
Commonwealth cemeteries in Berlin, the other being the First World War Berlin South-Western Cemetery in Stahnsdorf, Brandenburg.
This CWGC was established in 1945 as a central burial ground <a href="https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/2081150/berlin-1939-1945-war-cemetery/">for aircrew and prisoners of war</a> who were interred in the Berlin area and
in East Germany.<span> </span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The British military cemetery on Heerstraße was built between 1955 and 1957 to replace the British military cemetery on Trakehner Allee that had been laid out a few years earlier and had to be closed in 1959. The site was intended for the erection of a television tower, which ultimately did not take place. </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFV7KRsUHOoKA0rNKHf4nYDV58R3FiV09600JBGO3xdh4PkEmbKm5b_xBAmGpIYXJ2d8Ncn4qaWHSDE6sGlkhXgjkBtvvFYQrLouSi8Jyd2QFnUUOkDVfugBbuI_S9O17xUjjcF-X9xYtx8nSydtMPBWxKAVPx5pbBnwOjjgedNdtXqk2cB3N0-Wdyuw/s850/Screenshot%202022-12-05%20at%2016.31.07.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="574" data-original-width="850" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFV7KRsUHOoKA0rNKHf4nYDV58R3FiV09600JBGO3xdh4PkEmbKm5b_xBAmGpIYXJ2d8Ncn4qaWHSDE6sGlkhXgjkBtvvFYQrLouSi8Jyd2QFnUUOkDVfugBbuI_S9O17xUjjcF-X9xYtx8nSydtMPBWxKAVPx5pbBnwOjjgedNdtXqk2cB3N0-Wdyuw/s320/Screenshot%202022-12-05%20at%2016.31.07.png" width="320" /></a>The new military cemetery was designed by architect Philip Dalton Hepworth on an area of around 3.8 hectares; on the right when in 2013 when my students accompanied me surrounded by its 3,594 graves. Its design essentially corresponds to the pattern of other British military cemeteries, such as the British cemetery on the site of the Südwestkirchhof Stahnsdorf or the Commonwealth Cemetery of Honour in Cologne. Characteristic here are uniform, simple tombstones made of English Portland sandstone , the high cross with a bronze sword, the centrally placed memorial stone with a commemorative inscription reading <i>Their name liveth for evermore</i>, and a well-groomed, short-cut lawn. The entrance area is made up of three arcades made of shell limestone with wrought-iron gates. </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Of
the wartime burials, about 80% are aircrew, killed in action over
Germany whilst the remainder are prisoners of war. I have another site
dedicated to the CWGCs of Ypres and the Somme at <span><a href="http://echoesofwar.blogspot.com/">Echoes of War</a>. </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbMh3obPkDYsQ5KeFfhd-KCA5mnzPQNO7xmOTaEuo4TJ7V7RC4w8w47-9KkiBBzo4h9yPXyng7nCY-EtlEtntyTNXBkoWrGdqxntQ29JYvm9YP5sHjG_rCge4v6uud6YvwBBMGxocZrwKe/s800/179792_509408439126466_1980200719_n.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbMh3obPkDYsQ5KeFfhd-KCA5mnzPQNO7xmOTaEuo4TJ7V7RC4w8w47-9KkiBBzo4h9yPXyng7nCY-EtlEtntyTNXBkoWrGdqxntQ29JYvm9YP5sHjG_rCge4v6uud6YvwBBMGxocZrwKe/w400-h264/179792_509408439126466_1980200719_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>There
are also 260 burials from the post-war British Occupation Authorities
staff, including my Great-Grandfather John Arthur Heath, shown on the left </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">in a photograph dated "Malta 1914"; he's the tall one in the back second from right with the ciggie in his mouth. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">As one who fought against the Germans at the opening battle of the Somme, he was subsequently sent back to Blighty to recuperate, resulting in my Grandfather who experienced the Germans the second time around (who would eventually move to Canada with my father when it was feared the Mother Country would follow the Americans into Vietnam.) Five years after the defeat again of Germany, my Great-Grandfather would die in Berlin as a member of the British occupation forces charged with hunting down war criminals, rebuilding Germany's industry and dealing with displaced persons, all the while being forced to learn to live and work alongside the former enemy. </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkHfNZ_HR89e0T1fxRLqwZwbyuSRUutOHlDEFbBpLar-xxzg1DW1V8LdCeNv3HT93ze_OlSPMqjY_HAcFvtYKIVvdcQGODQVOIn0jdefiwLOspYwJ6h_BlMcF-GBkKHvuHBy5__j9d8bP1/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-07-05+at+6.53.13+PM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkHfNZ_HR89e0T1fxRLqwZwbyuSRUutOHlDEFbBpLar-xxzg1DW1V8LdCeNv3HT93ze_OlSPMqjY_HAcFvtYKIVvdcQGODQVOIn0jdefiwLOspYwJ6h_BlMcF-GBkKHvuHBy5__j9d8bP1/w400-h145/Screen+Shot+2013-07-05+at+6.53.13+PM.png" width="400" /></a>In
May 1949, the three western occupation zones were merged to form the
Federal Republic of Germany whilst the Soviets followed suit in
October 1949 with the establishment of the German Democratic Republic.</span></span></span> </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">It was soon after this that my Great-Grandfather died, working to preserve Germany's uncertain, precarious democracy. People like me may have voted for Brexit, but the thousands of British whose bodies remain buried in this country after trying to liberate Europe from German militarism and fascism during the wars and subsequent airlift, or whilst working to rebuild and establish freedom and democracy will always remain- even if Germans themselves chose to forget any such debt when asked for support during the Brexit negotiations.</span></span></span></div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div><span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Berchtesgaden</span></span></span></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqT2mXEfoN7MDIZ5Anea2ORBDnZUpWn1lkIy4G_JwIk3kXvxvDwbx436W5KnIqgyIqDrwl-THlxX127nQmMzA183GnMN9XVN5B5aUxvz71OfikgPSQB2PUCrY46jSO-5tVdsVO3f0EEmJ5/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252890%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="453" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqT2mXEfoN7MDIZ5Anea2ORBDnZUpWn1lkIy4G_JwIk3kXvxvDwbx436W5KnIqgyIqDrwl-THlxX127nQmMzA183GnMN9XVN5B5aUxvz71OfikgPSQB2PUCrY46jSO-5tVdsVO3f0EEmJ5/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252890%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span>Cycling into Berchtesgaden, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>a town in southern Bavaria on the border with Austria,</span></span></span> with its slightly-altered Nazi flag greeting visitors.
Although Berchtesgaden itself is nestled in a deep valley, it lent its
name to Adolf Hitler’s retreat, officially known as the Berghof, on the
Obersalzberg, 1,640 feet above the town. Also perched on the
Obersalzberg were chalets occupied by Hermann Göring and Martin Bormann,
among other top-ranking Nazis. To all appearances a large holiday
retreat, the Berghof was often used by Hitler for important conferences,
including that with Austrian chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg in
February 1938, compelling him to accept Anschluss, and the meeting with
prime minister Neville Chamberlain in September 1938, in which Hitler
presented his demands with regard to Czechoslovakia. A network of
bunkers and air raid shelters existed under the Berghof, and a private
elevator, its shaft cut through solid rock, connected it with Hitler’s
sanctum sanctorum, “Eagle’s Nest,” at the very top of the mountain. The
Berghof proper was destroyed in an Allied air raid in April 1945, and
the building’s ruins were razed in 1952. A stand of trees was planted on
the site. The Eagle’s Nest survived the bombing and is now a teahouse,
which may be visited by tourists.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><img alt="Berchtesgaden bahnhof" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1glg1RxypxYHskqb5aGN_HWGYe7zvZXzNGVyip5rNvvDaML9o922qTtP1A_k29LiuEldKSgQQb-YKDgb2UCkjwPDax7DSi1_nUHi6PjB3SsewWgnvAEeejMki3hG_cH9te_B-gL7rBtFD/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-07-20+at+10.44.51.png" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1glg1RxypxYHskqb5aGN_HWGYe7zvZXzNGVyip5rNvvDaML9o922qTtP1A_k29LiuEldKSgQQb-YKDgb2UCkjwPDax7DSi1_nUHi6PjB3SsewWgnvAEeejMki3hG_cH9te_B-gL7rBtFD/s640/Screen+Shot+2016-07-20+at+10.44.51.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="" width="640" /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>In
front of the station and Hitler's own private entrance, constructed in
1940</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0b5ZEPBMW0UwcXQ8jIResMHaaQIj36lrBh6aiSOymObuDdC0NSCF0Oig4s36bbF5MwbBkGo3jzHkXaSDbSomZIbmPuUXTu_1JdeeDVDP0XfaIzafEgZiilpCzKyrg0PhF5Hyfqi6yqQpy/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252845%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="434" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0b5ZEPBMW0UwcXQ8jIResMHaaQIj36lrBh6aiSOymObuDdC0NSCF0Oig4s36bbF5MwbBkGo3jzHkXaSDbSomZIbmPuUXTu_1JdeeDVDP0XfaIzafEgZiilpCzKyrg0PhF5Hyfqi6yqQpy/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252845%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
Duke of Windsor, formerly HM King Edward VIII, arriving in 1937 just
outside the main station (the current tourist information office
directly behind) before reviewing a squad of <span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span> with Robert Ley and
meeting Hitler at the
Berghof for a two-hour audience with the Führer in which the Duke
supposedly made no secret of his admiration of Hitler. As early as 1933
Edward is reported to have declared that “Germany’s internal affairs are
its own business. Dictators are very popular these days, and we might
want one in England before long.” To Hitler's mind,</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">His
successor, the weak and ill-prepared King George VI, was wholly in the
grip of his "evil and anti-German advisers." When Edward, now Duke of
Windsor, visited Berchtesgaden in October 1937 he told Hitler much that
confirmed this view. Unfortunately, the record of their meeting would
also vanish from the files captured in 1945. </span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/1977/index.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's War</a> (46)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuXhVrCDX1xM8oSjjRxLwYlIBmRrlV61oafO5en4V8S9N33kiZTRda7u5qnzY1H41Yg80_Qw8fN9913w9yvdPgDGl51OqPoQWocLJO0UOcUS1nxYyBDRWszyPrVRPmdtNa9n_TABshsWxF/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-08-04+at+11.53.02.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="495" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuXhVrCDX1xM8oSjjRxLwYlIBmRrlV61oafO5en4V8S9N33kiZTRda7u5qnzY1H41Yg80_Qw8fN9913w9yvdPgDGl51OqPoQWocLJO0UOcUS1nxYyBDRWszyPrVRPmdtNa9n_TABshsWxF/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-04+at+11.53.02.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Although
the trip of course was not an official state visit, the Germans gave it
all the trappings of one. Royal biographer Andrew Morton describes
Wallis as being treated like a royal princess: “In Germany members of
the aristocracy would bow and curtsy towards her, and she was treated
with all the dignity and status that the duke always wanted.” She and
her husband were given the adulation the pair thought they deserved but
were never given in Britain. David Irving writes </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Learning
that the Prince of Wales - shortly to become King Edward VIII- had
urged closer links between the British Legion and comparable German
ex-servicemen’s organizations, Göring cabled him from Berchtesgaden: “As
a front-line soldier, I thank Your Royal Highness from the bottom of my
heart for the up- right and chivalrous words . . . With humble duty to
Your Royal Highness, Hermann Göring.” He received the prince’s “warm
thanks,” but when a British Legion delegation did come to Nazi Germany
that July, they were profoundly impressed by Adolf Hitler and not at all
by Göring. Out at Carinhall he talked to them only about himself. “He
can be described,” reported Captain Hawes, RN, who had been naval
attaché in Berlin, “as a mountain of egotism and pomposity.” </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjovozDhmKgOYKDu7zQbP8RpaZKGm10YGy7_0YYq4JtUHWz1MNy0gTTNaDys9dynWyLF6l5wGTI3fyKVn7yMlCsy0FEJGPO4PyMoYaPIdxR3-0HuRsd2EOmo7OOMj9bMEYATyX6klg3Zy-n/s320/ezgif.com-crop.jpg" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjovozDhmKgOYKDu7zQbP8RpaZKGm10YGy7_0YYq4JtUHWz1MNy0gTTNaDys9dynWyLF6l5wGTI3fyKVn7yMlCsy0FEJGPO4PyMoYaPIdxR3-0HuRsd2EOmo7OOMj9bMEYATyX6klg3Zy-n/s320/ezgif.com-crop.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 325px; width: 318px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMCBtm_OQ666_iujSY9HwuRI_JTG2v_mTudXJCvpPowAm1gqEByyMQhMbWVJ8qKMeYUhbyOxNMi_yfO07shM9bPdaH7TR9OV2oiSKJYzH_r6TAPVv-DZElg4REEvQLU6S0kowYNvxOHdcX/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-03+at+09.23.15.png" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="403" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMCBtm_OQ666_iujSY9HwuRI_JTG2v_mTudXJCvpPowAm1gqEByyMQhMbWVJ8qKMeYUhbyOxNMi_yfO07shM9bPdaH7TR9OV2oiSKJYzH_r6TAPVv-DZElg4REEvQLU6S0kowYNvxOHdcX/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-03+at+09.23.15.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 325px; width: 284px;" /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>The
station preserves much of the Nazi era on its façade, from the iron
eagle-shaped motif on a window to the swastika-removed wreath above a
door.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHPQFgEC3MV63p19nPf7vvl-jU6kqdIM3wOLFg7TRhmO0LBZ8doSkaq8WIyFRcVNhyxUI1vw4JkZWR06zoM83kk_t6gf-b6sPeoi1Y72034vzMjmTDq7nNBibmdryDlX-fPZMkEOi4f3_9/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-03+at+09.23.34.png" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="562" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHPQFgEC3MV63p19nPf7vvl-jU6kqdIM3wOLFg7TRhmO0LBZ8doSkaq8WIyFRcVNhyxUI1vw4JkZWR06zoM83kk_t6gf-b6sPeoi1Y72034vzMjmTDq7nNBibmdryDlX-fPZMkEOi4f3_9/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-03+at+09.23.34.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 285px; width: 269px;" /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><img alt="Hitler's Berchtesgaden train station" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoA7RyGlF_Ft3lVM6Vn8SvFNIAjF3YGeb6wEInrtnosWHNRK94z2ITxV1ulsVnSr7ia6mqNXtx-9_aLkCbx5137BFPc-iozCiAZPfC8QcYM8wZVXYbw5tis0X2I8U3TMDok95uHlrU3fCj/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252814%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoA7RyGlF_Ft3lVM6Vn8SvFNIAjF3YGeb6wEInrtnosWHNRK94z2ITxV1ulsVnSr7ia6mqNXtx-9_aLkCbx5137BFPc-iozCiAZPfC8QcYM8wZVXYbw5tis0X2I8U3TMDok95uHlrU3fCj/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252814%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 285px; width: 378px;" title="" /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span> At
the rear of the station this seemingly innocuous door served Hitler's
personal use as an entry into his own reception area shown on the right
during the American occupation in 1945 and today. Because of the state visits to his second residence, which Hitler had established at the Berghof and the " Small Reich Chancellery " near Berchtesgaden, a more representative central station in Berchtesgaden was required. The Deutsche Reichsbahn had the new building erected from 1937 to 1940 in an architecture typical of the Nazi era which was a mixture of neoclassicism and <i>Heimatstil</i>, and opened on February 1, 1940. Parallel to the reception building, the station was built in an annex with a new one mechanical signal boxfitted. A new post office was connected to the station building. The station was also expanded to five platform tracks, four on two island platforms and another on the house platform. The facilities for freight transport were hardly expanded at the time; for this purpose, a separate branch in Berchtesgaden Nord was created. On October 2, 1938, the local railway to Salzburg was discontinued to begin the construction of a double-track main railway and the expansion of the road link. The tunnel of the planned main line south of the main station was opened and still exists today, due to the war and its consequences, the connection was not completed. After the bombing of Bad Reichenhall on April 25, 1945, train traffic en route to Freilassing was interrupted until the summer of 1945.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYRv5ioA7EsRtPd8d2vUHmnRam02mIaijssQmUi6CTID9DHxDuwsdI_iqEGpZHulY5K65Nndl6bl2WFGLlhyphenhyphendRaXUBkLJ1I42m2jq8SwyNSdfZQy57L6VeMkOcyv2YN8slhHeyZwqRPLuD/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-03+at+09.25.46.png" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="513" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYRv5ioA7EsRtPd8d2vUHmnRam02mIaijssQmUi6CTID9DHxDuwsdI_iqEGpZHulY5K65Nndl6bl2WFGLlhyphenhyphendRaXUBkLJ1I42m2jq8SwyNSdfZQy57L6VeMkOcyv2YN8slhHeyZwqRPLuD/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-03+at+09.25.46.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 253px;" /></span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4XdvK7dnk2DyY-bgHTKJdHpO6uso46iy3l6j8Bk4LL8osZNfCbhzkMZBzbOpxae1LvqIKLalU6DW3mt8zW1RnW9xNV1uuJ7A4hUx95no18Pe_O3Hz4h7mMBqLRL8JL42nMRZMLWrFw1Ns/s320/38248750_10156618388364962_7500926955286429696_n.jpg" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="720" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4XdvK7dnk2DyY-bgHTKJdHpO6uso46iy3l6j8Bk4LL8osZNfCbhzkMZBzbOpxae1LvqIKLalU6DW3mt8zW1RnW9xNV1uuJ7A4hUx95no18Pe_O3Hz4h7mMBqLRL8JL42nMRZMLWrFw1Ns/s320/38248750_10156618388364962_7500926955286429696_n.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 210px;" /></span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFm3zuuTR94ioiFgEEz_xTRSSgdR9W9m4siRMVwpuwB9HzjvNtkkeiZ08nIGJjg8AwGG1qpwiPNA3axn8nzXX9bn3NOGjSJHC7hF9am3P7JZ5taNvS6GRK1n5E0Ji61pzyZ0a47RC8OpYa/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-03+at+09.46.53.png" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="431" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFm3zuuTR94ioiFgEEz_xTRSSgdR9W9m4siRMVwpuwB9HzjvNtkkeiZ08nIGJjg8AwGG1qpwiPNA3axn8nzXX9bn3NOGjSJHC7hF9am3P7JZ5taNvS6GRK1n5E0Ji61pzyZ0a47RC8OpYa/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-03+at+09.46.53.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 190px;" /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Many of the frescoes too are retained from the Nazi era. These large fresco paintings on the east and west sides were created by Maria Harrich inside the station hall </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>between 1940 and 1951; it is </span></span></span></span>not certain whether the frescos were painted one after the other or if both were revised in 1951.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5n2erB5bQfjzGnR4feoIoA1BBkpDrBZZfsbgRe3C6VNjJ9gtzMhwGD828oFgWRZb8iTemXYAQhK_j35370ifQ-2bmFG8lxiLgNqLC8GPblLrTnl2nY_QMNOrZ3UIRf7X7D3HMJ6yO4-pR/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252848%2529.gif" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5n2erB5bQfjzGnR4feoIoA1BBkpDrBZZfsbgRe3C6VNjJ9gtzMhwGD828oFgWRZb8iTemXYAQhK_j35370ifQ-2bmFG8lxiLgNqLC8GPblLrTnl2nY_QMNOrZ3UIRf7X7D3HMJ6yO4-pR/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252848%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 256px;" /></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2csvzzg1cXjHf_xHMS7GYIlTgUEOhzVfrQNcEh1P0GljpSaSr-NDjzOeMi-SrzJVMMhDaQK4x-Z1aq2BFejMdee9L6y0C0MjJygv8_AT4Ay5FQg6LlMbslHTcXYIuJ7YbjQOd2jyQLIGs/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252856%2529.gif" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="421" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2csvzzg1cXjHf_xHMS7GYIlTgUEOhzVfrQNcEh1P0GljpSaSr-NDjzOeMi-SrzJVMMhDaQK4x-Z1aq2BFejMdee9L6y0C0MjJygv8_AT4Ay5FQg6LlMbslHTcXYIuJ7YbjQOd2jyQLIGs/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252856%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 386px;" /><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Around the corner the swastika from the fresco on the façade of the post office has been airbrushed away.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKut5KbTWhNDuVgoq5wZtoZ3i49zZ7w3IRGx80fTQlnEkpCYrW8IKKjMDO-sQt_IBx-ApKuifEotrFsPhKEnnLOdjsUX19wwFo3Y2ybdsAnxjY307xc3VX5IVUDJG01-c-8qqE9M-9a3S1/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252876%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="450" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKut5KbTWhNDuVgoq5wZtoZ3i49zZ7w3IRGx80fTQlnEkpCYrW8IKKjMDO-sQt_IBx-ApKuifEotrFsPhKEnnLOdjsUX19wwFo3Y2ybdsAnxjY307xc3VX5IVUDJG01-c-8qqE9M-9a3S1/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252876%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A troop of SA men at the fountain in the main square</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Already on February 14, 1922 Adolf Hitler spoke </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">here on July 1, 1923 </span></span></span></span>"About
the Future of our People". Before that, Hitler visited the Obersalzberg
for the first time in May 1923 in order to meet his mentor Dietrich
Eckart in the mountain ski house Obersalzberg (formerly Pension Moritz,
later Hotel Platterhof). Arrested in Munich a week after the Hitler
Putsch , but soon discharged after severe heart attacks, Eckart
succumbed to a heart attack in Berchtesgaden at the end of 1923. In
autumn 1923 an armed clash took place in Reichenhall and Berchtesgaden
between patriotic and communist groups of the Northern German KPD. On
July 9, 1932, the day of the national Reichstag election, Hitler took the parade
of 3,000 Bavarian and three thousand Austrian SA men during the "Greater German
Day" in Berchtesgaden. Once in power in March 1933, members of the communist party
were arrested in Berchtesgaden on charges that the KPD had supported the
Reichstag fire. Despite its political symbolism, Berchtesgaden only
suffered a limited air raid on April 25, 1945. Apart from minor damage
to infrastructure and buildings, almost no war damage occurred. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmpOd_lPYS7S3XVqiKGNpWX4n-DZF_JggTpQfKJvzg9VG_2R6kUMAo-wyYIoZ1ALupziRAXc7e4vAUTFhFLi0hyWVwooWchI7pORcqKx2EgWTTZuRb9rHTyMewy7cstUsvDibopSdbVj_a/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252891%2529.gif" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="477" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmpOd_lPYS7S3XVqiKGNpWX4n-DZF_JggTpQfKJvzg9VG_2R6kUMAo-wyYIoZ1ALupziRAXc7e4vAUTFhFLi0hyWVwooWchI7pORcqKx2EgWTTZuRb9rHTyMewy7cstUsvDibopSdbVj_a/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252891%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 438px;" /><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji2bq-ia-SE81-yQ6tf6e_1n3LW_wXwPgNtkDAaMYn2gN2FrYTPuSUDTKhOwbgzu0gAZ_54JgBw4GA4E5_suNyYCXISeF2aNoxd9-WT3pF2_9z57zzV6mHoSZJeufoqNmMVKF5GubaApnZ/s1600/W0243699.jpg" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji2bq-ia-SE81-yQ6tf6e_1n3LW_wXwPgNtkDAaMYn2gN2FrYTPuSUDTKhOwbgzu0gAZ_54JgBw4GA4E5_suNyYCXISeF2aNoxd9-WT3pF2_9z57zzV6mHoSZJeufoqNmMVKF5GubaApnZ/s1600/W0243699.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 209px;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The fountain replaced with a snow sculpture to celebrate the <i>Deutsche und Heeres Skimeisterschaften </i>in 1934 amidst Nazi flags. The SA and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Ski competition took place in Berchtesgaden February 11 that year. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2TWpPZJXUJPdml21ik3NBcH2p8ZCUpGzPoqWJN9dBy59HF4DKHPFZpxxOXhiCrsxvy4lWejdA5dtYcE-I6JpcB_p0z0355fqbuWZOa6YWMLwS6za1Cg-kaYRB6Yn8l_2vjAvsWIJsUD2T/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252857%2529.gif" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2TWpPZJXUJPdml21ik3NBcH2p8ZCUpGzPoqWJN9dBy59HF4DKHPFZpxxOXhiCrsxvy4lWejdA5dtYcE-I6JpcB_p0z0355fqbuWZOa6YWMLwS6za1Cg-kaYRB6Yn8l_2vjAvsWIJsUD2T/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252857%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 326px;" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipRw_vaQKhci4_owOgTBIVT_aAt7-FMtTPn5lJJtRNS0G7vPbR53HiBcpJbCpabF-gDMWgCgg2zKFM9c5Vz6dPM96BXzbvh7o5jEUMKIurVQwWrWVA1uA1N1G5pY9B-VS-AB6P9SWhjXms/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252851%2529.gif" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="423" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipRw_vaQKhci4_owOgTBIVT_aAt7-FMtTPn5lJJtRNS0G7vPbR53HiBcpJbCpabF-gDMWgCgg2zKFM9c5Vz6dPM96BXzbvh7o5jEUMKIurVQwWrWVA1uA1N1G5pY9B-VS-AB6P9SWhjXms/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252851%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 320px;" /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hitler reviewing SA men in July 1932 and at the approximate spot today.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlUP1Xa2ANTf0ok24-Lxm8fWMssvEx9HTO9Pufz3Fe-Mz8LBynrLKJoKc7W7RhSabjYEPMMoeixI-SKWiSwSFrG_XtIH5g3m6hMZeWDp6RuCqNmkQI2Mf1N_P78UQVEOALmlPG8opm6VCu/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252858%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="548" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlUP1Xa2ANTf0ok24-Lxm8fWMssvEx9HTO9Pufz3Fe-Mz8LBynrLKJoKc7W7RhSabjYEPMMoeixI-SKWiSwSFrG_XtIH5g3m6hMZeWDp6RuCqNmkQI2Mf1N_P78UQVEOALmlPG8opm6VCu/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252858%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Standing in front of the war memorial in the schloßplatz and during the war; note the replacement of the depiction </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">on the right celebrating the killing of Soviet soldiers that has been replaced with one showing a dead German shown below.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizufHoltpyKlJnwVAVgunkmSzaZYAnf3xt3qCzDjB9rKzk-FU4mR4kotSzukOBLIyMK8uYzs75bgeTqw-hSe-KS6EN9H7zZMlpO0e9NPH8LzVA6Pu9ubJVX3PQlsQaqFjvVlQRF2HMws61/s1600/rathezgif.com-optimize+%252890%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="535" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizufHoltpyKlJnwVAVgunkmSzaZYAnf3xt3qCzDjB9rKzk-FU4mR4kotSzukOBLIyMK8uYzs75bgeTqw-hSe-KS6EN9H7zZMlpO0e9NPH8LzVA6Pu9ubJVX3PQlsQaqFjvVlQRF2HMws61/s640/rathezgif.com-optimize+%252890%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">The Nazi standard replaced with the holy red ensign at the back of my bike</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuRoEt_3kZlKLofazSrycukr0CDefWRGQOFAvqqB-W2O4n9XFPVKAOf0Qm1qpCkL_sjxifNdmqF13C8eTRsQuRuL6qKlztZX7xrhhDdrqgHWqoh7JbrjFg_8zHxO3SP0tzEUCiTQNT0Wxc/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25286%2529.gif" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuRoEt_3kZlKLofazSrycukr0CDefWRGQOFAvqqB-W2O4n9XFPVKAOf0Qm1qpCkL_sjxifNdmqF13C8eTRsQuRuL6qKlztZX7xrhhDdrqgHWqoh7JbrjFg_8zHxO3SP0tzEUCiTQNT0Wxc/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25286%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 320px; width: 299px;" /><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobVP-3D3Z1_P7BJ6SX6zIdfNUZntImCqk-LLrRgFQR-CYX5i5niv6m_Jd5e5H2xWyISjWT8ApGAG41AsK7GNmLPUi-nMCNnpexd7EEXXbPxbdzxsGfgNhTAr-EEXcZfNqFjHF04ZY0cv_/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252847%2529.gif" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobVP-3D3Z1_P7BJ6SX6zIdfNUZntImCqk-LLrRgFQR-CYX5i5niv6m_Jd5e5H2xWyISjWT8ApGAG41AsK7GNmLPUi-nMCNnpexd7EEXXbPxbdzxsGfgNhTAr-EEXcZfNqFjHF04ZY0cv_/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252847%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 320px; width: 330px;" /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">When the American GIs of the 3rd Infantry Division arrived, shown on the right riding an M10/M36</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"> tank destroyer in April 1945.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3jrbu4rFNvcbaQiphWPNkSewJHLm6-PpgQ7fnvQRB1WJERb0iCkbzjU6auPS65XW5SUOsF7pL4s2R0S_n6NPZgMTimGUvhva2_BQYveoYMvqXeuOUoWgvIvLBdNNCeEPHUTk2sILWVPWx/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25282%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="935" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3jrbu4rFNvcbaQiphWPNkSewJHLm6-PpgQ7fnvQRB1WJERb0iCkbzjU6auPS65XW5SUOsF7pL4s2R0S_n6NPZgMTimGUvhva2_BQYveoYMvqXeuOUoWgvIvLBdNNCeEPHUTk2sILWVPWx/s640/ezgif.com-crop+%25282%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">This railroad tunnel is dated 1940; the Nazi eagle has been removed from the inscription. It was here where </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Hermann Göring </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">heard of the BBC broadcast from London that Rudolf Hess had landed in Scotland</span></span></span></span>,
telephoning Hitler with the news. Never used for its intended purpose,
it instead served as the hiding place for one of Göring's personal
trains stuffed with much of the art he had looted. David Irving writes
in his biography of Göring (31) that </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Sadly,
his personal papers were looted from his private train at Berchtesgaden
in May 1945, among them the two war diaries that he wrote in August
1914, a private diary kept intermittently between September 1916 and May
1918, and five flying logs recording all his flights from November 1,
1914, to June 1, 1918; one of these private diaries is known to be in
private American hands, but the owner has refused to let anyone see it.</span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheT52OqF1xi5Gh-1BHynW7cMIp9pVgxaff-0PJOV_BSCtD6Z6iwCmN2rixMTi9c_qGR766lM9j4DQGDjZmqEJhIV7QX0Zp-ZrX9VbXB5izZhwX9WinKMVb1Umhg3r5OIF9fhKKsJcv5EFg/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252864%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="492" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheT52OqF1xi5Gh-1BHynW7cMIp9pVgxaff-0PJOV_BSCtD6Z6iwCmN2rixMTi9c_qGR766lM9j4DQGDjZmqEJhIV7QX0Zp-ZrX9VbXB5izZhwX9WinKMVb1Umhg3r5OIF9fhKKsJcv5EFg/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252864%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">At
the grave of Dietrich Eckart in the town's cemetery. One of the
founders of the Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei, which later evolved into the Nazi Party, Eckart was a
participant in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch and is credited with coining
the Nazi motto <i>Deutschland Erwache</i>. Hitler dedicated the second volume of <i>Mein Kampf</i> to him. Mandatory visit of a group of Hitler Youth at the grave of the publisher and journalist Dietrich Eckart in the cemetery in Berchtesgaden, Germany 1930s. Dietrich Eckart at Berchtesgaden main cemetery, Germany 1930s. At his grave mandatory group visits of the Hitler Youth were held, as seen on the right.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMuwNYrRLxsw1j07g9ruZwqXbXRCnhXbEYBA_cJY978uG89NUebDbhGPkjCf5xAk6mDbiw5_tbrrM2W72GhfWJ72UoEf5HKlyzPXU1yn3lWiKCpJifDqMbETgXYUeRBrhdEFdkJpl5v_Ch/s1600/01835502.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMuwNYrRLxsw1j07g9ruZwqXbXRCnhXbEYBA_cJY978uG89NUebDbhGPkjCf5xAk6mDbiw5_tbrrM2W72GhfWJ72UoEf5HKlyzPXU1yn3lWiKCpJifDqMbETgXYUeRBrhdEFdkJpl5v_Ch/s320/01835502.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Dietrich
Eckart, twenty-one years older than Hitler, was often called the
spiritual founder of National Socialism. A witty journalist, a mediocre
poet and dramatist, he had translated Ibsen’s Peer Gynt and written a
number of unproduced plays. In Berlin for a time he had led, like Hitler
in Vienna, the bohemian vagrant’s life, become a drunkard, taken to
morphine and, according to Heiden, been confined to a mental
institution, where he was finally able to stage his dramas, using the
inmates as actors. He had returned to his native Bavaria at the war’s
end and held forth before a circle of admirers at the Brennessel wine
cellar in Schwabing, the artists’ quarter in Munich, preaching Aryan
superiority and calling for the elimination of the Jews and the downfall
of the ”swine” in Berlin. ”We need a fellow at the head,” Heiden, who
was a working newspaperman in Munich at the time, quotes Eckart as
declaiming to the habitues of the Brennessel wine cellar in 1919, ”who
can stand the sound of a machine gun. The rabble need to get fear into
their pants. We can’t use an officer, because the people don’t respect
them any more. The best would be a worker who knows how to talk ... He
doesn’t need much brains . He must be a bachelor, then we’ll get the
women.” What more natural than that the hard-drinking poet should find
in Adolf Hitler the very man he was looking for? He became a close
adviser to the rising young man in the German Workers’ Party, lending
him books, helping to improve his German – both written and spoken – and
introducing him to his wide circle of friends, which included not only
certain wealthy persons who were induced to contribute to the party’s
funds and Hitler’s living but such future aides as Rudolf Hess and
Alfred Rosenberg. Hitler’s admiration for Eckart never flagged, and the
last sentence of Mein Kampf is an expression of gratitude to this
erratic mentor: "one of the
best, who devoted his life to the awakening of our people, in his
writings and his thoughts and finally in his deeds.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Shirer (35-36) <u>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiayC6DfvlkhyphenhyphenKaX7BBTE-9MQ2tVAnro8K0bRskbWiAlEOPiZvDHm0Iwmr3ZpcWibWH3GeBCD8aUYQMvSR2RCMiBo31pinMRQotkrwpGI6iFi8keyXPQF3QWuwYwOcW49JSuItpUwsPNA6G/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="549" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiayC6DfvlkhyphenhyphenKaX7BBTE-9MQ2tVAnro8K0bRskbWiAlEOPiZvDHm0Iwmr3ZpcWibWH3GeBCD8aUYQMvSR2RCMiBo31pinMRQotkrwpGI6iFi8keyXPQF3QWuwYwOcW49JSuItpUwsPNA6G/s400/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">
At
the grave of Hitler's sister Paula, his only sibling to have survived
childhood. Their relationship has been described as rather distant and
Paula Hitler never considered moving to Munich. In 1929, Hitler ordered
his niece Geli Raubal, who lived with him, to invite the whole Hitler
family to the that year's Nazi rally in Nuremberg although none of his
relatives was allowed to join the Nazi party nor given any official
functions or offices. In 1936, Paula Hitler attended the Olympic Games
in Garmisch-Partenkirchen during which time her brother instructed her
to use the surname Wolff. Later at the Bayreuth Wagner Festival she was
presented as Paula Wolff; Hitler did not mentioned her as his sister.
After the she witnessed her
brother's speech on Vienna's Heldenplatz. Newly discovered
interrogations of the former Soviet Ministry of State Security reveal she became engaged to Erwin Jekelius, one of the main leaders of
the Nazi euthanasia program in Austria and directly responsible for the
murder of more than four thousand disabled people. When she asked her brother
to agree to the planned marriage, he declined, determining who was allowed to approach his family and who was not.
Indeed, Hitler had the doctor arrested who was forced to sign a
commitment to break off the connection before eventually being sent to
the Eastern Front and died in Soviet captivity in 1952. After the war
Paula Wolff was taken into custody in Berchtesgaden by the Americans and interrogated, doubting throughout the enormity of her
brother's crimes.
This was further noted in a 1958 interview by British documentary
filmmaker Peter Morley in which she said "I do not think my brother
ordered the crimes that were done to countless people in the
concentration camps - or that he knew about those crimes at all. I have
to speak well about him, he's my brother. He can not defend himself
anymore." On December 1, 1952 she moved as a welfare recipient into a 16
m² small studio in Berchtesgaden, where she lived until dying of
cancer in June 1960. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP3XpcHLO3wLgSDlNBeFmbAXukxCachSxDlVHpMsXX0nSzYxFrd6Th0TwWfvx0sm_jgYXHFnq2u1UG2Lq4s-vcOydf0MmFILrbnxEIAfSua6ZbM5vLKvvMvy0ZunYSlJ378rrLkxLDezit/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252852%2529.gif" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="469" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP3XpcHLO3wLgSDlNBeFmbAXukxCachSxDlVHpMsXX0nSzYxFrd6Th0TwWfvx0sm_jgYXHFnq2u1UG2Lq4s-vcOydf0MmFILrbnxEIAfSua6ZbM5vLKvvMvy0ZunYSlJ378rrLkxLDezit/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252852%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 323px;" /></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"> <span>American troops moving into Berchtesgaden. A platoon from the 7th Regiment’s Battle Patrol entered the town at the head of the 1st Battalion at 15:58. There were some German soldiers in the town, but they were in no mood to fight. Isadore Valenti, a medic with K Company, wrote how ".50-caliber machine-gun carrying jeeps and half tracks took up positions inside the square, bagging the entire enemy force in one quick move." Valenti and his company captured two thousand enemy soldiers. The streets in Berchtesgaden, according to </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Major Rosson, </span></span></span>"were lined with German officers and a few noncommissioned officers and other ranks as well. The officers were in their grey long coats, with side arms and baggage, awaiting orders." Among the prisoners was Hermann Göring’s nephew Fritz who presented himself to German-born Colonel John A. Heintges, the commander of the 7th Infantry, who had come into town with the 1st Battalion and proceeded to set up his command post in a small hotel. Heintges later recalled how he had "surrendered to me in a typical military fashion. He took off his belt with pistol and dagger and handed it to me in a little ceremony in the square right in the middle of Berchtesgaden." </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Z0DkuTMML8_tTagHqP1MshohvriBBjL3LUrbpHBDr4ieSZpHDxqbTz9fceoC8KEtaEZ6yp9xA7lshYT79ujoxiW7kSx5coCxfYusSOqJ8Di5NYhRQx6nS-Ha4hi05Ds4kxSBySPLajAq/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252854%2529.gif" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Z0DkuTMML8_tTagHqP1MshohvriBBjL3LUrbpHBDr4ieSZpHDxqbTz9fceoC8KEtaEZ6yp9xA7lshYT79ujoxiW7kSx5coCxfYusSOqJ8Di5NYhRQx6nS-Ha4hi05Ds4kxSBySPLajAq/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252854%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 329px;" /></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>After the surrender Göring and Heintges went into a local Gasthaus and split a bottle of wine. Heintges then asked Göring why he remained in the town. "He said that he had been left behind to turn over his uncle Hermann Goring’s administrative headquarters and all the records." The headquarters turned out to be a complex of one-story buildings; inside were the records for the Luftwaffe. Heintges later inexplicably gave the French 2nd Armoured Division occupation rights over the Obersalzburg, including the Berghof. By the time he and his men attempted to drive into the complex, the French prevented him, declaring themselves the victors. Despite having taken the area, the Americans had left behind nothing to prove that the 7th Infantry had done so, thus allowing others to believe themselves to be the conquerors of the Berghof. This has continued up to this day with the HBO series Band of Brothers claiming that the 101st Airborne Screaming Eagles had appropriately captured it the Eagle's Nest.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBRkKxsgw1Q6jBMP_rkWdfgyPrafw9I7WChAwPFe_BJfL0JMc8az5qK80yvvgDf_My679G_RMjTNk6x56chjdP-9XNXSR7BN8pfDQSMVMLa7GEKn9tAdxOit6ALU0fvjsJph6OmHSBRLn/s320/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.gif" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBRkKxsgw1Q6jBMP_rkWdfgyPrafw9I7WChAwPFe_BJfL0JMc8az5qK80yvvgDf_My679G_RMjTNk6x56chjdP-9XNXSR7BN8pfDQSMVMLa7GEKn9tAdxOit6ALU0fvjsJph6OmHSBRLn/s320/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 265px; width: 416px;" /></span></span></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKiw9vwnWz-Tbzxf65C0TjWLfLSmxxZ8Qh1Ej4CejRswjQNOVOYDkSUZe5O1LC66EdZ_IM6GauktQRfa2Pnd0gP2JktlNYy1t9lRQz4RoiDrsktkFUtdsY6uvva0wJOYRT4d7sTSXeWtWY/s320/ezgif.com-resize.jpg" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKiw9vwnWz-Tbzxf65C0TjWLfLSmxxZ8Qh1Ej4CejRswjQNOVOYDkSUZe5O1LC66EdZ_IM6GauktQRfa2Pnd0gP2JktlNYy1t9lRQz4RoiDrsktkFUtdsY6uvva0wJOYRT4d7sTSXeWtWY/s320/ezgif.com-resize.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 265px; width: 231px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Leaving
Berchtesgaden on the Schießstättbrücke for the route up to the Obersalzberg is this non-descript
building which had served as the guard post monitoring all who would go
past to the Führer's main residence. Virtually unchanged, it has kept
its date on the wooden façade, if not the Nazi eagle. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span>Obersalzberg</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMj5g0e3Yhj0bADHeLNB0A2B0DbIuZoRHsUIulBifplVRdLwruthNQ4FPD5LNruwH2boxQh5Hnj4um6jtc_bndasGsU_6Fa3Ef7mKK8dOX190KJEcYPHL8sy3qK50qCMDMnh79CSflRTOS/s1600/obszb_1941.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nazi Obsersalzburg" border="0" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMj5g0e3Yhj0bADHeLNB0A2B0DbIuZoRHsUIulBifplVRdLwruthNQ4FPD5LNruwH2boxQh5Hnj4um6jtc_bndasGsU_6Fa3Ef7mKK8dOX190KJEcYPHL8sy3qK50qCMDMnh79CSflRTOS/s400/obszb_1941.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""> The Obersalzberg once hosted a tiny village above the Bavarian town of Berchtesgaden, Germany, about fifteen miles from Salzburg, Austria. Hitler began frequenting the area in 1923 and in 1933 bought a house there, which, after renovations, became his holiday villa, the Berghof, in 1936-37. Speer, Göring, Bormann, and other high-ranking Nazis also built or renovated holiday homes near the Berghof. By the height of the war the Nazi complex on the mountain could house in various barracks, hotels, and other accommodations 10,000 people, including Hitler Youth, 3,500 construction workers, and many visitors. Especially during the early years of this rule, Hitler spent a great deal of time (sometimes as much as half the year) at the Berghof; consequently, the villa became a popular pilgrimage spot for the thousands of avid Nazi supporters who flocked there in the hope of catching sight of or possibly even touching the Fûhrer. Many </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span="">widely circulated </span></span></span></span>propaganda images were taken on the Obersalzberg. In 1937, due to Bormann's fears for Hitler's safety, the area was secured by a huge security fence and was then dubbed the Fuührergebiet; these security measures circumscribed but did not deter the eager pilgrims. In 1937-38 built the "Eagle's Nest" mountain teahouse, which still stands as a tourist attraction today. Hitler entertained (and often intimidated) many important global dignitaries and statesmen on the Obersalzberg, including Neville Chamberlain, Hungarian leader Admiral Nicholas Horthy, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, the French Ambassador André François-Poncet, and Mussolini. In 1943 Hitler ordered the construction of a vast and exceedingly well-stocked bunker system blasted into the mountain below the Nazi complex. On April 25, 1945 the Allies bombed the Berghof and other sites on the Obersalzberg, and shortly after on May 4 </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span> troops filled the Berghof with petrol and ignited it. On April 30, 1952, the seventh anniversary of Hitler's suicide, the Bavarian government razed the remaining Nazi buildings in the complex (with the exception of the Eagle's Nest and the Hotel zum Turken), because the Berghof ruins had become an active neo-Nazi pilgrimage site. Up until 1996 the Americans maintained an army recreation centre at the Hotel Platterhof, renamed called the Hotel General Walker. When it was returned to the Bavarian government, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span="">the Hotel General Walker was</span></span></span></span> levelled in 1999-2000 and then opened a Documentation Centre. In March, 2005, on the spot where Göring's lavish house once stood, and a two-minute walk from the site of the Berghof, a five-star Hotel Intercontinental opened to controversy.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2R6OzNYI2m23ZXoG-FhK-78FkqN9sNgXX1gmowLkp6aCKMmVG8JccxHH0xDTqbABFcDvhFfzMXd6DovqjszWk8a9JaC1_NaWWOKnCIj8uSbVVkjUHjOHzOfiRJd63qptYmMEpjrlHMeoA/s1600/2" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQdWsm3-I6bIXhL9KRnisWO18CWOB2QXUxsRQceySt2zEk-mF1H46f9MpuwHVZ1WxC-nRV8rUcTHpjFWhlRwzVwTbDWGwQ61lsoJXHbJ79TlQwmw6rIRKAN8RT7N86e3CHTvF_GmpDHS-b/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQdWsm3-I6bIXhL9KRnisWO18CWOB2QXUxsRQceySt2zEk-mF1H46f9MpuwHVZ1WxC-nRV8rUcTHpjFWhlRwzVwTbDWGwQ61lsoJXHbJ79TlQwmw6rIRKAN8RT7N86e3CHTvF_GmpDHS-b/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" /></span></a></span></span> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span="">Overlooking
Berchtesgaden from the Berghof after the war with Easy Company. T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span="">he Obersalzberg was not merely a holiday retreat; it was also the
place from which military and other key decisions were made. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Major
political acts took place here on the Obersalzberg: in February 1938,
Austrian chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg arrived at the Berghof in a vain
attempt to fend off the annexation of his country; half a year later,
Chamberlain visited Hitler’s mountain resort for negotiations that led
to the Munich agreement of September 1938, the culmination of
Chamberlain’s ill-fated appeasement policy. It was on the Obersalzberg
that Hitler drafted instructions to the German Wehrmacht for the
invasion of Poland </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span=""><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span="">on August 22, 1939 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>; on June 6, 1944, Hitler slept on the Obersalzberg
whilst Allied forces were landing in Normandy. Hitler left the Berghof
for the last time on July 14, 1944.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span="">Hitler first came to the Obersalzberg in the spring of 1923, on a clandestine visit to Dietrich Eckart, a fellow Nazi and important figure in Hitler’s rise to prominence, who was hiding on the Obersalzberg to escape a court order. Hitler immediately fell in love with the scenic area and came back on a regular basis. When he was released from prison after his putsch of 1923, he withdrew to Berchtesgaden to dictate the second volume of Mein Kampf. In the late 1920s, Hitler rented a house on the Obersalzberg that he later bought and expanded into an imposing residence, the so-called Berghof, which served as the de facto seat of government when he was present. For Hitler, the Obersalzberg was a retreat from the demands of the ministerial bureaucracy, a place with- out self-important bureaucrats who constantly disturbed his bohemian lifestyle. In addition to Hitler’s residence, numerous buildings were built to provide for the Fuehrer’s comfort and security,whereas the local population was forced to leave, often without proper compensation. Hermann Goering, Albert Speer, and Martin Bormann also built personal homes in close proximity to the dictator. Bormann was the driving force behind construction on the Obersalzberg, and his fervour soon moved far beyond mere necessities. A trained farmer, Bormann set up a farm on the Obersalzberg intended as a model for the prospective colonisation of Eastern Europe. However, the enterprise was a blatant failure, and the farm ran up a huge deficit because of the harsh environmental conditions. </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Berghof</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6yjKMWYXCXKYjsLi8zyCaDZD_AqQcqp8wst6sqCaZEaCQ0-UefIUZhN9cSaIk8hw79Z0iXBLrT9iQy5vu-8kmP-NboMGTUrFUy6p5JytozcxRJ6blSuPDIkGnlfuZh2ZqC7WWlVPH6fnC/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252825%2529.gif" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="497" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6yjKMWYXCXKYjsLi8zyCaDZD_AqQcqp8wst6sqCaZEaCQ0-UefIUZhN9cSaIk8hw79Z0iXBLrT9iQy5vu-8kmP-NboMGTUrFUy6p5JytozcxRJ6blSuPDIkGnlfuZh2ZqC7WWlVPH6fnC/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252825%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span data-mce-style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span>Hitler on the Berghof terrace from a still from Eva Braun's home movies and the site today. </span></span></span></span></span>The
Berghof was the country house of Adolf Hitler on Obersalzberg - today a
district of Berchtesgaden. It was built in 1916 as the Landhaus
Wachenfeld for a north German merchant. From 1928 the country house was
Hitler's rented holiday home. After the seizure of power in 1933, he
bought it and gradually began to expand it by the architect Alois Degano
, then Roderich Fick to the Berghof, his prestigious residence. It
then formed the core of the Führer-Sperrgebietes Obersalzberg, which
became the second seat of government with the construction of the
so-called Kleinen Reichskanzlei in 1937 and the airport Reichenhall
Berchtesgaden. Overall, Hitler spent about a third of his reign on the
Berghof, a total of almost four years. International diplomats and
politicians came to negotiations to Berghof. The building was severely
damaged shortly before the war by Allied air attacks. In 1952, the Free
State of Bavaria blew up the building. The Obersalzberg documentation,
which is located not far from the former Berghof site, is the link
between local and overall Nazi history. </span></span></span></span><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Mcd4J4KfEPQTxnJI-Lv4fZrW1s2C8Xhl5QqCMORcnXxl3Z42xcsm5JfKOvflY7NyBkQ_xDQeo0aPeYGmn5KFt-aoChq5f73kNjd48A6nYWodNgyqMVViaRGKnQS7PCd6kFYD_m5QdQKy/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252827%2529.gif" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="487" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Mcd4J4KfEPQTxnJI-Lv4fZrW1s2C8Xhl5QqCMORcnXxl3Z42xcsm5JfKOvflY7NyBkQ_xDQeo0aPeYGmn5KFt-aoChq5f73kNjd48A6nYWodNgyqMVViaRGKnQS7PCd6kFYD_m5QdQKy/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252827%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span data-mce-style="color: white;"> In
1937 Hitler received the Duke of Windsor after his abdication as King
Edward VIII along with his wife Wallis Simpson. Apparently, the ex-king
wanted to offer as a representative for an international peace
initiative based in Hitler's ideas. On February 12, 1938, Austrian
Chancellor Schuschnigg and State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Guido
Schmidt signed the Berchtesgaden Agreement under massive pressure. On
September 15, 1938, during the Sudeten crisis, Chamberlain was
negotiating on the Berghof. On January 5, 1939, Hitler met the Polish
Foreign Minister Józef Beck. On August 20, 1939 he telegraphed Stalin
and submitted to him the non-aggression pact. The Ustasha leader Ante
Pavelić was on a state visit to the Berghof on June 6, 1941. Many
domestic political decisions were also made at the Berghof- on August
22, 1939, Hitler made a speech to the commander-in-chief of the
Wehrmacht - later known as the " Genghis Khan speech " - in which he
announced the attack on Poland. When Henriette von Schirach spoke to
Hitler about the deportation of Jews during a visit in 1943, according
to contemporary witness statements, she was no longer invited to the
Berghof. After the suppression of the uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto
Himmler came to a meeting on June 19, 1943, on which the conversion of
ghettos into concentration camps and the murder of those unable to work
was decided. </span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZAU1O7ZJUosr0-dYMsIc_suS_fC2ROhALlUF6B_cF8IiLLpquUQI_BoexXFpj7dE36cOFu0WrfAKpF2BKvt6Ts2acMdq8kWD2X-qdhmq02SaQAvVztThIBkueirzxk8zeEueCG3COWeKn/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"> </span><img border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="498" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZAU1O7ZJUosr0-dYMsIc_suS_fC2ROhALlUF6B_cF8IiLLpquUQI_BoexXFpj7dE36cOFu0WrfAKpF2BKvt6Ts2acMdq8kWD2X-qdhmq02SaQAvVztThIBkueirzxk8zeEueCG3COWeKn/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGgYIKF2zbty_c0XJzzwJ0-3noXCyXskfK-BbaKXYuU-tFL7mn8r8IW_Vd5J7ZFRc7ZCTX6uspg4wl0fZa-MM5P5zPUmHhQ630oFfCZqypRAkAb0GZAiofmgMGPp3Ixpp7KYtJRfjLphg/s1600-h/1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In the summer of 1935 Hitler had decided to enlarge his modest
country house into one more suitable for his public duties, to be known
as the Berghof. He paid for the project out of his own money, but that
was nothing but a gesture, since Bormann drew upon other sources for
the subsidiary buildings, sums disproportionately greater than the amount
Hitler himself provided.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="column" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Hitler did not just sketch the plans for the Berghof. He borrowed
drawing board, T-square, and other implements from me to draw the
ground plan, renderings, and cross sections of his building to scale,
refusing any help with the matter. There were only two other designs
on which Hitler expended the personal care that he applied to his
Obersalzberg house: that of the new Reich war flag and his own standard
as Chief of State.
</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Speer (85) </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><u style="font-weight: normal;">Inside the Third Reich</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdgBPKv2T2jJXcHFu0spkCkxHih3lfh_dn86y6TVIgiExQ-2q0pGstXsbF5yI63EZyXFgsKV_MRvfa8qpwqweUatqLv1vp7t6SYdzMTgLVx9_Loo1OLppCWliDSFH1qVIOpmsQfeq2LYVz/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Berghof today" border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdgBPKv2T2jJXcHFu0spkCkxHih3lfh_dn86y6TVIgiExQ-2q0pGstXsbF5yI63EZyXFgsKV_MRvfa8qpwqweUatqLv1vp7t6SYdzMTgLVx9_Loo1OLppCWliDSFH1qVIOpmsQfeq2LYVz/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">The remains of the Berghof in April 1945 and today. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span data-mce-style="color: white;">For
a long time, the area of the Führer Sperrgebiet on the Obersalzberg
had been spared from air raids. On April 25, 1945, five days before
Hitler's suicide, four-engine bombers of the RAF Bomber Command
targeted the Berghof and its surroundings. After the air raid only the
Berghof itself was actually damaged. On May 4, 1945 the 101st US
Airborne Division and the 3rd US Infantry Division occupied Berchtesgaden without a fight. Before their arrival the <span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ </span>had
set fire to the damaged Berghof, and the population plundered the
building. According </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span data-mce-style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span data-mce-style="color: white;">in May 1945, </span></span></span>
including Hitler's sister Paula Hitler provisionally in custody. Hitler's book collection and other preserved private items
were confiscated. After successful negotiations between the
Americans and the Free State of Bavaria, part of the Obersalzberg, which
included the Berghof ruins, was returned to the Free State of Bavaria
in 1951 on the condition that the ruins of the Berghof and the Goering
House were levelled. On April 30, 1952, exactly seven years after
Hitler's suicide in Berlin, the ruins of the Berghof were blown up and
the area reforested. After the Americans had completely handed over the
Obersalzberg to the Free State of Bavaria in 1996, the
construction of a permanent exhibition was commissioned
as a "place of learning and remembrance" not far from the Berghof
property.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nazis on the Berghof terrace" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhooArJ9o7h1U3RvPx-2iim5k8xvNmXOALh1COovaQ_Vq_lJ20-Cq1uVeIoOh3VCaHul7V1oYlxAdgZD-7lV1fE7wECHpfc3rWp6LlA9AzLSZzHO887WFBPoHIGL-Ez-ud5m-S7-t7RyJg/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhooArJ9o7h1U3RvPx-2iim5k8xvNmXOALh1COovaQ_Vq_lJ20-Cq1uVeIoOh3VCaHul7V1oYlxAdgZD-7lV1fE7wECHpfc3rWp6LlA9AzLSZzHO887WFBPoHIGL-Ez-ud5m-S7-t7RyJg/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="" /></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;">HITLER
HAD RETURNED to the Berghof, high above the little Alpine town of
Berchtesgaden, early on February 6, 1938. It was here that he always
came when he had to ponder the path ahead. Ever since he had first been
driven up the rough mountain paths on the pillion seat of a motorbike,
he had been in love with this Obersalzberg mountainside – a green ridge
straddling lakes and pine forests, velvet pastures and dairy herds. Here
in the late 1920s he had purchased a cottage with the royalties earned
by Mein Kampf and articles published under a pseudonym by the Hearst
Press and the New York Times in America. Around this cottage he had
built his Berghof. The air up here was clean and pure. ‘Fresh air is the
finest form of nourishment,’ he would say.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: right;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">David Irving, <a href="http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/1977/index.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's War</a>, p.99</span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">In fact, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Uekoetter writes in <u>The Green and the Brown</u></span></span></span></span> (32) that</span></span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4zvNsx22cMeQx1EO7s101dUlTwCe-7cPa06yPWhzsLKFEZzjV6TLSxS3Yl0K8BCtvjvs5RhB3W3MatDUas1hTZqx8fXOsAdlXtNy_MeYWCnYO_DPTzwih0w60r4ji7iKGMGZfs0bkPNeU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Hitler on the Berghof terrace" border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="474" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4zvNsx22cMeQx1EO7s101dUlTwCe-7cPa06yPWhzsLKFEZzjV6TLSxS3Yl0K8BCtvjvs5RhB3W3MatDUas1hTZqx8fXOsAdlXtNy_MeYWCnYO_DPTzwih0w60r4ji7iKGMGZfs0bkPNeU/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Hitler on the Berghof terrace</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Hitler’s
mountain retreat on the Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden, one of the
most scenic parts of Bavaria, did not imply an emotional attachment to
nature. For Hitler, the Alpine scenery was little more than a backdrop
to show himself against and a refuge from the ministerial bureaucracy in
Berlin. “He had no eye for the beauty of nature,” Ernst Hanfstaengl, a
close associate of Hitler in the 1920s, wrote in his memoirs, describing
Hitler as “a city person who only felt at home on cobblestones.” While
Goering, one of only three senior Nazis allowed to own a house on the
Obersalzberg, went on hiking and climbing excursions in the nearby
Watzmann mountain range, Hitler never sought to explore the Obersalzberg
on foot. Because he abhorred physical stress, Hitler’s walks on the
Obersalzberg always led gently downhill to a special tea house, where a
car was waiting to carry him back up again. In Mein Kampf, Hitler was
full of praise for the merits of physical training, but he obviously
made an exception for himself. <span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdqoKVKlrDvxGiH8RVtwYP-Lns87sOx3jl0rUsD9JNmBd2yeI5jTkDEpOTIjRditUexKAgQHKffMf9OHCys5ClFIryNy4vnB3_7GtV0RosZSvcKbH-zIDhXhprGzRg5JWfexpbVtrfEnfJ/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252849%2529.gif" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="550" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdqoKVKlrDvxGiH8RVtwYP-Lns87sOx3jl0rUsD9JNmBd2yeI5jTkDEpOTIjRditUexKAgQHKffMf9OHCys5ClFIryNy4vnB3_7GtV0RosZSvcKbH-zIDhXhprGzRg5JWfexpbVtrfEnfJ/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252849%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 411px;" /></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>The view from the Great Window from metres away today. </span></span>The main windows of his Berghof residence offered a panoramic view of
the Untersberg, a mountain right on the border between Germany and
Austria. Thus, the mountain symbolised the unification of the countries
that Hitler achieved with the <span style="font-style: italic;">Anschluss </span>of 1938, and in one of his wartime
monologues, Hitler referred to this view as illustrative of his longing for
the Austrian <span style="font-style: italic;">Heimat. </span>But there was a second story that was even more
troubling. A local legend had it that the Untersberg was the seat of the
dormant Charlemagne, who was waiting, together with his heroic army,
for a time of awakening. When the right time had come, Charlemagne
would emerge from the Untersberg and reunite the German nation. With
fantasies about a German awakening ripe after defeat in the Great War,
it is not difficult to imagine the associations that the story evoked in the
interwar years, and it is little wonder that Hitler liked the tale. Living
across from the Untersberg Mountain, he saw fulfilling Charlemagne’s
mystic mission as his personal goal. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzcFx18JhFO33pieTEEXiSSkRfVWNH_F9yinc6NNkgdyb_PqF8_H_FF02CEe4LcJBDtr9Q3HDYHBSXr0pFxRY4w2lFQKkQNC9wclKXOOEFxywOmvyusDPdo9qDMotIEEUikCr5SGWzheg7/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252863%2529.gif" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="346" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzcFx18JhFO33pieTEEXiSSkRfVWNH_F9yinc6NNkgdyb_PqF8_H_FF02CEe4LcJBDtr9Q3HDYHBSXr0pFxRY4w2lFQKkQNC9wclKXOOEFxywOmvyusDPdo9qDMotIEEUikCr5SGWzheg7/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252863%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="389" /></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">If Hitler looked
left while standing on his porch, he would see the Watzmann, a mountain
range that was even more imposing than the Untersberg. The legend about
the Watzmann took place in an age of giants, when king Watzmann, a cruel
ruler and enemy of peasants and herdsmen, went hunting with his family.
His chase brought him to a family that was peacefully watching its gazing
animals. The king’s dogs attacked and killed the family and the herd,
while the ruler watched the murderous scene with boisterous pleasure.
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">But then thunder arose, and the dogs, thirsty for blood, turned against
king Watzmann and tore him and his family apart. Their bodies turned
into stone and became what is today the Watzmann mountain range.
The tale clearly mirrored the perpetual conflicts between the nobility and
the peasantry over the former’s hunting privileges in the premodern era,
but it is also open to a more current interpretation. After all, the story
implies a clear-cut indictment of tyranny, along with the promise that a
tyrannical ruler would ultimately face a just revenge. It might be a good
idea, for the citizens of Berchtesgaden, to tell this story more often.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">
Uekoetter (182-183)<u> The Green and the Brown</u></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUVCrx2c_B-TpbXnoz5tSx8TSeM-o-tA27RmWK6gyXaO7FZy-n_sOzlUGYePfMuPDMWgvxb18MrvC8r5MiXxzQaTPze5hJhEKeGV2mFWt2VMQI8nrSFH5pZrToeu7OOrx33P2H2A-rAr98/s320/38249997_10156618383829962_6454533284004102144_n+%25281%2529.jpg" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUVCrx2c_B-TpbXnoz5tSx8TSeM-o-tA27RmWK6gyXaO7FZy-n_sOzlUGYePfMuPDMWgvxb18MrvC8r5MiXxzQaTPze5hJhEKeGV2mFWt2VMQI8nrSFH5pZrToeu7OOrx33P2H2A-rAr98/s320/38249997_10156618383829962_6454533284004102144_n+%25281%2529.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 400px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho9kBpcHO44Z44ekXG0ZIHi-mC-KxL77xq67LHr1jblKVR6rk9KiiFBmhgwWMBBYKxEvVtqEq5AgLFg9Ejeew6EdM5eI4ek7BCnWyKAFXtLV_MHy2VHTk2rsYtSWwpKwVdrCLLDjrKf0-N/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-03+at+12.33.47.png" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho9kBpcHO44Z44ekXG0ZIHi-mC-KxL77xq67LHr1jblKVR6rk9KiiFBmhgwWMBBYKxEvVtqEq5AgLFg9Ejeew6EdM5eI4ek7BCnWyKAFXtLV_MHy2VHTk2rsYtSWwpKwVdrCLLDjrKf0-N/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-03+at+12.33.47.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 238px;" /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Cycling up to the remains of the Berghof, with the only notice as to the history of the site anywhere</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBU3l1tqGsFzCJJf4wAleTidHbhPU7Dj1iN-vaa7Ch6OFfsPO6Hl3fEqjWw8bw9tawT5mSUXH7vCVMA8FhIFYsEc0V2vyMZLgoowNNw34BW6Ll877lBlQ3bDrdnRqgqFwagIB18tWBKN4B/s320/44870301_10156834229859962_8304228200624422912_o.jpg" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBU3l1tqGsFzCJJf4wAleTidHbhPU7Dj1iN-vaa7Ch6OFfsPO6Hl3fEqjWw8bw9tawT5mSUXH7vCVMA8FhIFYsEc0V2vyMZLgoowNNw34BW6Ll877lBlQ3bDrdnRqgqFwagIB18tWBKN4B/s320/44870301_10156834229859962_8304228200624422912_o.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 273px;" /><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijYnPIorBHd2W5ymr_TxWjKQUG80xkJI4GB-KbxoSbQN2aTS2qefBrzOwylgVDk2FsXgl-V9wxQTP4KFSgnGz5vkHdcc0yUUIUyBG-XRqGequoUaTWNbrWHo0Xj5N3YdAP-7Ct7kOqRegG/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-11-04+at+14.47.33.png" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="865" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijYnPIorBHd2W5ymr_TxWjKQUG80xkJI4GB-KbxoSbQN2aTS2qefBrzOwylgVDk2FsXgl-V9wxQTP4KFSgnGz5vkHdcc0yUUIUyBG-XRqGequoUaTWNbrWHo0Xj5N3YdAP-7Ct7kOqRegG/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-11-04+at+14.47.33.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 355px;" width="320" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Drake Winston on top of the retaining wall behind what would have been the dining room </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2y9Qyx2xpknQ_mq26tvWXnchyc2j_KoCimERTFg66mqIePUnIDteS_9A3St_VKVucpQDrseH6r-E3Uc_4o86C6zI2xH75eMCQrB7K_iF5Wje0Jzt8M1Gm7KTnOqUxUn0dLWDHTaUMc5xI/s400/44873760_10156834233354962_4013073671647133696_n.jpg" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="720" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2y9Qyx2xpknQ_mq26tvWXnchyc2j_KoCimERTFg66mqIePUnIDteS_9A3St_VKVucpQDrseH6r-E3Uc_4o86C6zI2xH75eMCQrB7K_iF5Wje0Jzt8M1Gm7KTnOqUxUn0dLWDHTaUMc5xI/s400/44873760_10156834233354962_4013073671647133696_n.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 295px; width: 221px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC1TLV8s62P7KeqhqbFmlPGg8kF0PPvdT6-23nuA-GpM6dqqwaZLW7W_fW5v2gYAcfN360tTzS2Nk6Qi2Ni2JI7XdTQfRIKloULi1liLSB_j5fQvfwNWKWrve5b91APupypftRh6zRzsP_/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-11-04+at+15.18.57.png" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC1TLV8s62P7KeqhqbFmlPGg8kF0PPvdT6-23nuA-GpM6dqqwaZLW7W_fW5v2gYAcfN360tTzS2Nk6Qi2Ni2JI7XdTQfRIKloULi1liLSB_j5fQvfwNWKWrve5b91APupypftRh6zRzsP_/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-11-04+at+15.18.57.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 295px; width: 237px;" /></span></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV9k756v9jwmcWcqINATMnCTPMq6x4P2oUGyao_WcFsfdtE5i5bR3agceskej_J4rWeDHcGlRNzbGKIS8HTm-a86QfT48aXl5zKOGIzsBdn43zePzUeRmwLByrZbP_PPhcMJQ3Pa-H7KTg/s320/Screenshot+2020-08-02+at+22.14.23.png" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV9k756v9jwmcWcqINATMnCTPMq6x4P2oUGyao_WcFsfdtE5i5bR3agceskej_J4rWeDHcGlRNzbGKIS8HTm-a86QfT48aXl5zKOGIzsBdn43zePzUeRmwLByrZbP_PPhcMJQ3Pa-H7KTg/s320/Screenshot+2020-08-02+at+22.14.23.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 295px; width: 189px;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Standing on top of a water storage tank with Drake on the right inspecting debris around the area, including, atop centre, an access point for electricity cables.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQpn8OyHxIYtOlEk_-rQ8PQaIjKZ4Ex28jQl22NOITb5bKlCn4-4aCtGin44A7A3YwCXaVIPe9F6HNFn97EynzGrqJH5iX-7u5T2ngiO4WU3kOhvRAmUDTULB_wewV_RdlFAsazGCVLY1C/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25285%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="497" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQpn8OyHxIYtOlEk_-rQ8PQaIjKZ4Ex28jQl22NOITb5bKlCn4-4aCtGin44A7A3YwCXaVIPe9F6HNFn97EynzGrqJH5iX-7u5T2ngiO4WU3kOhvRAmUDTULB_wewV_RdlFAsazGCVLY1C/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25285%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"> </span><span>The guardhouse leading to the Berghof and its foundations today. Besides the </span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Duke of Windsor</span> as mentioned above, through this drive Hitler received Prince Regent Paul of Yugoslavia, Count Ciano and the Aga Khan III. On February 12, 1938, Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg and his State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Guido Schmidt signed the Berchtesgaden Agreement under massive pressure. On September 15, 1938 during the Sudeten crisis, Chamberlain negotiated here. On January 5, 1939, Hitler met Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck. On August 20, 1939, Hitler telegraphed Stalin the basis for the non-aggression pact. The Ustasha leader Ante Pavelić arrived on a state visit on June 6, 1941.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Many significant political decisions were made at the Berghof. For example, on
August 22, 1939 Hitler made a speech to the commander-in-chief of the
Wehrmacht - the so-called "Genghis Khan speech" - in which he
announced the attack on Poland. When Henriette von Schirach spoke to
Hitler about the deportation of Jews during a visit in 1943, according
to contemporary testimonies, she was then no longer invited to the
Berghof. After the suppression of the uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto
Himmler came to a meeting on June 19, 1943, on which the conversion of
ghettos into concentration camps and the murder of those unable to work
was decided (Unternehmen Cottbus). </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXvaQCYmSwIpcj4tg6p1etyUgCKHup9Y8i0PcgsjMyCEPn5SpPZOj7VhSuB5-bKb_HWmjqJHLMbtsuXOLyCORjelF4D-MOol4l3EyW5pVg3sa45wIDYXvk9TcUEzC3rApQsRhy2KWak0II/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25287%2529.gif" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXvaQCYmSwIpcj4tg6p1etyUgCKHup9Y8i0PcgsjMyCEPn5SpPZOj7VhSuB5-bKb_HWmjqJHLMbtsuXOLyCORjelF4D-MOol4l3EyW5pVg3sa45wIDYXvk9TcUEzC3rApQsRhy2KWak0II/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25287%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 235px; width: 311px;" /></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmxnjc8Rc6dClCNBiggGFjdMOFLIkIS3y3LkgJkrBLtIgUGDNWop1QD0ZTwZ9HVFnNTtrFEldryo5pTUGj6p7kfeMultgopfl9tPYmw3iPGG9c9C4ttKbT_MNIPra_751rYJOKZac1FgcF/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252870%2529.gif" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="409" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmxnjc8Rc6dClCNBiggGFjdMOFLIkIS3y3LkgJkrBLtIgUGDNWop1QD0ZTwZ9HVFnNTtrFEldryo5pTUGj6p7kfeMultgopfl9tPYmw3iPGG9c9C4ttKbT_MNIPra_751rYJOKZac1FgcF/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252870%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 235px; width: 324px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Next to the Berghof was the <i>Hotel zum Türken</i>, used during the Nazi era as t</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">he former base for the <i>Leibstandarte-<span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span> Adolf Hitler</i>; today with Drake Winston on the right standing guard within </span></span></span></span></span>the watchtower which continues to serve the entrance to the building.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSinWfUEf0DpgF8GKg6drJcgd8KG-VziqKZ24B3trMQZQJGJxx1iwus1cAYCkH6aZ6-onXawlhCiMu4B0RI41c0VAn-2UtG_nGg3quYcknccE5QOoabmIHdAcM-UqTcky9dCu0ZPkeswYL/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252859%2529.gif" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSinWfUEf0DpgF8GKg6drJcgd8KG-VziqKZ24B3trMQZQJGJxx1iwus1cAYCkH6aZ6-onXawlhCiMu4B0RI41c0VAn-2UtG_nGg3quYcknccE5QOoabmIHdAcM-UqTcky9dCu0ZPkeswYL/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252859%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 411px;" /></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu_hD_pk05WuEo9xBH9jN8iwLMH6vDE9WBYKcX7qjbXwyskll2NmJvw03mKV3AqSu5qkh_4kg2_aM3Nf5dS_BGY_ZKAJLW7WPZBZ89vZk6hx7CgNcb6b2Fj7_3s34s21Zv4joH5P0HnLSn/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252860%2529.gif" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu_hD_pk05WuEo9xBH9jN8iwLMH6vDE9WBYKcX7qjbXwyskll2NmJvw03mKV3AqSu5qkh_4kg2_aM3Nf5dS_BGY_ZKAJLW7WPZBZ89vZk6hx7CgNcb6b2Fj7_3s34s21Zv4joH5P0HnLSn/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252860%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 227px;" /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"> Hitler
in front of the hotel at the turn towards the Berghof. On the right his
personal photographer Heinrich Hoffmann can be seen, camera in hand, in
the centre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK1ECwRqv-mgHGhiCyk2Qf5kGatlRo1kbT6R8nYXaoX08BYUD573jBJrMMkaoeDROfwvwADXhUJSyedWGlpzn0aIPh-7hj9m8bbP3P6vQvRwqVlVdAduE5ub_xrpusFNUVE6ITnvlMnoCb/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252893%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="426" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK1ECwRqv-mgHGhiCyk2Qf5kGatlRo1kbT6R8nYXaoX08BYUD573jBJrMMkaoeDROfwvwADXhUJSyedWGlpzn0aIPh-7hj9m8bbP3P6vQvRwqVlVdAduE5ub_xrpusFNUVE6ITnvlMnoCb/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252893%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">One of Hoffmann's photographs used to great effect to humanise Hitler, shown in Nazi propaganda as being responsible for tens of thousands children’s lives. Hoffmann himself was worldly, unlike many of the top Nazis. He spoke English well, had a son-in-law whose mother was American, and maintained an office in England until the outbreak of war. As Steven Heller wrote, Hoffmann was also a nasty drunk, which surprisingly didn’t seem to bother the teetotal Hitler who allowed Hoffmann total access until 1942 or 1943 to Hitler, even being given possession of the precious Hitlergebiet pass, allowing entry to exclusive fêtes on the Obersalzberg only issued to those at the highest levels. Hoffmann was also given total discretion over who used his photographs and was given licence to sell Hitler’s images to any printers and publishers he deemed suitable. However, his dominion was not only over photographic images; rather a large percentage of various Hitler souvenirs were sold through his catalogues and licensed to other retailers. Hoffmann was also a close friend of Wilhelm Ohnesorge, Minister of the Post, who allowed him to establish the system whereby Hitler was paid a royalty for each time his likeness was used on a German stamp. He managed to craft a plan under which Hitler received a royalty every time his face was published on anything from postcards to posters. No wonder that in 1938 Hitler appointed Hoffmann ‘Professor’ out of respect for his artistic sense and business acumen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh37eVwO8-YUZzD428nUBEumxNJz6j70ZsGShbQ-fyBBgUsaxSH6-YARFRiXvSmINyW8OahzpXhMM4ha7vSuANn-a0SnIjfdRLj3R0z5bmSlIjwyp0hYJ6tIsbZhQbvvo5MJzGFGeQfARky/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252875%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="416" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh37eVwO8-YUZzD428nUBEumxNJz6j70ZsGShbQ-fyBBgUsaxSH6-YARFRiXvSmINyW8OahzpXhMM4ha7vSuANn-a0SnIjfdRLj3R0z5bmSlIjwyp0hYJ6tIsbZhQbvvo5MJzGFGeQfARky/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252875%2529.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">What was left of the Türken and as it appears today with Drake Winston. Its existence today is due entirely to the owner’s daughter, Therese Schuster Partner, who </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">moved into the ruins after the war in order to reclaim the property her family had been forced to sell by Bormann.</span></span></span></span></span> Her father had been critical of the Nazi takeover of the Obersalzberg which ruined his business, and he joined the majority of his neighbours who were forced to sell out to the Nazis and leave the area in late 1933. The building was first used by the </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-Führerleibwache, Hitler’s personal bodyguard. Bormann later assigned the building to the Reichssicherheitsdienst (RSD), the high-level Security Service responsible for Hitler’s safeguarding. In fact, the ex-hotel served as a headquarters for the round-the-clock </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> guard detachment, and also as a telephone communications centre. Prisoner cells were maintained in the basement, above the bunker system which can still be accessed today. Despite being expelled by the American military authorities twice, by 1949 the family regained control. By the time the Berghof was blown up by the Bavarian government in 1952, the Türken was rebuilt and open for business as the only former private property on the Obersalzberg once again in the hands of the original owners. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguWUDmJvr5aq-INhBIQ64QDA6VFnzFhAY1wSFkcloU18VwMML5Mf01PVpWbK3ed0DQpLvMIetJjxUb6uo1TEIUpT2hyphenhyphenkNH3XW5ClKqr_2nuT8ANkFNffFs0hjme90LQgcJs1LuCMdyxfUE/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252861%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="436" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguWUDmJvr5aq-INhBIQ64QDA6VFnzFhAY1wSFkcloU18VwMML5Mf01PVpWbK3ed0DQpLvMIetJjxUb6uo1TEIUpT2hyphenhyphenkNH3XW5ClKqr_2nuT8ANkFNffFs0hjme90LQgcJs1LuCMdyxfUE/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252861%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>American troops surveying the ruins. On
April 25, 1945, an air raid levelled the Nazi installations on the
Obersalzberg, and what was left of Hitler’s Berghof was blown up in
1952. The American military opened a hotel, “General Walker,” on the
Obersalzberg, Bormann’s farm was transformed into a golf course, and
though the goal to provide for the recreation of soldiers was paramount,
the American presence on the Obersalzberg gave the German government a
convenient excuse for not dealing with the area’s heritage. In fact, the
American military did little in the way of exorcising the demons of the
place, and even rebaptised the Kehlsteinhaus the “Eagle’s Nest,” despite the fact the eagle has traditionally served
as a symbol of imperial power. However, facing up to the place’s
history became crucial when the American military announced its
withdrawal from the Obersalzberg in 1995, and the Bavarian government
realised that the place called for sensitivity: simply replacing the
military use with a civilian one was out of the question. It asked the Institute of Contemporary History in Munich to set up a museum
to provide an account of both the place’s history and Nazi rule in
general which led to the opening in October 1999 of the Dokumentation Obersalzberg which drew roughly 110,000 visitors in its first year alone. However, the
ghosts of the past continue to haunt the place: when the
Intercontinental hotel group opened a mountain resort on the
Obersalzberg in 2005, it became one of the most publicised hotel
openings in German history and certainly the most controversial. This was all the more remarkable
because Inter-continental had conceived the hotel with sensitivity and
painstaking diligence, avoiding any allusion to Nazi
monumentalism or völkisch splendour, and the management mandated a
two-day training course for its employees so that they could answer the
guests’ questions in a decent and proper way. Contracts provide for the
instant discharge of employees involved in neo-Nazi activities, and
house rules reserve a similar right with respect to guests. Yet whilst few observers offered an outright condemnation of the project, but many
wondered whether the Obersalzberg was really the right spot for a cosy
hotel.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW50urEtCoI6VH_A3qoWXUkTRdjKz8SuaLJtiCsqzBYi1wGcMbbhT7Tzv5wyZUJDJlk3iLenVkQJ8IdhAc2bi9kWjyexvRI7VHuX1_ExYQyGSLeoZX6u7Uff5PsmbxhyhyIW4a7GouTfM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-22+at+1.46.30+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW50urEtCoI6VH_A3qoWXUkTRdjKz8SuaLJtiCsqzBYi1wGcMbbhT7Tzv5wyZUJDJlk3iLenVkQJ8IdhAc2bi9kWjyexvRI7VHuX1_ExYQyGSLeoZX6u7Uff5PsmbxhyhyIW4a7GouTfM/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-12-22+at+1.46.30+PM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Then and today, showing steps leading up to the former Landhaus Göring, constructed by <span style="font-size: 100%;">Alois Degano- the first house in Berchtesgaden to have a 30 foot by 60 foot swimming pool in the yard.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwXYhrY3T19koi9Jvprh3ZiMo5dQkMcGFjEczOxKPokIQhkB0gEJ9GBhPRyxkJrzhS5S93VhklVmV7-yGc0HbpKUxZlI6syvaCSC-AhhIieVn3cR-Kw234NlkJtnA4Pq7wwf44r_gahDa-/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-11-04+at+15.47.15.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="768" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwXYhrY3T19koi9Jvprh3ZiMo5dQkMcGFjEczOxKPokIQhkB0gEJ9GBhPRyxkJrzhS5S93VhklVmV7-yGc0HbpKUxZlI6syvaCSC-AhhIieVn3cR-Kw234NlkJtnA4Pq7wwf44r_gahDa-/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-11-04+at+15.47.15.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Drake overlooking a so-called Moll bunker or Splinter Protection Cell near the site. They were used as air raid shelters by <span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> soldiers as they patrolled the area and could accommodate two. Manufactured by the Leonhard Moll concrete company of Munich, according to <span><a href="http://www.thirdreichruins.com/bunkers.htm">Geoff Walden</a> there were at least twenty-seven of these concrete shelters for the guard force in the Obersalzberg area. </span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;">As
the towns and cities crumpled in ruins, Göring vacationed at his
mountain villa above Berchtesgaden, inferring that
provided he did not bomb Churchill, the latter, being a gentleman, would
not bomb him. That spring of 1943 he met only infrequently with his
Führer, now recuperating himself from the
winter’s ordeals only a few hundred yards up the Obersalzberg
hillside and brooding upon Citadel, his coming great tank offensive at
Kursk.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Irving (566)<u> Göring: A Biography</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8bYewipec5HwngxSogOX3NbFdpk4NvcZ6GSJBoYvi3jabs_vpGRvQ67pEjFmNwF7kDaSKQ7GUyxGv95ztU43l4XmWyTwUbOOpQ_qvgPV4D6R8Sv5bVAwah7NBVe0iCI6LjtKyZELhwpY/s1600/3myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Atelier Speer" border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8bYewipec5HwngxSogOX3NbFdpk4NvcZ6GSJBoYvi3jabs_vpGRvQ67pEjFmNwF7kDaSKQ7GUyxGv95ztU43l4XmWyTwUbOOpQ_qvgPV4D6R8Sv5bVAwah7NBVe0iCI6LjtKyZELhwpY/s640/3myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>The Atelier Speer, unchanged after seventy years</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDfwlaWTVjvp48yFYIb0vAlCTtKjgsr-YKG7HIfQcmZ-quCYYeQBkEZAbyctS3MFF2okrwz8-__yZTxCjVWn1JYUGbyGiJjYELldBp5D3ztnWmJnaJfrYXJuIwJN45fOjKWbSkWtXTuA1B/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-04+at+13.11.31.png" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDfwlaWTVjvp48yFYIb0vAlCTtKjgsr-YKG7HIfQcmZ-quCYYeQBkEZAbyctS3MFF2okrwz8-__yZTxCjVWn1JYUGbyGiJjYELldBp5D3ztnWmJnaJfrYXJuIwJN45fOjKWbSkWtXTuA1B/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-08-04+at+13.11.31.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 350px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTu-90BfRG5OrsPTqwihniFWXbFBQRVPVzEMeuLc7RFTTbewl9YjKmA5_-aJnHnGF-bDzTudZt3POdzlFANliDNJAk9Cgg7pvQJIUasvn3w3sr_f_duZjV4aiD2HeTNJDXFcx9fI_jddXE/s320/44838400_10156834232439962_5939225109284782080_n.jpg" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTu-90BfRG5OrsPTqwihniFWXbFBQRVPVzEMeuLc7RFTTbewl9YjKmA5_-aJnHnGF-bDzTudZt3POdzlFANliDNJAk9Cgg7pvQJIUasvn3w3sr_f_duZjV4aiD2HeTNJDXFcx9fI_jddXE/s320/44838400_10156834232439962_5939225109284782080_n.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 220px; width: 293px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>The
residence of Martin Bormann, one of Hitler’s leading henchmen who would
later become his private secretary and one of the most powerful figures
in wartime Germany, then and at what remains of it today.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;">In
addition to Hitler’s residence, numerous buildings were built to
provide for the Fuehrer’s comfort and security, whereas the local
population was forced to leave, often without proper compensation.
Hermann Goering, Albert Speer, and Martin Bormann also built personal
homes in close proximity to the dictator. Martin Bormann was the driving
force behind construction on the Obersalzberg, and his fervour soon
moved far beyond mere necessities. As a trained farmer, Bormann set up a
farm on the Obersalzberg that was intended as a model for the
prospective colonisation of Eastern Europe. However, the enterprise was a
blatant failure, and the farm ran up a huge deficit because of the
harsh environmental conditions. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Uekoetter (179)<u> The Green and the Brown</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVHbx658lG21FzyB96JXbaNutTyEYQdyo3FqmwtWJYf0C6JrgERBVViiqvKREcGDZFCjCeqSnU4g_jbnELdQXiHCF9bYx8vsMONIdVZpSXfgpSKdPaXf-Gs9YfcpajL8OkQAgALvORMKYS/s320/flakkmdobunker.jpg" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVHbx658lG21FzyB96JXbaNutTyEYQdyo3FqmwtWJYf0C6JrgERBVViiqvKREcGDZFCjCeqSnU4g_jbnELdQXiHCF9bYx8vsMONIdVZpSXfgpSKdPaXf-Gs9YfcpajL8OkQAgALvORMKYS/s320/flakkmdobunker.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 317px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI6QTcR3U7Lve5xNcXUKesl4OpHkFjfyEE2_o_D7MT1-z5SJ-BbpTvwFNbFbkfGm4KkHEM2lxwA1wE6_ccGNRasrh0X2M5MWzsb3Sroz4bjh-eo6JYzsF0fBFmDytnDroyhPMY3qkGYpnF/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252871%2529.gif" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI6QTcR3U7Lve5xNcXUKesl4OpHkFjfyEE2_o_D7MT1-z5SJ-BbpTvwFNbFbkfGm4KkHEM2lxwA1wE6_ccGNRasrh0X2M5MWzsb3Sroz4bjh-eo6JYzsF0fBFmDytnDroyhPMY3qkGYpnF/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252871%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 328px;" /> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">An American soldier at the entrance to Bormann's tunnel linking his bunker to the Berghof's in May 1945 and Drake Winston today and how it appeared just before the remains of its arch were removed. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;">The Eagle's Nest <span style="font-size: 100%;">(Kehlsteinhaus)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="374" data-original-width="566" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw9XSlmkUI_M55q6dLZ_8yqjjvdmEdFkLUKNPHr1HxSkf_UGzC_q1whFgh6E2pTK6kuT1UE2AIYJj9O3_qyv9Iit9enMrSo_vXaw0W_IyoO5s2FrBa8acnPx3pD243wNQnsUTOkud9H580/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252875%2529.gif" width="400" /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";">The Eagle's Nest on June 1, 1945 when visited by American GIs and standing at the same spot today. In the summer of 1937, Martin Bormann had observed how Hitler enjoyed strolling down to the tea pavilion; he decided to construct for the Fuhrer a new teahouse to rival any other in the world. That August Bormann had selected the craggy peak of the 5,500-foot Kehlstein, not far from the Berghof, and personally hammered in the marking pegs together with Fritz Todt. Built by the Nazi Party according to plans by architect Roderich Fick above Berchtesgaden in the Bavarian district of Berchtesgadener Land, by September 16, 1938, the building was finished. At 16.00 Hitler, Todt, and Bormann drove up to the new eyrie – Bormann proud, but Hitler was sceptical. He had known nothing of Bormann’s surprise plan until it was too late to revoke; according to Julius Schaub, Hitler blamed it on Bormann’s <i>folie des grandeurs</i>, smiled indulgently, and let himself be persuaded that it would serve to impress foreign visitors. Despite the undeniable association with the Nazi regime, it was preserved and has been open to the public since 1952. An exhibition provides information about its history, the other rooms have been used as restaurants since then. The building stands just below the Kehlstein summit at an altitude of 1834 m on a mountain spur. The entire site is now owned by the Free State of Bavaria which financially benefits from tourism to this Nazi site.</span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMf3gmJweWk9WTEnM1biG7P0_O89oHF88MwbaR9MKun2nlsEyFjKpd83eUa9ug4yT_uM3xhBjKcQj95Et62zcmdeNIzKWZ3HSFQDmmXXBtgYm74F2Ez7jCxVZplUR0I54zPE3vXthBpXM/s1600/1" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5528742637329441746" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMf3gmJweWk9WTEnM1biG7P0_O89oHF88MwbaR9MKun2nlsEyFjKpd83eUa9ug4yT_uM3xhBjKcQj95Et62zcmdeNIzKWZ3HSFQDmmXXBtgYm74F2Ez7jCxVZplUR0I54zPE3vXthBpXM/s320/1" width="212" /></a></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Cycling up from Berchtesgaden to the Eagle's Nest along the </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Kehlsteinstraße</span></span></span> made by
Italians; a formidable technical feat- passing through five tunnels and
offering breathtaking views. It climbs a dramatic 1,300 feet in just under four miles and can only be accessed by buses on the Kehlstein line. From start to finish, the entire
construction project – including the road – was completed in just thirteen months. It was built under harsh conditions with machinery considered
primitive by today’s standards and yet it still praised as a milestone
in the history of road construction. Using layers of rock allowing for
frost-free construction, heavy vehicles could use it without producing
major damage- looking at the weight of the constant stream of tourist
buses that make their way to the site on a daily basis, the road has had
to withstand the total weight of about 4.2 millions of tonnes since
1960. The project concluded in August 1938, prior to its formal
presentation to Hitler on his fiftieth birthday on April 20, 1939.<span style="font-size: 100%;"> Bormann</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> had three thousand workers to carve the steep road in
only thirteen months and to build this lofty retreat
for the Führer’s fiftieth birthday. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span c="" span="">It turned out to be an
exemplary case of the Nazis’ wastefulness: Hitler rarely visited the
Kehlsteinhaus because of his vertigo, and the building served no
military purposes, in spite of Allied suspicion to the contrary; to this
day, English-language publications are available in the Berchtesgaden
region which promise an account of “Hitler’s alleged mountain fortress."
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW5MrN-oLQQgp_Qgab-Xfed6bEJVXkMhYzJVp5z8MIq8Fz49TwqHFy03nAGqAfqcB40WEQkL3yVq-lPHG9pQyZOR1pGirKzuXLJ9nTmFV4wGz45e_vtNJmgZ4NKQh-l_wkuR8gjtWv_lfr/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-07-20+at+11.45.44.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW5MrN-oLQQgp_Qgab-Xfed6bEJVXkMhYzJVp5z8MIq8Fz49TwqHFy03nAGqAfqcB40WEQkL3yVq-lPHG9pQyZOR1pGirKzuXLJ9nTmFV4wGz45e_vtNJmgZ4NKQh-l_wkuR8gjtWv_lfr/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-07-20+at+11.45.44.png" width="316" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Perched on top of the Kehlstein mountain, six thousand feet above the
Nazi elite's Obersalzberg playground, the Eagle's Nest was a magnificent
granite lodge built in the best völkisch style. Apart from its
fireplace, a gift from Mussolini, and the carpet in the main hall, which
had been sent to Hitler by the Emperor Hirohito, every part of it was
of impeccably German origin. To get Hitler there, Fritz Todt - the
builder of the Autobahnen and the Siegfried Line - had constructed a
winding four-mile road up the mountainside, a remarkable feat of
engineering in its own right, the more remarkable for having been partly
built in the depths of the Alpine winter. A torch-lit pedestrian
tunnel, more than 300 yards long, led to a sumptuous brass-panelled
elevator, the shaft for which had been blasted out of the mountain's
core. By these means the Führer was elevated to the literal pinnacle of
his power. From here it seemed as if the whole of Europe lay prostrate
beneath his famously piercing gaze. If the Nazi empire was Mordor, then
this was Sauron's Tower.<br />Sadly for Bormann, Hitler hated it. The
tunnel to the lift made him claustrophobic and the outlook from the top
gave him vertigo. But in one respect the Eagle's Nest provided
inspiration, in the form of its magnificent view of the mountain known
as the Untersberg. Here, according to legend, lay slumbering the
twelfth-century Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick I: Friedrich Barbarossa.
It seemed an appropriate name to give to the most ambitious military
operation - and the most bloody act of betrayal - of the twentieth
century.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Ferguson (428-9) <u>The War of the World</u></span> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="Normal-C1"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="Normal-C1"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA8AxazDh8jIhkwb5UBlBYv9XYtZjUjTM4YVfRNV5Locksc5fy4HhyK4wbgBelBbmV2Odbe1XZlpT3v3GS5sUtwC8-gdprX8fI9Fn43242QtkfB8t-XOpoRxxBts4yAPUa_KMCfZPMrsLi/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252817%2529.gif" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA8AxazDh8jIhkwb5UBlBYv9XYtZjUjTM4YVfRNV5Locksc5fy4HhyK4wbgBelBbmV2Odbe1XZlpT3v3GS5sUtwC8-gdprX8fI9Fn43242QtkfB8t-XOpoRxxBts4yAPUa_KMCfZPMrsLi/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252817%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA8AxazDh8jIhkwb5UBlBYv9XYtZjUjTM4YVfRNV5Locksc5fy4HhyK4wbgBelBbmV2Odbe1XZlpT3v3GS5sUtwC8-gdprX8fI9Fn43242QtkfB8t-XOpoRxxBts4yAPUa_KMCfZPMrsLi/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252817%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA8AxazDh8jIhkwb5UBlBYv9XYtZjUjTM4YVfRNV5Locksc5fy4HhyK4wbgBelBbmV2Odbe1XZlpT3v3GS5sUtwC8-gdprX8fI9Fn43242QtkfB8t-XOpoRxxBts4yAPUa_KMCfZPMrsLi/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252817%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 440px; width: 304px;" /></a></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1kMyI2vuU1IYzIgOxDSj6cmcseZwBgybJom4nHLxQnmFN6-uRHF53l7PhReN1VpgxDCYhDXX_Qpt7bMeWlvn7z8hotfst06nitMkL-go7LElwQhou8QUkJ-18l9Yzbhz19KoyCdgXa78t/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-07-20+at+12.25.53.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1kMyI2vuU1IYzIgOxDSj6cmcseZwBgybJom4nHLxQnmFN6-uRHF53l7PhReN1VpgxDCYhDXX_Qpt7bMeWlvn7z8hotfst06nitMkL-go7LElwQhou8QUkJ-18l9Yzbhz19KoyCdgXa78t/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-07-20+at+12.25.53.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 440px; width: 297px;" /></span></span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>In summer and winter 1939 and under American occupation below, showing </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">American GIs at the entrance to <span class="Normal-C1">the
126 metre-long tunnel leading to the lift with 1938 foundation stone
(weighing three tonnes) above the entrance, protected by inner and outer doors made of copper and brass.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8fYSEb0TRzn43E49ykb3DFuiFKTstrtKfrBAz4aczhbZMeQLFK6yG5UHoWNJIYblOJsBtCAgQmSRDpmmp-1lUV5M1H6sK0rp6moCOwyNW5_Y6cI2nggr7_OhPanwMCU2ze0Y2NjRlWTE/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="490" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8fYSEb0TRzn43E49ykb3DFuiFKTstrtKfrBAz4aczhbZMeQLFK6yG5UHoWNJIYblOJsBtCAgQmSRDpmmp-1lUV5M1H6sK0rp6moCOwyNW5_Y6cI2nggr7_OhPanwMCU2ze0Y2NjRlWTE/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Inside the tunnel, built from Kälberstein marble. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
new road ended some way below the Kehlstein’s peak. A parking
area had been blasted out of the rockface, into which were set massive
bronze doors, topped with a granite slab reading ‘Built 1938.’ The doors
swung open and the car drove on into the mountain along a 170-yard
tunnel wide enough for two cars to pass. At the tunnel’s end was a
circular
vault not unlike a church choir: facing them were bronze sliding doors.
Bormann invited Hitler into the windowless room beyond the doors – an
elevator with walls of polished brass, mirrors, and upholstered chairs.
They
were lifted to the very crest of the Kehlstein.
</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="column" style="font-family: Georgia;">
<div class="column">
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;">As
Hitler stepped out, he found himself looking over a view even more
majestic than from the Berghof. Hitler spent an hour up here. He was in
fact silently alarmed by the thumping of his heart at this altitude, and
he
was short of breath (this he told his doctors). On the next day, the
seventeenth, he took Dr. Goebbels and his senior henchmen up to this
mountaintop retreat and briefed them about the talks with Chamberlain –
this ‘ice-cool,’ calculating Englishman. He expressed high praise for
their
propaganda effort, saying: ‘We’ve half won the war already.’ Goebbels
was
optimistic that Prague would buckle under the war of nerves, but Hitler
disagreed. ‘In 1948,’ he explained, ‘it will be just three hundred years
since
the Peace of Münster. We’ve got to liquidate that peace treaty by then.’
He
visited this lofty eyrie only once more over the next few days, and only
seldom afterward. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">David Irving (120-121) <a href="http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/1977/index.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's War</a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjXrH_p9gkjL4QZV14YR6FJ_qIBv6ra7KlIKeYEhgJgl7ViqARMVsn6re0DfBGx8qIzsYccoHdjGe9NChI3evGCGBUMUJ-DFy4hWdtZVndTIw5a-EvkeSwisOmpQlR_cTlfJwRi3SRmak/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-14+at+10.23.28.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjXrH_p9gkjL4QZV14YR6FJ_qIBv6ra7KlIKeYEhgJgl7ViqARMVsn6re0DfBGx8qIzsYccoHdjGe9NChI3evGCGBUMUJ-DFy4hWdtZVndTIw5a-EvkeSwisOmpQlR_cTlfJwRi3SRmak/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-06-14+at+10.23.28.png" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Furniture in the lift waiting room (</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">whose mortarless marble blocks come from Ruhpolding) that remains still whilst the lift itself sports </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">polished brass walls. The lift is of solid brass and was designed by Professor Roderich Fick- who had also been given the task of redesigning Linz- and installed by the Maschinenfabrik Carl Flohr company from Berlin. It was equipped with a classical white-dial clock and black Bakelite emergency telephone, with interior lighting being provided by a circle of eight bright lamps on the ceiling. Leather-covered benches were installed on three sides of the cabin for the comfort of those </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">taking the 124 metre ascent to the top</span></span></span></span></span>. Whilst Hitler only entered the lift about ten times ( the numbers vary between five and thirteen times) because the trips to the Eagle's Nest were considered too time-consuming and risky for him, he was particularly concerned that the elevator shaft was not safe against lightning strikes and he would have been left vulnerable to a surprise attack by the Allied bombers. Indeed, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">the site was one of main objectives</span></span></span></span></span> of the </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">British Lancaster bomber raid of </span></span></span></span></span>April 25, 1945 but was not hit, probably because it had too small a target size along with the narrow summit plateau for the then discarded, non-steerable bombs. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Mj55t1MySLPWYRJ89ejgFbkwHYbaxvXKTQU5093vhS3EOaAIzQu22cW2VpzX3mqHZqt97AqHiaCZycnS8tvI9wqK45aWyHHpDhatwpaPx5pH9ODARqedFgHDQyKJP4prOHDdHvSn7RkX/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Scharitzkehlzimmer (Eva Braun Room)" border="0" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Mj55t1MySLPWYRJ89ejgFbkwHYbaxvXKTQU5093vhS3EOaAIzQu22cW2VpzX3mqHZqt97AqHiaCZycnS8tvI9wqK45aWyHHpDhatwpaPx5pH9ODARqedFgHDQyKJP4prOHDdHvSn7RkX/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Standing inside the<span style="font-style: italic;"> Scharitzstube, </span>also known as the <span style="font-style: italic;">Scharitzkehlzimmer </span>or so-called Eva Braun Room</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">, stripped of its RM </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">24,000 </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Gobelin
tapestry. Arguably the most perfectly situated room in the house, the Scharitzstube featured two large picture windows facing towards the south and east, affording a stunning view of the Scharitzkehlalm – after which the room had been named – as well as the Königssee and the peaks of the Hohen Göll and Watzmann. Both these windows could be lowered almost completely, offering a completely unobstructed view outside. The room itself was panelled with rare cembra pine wood. The two windows
could be lowered, offering a remarkable view of the Hoher Göll and the
area around Königssee. Its eastern door led to the long low-walled sun terrace through a series of five wide open arches which, whilst leaving the terrace exposed to the mountain climate and heavy winter snow, offered </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">a stunning view of the Königssee and surrounding mountains </span></span></span></span> by the unobstructed view below. the walls of the Scharitzkehlstüberls are completely covered with pine wood. Much of the furniture was designed by the Jewish architect Paul László, without first informing Speer who was indignant afterwards. Unlike Hitler, Braun used every opportunity
to visit when the weather was good, having regarded the Berghof as her
"golden cage" when she was required to disappear whenever official
visits took place. Gerda Bormann and her nine children would often
accompany her; Bormann apparently had requested that Braun praise
the beauty and utility of the Eagle's Nest in Hitler's presence. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><img alt="GIF: Eagle's Nest dining room" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBNmIiMh9D8qIS_Lhc_WRVvaHvb1NyhS_yFwJdJepcwSs0BmNnCR84XVLXO-g-lDpnheGuNtHAJd4e1AAblnHEGsP9wOvN97IzK4ZipNr_80X_4oQFppKZHKQnipdbfXBksrH7cMXLPeU/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBNmIiMh9D8qIS_Lhc_WRVvaHvb1NyhS_yFwJdJepcwSs0BmNnCR84XVLXO-g-lDpnheGuNtHAJd4e1AAblnHEGsP9wOvN97IzK4ZipNr_80X_4oQFppKZHKQnipdbfXBksrH7cMXLPeU/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 314px;" title="" /></span></span><img alt="GIF: Eagle Nest's Grosse Halle" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW2wj8Olbs4Vb6bBbuMy8ZDjYvw7GBb-UFVVh9CEGapLcVs6bvMhv02q_Kgsm0NeWNaNNCFmsiyzinJamACK4EFnyRac8kcgikIhFuY8FCEMdO4ZohQw3gY6cIsLU2dcYYO5-VpDZVfxfD/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW2wj8Olbs4Vb6bBbuMy8ZDjYvw7GBb-UFVVh9CEGapLcVs6bvMhv02q_Kgsm0NeWNaNNCFmsiyzinJamACK4EFnyRac8kcgikIhFuY8FCEMdO4ZohQw3gY6cIsLU2dcYYO5-VpDZVfxfD/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 337px;" title="" /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>The dining room </span></span></span>and large hall during Hitler's time, now serving as a restaurant. When
Hitler first visited he objected to the impersonal manner by which the
tables were arranged and so the seating was rearranged in September 1940
through the use of a two-piece table made of beech and walnut wood as
well as smaller items of furniture.<span style="font-family: "georgia";"> Its </span>round table was made by the Pössenbacher company based in Munich for RM 1,888.00</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaAp7rN00eDXTI9HHyUSSDIFJ1yJhRCERZB16sQuV3zspeD-WMWEYnbri0x_YLv0FzAanB7nMOi94d6RGkXDZPBerMSCwWl-1w9KhxzxBiDTxmj4AM8IVGcywtNeDTz_99HY_QEJlg3YE/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Hitler's fireplace" border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="749" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaAp7rN00eDXTI9HHyUSSDIFJ1yJhRCERZB16sQuV3zspeD-WMWEYnbri0x_YLv0FzAanB7nMOi94d6RGkXDZPBerMSCwWl-1w9KhxzxBiDTxmj4AM8IVGcywtNeDTz_99HY_QEJlg3YE/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Hitler and Eva Braun in front of the marble fireplace on the right, and Albert Speer, Gretl Braun and Christa Schroeder <i>left </i>before the fireplace. Speer recorded in <u>Inside the Third Reich</u> (342) how</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;">I
sat in the group at the
fireplace as in the past, with him, Eva Braun, and his court. The
conversation trickled along dully; Bormann proposed that records be
played a
Wagner aria was put on, and soon afterward <span style="font-style: italic;">Die Fledermaus.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggDWJbvJ4klFBlbY-A1omvxDIG256uD1DRGNFMN7rxw6E0jj7w8qBQ35sY0iGxhVCxYzCbTqPMQR5KbbmAK3yoHbPfcekLK4ri5xVkhBIeEI_lM3CTD_lZ0JGy8CE3dCxaZjoscUxX-Xcq/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252897%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="197" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggDWJbvJ4klFBlbY-A1omvxDIG256uD1DRGNFMN7rxw6E0jj7w8qBQ35sY0iGxhVCxYzCbTqPMQR5KbbmAK3yoHbPfcekLK4ri5xVkhBIeEI_lM3CTD_lZ0JGy8CE3dCxaZjoscUxX-Xcq/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252897%2529.gif" width="326" /></a></span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1a_aZNH5kXVKM-TUHT5Q-u_oFjKnKFBr4IONGC16GBDdTr3Gc2NVwXO6vG_b16O4dy5o7tz2WqG7RBtvXmTEbDpHWKWfBQ5k4jSLOepvp7OrVgOmBfwn4PV-YS3qiN5e2oblhEpSleihi/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-10-31+at+22.58.53.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="399" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1a_aZNH5kXVKM-TUHT5Q-u_oFjKnKFBr4IONGC16GBDdTr3Gc2NVwXO6vG_b16O4dy5o7tz2WqG7RBtvXmTEbDpHWKWfBQ5k4jSLOepvp7OrVgOmBfwn4PV-YS3qiN5e2oblhEpSleihi/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-10-31+at+22.58.53.png" width="270" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>The
site of the June 3, 1944 reception after the wedding of Eva Braun's
younger sister Gretl to ϟϟ-Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein, later shot in
the last days of the bunker On the bottom-right is Hitler's own painting of
the room...</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX82gtVkMep796SQinZnfy0QMjPep9IDO7hEePKYk-aJo99glMvLhdKvtco_ztoeiAaRevqeOyj3Zt_EobmGLMH5nlktqSVjCkLJGJ9DL6R0wp0YhcnZsa5A2T8HnQeNYtK3x6XHiLkno/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-06-14+at+10.32.10.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler's paintings of Eagle's Nest" border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX82gtVkMep796SQinZnfy0QMjPep9IDO7hEePKYk-aJo99glMvLhdKvtco_ztoeiAaRevqeOyj3Zt_EobmGLMH5nlktqSVjCkLJGJ9DL6R0wp0YhcnZsa5A2T8HnQeNYtK3x6XHiLkno/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-06-14+at+10.32.10.png" title="" width="640" /></a><span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>...as
well as his initial sketch of the tearoom and kitchen. These
watercolours in fact appear similar to those produced by interior
architect Heinrich Michaelis. The kitchen itself was used even though it was fully-equipped with state of the art facilities designed by Krefft, a 750-piece silver cutlery set crafted by Munich-based F. A. Wandiger (each </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>carrying the “AH” monogram), </span></span></span>and 450-piece porcelain dining set made by Germany’s celebrated Meissen. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div face="Georgia" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPxlEzK3STvGUZMi1qhuhrPtEBPWFNYkrrpfiLleYtvxCrMRYQCcMRVucle3UP-yeYkU0BmqDj3oZNFL7YPs8yqilwF-hZZMeI2V2FkKBbGV2y-7VK5iJbaqKF32Mt6WBADxGkSCXdFqDx/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252828%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="456" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPxlEzK3STvGUZMi1qhuhrPtEBPWFNYkrrpfiLleYtvxCrMRYQCcMRVucle3UP-yeYkU0BmqDj3oZNFL7YPs8yqilwF-hZZMeI2V2FkKBbGV2y-7VK5iJbaqKF32Mt6WBADxGkSCXdFqDx/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252828%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span> Hitler
hosting the French ambassador to Germany, André François-Poncet, at the
Kehlsteinhaus on October 13, 1938. From his post in Berlin starting </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>in August 1931 when he was named under-secretary of state and ambassador to Weimar Germany, </span></span>François-Poncet
witnessed the rise of Hitler, and later observed the signs of Germany's
plans for war. Shirer described him as "the best
informed ambassador in Berlin", but the French government generally ignored the ambassador's many warnings about Hitler's intentions.
François-Poncet was inadvertently involved in the purge of the Night of
the Long Knives when, in Hitler's justification for the killings, he
referred to a dinner François-Poncet had attended with Ernst Röhm and
Kurt von Schleicher as evidence that the men had been conspiring with
the French to overthrow the German government even though
François-Poncet himself was never named nor charged with anything.
Shortly after the Munich Agreement was signed in 1938, François-Poncet
left his post as French ambassador to Germany after this farewell visit
to Hitler at the Eagle's Nest before being reassigned to Rome as
ambassador to Italy, serving in that position until 1940 when
Italy declared war to France. Arrested by the Gestapo during the wartime
German occupation of France, François-Poncet was imprisoned for three
years in the Tyrol within Itter castle. It was in Itter, two days before
the war ended, that a battle was fought against the Waffen </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span>which was</span></span></span> the only occasion when American and German forces fought on the same side during the war.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5MFaoUtlZx1bhgYo4IrnwpENX_HplESkrjTTs6JhWYLKj4a3CiMjROQ4LHehK4NnZEqKihbIWWGxf1Nmhdw8RYMJKJ0xJxqfI8VTAI5WdzhtZxVbp_DZPQpkdMC53c4ary8PkF6ASzkGr/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5MFaoUtlZx1bhgYo4IrnwpENX_HplESkrjTTs6JhWYLKj4a3CiMjROQ4LHehK4NnZEqKihbIWWGxf1Nmhdw8RYMJKJ0xJxqfI8VTAI5WdzhtZxVbp_DZPQpkdMC53c4ary8PkF6ASzkGr/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 285px; width: 454px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmHwjiL_5-hpvHhjjaUlPbIrGl1SO9zIK-lLqATtfWOWaVYEDAX5hpP4AMrMu3txoerUq3f9P0z9LtWRcOKo_N7uLl0TimrzrTq-eEzZ8VdNpkdLGtr81jHxm1_rdihNgmtHc3xiBLPEzg/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25289%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmHwjiL_5-hpvHhjjaUlPbIrGl1SO9zIK-lLqATtfWOWaVYEDAX5hpP4AMrMu3txoerUq3f9P0z9LtWRcOKo_N7uLl0TimrzrTq-eEzZ8VdNpkdLGtr81jHxm1_rdihNgmtHc3xiBLPEzg/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25289%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 285px; width: 189px;" /></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>The terrace then and now, covered over by windows</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZFV0otP75h_xNrtEdShTkHP5klwz20knyeUqy2a_VegeExpTUAZg6aM5OUd45sEDr8qi2-Ua2biiNMNB3LO3PC7yGpB32lhM3hnQw15M2GtjknWERljCFlC_438Vb5zL1KMglIa6nPvva/s1600/y" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="Eagle's Nest" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5554343582947020242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZFV0otP75h_xNrtEdShTkHP5klwz20knyeUqy2a_VegeExpTUAZg6aM5OUd45sEDr8qi2-Ua2biiNMNB3LO3PC7yGpB32lhM3hnQw15M2GtjknWERljCFlC_438Vb5zL1KMglIa6nPvva/s400/y" style="height: 234px; width: 286px;" title="" /></a></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSYsnuEBsZA15HcFk3VXA8mf3OHM55igqUSDceVX0GTDI7tT9efIvQlSDyz4lXUQX1PLcAY7zYSVNLkVP-Nj0b0ijY3mbVDzbH9Obd1ArK5c1QNd8sJ1JRinor5r3zm6xq5M1kyImuZ_Io/s1600/x" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5554343582330061570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSYsnuEBsZA15HcFk3VXA8mf3OHM55igqUSDceVX0GTDI7tT9efIvQlSDyz4lXUQX1PLcAY7zYSVNLkVP-Nj0b0ijY3mbVDzbH9Obd1ArK5c1QNd8sJ1JRinor5r3zm6xq5M1kyImuZ_Io/s400/x" style="cursor: pointer; height: 235px; width: 313px;" /> </a></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Kehlsteinhouse </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">shown on top, with what had really served as Hitler's </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">teehaus </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">below on the </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Mooslahnerkopf</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> with the </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">same site from my guesthouse at night, still eerily lit up.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF2_3uhyphenhyphenOVKfKxxrsFH1sOBJmztEdHr9NSr8ji0I8wmD15phlI3ngSGSrbSTcf1R_fflgvRa7GXxpceThPb_ywq6ydK-Kmo0x0wZ9IUm-Evwrli4LHzgaMH9tXW6zrHF2Gh6s_jfBOEyjN/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252850%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="556" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF2_3uhyphenhyphenOVKfKxxrsFH1sOBJmztEdHr9NSr8ji0I8wmD15phlI3ngSGSrbSTcf1R_fflgvRa7GXxpceThPb_ywq6ydK-Kmo0x0wZ9IUm-Evwrli4LHzgaMH9tXW6zrHF2Gh6s_jfBOEyjN/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252850%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>The Teehaus on the Mooslahnerkopf, built
in 1937 just below the Mooslahnerkopf hill overlooking the
Berchtesgaden valley below, was one of Hitler's favourite places on the
Obersalzberg which he would visit daily at 15.00 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>whenever in the area </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>with members of his inner circle and a small number of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">Reichssicherheitsdienst </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>through a path running past the Unterwurflehen before continuing downhill into the Obersalzberg valley and onto a path through the woods. </span></span>Altogether the walk was less than a mile in length. The company always marvelled at the
panorama in the same phrases. Hitler always agreed in much the same
language. The teahouse itself consisted of a round room about twenty- </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">five </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">feet
in diameter, pleasing in its proportions, with a row of small-paned
windows and a fireplace along the interior wall. The group would sit
in easy chairs around the round table, with Eva Braun and one of the
other women at Hitler's side. Those unable to find seats went
into
a small adjoining room. According to taste, one had tea, coffee, or
chocolate, and various types of cake and cookies, followed by liqueurs.
Here, at the coffee table, Hitler was particularly fond of drifting into
endless monologues. The subjects were mostly familiar to the company,
who
therefore listened absently, though pretending attention. Occasionally
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="column">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Hitler himself fell asleep over one of his monologues. The company then
continued chatting in whispers, hoping that he would awaken in time for
the evening meal. It was all very familial. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Speer (89) <u>Inside the Third Reich</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHeA3VQc-f5fm2bJDNNJTO3lHEIzSBlVorHFqd3rtT2sHUVhEdIxA93pPPP6UtolqEfUjFx1BgMqrrdiW3U1fbtffZz1DKrjin8iikBjwK_kWEFelVUhX3qcXwgJgz_RNwUH6kTu-GPrI3/s320/template+%25284%2529.jpg" data-original-height="999" data-original-width="999" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHeA3VQc-f5fm2bJDNNJTO3lHEIzSBlVorHFqd3rtT2sHUVhEdIxA93pPPP6UtolqEfUjFx1BgMqrrdiW3U1fbtffZz1DKrjin8iikBjwK_kWEFelVUhX3qcXwgJgz_RNwUH6kTu-GPrI3/s320/template+%25284%2529.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 325px; width: 325px;" /><span style="font-family: "georgia";"> <img alt="GIF: Hitler's teehaus" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_jGnNrg49HM27iSwF7cWkaZzWPN2ZYatWZHhoAMZ0skE8XGaDVX58Zgv3MRBjzVZk4yTNxGrRBESVXZ_Jf95UHEjczd6iIpAbg4VIx3Y4FqP4bFSiHB0zT1cApgrzhyphenhyphenpYhSTV4I5GbRvt/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252816%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_jGnNrg49HM27iSwF7cWkaZzWPN2ZYatWZHhoAMZ0skE8XGaDVX58Zgv3MRBjzVZk4yTNxGrRBESVXZ_Jf95UHEjczd6iIpAbg4VIx3Y4FqP4bFSiHB0zT1cApgrzhyphenhyphenpYhSTV4I5GbRvt/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252816%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 325px; width: 276px;" title="" /></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Designed again by Roderich Fick, <span>the
nine metre in diameter building survived the RAF's April 25, 1945 bombing, but was obliterated soon after the
war with the ruins left in the woodland near the 13th hole of the
neighbouring golf course until finally removed in September 2006. I'm
sitting
on its foundation over which the Bavarian government simply dumped a
massive amount of cement over the entire site. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLQQSDrP1-8KfgSxHzveGn2zvzpDDqnLLK_IpIqKp5lmF2Ze7HHJmDlTkyo5yin3gJQTEsv0rNG5LhSDF-2Hn7fNaqM6uhl2fPJ1neGo5S8r83Zr80lSHQO3ixuUMQVRZFqdUy-XiWZXMW/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25288%2529.gif" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLQQSDrP1-8KfgSxHzveGn2zvzpDDqnLLK_IpIqKp5lmF2Ze7HHJmDlTkyo5yin3gJQTEsv0rNG5LhSDF-2Hn7fNaqM6uhl2fPJ1neGo5S8r83Zr80lSHQO3ixuUMQVRZFqdUy-XiWZXMW/s320/ezgif.com-resize+%25288%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 263px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj8GTN1EaR1X4ooierNtw25jmWSQEVMQIxFRj6imGasWcUnPulGIqDinWI5DA2umPM1wIFgy5ZS-RC74qFgNWK4U2oGxXZCq8x-uDPJloOAGkb8vLc2YSPUCGt4r75YJA3Aej8hc7Etfil/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252862%2529.gif" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj8GTN1EaR1X4ooierNtw25jmWSQEVMQIxFRj6imGasWcUnPulGIqDinWI5DA2umPM1wIFgy5ZS-RC74qFgNWK4U2oGxXZCq8x-uDPJloOAGkb8vLc2YSPUCGt4r75YJA3Aej8hc7Etfil/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252862%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 375px;" /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Hitler on the left with Eva Braun, Sepp Dietrich, Albert Speer and </span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">his dog Blondi and on the right with Ribbentrop.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuKhJ8H2FvI1fZvdP2LaO641d0WPh2XuxNslVWmD59wLPHTal3HY9_nXqPMAu1iyt4wRAsXelQKXIXwwQt1S2XKF4QCdoI_oinh4odXgzB2oed7myMySbTisYHDgfpVjw1pkaAcFofTrhE/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252844%2529.gif" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="463" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuKhJ8H2FvI1fZvdP2LaO641d0WPh2XuxNslVWmD59wLPHTal3HY9_nXqPMAu1iyt4wRAsXelQKXIXwwQt1S2XKF4QCdoI_oinh4odXgzB2oed7myMySbTisYHDgfpVjw1pkaAcFofTrhE/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252844%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 175px; width: 277px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0LrsRUPZtcMRgmCsD6QMRrrsSljN9Lkd5_h7W9b3oDch6SdJScaYvqqSu8zSS9OSMAsCSYnsJHYDz5cdOvdvIFgNA8NZm7ILyx5_IzaTM2qXuu2pQAFK3-tn6dQ_OCvH7UXTUNJNMr0Bg/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-07-29+at+22.11.18.png" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0LrsRUPZtcMRgmCsD6QMRrrsSljN9Lkd5_h7W9b3oDch6SdJScaYvqqSu8zSS9OSMAsCSYnsJHYDz5cdOvdvIFgNA8NZm7ILyx5_IzaTM2qXuu2pQAFK3-tn6dQ_OCvH7UXTUNJNMr0Bg/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-07-29+at+22.11.18.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 175px; width: 130px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdZiGRDhNnRdgtoeR-6HGVw-O_laW9Hn5AnEj3uNum9OedZKAQRF86fDPdja6T03tZooZjfqA36q26kHhIb4nCe3ncRgs_8xgcisHgs8Vo-Qeg4I12xKX4RPWhqqKdF3MFIVxX85nEOmEt/s320/4196224_orig.jpg" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1066" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdZiGRDhNnRdgtoeR-6HGVw-O_laW9Hn5AnEj3uNum9OedZKAQRF86fDPdja6T03tZooZjfqA36q26kHhIb4nCe3ncRgs_8xgcisHgs8Vo-Qeg4I12xKX4RPWhqqKdF3MFIVxX85nEOmEt/s320/4196224_orig.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 175px; width: 233px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">On
the highest point of the Obersalzburg above Berchtesgaden was the Adolf
Hitler Höhe with the Untersberg behind. It read: "Wen Gott liebt, den
lässt er fallen in das Berchtesgadener Land"</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHGfxwrzj3srqMv7smVHY_sGpx5_am4NRWxSBWB35RMzah7SvMAghId_E_IIJY5S34cOiimphQFdb6igovh3Vx51AH6BOgUUPeKcYBqVCyYRbSaXWFczYQY4mPrHzGs1W4SAr9W4aeSNa8/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%252810%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Gästehaus Hoher Göll" border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHGfxwrzj3srqMv7smVHY_sGpx5_am4NRWxSBWB35RMzah7SvMAghId_E_IIJY5S34cOiimphQFdb6igovh3Vx51AH6BOgUUPeKcYBqVCyYRbSaXWFczYQY4mPrHzGs1W4SAr9W4aeSNa8/s400/ezgif.com-resize%252810%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> The Gästehaus Hoher Göll, now the site of the Obersalzberg Documentation Centre which </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>opened in 1999; by
2007 more than one million people had visited. The centre includes parts of the surviving bunkers and combines documents and exhibits, with a special focus on the involvement of the native population in Nazi policy. On display are a permanent exhibition and regularly changing exhibitions not limited just to events on the Obersalzberg, but about the entire Nazi era. It offers over 950 documents, photographs, audio clips, films and maps as well as a scale model of the Obersalzberg area overlaying current buildings with the position of historical Nazi installations. The exhibition covers the two floors of the main building and extends through the tunnel to the bunker. However, only a portion of it is dedicated to the history of the Obersalzberg itself, including a small section on the post-1945 era, when most of the area was used by the American military. The ground floor of the main building and most of the tunnel exhibits cover general topics of Nazi Germany, such as "The Führer", "Actors in the Regime", "Machinery of Terror", "Resistance", "Foreign Policy" et cet. that are not directly related to the Obersalzberg resort. The path of the exhibition ends in a documentation of the Holocaust in the dark of the bunker. Only a part of the extensive shelter network is accessible today. There is also a link
through a tunnel to the extended bunker complex at the demolished
General Walker Hotel (former Platterhof), constructed in 1943-45:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnFOY5U8-793c_hi-okByuTZrmRfFLabiVROCPJN9HHPdlLEzYI7dpmlH4nKZlKyrABgHojlIkMixnjf6gkU_zZCH2ViJbTL9vS7jCxkKGlpz-wyGMz8hpsUwen0SUE4pNrsxKLJy8l1ES/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252845%2529.gif" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnFOY5U8-793c_hi-okByuTZrmRfFLabiVROCPJN9HHPdlLEzYI7dpmlH4nKZlKyrABgHojlIkMixnjf6gkU_zZCH2ViJbTL9vS7jCxkKGlpz-wyGMz8hpsUwen0SUE4pNrsxKLJy8l1ES/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252845%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 255px; width: 268px;" /></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt1eC_N4qfrN9uQEzkkkh8EnVXuW0E1SCjI4VGeUlEdqMPI7QO07wSVDvOeFwg-VnX2WdnavyH0wvk45LslIcSiCN0oQhcpV6CvryJV3RAZvxtry56c0fDcuDxEPbPL2FiDOzDcVC7MPQq/s320/44846087_10156834221384962_4840674025174728704_n.jpg" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt1eC_N4qfrN9uQEzkkkh8EnVXuW0E1SCjI4VGeUlEdqMPI7QO07wSVDvOeFwg-VnX2WdnavyH0wvk45LslIcSiCN0oQhcpV6CvryJV3RAZvxtry56c0fDcuDxEPbPL2FiDOzDcVC7MPQq/s320/44846087_10156834221384962_4840674025174728704_n.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 255px; width: 340px;" /><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Standing in front of the bunker entrance enclosed within the museum. It led to Hitler's Berghof and homes of other leaders.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDjzYS-dn0kZ6_Q4gLbwVRQ6SCg0_EdZcN94NwzuTxLVAXWZtq0vU4KIOdKSWcAgn5ptujmn11OPsV7CV17tIKsyUvbmF4prtNK6CGhmHF-k7b2Vk3bKtI2_xajeS58cW91XViKdnLdsA/s1600/9myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDjzYS-dn0kZ6_Q4gLbwVRQ6SCg0_EdZcN94NwzuTxLVAXWZtq0vU4KIOdKSWcAgn5ptujmn11OPsV7CV17tIKsyUvbmF4prtNK6CGhmHF-k7b2Vk3bKtI2_xajeS58cW91XViKdnLdsA/s400/9myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Behind
the door on the left is the entrance from the bunker to the Berghof
itself whilst the photo on the right shows one of the hallways that went
to the bunkers under Bormann's house and the <span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span> barracks. Neither the
tunnels nor the buildings exist today. The bunkers of Berchtesgaden and the Obersalzberg had been strengthened as part of the general reaction to the growing intensity of the Combined Bomber Offensive in 1943. Martin Bormann had personally directed the construction of air raid shelters and had tunnel systems cut deep into the mountain side. These tunnels linked Hitler’s bunker with the military headquarters and the local anti- aircraft defences and communications. These systems represented some of the most modern of the Nazi state. The party functionaries had palatial accommodations that were well-serviced by electrical power, heating and ventilation systems. They were even hardened against chemical weapons and the tunnel openings were protected by a series of machine gun nests manned by the </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. These bunkers and tunnel systems successfully protected the inhabitants of the Obersalzberg and Berchtesgaden in April 1945. Even though the damage to some of the village surface dwellings was extensive, the bunkers and tunnels – and the complex’s defensive capabilities – were largely intact with only 31 people were killed. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf8fFehbCxuaykqIhLRH3hzf21b8nwETMmvxjMe52aCjuT0QQNjAz_yBMSUMrsjOnxR0qLzCCC-IlygXNg0cs1Wj1oRDvsA8vHYZsHiNNmc4VOYp-8Rc2wVNtVtT21QRtTy6ETeqPNS4k/s1600/7myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf8fFehbCxuaykqIhLRH3hzf21b8nwETMmvxjMe52aCjuT0QQNjAz_yBMSUMrsjOnxR0qLzCCC-IlygXNg0cs1Wj1oRDvsA8vHYZsHiNNmc4VOYp-8Rc2wVNtVtT21QRtTy6ETeqPNS4k/s640/7myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span>Reinforced walls contained the machine-gun defence</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Bhf_S70AxttNECqRwYkyyJrmlcOi6xz7P4G8mtJkNvxikIY7xtcWWaFqKn1avAuKVIYdfwVm7UzGAbaEiHjQR7dYtrbaPopVhyptcnB2U62lrZuQY6IdOOmi4w12wpK_A4zkoGAtxdg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-17+at+3.13.10+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Bhf_S70AxttNECqRwYkyyJrmlcOi6xz7P4G8mtJkNvxikIY7xtcWWaFqKn1avAuKVIYdfwVm7UzGAbaEiHjQR7dYtrbaPopVhyptcnB2U62lrZuQY6IdOOmi4w12wpK_A4zkoGAtxdg/s640/Screen+Shot+2014-05-17+at+3.13.10+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The Platterhof, with the Hoher Göll in the background. Of the former, Shirer wrote how</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 100%;">In 1923 Eckart and Esser stumbled upon the Platterhof, an
inn near Berchtesgaden, as a summer retreat for Hitler and his friends.
Hitler fell in love with the lovely mountain country; it was here that
he later built the spacious villa, Berghof, which would be his home and
where he would spend much of his time until the war years. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFSep9us2tVyDq6Oa7AfEidQ0vfufmlj23jEcTFDLhqQ6QUdrmDefqRwx8dQzYkChA4F6ZGpy-BH65LDERlcf0y5nE-owOyKTopLwhRUmI6NW1Et4GI-4cb8MOtc1JYMYN9mawv1JurERO/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252815%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Platterhof then and now" border="0" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFSep9us2tVyDq6Oa7AfEidQ0vfufmlj23jEcTFDLhqQ6QUdrmDefqRwx8dQzYkChA4F6ZGpy-BH65LDERlcf0y5nE-owOyKTopLwhRUmI6NW1Et4GI-4cb8MOtc1JYMYN9mawv1JurERO/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252815%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">This would culminate, as Kershaw records, in </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">one
of several such speeches he gave between autumn 1943 and summer 1944 to
a "sizeable number of generals and other senior officers, who had been
participants in ideological training-courses and were ready to return to
the front, [who] had been summoned </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">on
26 May in the Platterhof, the big hotel adjacent to the Berghof on the
site of the far more modest Pension Moritz, where Hitler had stayed in
the 1920s. A central passage in the speech touched on the ‘Final
Solution’. Hitler spoke of the Jews as a ‘foreign body’ in the German
people which, though not all had understood why he had to proceed ‘so
brutally and ruthlessly’, it had been essential to expel. He came to the
key point. ‘In removing the Jews,’ he went on, ‘I eliminated in Germany
the possibility of creating some sort of revolutionary core or nucleus.
You could naturally say: Yes, but could you not have done it more
simply – or not more simply, since everything else would have been more
complicated – but more humanely? Gentlemen,’ he continued, ‘we are in a
life- or-death struggle. If our opponents are victorious in this
struggle, the German people would be eradicated. Bolshevism would
slaughter millions and millions and millions of our intellectuals.
Anyone not dying through a shot in the neck would be deported. The
children of the upper classes would be taken away and eliminated. This
entire bestiality has been organized by the Jews.’ He spoke of 40,000
women and children being burnt to death through the incendiaries dropped
on Hamburg, adding: ‘Don’t expect anything else from me except the
ruthless upholding of the national interest in the way which, in my
view, will have the greatest effect and benefit for the German nation.’
At this the officers burst into loud and lasting applause. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com83471 Berchtesgaden, Germany47.6301796 13.00007419999997247.5445841 12.838712699999972 47.715775099999995 13.161435699999972tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-23483037968794541642008-01-17T11:36:00.147-08:002024-01-02T01:52:35.054-08:00Remaining Nazi Sites in Berlin (2)<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBz9zjyrbCGru9eSFDCXuMNDQmOc31_eMHydhal91AcbAymMSUEq-mu4SXemXj5eSR2J2GPANykadsPUKGhflivLFumExiPW-DNa_Aumj-eJNTbGSTSxVxWTzY0PGt0dnFCTQk5I6dDSwDEoAIwLMSpQO83PlYVTGcNaNbJ6kolRi73jV6VOloxmrz5w=s318" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="239" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBz9zjyrbCGru9eSFDCXuMNDQmOc31_eMHydhal91AcbAymMSUEq-mu4SXemXj5eSR2J2GPANykadsPUKGhflivLFumExiPW-DNa_Aumj-eJNTbGSTSxVxWTzY0PGt0dnFCTQk5I6dDSwDEoAIwLMSpQO83PlYVTGcNaNbJ6kolRi73jV6VOloxmrz5w=w301-h400" width="301" /></a></div>From the turn of the century </span>and i<span>mmediately after the war. </span>Completed in 1895 by architect Franz Schwechten as a 'gift' to Germans from Kaiser<i> </i><span class="highlight2">Wilhelm</span> II, serving as a <span class="highlight3">memorial</span> to his grandfather <span class="highlight2">Wilhelm</span> I. Its bells, made from bronze from guns captured in the Franco-Prussian War, fell victim to material shortages during the war when four of the five bells were removed from the tower on January 7, 1943 and melted down again for war purposes. Only the smallest bell remained for the congregation. When the church was destroyed, this bell was badly damaged and in 1949 it was delivered to the Schilling bell foundry in Apolda , where it was once cast.<span> The </span><span class="highlight4">church</span><span> itself was substantially destroyed during a bombing raid in 1943 when, during the night of November 22-23 the church building caught fire during a British air raid, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/70-jahre-zerstoerung-der-gedaechtniskirche-die-nacht-in-der-der-turm-abbrach/9112004.html">causing the roof structure over the nave to collapse</a> and the top of the main tower to snap off. The Nazi leadership promised the community that after the war the destroyed Memorial Church would be rebuilt just as large and magnificent. In contrast, the victorious powers of the Second World War found this plan relatively difficult; the building also reflected Wilhelmine-German national pride. In the post-war period the ruins were left to decay for the time being. It wasn't until 1956 that demolition of the choir, which was in danger of collapsing, began. Several different options for the </span><span class="highlight4">church</span><span>'s redevelopment were considered, including the construction of a new </span><span class="highlight4">church</span><span> made from glass in the old </span><span class="highlight4">church</span><span>'s ruins, and also its complete demolition and replacement with a new structure. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq6MF2o1_uDE3bI1er_rAcVXUoCF3RurEdQpFsGDfSOxN-dOCdApSKm1zkcrY9T33Ei4PpHJvhU7lOHOZyiUauTJH7iCXMZTrq2jojXcaKpR7qA7gkVKLsp_n_2mFVLKFs6Iw3NyDk2hXbqnKu20e0Ga-DSL-anmiUCKVFAkpLl4Kh_wrGW5dJRoC0vw/s467/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-22T231812.010.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="242" data-original-width="467" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq6MF2o1_uDE3bI1er_rAcVXUoCF3RurEdQpFsGDfSOxN-dOCdApSKm1zkcrY9T33Ei4PpHJvhU7lOHOZyiUauTJH7iCXMZTrq2jojXcaKpR7qA7gkVKLsp_n_2mFVLKFs6Iw3NyDk2hXbqnKu20e0Ga-DSL-anmiUCKVFAkpLl4Kh_wrGW5dJRoC0vw/w400-h208/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-12-22T231812.010.gif" width="400" /></a></div>Eventually it was decided to leave the ruined tower as a </span><span class="highlight3">memorial</span><span> to the futility of war, (or specifically to remember Germans killed in British retaliatory bombings) and create a new </span><span class="highlight4">church</span><span> around it with a breathtakingly ugly building next to it for some reason. The new church was consecrated on May 25, 1962 - the same day as the new Coventry Cathedral. </span></span><span><span class="content"><span><span>On Breitscheidplatz, its eastern
terminus, the landmark Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche stands quiet
and dignified amid the roar. Allied bombs left only the husk of the west
tower intact; it now contains the Gedenkhalle (Memorial Hall) whose
original ceiling mosaics and marble reliefs hint at the church’s pre-war
opulence. The adjacent octagonal hall of worship, added in 1961, has
intensely midnight-blue windows and a giant golden Jesus floating above
the altar. </span></span>On November 14, 1940 the Germans obliterated the
city centre of Coventry including its Gothic cathedral from the 14th
and 15th century. Already in January 1941 the people of Coventry held
mass again in the burnt out church, having rebuilt an altar from
rubble, and using charcoaled beams as the holy cross and made a cross
with three hand-forged nails they found in the rubble. On January
7, 1989, on the occasion of the inauguration of the Memorial Hall, the
Nail Cross of Coventry was given to Kaiser-Wilhelm-</span><span class="content">Gedächtniskirche</span><span class="content"> as a gift where it remains as a reminder of peace and reconciliation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRRQ_s-8Y4yuaa7_C0RVHX0sx8X6txnex91xRkrG_voNLUViuUM4Ynxs0t6RlFy2G35g9B9I2nW3Jq4rxct280LOPGbnB0LQCuXZ6jU-32l3zqciIfU8_3FmwCN8MCMS63RoPwOdFwd4/s1600/2myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRRQ_s-8Y4yuaa7_C0RVHX0sx8X6txnex91xRkrG_voNLUViuUM4Ynxs0t6RlFy2G35g9B9I2nW3Jq4rxct280LOPGbnB0LQCuXZ6jU-32l3zqciIfU8_3FmwCN8MCMS63RoPwOdFwd4/s640/2myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span> July 19, 1945</span> and standing in front and inside, <span>next to the Cross of Coventry which has</span><span class="content"> a prominent place in the Memorial Hall of Gedächtniskirche. </span></span><span><span class="content"><span><span>The former entrance hall of the old building was converted into a room commemorating the events and destruction of the Second World War on January 7, 1987 on the occasion of Berlin's 750th anniversary. One of the central exhibits here is the Coventry Cross of Nails as a symbol of reconciliation. The nails from which it was formed are from burnt roof beams of Coventry Cathedral , which was destroyed in German air raids on November 14, 1940 and also deliberately preserved as a ruin. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFmM1wIk6NW66JmjhyMQVwwKaTzUiJJygARmgrYUG93RbphuadgLiPcgDBzjLw78z1pMjY28xFd_STDh13NQ8ubmtTteAVhERRfV6x1GJo0V98ne840oT-vvBozufkx-i2yD3cUC1S2OQw/s1600/Screenshot+2020-07-02+at+17.19.53.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFmM1wIk6NW66JmjhyMQVwwKaTzUiJJygARmgrYUG93RbphuadgLiPcgDBzjLw78z1pMjY28xFd_STDh13NQ8ubmtTteAVhERRfV6x1GJo0V98ne840oT-vvBozufkx-i2yD3cUC1S2OQw/s400/Screenshot+2020-07-02+at+17.19.53.png" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span class="content"><span><span> At the dedication ceremony on September 1, 1895, the eve of the Day of Sedan, and my students in 2018. In fact, at the time of its dedication the entrance hall in the lower section had not yet been completed; that part of the church was not opened and consecrated until February 22, 1906.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span class="content"><span><span>Goebbels<span>, writing the article “<a href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=3860">Rund um die Gedächtniskirche</a>,” <span>for</span> the January 23, 1928<span> edition of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span class="content"><span><span><span><span><i><span><span class="content"><span><span><span>Der Angriff,</span></span></span></span></span></i> </span></span></span></span></span></span>described the area in which</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span class="content"><span><span><span><span>[i]</span>n the middle of this turmoil of the metropolis the Gedächtniskirche stretches its narrow steeples up into the grey evening. It is alien in this noisy life. Like an anachronism left behind, it mourns between the cafés and cabarets, condescends to the automobiles humming around its stony body, and calmly announces the hour to the sin of corruption. Walking around it are many people who perhaps have never gazed up at its towers. There is the snobby <i>flaneur</i> in a fur coat and patent leather; the worldly lady, garçon from head to toe with a monocle and smoking cigarette, taps on high heels across its walkways and disappears into one of the thousands of abodes of delirium and drugs that cast their screaming lights seductively into the evening air. That is Berlin West: The heart turned to stone of this city. Here in the niches and corners of cafés, in the cabarets and bars, in the Soviet <span>theatres</span> and mezzanines, the spirit of the asphalt democracy is piled high. Here the politics of sixty-million diligent Germans is conducted. Here one gives and receives the latest market and <span>theatre</span> tips. Here one trades in politics, pictures, stocks, love, film, <span>theatre</span>, government, and the general welfare. The Gedächtniskirche is never lonely. Day plunges suddenly into night and night becomes day without there having been a moment of silence around it. The eternal repetition of corruption and decay, of failing ingenuity and genuine creative power, of inner emptiness and despair, with the patina of a Zeitgeist sunk to the level of the most repulsive pseudoculture: that is what parades its essence, what does its mischief all around the Gedächtniskirche. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span class="content"><span style="font-size: normal;"><b> Return of Evil <span>to Merkel's Germany</span></b></span> <span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5kmxFSa1VNtn58rphCKroVvd6l3KvAamQquzrrJOro9V8OQkQJRu_fo8tcZJgeq3he1U6ltb6ylmouxR6Ke0sSJVAAe-PM68Kp5DJJr4omzID8zhkY84BgZ_xXsu-iNo4mMdjo3r6Cr4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252836%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5kmxFSa1VNtn58rphCKroVvd6l3KvAamQquzrrJOro9V8OQkQJRu_fo8tcZJgeq3he1U6ltb6ylmouxR6Ke0sSJVAAe-PM68Kp5DJJr4omzID8zhkY84BgZ_xXsu-iNo4mMdjo3r6Cr4/w400-h284/ezgif.com-optimize%252836%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span class="content"><span><span><span>Comparing the scene during the Christmas market of 1929 only two months after the Wall Street Crash and<span> 201<span>6</span></span> after yet another example of terror with </span>the church provi<span>ding t</span>he latest <span>backdrop for Merkel-era terrorism caused the summary acceptance of a million immigrants, many men of fighting age, <span><span>she allowed to</span> enter the country, <span>mostly</span> without any screening or background checks. In this case the perpetrator was Anis Amri, an asylum seeker from Tunisia. It wasn't until four days after he had </span><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4049442/Terror-attack-fears-lorry-ploughs-Christmas-market-Berlin-leaving-two-people-dead.html">hijacked
an HGV and killed the driver before turning lights off and driving the
stolen lorry into shoppers at a Christmas market at 40mph killing twelve and
injuring 48</a> that he was finally ki</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span class="content"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span class="content"><span><span><span><span>lled in a shootout with police near Milan in Italy. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>On December 19, 2016 at 20:02 the terrorist ploughed a len truck through the Christmas market, causing the deadliest terrorist attack in Germany since an attack at Oktoberfest in Munich in 1980, which killed thirteen people and injured 211 others. The truck came from the direction of Hardenbergstraße, drove about 160 feet through the market, and destroyed several stalls before turning back onto Budapester Straße and coming to a stop level with the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church. Several witnesses saw the driver leave the truck and flee towards Tiergarten. One witness, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span class="content"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span class="content"><span><span><span>Łukasz Urban, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>ran after him. He was found dead in the passenger seat of the truck cab having been stabbed and shot in the head with a small-calibre firearm. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: 130%;">Plötzensee Gaol (Strafgefängnis Plötzensee)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 105%;"><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='450' height='350' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwz8efaHzNK0frK5pRU0nMYr1ktAB5AQXSxjWhNONoO2GrncLjFxYRF4j6ZbdB-t3KjxUU3FNhN2gBu1lPsYw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">Less than two weeks after Col. Stauffenberg’s bomb had nearly killed Hitler, eight of his principal co-conspirators stood show trials at the <span style="font-style: italic;">Volksgerichtshof </span>before <a href="http://tracesofevil.blogspot.com/search/label/Munich%20Gestapo%20Headquarters">Roland Freisler</a>. The outcome, of course, was foreordained as orders had come down from on high to make the deaths as degrading as possible; this batch, convicted August 7-8, was hanged naked that same day here at Berlin’s Plotzensee Prison on thin cord and suspended from meathooks whil<span>st</span> the cameras rolled. From what I have managed to read, the executioner went out of his way to make the ordeal as degrading as possible, a task he apparently relished. The resulting film was delivered to Hitler’s bomb-damaged Polish outpost for his amusement, and used as a warning to army officers forced to watch.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">The eight killed in this way were Robert Bernardis, Albrecht von Hagen, Paul von Hase, Erich Hoepner, Friedrich Karl Klausing, Helmuth Stieff, Erwin von Witzleben and Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg. Hundreds more would follow, both at Plotzensee and throughout the Reich where persons distantly connected to the plotters and various miscellaneous resistance figures were swept up in the purge.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The prison was built between 1869 and 1879 near Lake Plötzensee in Charlottenburg off Saatwinkler Damm. During the Nazi era, over 2,500 people were executed including members of the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle), Kreisau Circle (those accused of the plot against Hitler's life on 20 July 1944 at the Wolfsschanze), Czechoslovakian resistance fighters, and various others declared to be 'enemies of the state' </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">by the <span style="font-style: italic;">Volksgerichtshof</span> ("People's <span style="font-size: normal;">Court")</span></span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Vi7roxc7DCRUc2uTj1ypG462seEan9YOo_s7xVwCQr3D81efsBeBmTz2rbD3_YWPGDXYaokND5vfPzTZyQds0hlooBsgWi6OmwoWoN3GEOzyt99UA7VppeotdTHE-tOpQFP4SM1F6jIb/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-07-20+at+13.29.19.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Vi7roxc7DCRUc2uTj1ypG462seEan9YOo_s7xVwCQr3D81efsBeBmTz2rbD3_YWPGDXYaokND5vfPzTZyQds0hlooBsgWi6OmwoWoN3GEOzyt99UA7VppeotdTHE-tOpQFP4SM1F6jIb/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-07-20+at+13.29.19.png" width="320" /></a><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">At the entr</span>ance has been built <span>this</span> memorial wall "<span>[t<span>]</span></span>o the Victims of Hitler's Dictatorship of the Years 1933–1945."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span> </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Kershaw describes in <u>Hitler:</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>Once the verdicts had been pronounced, the condemned men were taken off, many of them to
Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. On Hitler’s instructions they were denied any last rites or pastoral care
(though this callous order was at least partially bypassed in practice). The normal mode of
execution for civilian capital offences in the Third Reich was beheading. But Hitler had reportedly
ordered that he wanted those behind the conspiracy of 20 July 1944 ‘hanged, hung up like meat-
carcasses’. In the small, single-storey execution room, with whitewashed walls, divided by a black
curtain, hooks, indeed like meat-hooks, had been placed on a rail just below the ceiling. Usually,
the only light in the room came from two windows, dimly revealing a frequently used guillotine.
Now, however, certainly for the first groups of conspirators being led to their doom, the
executions were to be filmed and photographed, and the macabre scene was illuminated with<b> </b>bright lights, like a film studio. On a small table in the corner of the room stood a table with a
bottle of cognac – for the executioners, not to steady the nerves of the victims. The condemned
men were led in, handcuffed and wearing prison trousers. There were no last words, no comfort
from a priest or pastor; nothing but the black humour of the hangman. Eye-witness accounts speak
of the steadfastness and dignity of those executed. The hanging was carried out within twenty
seconds of the prisoner entering the room. Death was not, however, immediate. Sometimes it
came quickly; in other cases, the agony was slow – lasting more than twenty minutes. In an added
gratuitous obscenity, some of the condemned men had their trousers pulled down by their
executioners before they died. And all the time the camera whirred. The photographs and grisly
film were taken to Führer Headquarters. Speer later reported seeing a pile of such photographs
lying on Hitler’s map-table when he visited the Wolf’s Lair on 18 August. </span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-men and some
civilians, he added, went into a viewing of the executions in the cinema that evening, though they
were not joined by any members of the Wehrmacht. Whether Hitler saw the film of the executions
is uncertain; the testimony is contradictory.
</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXyXq7Dt4pWVookgOZ6gLNxaueSCQPS88GjVo_U6H0mJO-lPAUIUVBqmKMnEQrv99mM9Mui63QYpKUAzrq3QQqhk3a0PQe4PtP7cM8arNp73k_RFcol3G8WS-igqCYpZrpPjRJ1JglmSqG/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-07-20+at+13.29.12.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXyXq7Dt4pWVookgOZ6gLNxaueSCQPS88GjVo_U6H0mJO-lPAUIUVBqmKMnEQrv99mM9Mui63QYpKUAzrq3QQqhk3a0PQe4PtP7cM8arNp73k_RFcol3G8WS-igqCYpZrpPjRJ1JglmSqG/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-07-20+at+13.29.12.png" width="400" /></a><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">Once inside Plötzensee, the prisoners were allowed only time to change into prison garb. One by one, in accordance with prison drill procedures, they crossed the courtyard in wooden shoes, under the ever-present gaze of a camera, and entered the execution chamber through a black curtain. Here, too, a camera recorded their every step as they arrived and were led to the back of the chamber to stand under hooks attached to a girder running across the ceiling. Floodlights brilliantly illuminated the scene. A few observers were standing around: the public prosecutor, prison officials, photographers. The executioners removed the prisoners handcuffs, placed short, thin nooses around their necks, and stripped them to the waist. At a signal, they hoisted each man aloft and let him down on the tightened noose, slowly in some cases, more quickly in others. Before the prisoner's death throes were over, his trousers were ripped off him... Every detail was recorded on film, from the first wild struggle for breath to the final twitches.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">Hitler had already "eagerly devoured" the arrest reports, information on new groups of suspects, and the statements recorded by interrogators. Now, on the very night of the first trials and executions, the film of the proceedings arrived at the Wolf's Lair for the amusement of the Führer and his guests. The putsch, he announced to his assembled retinue, was "perhaps the best thing that could have happened for our future." He could not get enough of watching his foes go to their doom. Days later, photographs of the condemned men dangling from hooks still lay about the great map table in his bunker. As his horizons shrank on all sides, Hitler took great satisfaction from this, his last great triumph. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">Fest (302-3)</span><span style="font-size: normal; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"> Plotting Hitler's Death: The Story of the German Resistance</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZGjkIxup36Z7x8qF30dmuZqR501DYb86V4SPhtSCarYx0mIU995ChWAPIXe5A1m4HM8MsIomurButo41Au9v1JZ_UYILycydcwBtjU5fN4mhW0Vrmm9k4W6it-hVVCIqkopg5epdwfUxw/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZGjkIxup36Z7x8qF30dmuZqR501DYb86V4SPhtSCarYx0mIU995ChWAPIXe5A1m4HM8MsIomurButo41Au9v1JZ_UYILycydcwBtjU5fN4mhW0Vrmm9k4W6it-hVVCIqkopg5epdwfUxw/w400-h255/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span> <span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">The execution chamber at Plötzensee Prison showing the guillotine that was used to behead most victims until the sheer number of executions during the Third Reich made it impractical. </span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Today there is a memorial inside the gaol commemorating those executed by the Nazis, dedicated on September 14, 1952. All that remains now is the execution shed, a small brick building with two rooms, where the victims were either hanged or beheaded. Cadavers of the condemned </span></span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">would be delivered to the anatomical institute at Humboldt University to be used for dissection under supervision of Professor Stieve.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><a href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-40351220.html" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">From an article in Der Spiegel about executions here:</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(translated by </span><a href="http://forum.axishistory.com/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=25929">Pete26</a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> at <a href="http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=35191&start=3570">Axis History Forum</a>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">The severed head fell into the basket, eyes wide open. Because the body was not strapped to the guillotine bench, the body could move freely after decapitation. The torso reared up, the legs twitched and threw off the wooden clogs. The blood spurted out of the severed neck in a high arc into the drain.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5a0N6_8mjen0ZIaypol0XImwBHRkGA4eNmgJ0KAyllCqwpOjLCoGEoKeSiny8r_DI3csY-g1BP_8cZaxKblm9uvKFnXAY8MuM9VK9hdBJjUcsO0iSJVqM6PiBQe1UfGMbq29MG_Knf9wV/s686/Screen+Shot+2013-07-04+at+4.10.40+AM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5a0N6_8mjen0ZIaypol0XImwBHRkGA4eNmgJ0KAyllCqwpOjLCoGEoKeSiny8r_DI3csY-g1BP_8cZaxKblm9uvKFnXAY8MuM9VK9hdBJjUcsO0iSJVqM6PiBQe1UfGMbq29MG_Knf9wV/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-07-04+at+4.10.40+AM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In this place of execution, everything represented the power and glory of the Nazi state. The executioner and his three assistants in black suits, the prosecutor and pastor in back robes, the clerks in green uniforms, the prison doctor in a white coat, the guests in uniform. On the table were two candles in tall candle holders. At this place of death ruled law and order, and each step was determined by the protocol. For the guests there were tickets and a note: "At the execution site the German greeting [Hitler salute] is to be avoided." The condemned were expected to behave according to the protocol too: "Calm and composed." Only rarely did the condemned fight back. According to protestant pastor Hermann Schrader, "I remember no one who has cried, screamed, or resisted."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">From the command "Executioner, do your duty" to "Mr Prosecutor, the verdict is enforced", it took only twenty to 25 seconds in peacetime, and during the war only seven or even four seconds, to carry out the execution. For every execution, an A5 form had to be filled out.</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">Many of the over three thousand executed here are left with not even a photograph. The oldest victim was a worker 83 years old, the youngest just seventeen. Forty one couples were executed here and they were not even allowed to say last words to each other. Mothers, who gave birth whilst in prison, were not spared. A total of 250 women were beheaded.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">An old shoemaker cut the hair of the condemned short the night before the execution to expose the neck for the blade. The old man did his duty without emotion and with some kind of satisfaction. For each police sergeant who led the condemned from the cell block to the execution shed, there was a reward of eight cigarettes per person. The executioner's assistants would deposit two corpses into one coffin; each twenty centimetres shorter than usual and sprinkled with sawdust to soak up the blood.</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">The guillotine was eventually dismantled and delivered to the administration of the Soviet occupation zone shortly after the war.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsy2y6hZWzKwQL-OD3spzHv_xUIoTa9KGVThNMQPfih0fc4i5LZJsDHDZLP7cgLS0olevpch6YeliBi5CyQVa-1YTfq3mjA5WFLioRAPC6TdIXS_c5lqU7F03ZotkAkj4rbMZystMk1_4L/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsy2y6hZWzKwQL-OD3spzHv_xUIoTa9KGVThNMQPfih0fc4i5LZJsDHDZLP7cgLS0olevpch6YeliBi5CyQVa-1YTfq3mjA5WFLioRAPC6TdIXS_c5lqU7F03ZotkAkj4rbMZystMk1_4L/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 390px; width: 295px;" /></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span> The Charlottenburger Tor then and now. During the course of the Nazi Welthauptstadt Germania plans, Hitler's chief architect Albert Speer in 1937 ordered the Charlottenburger Chaussee road widened to a "East-West-Axis" to an alignment width of fifty metres by April 1939 as part of the Nazi expansion programme of the capital. The greatest difficulty involved the renovation of the Charlottenburg Bridge. Speer had demanded that the 1.5 metre high span which had been increased in 1904 in order to achieve greater clearance for ships under the Charlottenburg Bridge, should be removed. The gate, which was previously a breaking point in the line of sight, would now no longer serve that purpose. The tram in the east-west axis was also sacrificed to the line of sight, as above all the overhead line was perceived as annoying.In order to meet Speer's requirements as well as the demands of the Reich Waterways Administration for an improvement in the passage conditions under the Charlottenburg Bridge, the old Charlottenburg arched bridge was removed and replaced by a new building which was limited to a height of 95 centimetres, which was the absolute minimum of the construction technology at that time. A passage height of 3.30 metres and a width of 25 metres could be achieved for shipping. In order to be able to accommodate the required lane widths, the new bridge was made ten metres wider to the south than the previous structure. It had a clearance height of 3.56 metres to support the excursion boats. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The construction of the new bridge, including the removal of the ramps, could only be accomplished by dismantling the entire Charlottenburg Gate. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBm7kMDGnEmDtLxD8P30CAOQhTZQZhUDpi3ccDCJCSxQfQ8NcZObTFV00aEP2lwSbefiO6NN0SIfN47ez_AN6nBIFu7dTH_q23YXmLA4M0Jgr4-0tcDYW_C4mmaWA4A56VSaww4rXtLjTo/s400/Kanadische_Soldaten_am_Charlottenburger_Tor%252C_Juli_1945.jpg" data-original-height="770" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBm7kMDGnEmDtLxD8P30CAOQhTZQZhUDpi3ccDCJCSxQfQ8NcZObTFV00aEP2lwSbefiO6NN0SIfN47ez_AN6nBIFu7dTH_q23YXmLA4M0Jgr4-0tcDYW_C4mmaWA4A56VSaww4rXtLjTo/w156-h200/Kanadische_Soldaten_am_Charlottenburger_Tor%252C_Juli_1945.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 390px; width: 304px;" width="156" /></span>The repositioning was then carried out at a distance of 33 metres between the columned halls, which made it possible to pass through the two 14.50 metre wide carriageways and the four meter wide median. In order to achieve an architectural unity of the new bridge with the gate, the parapets were made of tuff stone and the bridge structure was clad with sandstone. Bernhard Schaede, the architect of the gate, was involved in this work as a manager. Street lights designed by Speer were installed along the entire east-west axis for the street lighting which are still seen in places today. There was a further need for electricity from the lighting of the festive decorations of the street, which were taken into account during the expansion. Nine underground network and switching stations were installed to supply these systems with power. One of them was built in the immediate vicinity of the northern portico of the Charlottenburg Gate. The access to the maintenance staircase in the gate also served as access to this network and switching station. As part of the festive decoration of the street, the Nazis repurposed the gate as a flag holder. Oversized swastika flags were hung between the pillars and across the road on the front sides of the columned halls on appropriate occasions. Above shows </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Canadian troops from Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal on July 14, 1945 under the pompous five metre high bronze statue of Friedrich I which had accompanied his wife Sophie Charlotte on the other side of the gate. On the stone pillars facing the street were originally two bronze sculptures created by the sculptor Georg Wrba, the loss of which has damaged the overall appearance of the building since 1945. The northern figure represented a woman riding a stag with a veil blowing over her head; the southern figure shows a man riding a horse with a shield and sword in his hand. The Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung commented on the two bronze sculptures with the words "It is not easy to untangle these intertwined bodies, and it is even more difficult to find their meaning"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Haus der Jugend</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh15m_4Ab8rv9zgLl8xMH1P8VNgR-LBNq9gyUtFKgEgTnWF5yOW8fgLC_oEvZOybv-2JksRlxt3UadLv2RRldEcYbHenYUUJF-8-xjINP-BEbGxTeoscYaP4JjQitpboKqfhMX5hehKXcA/s640/600468.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh15m_4Ab8rv9zgLl8xMH1P8VNgR-LBNq9gyUtFKgEgTnWF5yOW8fgLC_oEvZOybv-2JksRlxt3UadLv2RRldEcYbHenYUUJF-8-xjINP-BEbGxTeoscYaP4JjQitpboKqfhMX5hehKXcA/s640/600468.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 222px; width: 339px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBbSN74o3cGdQVJF6NCGtioL0YRZgfvRLNkd8NAN2Wu1Gj4j8q3JiV8Qi4rido9e8d9R0ecjT49xes4eJQj-FDyyNXqcxMY5S-0FxjLo7X_ZP8q2ok59uHnORqd8djUWiKyikKwsEuE8j9/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBbSN74o3cGdQVJF6NCGtioL0YRZgfvRLNkd8NAN2Wu1Gj4j8q3JiV8Qi4rido9e8d9R0ecjT49xes4eJQj-FDyyNXqcxMY5S-0FxjLo7X_ZP8q2ok59uHnORqd8djUWiKyikKwsEuE8j9/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 222px; width: 313px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The Haus der Jugend at Reinickendorfer Straße 55 on Nauener Platz</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEmwD6b-igSvRZKdGikyp-9LMAB-l6rPtvM2hHpc1GIqgpWaflM9wxfzC1YeiT2rkU8erYioMychSYjO6BGAWPpEliRpc5bjNN8wT158K62Sp78kPHU4lKWx6z7jmYfKah0GLKqTB7zfxN/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="481" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEmwD6b-igSvRZKdGikyp-9LMAB-l6rPtvM2hHpc1GIqgpWaflM9wxfzC1YeiT2rkU8erYioMychSYjO6BGAWPpEliRpc5bjNN8wT158K62Sp78kPHU4lKWx6z7jmYfKah0GLKqTB7zfxN/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The former Haus der Reichsjugendführung, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>originally opened in 1928 as a department store, became under the Nazis the headquarters for t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>he Reich Youth Leadership, established after the Nazi seizure of power in March 1933, in order to guarantee the ideological orientation of the German youth and thus to secure the future rule of the Nazis. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">he Reich Youth Leader stood at the head of the Hitler Youth. Baldur von Schirach was the first Reich Youth Leader, eventually replaced on August 8, 1940 by his deputy Artur Axmann. Tasks of the Reich Youth Leadership were the Gleichschaltung the existing youth associations, the political and ideological indoctrination of German youth with the aim of educating convinced National Socialists and the control and suppression of deviant from the Nazi ideal youth cultures. After the seizure of power, the Nazi regime tolerated no other youth associations in addition to the Hitler Youth. The other groups were dissolved, unless they volunteered. One of the largest of these groups was the "Bündische Jugend" - a collective term for youth groups influenced by the youth movement in the 1920s. The young people came mainly from bourgeois classes. Common to the groups was the idea of self-determination ("youth educates youth"), as well as joint actions such as hiking and camping, playing music and singing. A strong bond to home and nature showed in particular the two dominant directions, the Wandervogelbewegung and the Boy Scouts. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5hg-7Gf7UFFSIV2kXF90JJ3pgT4OrdWxmi0GvMFYlGJSmVEtWA60iBVT5fA34wCcaimmqRontcKKBozjZk9rFLrhSh67MAJNCPc9BXTocBWpOoLIFD-v0C5kxAiImf8sw8bD22SSYjHPt/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="518" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5hg-7Gf7UFFSIV2kXF90JJ3pgT4OrdWxmi0GvMFYlGJSmVEtWA60iBVT5fA34wCcaimmqRontcKKBozjZk9rFLrhSh67MAJNCPc9BXTocBWpOoLIFD-v0C5kxAiImf8sw8bD22SSYjHPt/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">After the war the building was </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>seized by the Communist regime until 1956 where it was then used to house
the Communist Party archives and the Central Committee’s Historical
Institution. R</span></span>enamed </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">the Zentralausschusses der SPD </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>and nationalised, after the forced union of the political parties KPD and SED in 1946 it was turned into the main quarter of the SED party leadership and from then on called the "Haus der Einheit”- </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">note the portrait of Stalin above the entrance</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. The first and only President of East Germany, Wilhelm Pieck, as well as Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl had their offices here. This was also where the Stalinist party model for the SED was worked on, where the party was “cleansed” from critics and where politically justified death penalties were pronounced against regime opponents. Another event defining the history of this building were the protests on June 17 in 1953, when protesters from the national uprising gathered mainly here as well as in front of the “Haus der Ministerien.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>After German reunification the building was legally
returned to the descendents of its original owners, but has remained
derelict until now where </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>it is has been renamed Soho House, located at Torstraße 1 on the corner of Prenzlauer Allee. Ironically given its 'socialist' past</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, it's now a private members’ club with forty bedrooms set over eight floors along with a spa and gym, rooftop pool, restaurants, bars, a screening room and a private dining area. <br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHDLNdfq8tbkn3x3W80TA9tRLe3sMwTVO84cCXXjr43gqGuGuRzP-BSA1soYmOile9ne6m1_lsYzZrzRwgi2BCH6Cr-vELOhVkJVSZQ4KMhfUBcpbP_ZKs97a_KcWuOZnQdLwsUgWP-BR0/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252861%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="540" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHDLNdfq8tbkn3x3W80TA9tRLe3sMwTVO84cCXXjr43gqGuGuRzP-BSA1soYmOile9ne6m1_lsYzZrzRwgi2BCH6Cr-vELOhVkJVSZQ4KMhfUBcpbP_ZKs97a_KcWuOZnQdLwsUgWP-BR0/w400-h233/ezgif.com-optimize+%252861%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Children playing on a Pz.kpfw.-Bodenturm Panther turret in 1945 from </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hans-Christian Adam's</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <i>Berlin: Portrait of a City </i>and the same building behind today.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">As the the war inevitably began to turn against the Germans, the Wehrmacht desperately came to the decision to employ use Panther tank turrets as improvised fortifications as seen here, even though the Panther itself was still being produced as the main medium German battle tank. Initially, these turrets used were from standard production models <a href="http://www.ospreypublishing.com/content2.php/cid=215" target="_blank">leaving the Allies </a><a href="http://ww2f.com/threads/the-german-use-of-tank-turrets-in-fortifications.14533/" target="_blank">to conclude that</a> either "the [Panther] chassis is not too satisfactory or that its production has been hindered by our air attacks." As it turned out this was in fact now a standard German fortification. Although the first installations captured by the Allies mounted standard Panther tank turrets (primarily from the older Ausf. D, but also the later Ausf. A turret) purpose built turrets were also encountered. These turrets were simplified versions of the standard production model with the main visible difference being that they were fitted with a flat hatch rather than a cupola added to the turret roof being constructed using a 40 mm plate as opposed to 16 mm given that the emplaced turrets were more vulnerable to artillery fire. Once the turret had opened fire it had effectively highlighted its location to enemy artillery and therefore needed to be able to withstand the inevitable barrage. German tests showed that the additional armour meant that the turret could withstand a hit from a 150 mm artillery shell. Such fortifications were not improvisations but specially developed as seen from the fact that they were mounted on purpose built shelters. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghYeCtd5EMcmJxncgQH2l9VlFAP3NrLU_s5GodGJrpol6ms67Pn9awp3Bjq5iLkUpThlPFPqck4KBhJC5GWdQYzuJIWBpunFLkPio9WDFoMZsDFDAITTpQoDhR8cKC3lDTsjkPoPFNLCY/s1600/5myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghYeCtd5EMcmJxncgQH2l9VlFAP3NrLU_s5GodGJrpol6ms67Pn9awp3Bjq5iLkUpThlPFPqck4KBhJC5GWdQYzuJIWBpunFLkPio9WDFoMZsDFDAITTpQoDhR8cKC3lDTsjkPoPFNLCY/w400-h133/5myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
</span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Located on Hermannplatz, where Kreuzberg meets Neukolln, the Karstadt department store was one of the most revolutionary buildings to be constructed in Berlin before the war. Opened in 1929 as Europe's biggest department store over nine floors with a total of around 72,000 square metres of usable space, it had its own underground station and 56 metre-high art deco twin towers that were strikingly reminiscent of a Manhattan skyscraper. Wartime bombs left little of it<span style="font-size: normal;">s original grandeur intact, yet it was promptly rebuilt and is still one of Berlin's most popular department stores. The ϟϟ used its twin towers as an observation post as four separate Soviet armies entered the city. In the Battle of Berlin, Hermannplatz became a focal point of the final battles of the war. Cornelius Ryan would write how, in the afternoon of April 25, “the huge department store blew up. The </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> blew it up in order not to let the Russian hands fall into the hands of the 29 million marks it had stored in the cellar. There were several deaths." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-4Il_tYMiJs7Yxl5t6f4A8gbba6Sk8cbw3sZx8pq86o-ofu_ScX6ZQvf1SqIiN13qEacnOXQbBfOoKjTTF5YwRFtg1_UVKy7lJl8URMZjozf39UiacXVYRwG7FyMugHgg-vqQIeXiZhY/s1600/1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5612440969796543570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-4Il_tYMiJs7Yxl5t6f4A8gbba6Sk8cbw3sZx8pq86o-ofu_ScX6ZQvf1SqIiN13qEacnOXQbBfOoKjTTF5YwRFtg1_UVKy7lJl8URMZjozf39UiacXVYRwG7FyMugHgg-vqQIeXiZhY/s400/1" style="cursor: pointer; height: 220px; width: 464px;" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Only one wing of the original building survives, on the southwest corner as seen in the photo <span style="font-size: normal;">above.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Petty crime skyrocketed as the inhabitants of Berlin turned to looting as a survival strategy. One of the looters' targets was the huge Karstadt department store on Hermannplatz. Thousands of people crammed into Karstadt, grabbing everything in sight but especially food and warm clothing. The store supervisors eventually let them get away with whatever food they could find, though they tried to prevent them taking anything else. Later, after driving the remaining civilians out, the ϟϟ, rumoured to have had 29 million marks' worth of supplies in the basement, dynamited the store to prevent the Russians from appropriating its </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGsmu69S8jozHdzufq8c2DnFK25UBVu8h9Y544NymgpMPF31c4yAJNrbyyvgbCFi0Zh4Mg6iZcyAFZcMfukzreWgtjHYNf6pwB7-htcS1iv-T4v0uZ0gXgFhbMRS1up87J6u20ZfP88gA/s1600/IMG_4236.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5616864830924007266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGsmu69S8jozHdzufq8c2DnFK25UBVu8h9Y544NymgpMPF31c4yAJNrbyyvgbCFi0Zh4Mg6iZcyAFZcMfukzreWgtjHYNf6pwB7-htcS1iv-T4v0uZ0gXgFhbMRS1up87J6u20ZfP88gA/w240-h320/IMG_4236.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 221px; width: 166px;" width="240" /></a>contents.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Bahm (140-1) <a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/gI30_jzE/Berlin_1945_-_The_Final_Reckon.html">Berlin 1945 - The Final Reckoning</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
</span></span></span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;">Standing at the site in 2011<br /></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
</span></span><span><span>
</span></span></span><blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">There has been a dramatic account of the looting of the Karstadt department store in the Hermannplatz, where queuing shoppers had been blown to pieces during the first artillery bombardment on 21 April. According to this story, ϟϟ troops allowed civilians to take what they wanted before they blew the place up. The explosion was said to have killed many over-eager looters. But in fact when the <span style="font-style: italic;">ϟϟ Nordland</span> Division took over the store several days later, they did not want to blow it up. They needed Karstadt's twin towers as observation posts to watch the Soviet advance on Neuk6lln and the Tempelhof aerodrome [...] The twin towers of the Karstadt department store provided excellent observation posts for watching the advance of four Soviet armies - the 5th Shock Army from Treptow Park, the 8th Guards Army and the 1st Guards Tank Army from Neukolln and Konev's 3rd Guards Tank Army from Mariendorf.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Beevor: <label id="tb15" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0140286969%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0140286969%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb15">Berlin: The Downfall 1945</a></label></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3OwPN4DtUOgCjeASHGIShIEifsZRUlqnLvcHLXxRcyTarAfIZd4ATxOuEb-6BDv-_tXcI7cOIeR4mWYH0WAUWwzUDybmnPgT_0LikhmJdbFhOmeuHy9L4A-nPF-myN7TT80HK1q0z2lVh/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="416" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3OwPN4DtUOgCjeASHGIShIEifsZRUlqnLvcHLXxRcyTarAfIZd4ATxOuEb-6BDv-_tXcI7cOIeR4mWYH0WAUWwzUDybmnPgT_0LikhmJdbFhOmeuHy9L4A-nPF-myN7TT80HK1q0z2lVh/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;">A
Sturmgeschütz III (StuG III), Germany's most-produced armoured fighting
vehicle during the war, waiting on Invalidenstrasse for the Red Army to
arrive.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span>When
General Krebs had finally returned to the bunker that afternoon with
General Chuikov’s demand for unconditional surrender Hitler’s party
secretary had decided that his only chance for survival lay in joining
the mass exodus. His group attempted to follow a German tank, but
according to Kempka, who was with him, it received a direct hit from a
Russian shell and Bormann was almost certainly killed. Artur Axmann, the
Hitler Youth leader, who had deserted his battalion of boys at the
Pichelsdorf Bridge to save his neck, was also present and later deposed
that he had seen Bormann’s body lying under the bridge where the
Invalidenstrasse crosses the railroad tracks. There was moonlight on his
face and Axmann could see no sign of wounds. His presumption was that
Bormann had swallowed his capsule of poison when he saw that his chances
of getting through the </span><span>Russian lines were nil. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Shirer (1019-1020) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHuL03q0VfiYUxKTJ_TCq8hUIlKuJs3gCZHLA1Vk91VOgKyx3-XDa3TxXNjeFQH7ZXb0e1rnqs1mYVNeWY-xH3hwmiqiNAPR_R_HRsXL35ABCnUtUqywYgtfmKAh9o9POkqIq8UeZ91NxM/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="450" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHuL03q0VfiYUxKTJ_TCq8hUIlKuJs3gCZHLA1Vk91VOgKyx3-XDa3TxXNjeFQH7ZXb0e1rnqs1mYVNeWY-xH3hwmiqiNAPR_R_HRsXL35ABCnUtUqywYgtfmKAh9o9POkqIq8UeZ91NxM/w400-h254/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;">An IS-2 heavy tank (the IS for “Iosif Stalin”), dubbed the “Tank of the Victory," at Proskauerstraße during the advance down Frankfurterallee- </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;">a triumphal arch would later be set up in Frankfurterallee which was later to become one of the showpieces of Stalinist
architecture</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. The IS-2 was the first production model
and mounted a long-barrel 122-mm gun and was in service until the late
1960s. The tank saw combat late in the war in small numbers, notably against Tiger I, Tiger II tanks and Elefant tank destroyers. The Battle of Berlin saw scores of IS-2s employed to destroying entire buildings thanks to their powerful HE rounds in support of the 7th separate Guards (104th, 105th and 106th tank regiments), the 11th Heavy Tank Brigade’s 334th Regiment, the 351st, 396th, 394th regiments from various units and the 362nd and 399th regiments from the 1st Guards Tank Army, the 347th from the 2nd Guards Tank Army, all part of the 1st Belorussian Front, and the 383rd and 384th regiments of the 3rd Guards Tank Army (1st Ukrainian front). They would be tactically arranged into small units of five IS-2s supported by a company of assault infantry, including sappers and flame-throwers. Despite its sloped </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;">4.72 inch thick </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>frontal armour at an angle of 60° and massive 14.8 inch main gun, the shortcuts taken would prove real issues on the long run, starting with the gun itself, slow to reload and with bulky two-piece naval ammunition. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;">Perhaps it shouldn't be too surprising that the Red Army suffered a a considerable
loss of tanks by this stage of the war despite it being the "finishing
blow". Leaving out the frontier battles which are otherwise misleading
given the high numbers of abandoned vehicles, the Battle of Berlin was
in terms of tank losses per time the third most costly operation of the
Red Army in the war, losing roughly 87 tanks <i>per diem</i>, 1,997 <i>in toto</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP_0UhCozGS_FRqiok7ajYBbZjyeHvwhyphenhyphenBVqyKg5zo5PBpFHMsAnlJzn53MZ0QDoT4JnLr0C4zFUWUsb5zz9JupWTYzK82fjpbPal440RQwgLqFqNRSL11cBg_A45OXSJjmzSSnk8ZAJGB/s426/ezgif.com-gif-maker-32.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="426" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP_0UhCozGS_FRqiok7ajYBbZjyeHvwhyphenhyphenBVqyKg5zo5PBpFHMsAnlJzn53MZ0QDoT4JnLr0C4zFUWUsb5zz9JupWTYzK82fjpbPal440RQwgLqFqNRSL11cBg_A45OXSJjmzSSnk8ZAJGB/w400-h350/ezgif.com-gif-maker-32.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span> <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Soviet troops with PPSh-41 submachine guns entering the Frankfurter Allee station during the climactic Battle of Berlin on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>April 28, 1945 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>and my students during our 2020 school trip. The sign reads: “Public air raid shelters are situated in Frankfurter Allee 113.” At the time this subway station was in the area of urban fortification ring in the defence sector number 2. Berlin, Germany. Nevertheless whilst in the north and east of Berlin the Soviets they encountered </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span> fierce resistance from </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>the Flak towers in Humboldthain and Friedrichshain, such sectors as that on Frankfurter Allee in the east saw surprisingly weak resistance. That said, as one American writer, Eddie Gilmore of the Associated Press, who was amongst the first group of correspondents allowed to spend more than 24 hours in the smashed metropolis, <a href="http://www.sweetliberty.org/issues/wars/witness2history/16.html" target="_blank">wrote </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><a href="http://www.sweetliberty.org/issues/wars/witness2history/16.html" target="_blank"> on June 9, 1945</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>: "[t]he capital of the Third Reich is a heap of gaunt, burned-out, flame-seared buildings. It is a desert of a hundred thousand dunes made up of brick and powdered masonry. Over this hangs the pungent stench of death . . . It is impossible to exaggerate in describing the destruction . . . Downtown Berlin looks like no thing man could have contrived. Riding down the famous Frankfurter Allee, I did not see a single building where you could have set up a business of even selling apples."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh72SskLt3J7KYlAHNYqvr9GhPlNGkjBxDjTLloiKMFWcL5NMvR-pcspTwnK7gA00-wDdiZKHibhf9sFxcObBpImDno8ap-fwK6fWiTYngJzJqIqsvnTQah0CS1npylupyF2QXbHSeBFEo/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh72SskLt3J7KYlAHNYqvr9GhPlNGkjBxDjTLloiKMFWcL5NMvR-pcspTwnK7gA00-wDdiZKHibhf9sFxcObBpImDno8ap-fwK6fWiTYngJzJqIqsvnTQah0CS1npylupyF2QXbHSeBFEo/w400-h300/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 315px; width: 420px;" width="400" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The former Reichspostministerium on Leipziger Straße. Under the Nazis it had authority over research and development departments in the areas of television engineering, high-frequency technology, cable (wide-band) transmission, meteorology, and acoustics (microphone technology). In 1942, the armed postal security service was subsumed into the ϟϟ; this was just one more step in the national socialisation of the Deutsche Reichspost. After war the Federal Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in West Germany as well as the East German Ministry of Postal and Telecommunications took over the tasks for postal services. </span><span>Fritz Kölle's eight-metre wide 'Adler' ('Eagle'), dating 1937, was placed on the façade of the entrance to the Reichspostministerium. The building itself was built between 1871 and 1874; its architect was Carl Schwatlo, who was responsible for numerous buildings for the post office. At the opening, <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=https://archive.today/20120911061533/http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/wanderungen/de/s61_kommunikation.shtml&usg=ALkJrhjJnoXFDLNILlVhQCtF89g6sUNuiA" target="_blank">Kaiser Wilhelm I gave an appreciative judgement</a>: “Good! A pure and simply worthy style!" From 1893 to 1897 the building was further expanded according to plans by architects Ernst Hake, Otto Techow and Franz Ahrens and turned into the Reichspostmuseum. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1EeT1z_LcfKmvNn-3ZxU4KqEj49ZKbN5BCcufl_0XDfqlm-OV1RERaT8Kpx_dUNqVIMfKaKZ23mOini-Hyf2nKozi1luk5B-8lqYPpv8X8h46Z6CQAvONxHl4IWn3hyT11VaTCWaSfNw/s320/fritz+kolle+adler+reichspostministerium+3.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1EeT1z_LcfKmvNn-3ZxU4KqEj49ZKbN5BCcufl_0XDfqlm-OV1RERaT8Kpx_dUNqVIMfKaKZ23mOini-Hyf2nKozi1luk5B-8lqYPpv8X8h46Z6CQAvONxHl4IWn3hyT11VaTCWaSfNw/s320/fritz+kolle+adler+reichspostministerium+3.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 315px; width: 233px;" /></span>Since 1895 there has been an almost six metre-high sculpture by Ernst Wenck on the roof above the main entrance - giants encompassing the globe as an allegory of the global importance of post and telecommunications. In the Berlin vernacular, the massive building was jokingly known as the Post Coliseum or Stephan Circus after the postmaster general. The building remained closed during the war. As a result of the Allied air raids from 1943 and intensive house-to-house fighting during the Battle of Berlin in April 1945, the building suffered severe damage so that by the end of the war only the surrounding walls were left.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>After the war the ruins were in the Soviet sector of Berlin. When a small postal museum was to be opened in the Urania building in West Berlin in 1966 - a new Bundespostmuseum was established in Frankfurt am Main in 1958 - work began on the old location on Leipziger Strasse. The result was initially a stamp exhibition in a very limited space in the same year. In April 1960, the Postal Museum was reopened with a permanent exhibition on the development of postal and telecommunications in departments on the history of the postal system, telegraphy and telephony, and radio and television with devices, models and equipment. The exhibition area was expanded in the following years. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The building was made a listed building in 1977 and a decade later w</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>ith a view to the 750th anniversary of Berlin in 1987, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the ruling SED party decided in 1981 to completely rebuild the old Reichspostmuseum and to reopen it as the East German Postal Museum. However, work according to plans by the architect Klaus Niebergall was delayed, and in 1987 only part of the planned exhibition space was available. The remaining construction work was only completed in 1990 after the fall of the Berlin Wall, with the reconstruction of the atrium.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFzL_JutUB-yHaEa7CAm1QOWGBSwEka4oFi_sG9tGj55Hu3bdq2S4666eE3D9QYCVKVYhRrWVPbTWBuJO-H8iQw6CcEJbePGe9j4tpdt2zDRDGTbVzrWEi_1ixva4VlPEPY6YgDcBH70I/s1600/3401981649_ce4a5accc3_z.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFzL_JutUB-yHaEa7CAm1QOWGBSwEka4oFi_sG9tGj55Hu3bdq2S4666eE3D9QYCVKVYhRrWVPbTWBuJO-H8iQw6CcEJbePGe9j4tpdt2zDRDGTbVzrWEi_1ixva4VlPEPY6YgDcBH70I/w400-h246/3401981649_ce4a5accc3_z.jpg" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Fehrbellinerplatz just after the war in the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Wilmersdorf district. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Otto
Firle designed the five-story steel frame construction faced with
limestone at the eastern end of Fehrbelliner Platz for a life insurance
company; it can be seen </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>in the background with its roof destroyed</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. It had been dedicated in 1936. In order to maximise the use of its frontage facing the square, the narrow sides of the long curved building jutted out over the pavements, extending all the way to the street. The sharp-edged window-framing, between which raised stone slabs create an ornamental net structure, lessen to some extent the monotony of the rows of windows on the expansive facade. The relief sculptures by Waldemar Raemisch still exist facing Hohenzollerndamm, whereas the architectural ornamentation by Arno Breker at the opposite end was removed. The foyer of the building was inspired by art deco. It presently houses Berlin's Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizcD2CpnSEu0hJbeX3S3zeZ7T-Xyox8LleCQaO-St1wEn-SQEjBGcsQhyf3bFhN-oEtUdfPKY1rB4MC0bi91k1Zbh_b6V8W6vFK3oVZHz6hmcMrlgc6qs6mjfRw1gDZa3K6TKhtwf6t64/s1600/8myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizcD2CpnSEu0hJbeX3S3zeZ7T-Xyox8LleCQaO-St1wEn-SQEjBGcsQhyf3bFhN-oEtUdfPKY1rB4MC0bi91k1Zbh_b6V8W6vFK3oVZHz6hmcMrlgc6qs6mjfRw1gDZa3K6TKhtwf6t64/s640/8myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Entschädigungsbehörde in the Wilmersdorf district was built in 1935-36 by the architect Philipp Schaefer as an office complex for the Rudolf Karstadt department store chain; the Nazi-era reliefs are still present. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">
Its horseshoe shape was laid out in 1934 and is still surrounded by
several administrative buildings of the Nazi era, including the former
seat of the German Labour Front finished in 1943, today the Wilmersdorf
town hall. It remains among the most impressive architectural ensembles
of the Nazi period. In 1913 the area used for allotment community
gardens and an athletic field was connected to the public transportation
network through the construction of an U-bahn station. In the mid-1920s
the square was further upgraded when Preussen Park was established. In
1934, various large companies planned new buildings there, and a public
architectural competition was conducted to create a large, uniform
square. Otto Firle's winning overall development plan for the square was
largely completed. Aligned in an horseshoe shape, the buildings relate
to each other through their design and height, opening up toward the
park in the north.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">What's now Rathaus Wilmersdorf at Fehrbelliner Platz 4 was the site of the first British HQ from 1945 to 1953- 'Lancaster House' - which had earlier served as the the former centre of Nazi military administration. It was built by Helmut Remmelmann 1941 and 1943 as the last extension to the existing DAF administration building on Fehrbelliner Platz. It was the last Nazi-era building built on Fehrbellinerplatz on a previously-used sports field and was to have served as the headquarters of the German Labour Front. In fact, after completion, the DAF headquarters did not move into the building as planned, but was used by a Wehrmacht administrative office of the Army High Command until the end of the war. The design of the semicircular shape of the Fehrbelliner Platz, which opens onto Preußenpark, goes back to a design by Otto Firle. As concrete and steel were already allocated elsewhere at the time the building was built, it was traditionally designed as masonry with a plastered facade. It is the only building of its kind on Fehrbelliner Platz. The architect, Helmut Remmelmann, worked in the design department at DAF and the curved front of the building completes the semicircular development on Hohenzollerndamm. The main entrance initially leads into the round, column-flanked courtyard in classical style. The floor plan of the building resembles a keyhole with the round courtyard as the head and a larger farm yard. To achieve a representative impression, the ground floor was designed with horizontal, dark-coloured plaster strips as a base. Parts of the architecture, especially the courtyard, were actually based on the police headquarters built in Copenhagen between 1919 and 1924 by the Danish architect Hack Kampmann. Since it was originally planned for a different purpose, it is one of the few town halls in Berlin, such as those in Wedding or Marzahn, without a town hall tower. Beneath was an underground bunker with 1809 shelters which was probably created during the construction of the building. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdbSlAYiu5qqaZltI7jb97qzQigYqNuxRhaoGXw5TRsGZSmm18GH5vdW2ZgDOJdJtSEvYq1ud4OTo_3jYskJP0mbktzdm8SST9DxNL0wAATw7f09uS5iV4nGHEFhifrrc3Tq_mK22WYBMM/s599/429px-Gedenktafel_Fehrbelliner_Platz_4_%2528Wilmd%2529_Lancaster_House.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="429" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdbSlAYiu5qqaZltI7jb97qzQigYqNuxRhaoGXw5TRsGZSmm18GH5vdW2ZgDOJdJtSEvYq1ud4OTo_3jYskJP0mbktzdm8SST9DxNL0wAATw7f09uS5iV4nGHEFhifrrc3Tq_mK22WYBMM/s320/429px-Gedenktafel_Fehrbelliner_Platz_4_%2528Wilmd%2529_Lancaster_House.jpg" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">From 1945 to 1953 it was the headquarters of the British occupying forces and renamed "Lancaster House."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The military train took the soldiers into Charlottenburg Station, which was their introduction to the city,
if they were not lucky enough to fly into Gatow. British soldiers in Berlin
wore a flash on their sleeve. It was a black circle rimmed with red – ‘septic
arsehole’ they called it. British Control Commission’s headquarters in
Berlin was in ‘Lancaster House’ on the Fehrbelliner Platz. George Clare
described it as a ‘concave-shaped grey, concrete edifice’ in the style of Albert Speer. Under the British Control Commission there were detachments in each of the boroughs under British control, together with a
barracks and an officers’ mess. There were messes all over the British
Sector. When George Clare reappeared in officer’s garb on his second
tour of duty, he was assigned to one on the Breitenbach Platz which was
large and lacked social cachet, and resembled a Lyons Corner House.
British Military Government was a large yellow building on the Theodor
Heuss Platz. This was the former Adolf Hitler Platz in Charlottenburg, the
name of which was changed to Reichskanzlerplatz until it was realised that
Hitler too had been chancellor. On the other side of the square was the
Marlborough Club, where officers could be gentlemen. For the Other
Ranks there was the Winston Club.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> MacDonogh (254-255) </span><span><span id="btAsinTitle"><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/military%20pdfs3/AfterTheReich-TheBrutalHistoryOfTheAlliedOccupation.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;">After the Reich - The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQWHKGHKIRacTFOwl09ET1a2ZWBdzGMjG74mI3ZitNRKVHkuGE_EZQAmx775FF9Ygnghg96TJ9IKdTauQZxxm7e76nvH5JcYDfVchHTjL5Io1VTMBjfo7qn2V8FgkywKLSYDEIDxVkTfpS/s422/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252817%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="422" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQWHKGHKIRacTFOwl09ET1a2ZWBdzGMjG74mI3ZitNRKVHkuGE_EZQAmx775FF9Ygnghg96TJ9IKdTauQZxxm7e76nvH5JcYDfVchHTjL5Io1VTMBjfo7qn2V8FgkywKLSYDEIDxVkTfpS/w400-h246/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252817%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>From June 1921 to July 1, 1932, this building served as the second venue of the Prussian State Theatre in Berlin, which had its main venue in the theatre on Gendarmenmarkt. In May 1933 it was subordinated to Prussian Prime Minister Hermann Göring as the Prussian Theatre of Youth within the Prussian State Theatre, but on December 2, 1933 it was transferred to the city of Berlin with a ceremony and a performance of Schiller's Wilhelm Tell. From 1937 to 1938 Paul Baumgarten's house was extensively rebuilt for the city of Berlin. Baumgarten simplified the facade and the auditorium considerably and changed the face of the theatre with reference to the New Objectivity of the 1920s, but also in line with the prevailing monumental architectural taste of thee Nazis . A “government box” was incorporated with the sculptors Paul Scheurich and Karl Nocke as well as the painter Albert Birkle involved in the renovation. It reopened with Schiller's <i>Kabale und Liebe</i> in 1938, the house became the Schiller Theatre of the Reich capital Berlin. The director was the actor Heinrich George under the pseudonym Heinrich Schmitz. <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=http://www.swr.de/-/id%3D11425574/property%3Ddownload/nid%3D8986864/9knql5/swr2-tandem-20130724-1920.pdf&usg=ALkJrhg3vmjJhWPR7x-l23V7tbgK_t6hXA" target="_blank">According to Berta Drews</a>, his wife, the theatre was firebombed in September 1943 with the stage roof falling into the auditorium. During an air raid on November 23 of the same year the building was completely destroyed. From 1950 to 1951, it was rebuilt for the city of Berlin according to plans by the architects Heinz Völker and Rolf Grosse.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJbJdcEC1Y5AXwg0AfbNl_M7qYZqSWUpuyMg05XLSv6FzoR2aW2kXKiwHwhnszgzfrLOhOx2B8MZKJVc8TdvNnZEGjJDbI8GTqL64MS5BzNS98lOmB1KgsDVdihyphenhyphenw-h05HVlcUTahlO6Vi/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="442" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJbJdcEC1Y5AXwg0AfbNl_M7qYZqSWUpuyMg05XLSv6FzoR2aW2kXKiwHwhnszgzfrLOhOx2B8MZKJVc8TdvNnZEGjJDbI8GTqL64MS5BzNS98lOmB1KgsDVdihyphenhyphenw-h05HVlcUTahlO6Vi/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Wittenbergplatz, then and now. Roger Moorhouse (85) writes how </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The primary indicators of the shortages were the rows of empty shelves that were often to be seen in Berlin’s shops. Though this was a problem throughout the city, it was perhaps most remarkable in the expensive department stores in the city centre. As well as a shortage of foodstuffs, Berlin suffered serious shortages of just about everything else, from material goods to consumables and toys. One shopper, for instance, complained after searching for two hours to find something of use in the elite Ka-De-We store on Wittenberg Platz: ‘That big barn is empty’, he said. ‘It is a feat of skill to get rid of fifty pfennigs on all seven floors.’</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><i>Berlin at War</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span></span></span></span></div></blockquote></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQksDmYUVt0rSs3xIuwG1xYI0T608rwSMk9kGoJ-Rdb3hColPALxDbxJ9hOmhpUZgMbNWXiERKfqBPBK9F1wH6qmULPHbeokoeEoUdZTzMrYmDZ5BuNTAEzqNn1XqIdQKxRFV2edWepid-/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="307" data-original-width="524" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQksDmYUVt0rSs3xIuwG1xYI0T608rwSMk9kGoJ-Rdb3hColPALxDbxJ9hOmhpUZgMbNWXiERKfqBPBK9F1wH6qmULPHbeokoeEoUdZTzMrYmDZ5BuNTAEzqNn1XqIdQKxRFV2edWepid-/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Samariterstraße and Rigaerstraße in Friedrichshain in 1945 and today, still recognisable. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, the district was renamed Horst-Wessel-Stadt after the Nazi activist and writer of the Nazi hymn whose slow death, after being shot by communists, in Friedrichshain hospital (shown below) in 1930 was turned into a propaganda event by Joseph Goebbels. During the war Friedrichshain was actually one of the most badly damaged parts of Berlin, as Allied strategic bombers specifically targeted its industries. As late as the nineties, some buildings still displayed bullet holes from the intense house to house fighting during the Battle of Berlin. After the war ended, the boundary between the American and Soviet occupation sectors ran between Friedrichshain and Kreuzberg, with Friedrichshain in the east and Kreuzberg in the west. This became a sealed border between East and West Berlin when the Berlin Wall was built in 1961.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid6uIUtwZj2eYr57_UEzdqNtkwNebNrRmBS7J3vctdhc_WtMd56Zv3uw5v96Xm925xW8cC1Nna1JUz2sdhAebrnQcQX6A9Vzn1boHWNwZ2CdsUIuf9Pr9HHPQ91E92XYyouih0FAAsg2rx/s352/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252819%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="352" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid6uIUtwZj2eYr57_UEzdqNtkwNebNrRmBS7J3vctdhc_WtMd56Zv3uw5v96Xm925xW8cC1Nna1JUz2sdhAebrnQcQX6A9Vzn1boHWNwZ2CdsUIuf9Pr9HHPQ91E92XYyouih0FAAsg2rx/w400-h270/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252819%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Horst Wessel's grave on January 22, 1933 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>with Hitler and Goebbels attending and its decrepit state today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Today the grave at St. Nikolai-Friedhof in Berlin-Friedrichshain is slowly disintegrating. <span style="font-size: normal;">The grave here is shown alternately honoured and desecrated on the 70th anniversary of his murder in 2010.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler had planned a major demonstration for the 22nd of January
in memory of the late <span style="font-style: italic;">Kampfhed </span>(fight song) composer and SA
Sturmführer Horst Wessel, which was to impress upon the Reich capital
that his fighting formations, the SA and the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, were so strong and fear-inspiring that they could march unhindered through the ‘red’ quarters
of Berlin, past the Karl Liebknecht Haus (the Communist headquarters)
and across the Bülowplatz.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtZnT6iUCGE0BpuS9WO4cUIn8iVZDlwBjYNY-dCqf8iwPmvdN_6gcDH0TEl0yTW2PnsQmRJR5kqRz5z7VIb1CHQbZySPyT7kia2eirP2Szisi6BI0uJ0JMqyibFKAJn02RgNGPAE5f7PXx/s337/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252820%2529.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="337" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtZnT6iUCGE0BpuS9WO4cUIn8iVZDlwBjYNY-dCqf8iwPmvdN_6gcDH0TEl0yTW2PnsQmRJR5kqRz5z7VIb1CHQbZySPyT7kia2eirP2Szisi6BI0uJ0JMqyibFKAJn02RgNGPAE5f7PXx/w320-h286/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252820%2529.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hitler speaking at the site<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Everything went according to schedule. There were no serious
disruptions to the rank and file of the 35,000 SA men marching through
the streets. Following the parade, a memorial ceremony was held at Horst
Wessel’s grave at the Nikolai Cemetery, where Hitler made the
following remarks:<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Every Volk which struggles to the fore from utter misery and defeat to
cleanse and liberate itself also produces vocalists who are able to put into words
what the masses bear in their innermost hearts. It is thus that the powerful
<span style="font-style: italic;">Volksbewegung, </span>the Movement of Germany, has also found the voice able to
express what the men in rank feel. With his song, which is sung by millions
today, Horst Wessel has erected a monument to himself in ongoing history
which shall prevail longer than stone and bronze.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Even after centuries have passed, even when not a stone is left standing in
this great city of Berlin, one will be mindful of the greatest German liberation
movement and its vocalist.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Comrades, raise the flags. Horst Wessel, who lies under this stone, is not
dead. Every day and every hour his spirit is with us, marching in our ranks. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Donarus (219-220) The Complete Hitler</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Wessel's song, the melody of which was possibly taken from Etienne Nicolas Méhul's opera <span style="font-style: italic;">Joseph </span>or from the naval song Königsberg-Lied<i>,</i> became the co-national anthem of Germany along with the first stanza of Deutschlandlied. The song was first performed at Wessel's funeral. Banned in Germany, it can be heard by clicking <a href="http://www.worldmilitaria.com/newsite/Media/HorstWesselLied.mp3">here</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj-NCYhe-6vL1M53WPzdc1iVpJG5kQO3u-K7aXQHZ9ljViBLk7p_MeFpGlvhQsnt6r-r0DbMuz6QpbPE8V2T15s4JesilbWpRCerhYTJpD-GjnlNNgoikR8R4plE21AHXzpzPY6gWUgQAT/s347/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252811%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="347" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj-NCYhe-6vL1M53WPzdc1iVpJG5kQO3u-K7aXQHZ9ljViBLk7p_MeFpGlvhQsnt6r-r0DbMuz6QpbPE8V2T15s4JesilbWpRCerhYTJpD-GjnlNNgoikR8R4plE21AHXzpzPY6gWUgQAT/w400-h280/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252811%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The Städtische Krankenhaus am Friedrichshain, the hospital where Horst Wessel succumbed to his injuries after considerable pain for five weeks on February 23, 1930 and received the status of Nazi martyr. When the Nazis took power, it was renamed in October 1933 the <i>Horst-Wessel-Krankenhaus. <br /></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>According to the hospital's director who had personally operated on Horst Wessel and melodramatically describes the victim,<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><blockquote>Above the corner of the mouth is the entrance hole, the upper jaw is injured, one sees bone splinters and a bullet fragment in the cheek. The bullet passed through the tongue and stopped in the throat in front of the second cervical vertebra, an extremely dangerous location. We fought against the condition of weakness with the usual means, and the patient initially recovered quite tolerably. But I still had the impression of a seriously ill man, who bravely, almost stubbornly, rebelled against his miserable state.On January 17 Horst Wessel could again speak and drink fluids, only the hearing in the left ear was still very weak. At the end of January an improvement was noticeable, but we did not know whether the cervical vertebra had been injured by the bullet fragment in the throat. I attempted to approach the bullet in the throat with a probe. <span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIPPojGkrxKqu9W3u3NotF6ZvtswDM5A4WHcdgMzXAEk28ZPHussTgqXuQd5ongUFejuFeuqU2NrDyjOTCui0F4TqhQrad5wQqCrYcR8QmMUciQE3IK0tlcDqIPf-NjgZrUH6UiqpijWs/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="560" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIPPojGkrxKqu9W3u3NotF6ZvtswDM5A4WHcdgMzXAEk28ZPHussTgqXuQd5ongUFejuFeuqU2NrDyjOTCui0F4TqhQrad5wQqCrYcR8QmMUciQE3IK0tlcDqIPf-NjgZrUH6UiqpijWs/w320-h144/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Wessel leading SA troops in Nuremberg train station</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>But I had to cease immediately, for the patient collapsed lifeless on the table in front of me. That was the first sign that the illness proceeded pitilessly. On February 11 the condition was very serious. Fever attacks occurred more and more frequently. On February 13 an improvement of the general condition was noticeable. Bullet fragments and bone splinters broke through, and we thought: maybe we’ll make it after all. But the pains at the cervical vertebra, of which he complained, were very ominous to me. For if this bone was injured, the patient was irretrievably lost. Even the slightest penetration into this life essential area had to lead to a gradual decline, to blood poisoning.From February 15 onward the condition worsened more and more and his strength receded. On February 19 the condition worsened. The patient is very restless and the pains became even more tormenting.On February 20 shivering fits set in.On February 21 the patient became more yellow, and others symptoms of a general blood poisoning shown themselves.On February 22 it was a certainty to us that despite all efforts the second cervical vertebra was injured and the patient could no longer be saved. On February 23, at around six-thirty in the morning he quickly passed away. </blockquote><p> In fact, had Wessel received prompt medical treatment, his life might have been saved. But he refused to use the services of the nearest doctor, because he was a Jew, which meant it was some time before he was taken to the Freidrichshain Hospital. </p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJyHA1bfRajqHdLMCZuT-_DA-lVCDK8V8xuOCsN2xh6TlCQytT_9qS74T9cGc77vlmKZpxGXJ99AvozxMzL9tFrJBpsu93PMcHJK6fo1WKEHKKbfK1d0U9hh2XKIbXuqRr8hBSG1__oHc8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="489" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJyHA1bfRajqHdLMCZuT-_DA-lVCDK8V8xuOCsN2xh6TlCQytT_9qS74T9cGc77vlmKZpxGXJ99AvozxMzL9tFrJBpsu93PMcHJK6fo1WKEHKKbfK1d0U9hh2XKIbXuqRr8hBSG1__oHc8/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Himmler, Heydrich, Daluege, and Adolf Hühnlein at a memorial ceremony on German Police Day at </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Horst Wessel Platz </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>on January 16, 1937</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The picture painted by Himmler and leading </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> functionaries of the police, and above all of the Gestapo, was sometimes underlined by such threatening gestures, but sometimes by the assurance that normal citizens had nothing to fear, that they would be treated fairly and justly and, moreover, that the pursuit of opponents was being carried out in accordance with purely objective considerations. Himmler summed up this ambivalent public representation in his speech on the occasion of the 1937 German Police Day in the following formula: "tough and implacable where necessary, understanding and generous where possible." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Longerich (209) <i>Heinrich Himmler: A Life </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguYBm8D6dPnNbGCp6Ki_kR3OQmTl22aSD_WwPG75fZRcxvAfFWBTXAGNCCfOSRdDXufrrgF4D2lY98Y8zQUqGg9CLUHRADG-9JfrggsD38kHmAaPhEpcty2b6sdtALsrr_5QPDZccI_bd8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="431" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguYBm8D6dPnNbGCp6Ki_kR3OQmTl22aSD_WwPG75fZRcxvAfFWBTXAGNCCfOSRdDXufrrgF4D2lY98Y8zQUqGg9CLUHRADG-9JfrggsD38kHmAaPhEpcty2b6sdtALsrr_5QPDZccI_bd8/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span>On the same square was the
Karl Liebknecht house, party headquarters of the German Communist Party (KPD) between
1926 and 1933, shown here in 1932. It was the first new building built on the square in 1912, serving as an office and commercial building, which the KPD acquired in 1926 to set up its headquarters, the Karl-Liebknecht-Haus. It carried the names of a joint founders of the KPD who
were murdered on January 15, 1919 by members of the free corps. The building itself was built in 1910 on behalf of the manufacturer Rudolph Werth as an office building in the then Scheunenviertel. After the Communist Party acquired the house in November 1926, it was named after Karl Liebknecht - the co-founder of the KPD murdered in January 1919 in the course of the November Revolution. Before 1926 the party had its seat on the Hackescher Markt on Rosenthalerstraße. After it was acquired by the KPD it served as the office the Central Committee of the KPD, the KPD district leadership Berlin-Brandenburg-Lausitz-Grenzmark, the editorial offices of the KPD newspaper <i>The Red Flag</i>, a bookstore, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth Association of Germany, a shop for uniforms of the Red Front Fighter Association and a printing house. During that time it was the party leadership offices of Ernst Thalmann, Wilhelm Pieck, Walter Ulbricht and Herbert Wehner. Here too artists such as John Heartfield and Max Gebhard had their studios. On August 9, 1931 KPD members murdered two police officers in the immediate vicinity of the house. These murders on Bülowplatz resulted in the several-day occupation and an unsuccessful search of the party headquarters by the police.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSGdi-2sX4pu-lKOA-9WLR5xZT5PWVY12-R-0dUcIwoIeUJfWnsqUDBrnZBzWOUqFgL1c559-2n0x_3Vr9Vx4vU0MqS3Bj7vdxHtWGEBXsWdGuBEa9wYCJDedd0UMgLvIr5yCXd5Apb6A_/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252814%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="373" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSGdi-2sX4pu-lKOA-9WLR5xZT5PWVY12-R-0dUcIwoIeUJfWnsqUDBrnZBzWOUqFgL1c559-2n0x_3Vr9Vx4vU0MqS3Bj7vdxHtWGEBXsWdGuBEa9wYCJDedd0UMgLvIr5yCXd5Apb6A_/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252814%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Nazis marching past on the way to a memorial for the
death of Horst Wessel 1933. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The Political Police raided the Karl Liebknecht House again in February 1933 and it was finally closed on February 26.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">On
February 24, Goering’s police raided the Karl Liebknecht Haus, the
Communist headquarters in Berlin. It had been abandoned some weeks
before by the Communist leaders, a number of whom had already gone
underground or quietly slipped off to Russia. But piles of propaganda
pamphlets had been left in the cellar and these were enough to enable
Goering to announce in an official communique that the seized
”documents” proved that the Communists were about to launch the
revolution. The reaction of the public and even of some of the
conservatives in the government was one of skepticism. It was obvious
that something more sensational must be found to stampede the public
before the election took place on March 5.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Shirer (170) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpmT_PZE3C3nZtzbEl4Kb5AO_XBRTcBzfNanM2Q0wNEnpLqP4c6-OxioKH3dt8rJHhyFCio0HOSoNI2vLcqtu6ccZKJDwq2NiXrVgi1_U-_kfl2X6DW50I7aCX13ggtXIZstMNtSySOls/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-02-24+at+11.00.54.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="317" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpmT_PZE3C3nZtzbEl4Kb5AO_XBRTcBzfNanM2Q0wNEnpLqP4c6-OxioKH3dt8rJHhyFCio0HOSoNI2vLcqtu6ccZKJDwq2NiXrVgi1_U-_kfl2X6DW50I7aCX13ggtXIZstMNtSySOls/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-02-24+at+11.00.54.png" width="296" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
SA occupied the building on 8 March 1933 and renamed it Horst-Wessel-
Haus . It used it until the summer of 1933 as a "wild" concentration
camp for the terrorisation of Nazi opponents. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The communist party was outlawed and its members killed or sent to the concentration camps. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The Gestapo found during a
search on November 15, 1933 two hiding places in the building, which had
remained undetected in the previous searches. In addition to two light
machine guns, they contained sixteen additional firearms with ammunition as well as
a large number of files of the party leadership with information on
officials such as CVs, addresses and usage. The findings were probably
based on information from the arrested Alfred Kattner , who had belonged
to Thälmann's inner circle. In 1935 the
new entrance hall was designed as a memorial room for Wessel. As of
January 1937, the Horst-Wessel-Haus was the seat of the SA group
Berlin-Brandenburg.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">During the Battle of Berlin at the end of the war, the building was partially destroyed although the load-bearing structure of the building remained essentially intact. In December 1947 the Soviet occupying power handed over the confiscated building of the 1946 founded by the KPD "foundation society". The official renaming was made by resolution of July 31, 1947. From the end of the war until then, it was called Liebknechtplatz. From 1949 it was rebuilt on the decision of the SED leadership with minor façade alterations and extended by one floor with the work largely completed on Josef Stalin's 71st birthday in December 1950. Initially, the building was occupied by the central offices of the SED, whose leadership was held in the nearby "House of Unity", and later by the "Institute for Marxism-Leninism at the Central Committee of the SED" as an office and guesthouse. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The
headquarters of the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), later Die
Linke, took its seat in the Karl-Liebknecht-Haus on the corner of
Weydingerstraße and Kleine Alexanderstraße. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In front of the building </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">close to the main entrance </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>are
three different memorial plaques, two of which date from the DDR era
and highlight the communist past of the house including a commemorative
plaque for former KPD chairman Thälmann and another proclaiming Karl
Liebknecht House was where "In this building in the years 1926 to 1933
the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany worked." In
addition, a commemorative plaque for the left victims of Stalinist
terror at the Karl Liebknecht House was unveiled on December 17, 2013
which reads "To the honourable memory of thousands of German communists,
anti-fascists and anti-fascists who were arbitrarily persecuted,
deprived of their rights, deported to prison camps, exiled for decades
and murdered in the Soviet Union between the 1930s and the 1950s." In a
further commemoration, a representative room in the house bears the
name Rosa-Luxemburg-Saal.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8vsZTD7MbesZAA506zu-IJzTj7D-1zvDUd3e-L05PAFjLg-hTEc5gqIzvIbCB-J1vegOj9LoHvLSvaLEDaQA7iUezxyNDK9ft9WBl8eudNHgCGowpAz56kOxP2EmeJXXXlPuUua1KWy3W/s1600/y"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjktEzr3QMJ9lJ60eAeyhgoEjDnHYfUNGoX8n_gJgaK1qLjXpvg5_YwT8kKZl6xOZzAtxeVLworH9D_msVCS9U1LQ5cdeQuk-ns4caZPuwQZSeOrVh60APH3bj3O-9wXYOzptpfZ5JP9Fgm/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252828%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="400" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjktEzr3QMJ9lJ60eAeyhgoEjDnHYfUNGoX8n_gJgaK1qLjXpvg5_YwT8kKZl6xOZzAtxeVLworH9D_msVCS9U1LQ5cdeQuk-ns4caZPuwQZSeOrVh60APH3bj3O-9wXYOzptpfZ5JP9Fgm/w400-h256/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252828%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></div>The <span style="font-style: italic;">Volksbühne </span>on the then-Horst-Wessel-Platz in a Nazi-era postcard and today. It was built from 1913 to 1914 according to plans by the architect Oskar Kaufmann in the Scheunenviertel on what was then Bülowplatz. It was the first theatre in Berlin to present itself in the modern style and was designed for around 2000 people. The opening took place on December 30, 1914. During the 1920s it staged satire evenings, choruses and political reviews on behalf of the communist party. During the Nazi era the theatre on Horst-Wessel-Platz was renamed the the Volksbühne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>On August
9, 1931 Erich Mielke- future head of the East German Stasi- and Erich
Ziemer, members of the KPD's Kippenberger apparatus, murdered police
captains Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck not far from the Babylon cinema.
The perpetrators fled to the Soviet Union. The Prussian police officer
corps commissioned a memorial for Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck in 1934
which was created by the sculptor Hans Dammann. The bronze figure group
was dismantled and melted down during the Second World War as part of
the "metal donation of the German people." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>A commentator for the British Union of Fascists in the organisation's newsletter <span style="font-style: italic;">Blackshirt </span>for
January 30, 1937 wrote how he had been particularly impressed by the
way the the People’s Stage put on plays at affordable prices. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>During the war many buildings
were destroyed around the square. To remove rubble, a rubble train was
used on Berlin's inner city streets which was pulled by small
locomotives. Between 1948 and 1950 there was a locomotive shed directly
in front of the Volksbühne. The war damage to the surrounding buildings
around Poelzig was repaired, but the shop extensions at the acute angles
were removed. At the beginning of 1950, Erich Mielke, who had meanwhile
become State Secretary in the East German Ministry for State Security,
finally had the pedestal of the memorial for the shot police removed. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The Volksbühne was reopened on April 21, 1954 with Schiller's “Wilhelm Tell” directed by Fritz Wisten . </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU_GJwmvVP4fsHqVc1vW7jfMYuabVrFC1Wkr0DslDaLsf-fYMd8kYmZcNk5K-pK7mc74Az6DAqOvIEFV2hS9LWTd6QnO_hF-NP4CdDtWYSrmR0sVv2wjhlPkdmY-CD4pUmx9VXEDX5HJ0I/s290/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252821%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="290" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU_GJwmvVP4fsHqVc1vW7jfMYuabVrFC1Wkr0DslDaLsf-fYMd8kYmZcNk5K-pK7mc74Az6DAqOvIEFV2hS9LWTd6QnO_hF-NP4CdDtWYSrmR0sVv2wjhlPkdmY-CD4pUmx9VXEDX5HJ0I/w400-h309/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252821%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></div>The Kino Babylon in 1929 and today. It dates from 1927 to 1929 when Hans Poelzig designed eight blocks on the Bülowplatz (today's Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz) for a block development on behalf of the client Alfred Schrobsdorff. The completed blocks contained 170 apartments and eighty shops. The block in which the Babylon is located, has the shape of a right triangle. The entrance to the cinema is located at Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße 30. After being destroyed in the war, the Babylon block is the only completely preserved ensemble from the overall design by Poelzig. On April 11, 1929 the Babylon opened as </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>a silent movie theatre</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. There was an orchestra pit and a cinema organ for the musical accompaniment of the films. During its post-war renovation in 1948 the orchestra pit was closed and the organ dismantled. The projectionist, Rudolf Lunau, belonged </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span> to an illegal resistance cell of the KPD </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>from 1933 until his arrest in 1934 during which time secret resistance meetings were held in the projection room, where he also hid opponents of the regime in hiding. After the end of the Second World War , the Babylon was reopened as a premiere theater on May 18, 1948 under the direction of the Sovexportfilm agency in Germany. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz2PaJLPIaP4l1dbvp8nCLBFnxMzzFLBNzpRQJQHnOANdP-PvaCWXNrlG1PswRrbcrX_68Gpx6Ul1Flqz_nvvkqSGjPSF5LorRCmmWSIMnwWQ1h2CyUsV09l2wx3ShGNIkjrQ0SGX2_IQR/s641/Screenshot+2020-12-02+at+07.43.17.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="641" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz2PaJLPIaP4l1dbvp8nCLBFnxMzzFLBNzpRQJQHnOANdP-PvaCWXNrlG1PswRrbcrX_68Gpx6Ul1Flqz_nvvkqSGjPSF5LorRCmmWSIMnwWQ1h2CyUsV09l2wx3ShGNIkjrQ0SGX2_IQR/w400-h214/Screenshot+2020-12-02+at+07.43.17.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Horst Wessel Platz is now Rosa Luxemburg Platz</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The artist Hans Haacke created sixty dark concrete beams in the sidewalks and lanes on the square displaying quotations and fragments from Rosa Luxemburg's writings. In order to counter the risk of slipping emanating from these stone slabs, parts of the monument were relocated in November 2007. In 2010, the residential and commercial building L40 was inaugurated on the north-western edge of the square employing a completely alien design contemptuously disregarding the environment around it leaving the public and those having to live in its vicinity classifying the building as a faceless black blob. A small, tree-planted area bordering the square to the south was created after the houses standing there were destroyed in during the war and their ruins were cleared. The city of Berlin sold this area in 2016 to Suhrkamp-Verlag whihhad a new building built with a floor area of 3,000 square metres as its publishing headquarters. In connection with these activities, there was criticism from local residents who did not feel they were adequately informed about the project which didn't stop the company from moving into the building at the <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/suhrkamp-bezieht-sein-neues-verlagshaus-der-suhrkamp-verlag-ist-ein-zweites-mal-in-berlin-angekommen/24938726.html&usg=ALkJrhgRKJlZ9IkKDqpVeLhjwsnunPqgiw">end of August 2019</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq8g8DCU1s3iM9goR6ethF8OAIM-jmzv2Vng_JOgAX2GGDMMTzgFnPn-qfmFvXhel0OuTVB3o-fx3gqvlJnkMkHYQCggk43RaiEerRLnSYzPvzjtQUmXtlRKFGBwLS-9IpDoc_hmE1PvMa/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq8g8DCU1s3iM9goR6ethF8OAIM-jmzv2Vng_JOgAX2GGDMMTzgFnPn-qfmFvXhel0OuTVB3o-fx3gqvlJnkMkHYQCggk43RaiEerRLnSYzPvzjtQUmXtlRKFGBwLS-9IpDoc_hmE1PvMa/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 315px; width: 382px;" /></span></span><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ-pOkzkRTDTzRoA7bh4O9l0Y0T2k11zoA3t8kf5G_BXQJKm0ttizns-Duq-o0T3dn5_RUI41LXY8CvOf0RzMluG0Tfmw_kEh2cNBMq_dz5xYQXKSSR6ITf9PL80eubtqLlK3M4FD0xHii/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ-pOkzkRTDTzRoA7bh4O9l0Y0T2k11zoA3t8kf5G_BXQJKm0ttizns-Duq-o0T3dn5_RUI41LXY8CvOf0RzMluG0Tfmw_kEh2cNBMq_dz5xYQXKSSR6ITf9PL80eubtqLlK3M4FD0xHii/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 315px; width: 220px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Berlin patrol and Nazi auxiliary police in a search of the Jewish quarter in Grenadierstraße and Dragonerstraße in the spring of 1933. The right shows another street in the </span></span><span><span><span><span>Scheunenviertel </span></span>down the Grenadier Schendelgasse towards the Schonhauserstrasse. </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Scheunenviertel</span></span></span></span> refers to a neighbourhood of Mitte in the centre of Berlin to the north of the medieval Altberlin area, east of the Rosenthaler Straße and Hackescher Markt. Until the Second World War it was regarded as a slum district and had a substantial Jewish population with a high proportion of migrants from Eastern Europe. Since then the core of the neighbourhood is the triangular Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz, former Bülowplatz, where on August 9, 1931 the Communist and later Stasi Executive Erich Mielke shot two police officers. Mielke fled to Moscow shortly afterwards and did not face trial for the murders until 1992. Although Scheunenviertel is often used as a synonym for Berlin's Jewish quarter, Jewish cultural and commercial life was rather centred on the neighbouring Spandauer Vorstadt, where the New Synagogue and other Jewish establishments are located.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span> </span></span>
<span><span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Europahaus</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSMjL1cPHe2ywtEEzrcmN3Zz_9ErUX5mpEhjVUvxX1cg7RgzxHlm24EeQyk-ofJu6TJFI51GPDRVH5MvgmKHW1NXBV3iiOA6eIx-Vh-0gr6-2ojIKINpXwuqlo5rhMuf4iGp1yTeQ5bWc/s1600/berlin-europahaus-on-stresemannstrac39fe-1936-as-europa-palast.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSMjL1cPHe2ywtEEzrcmN3Zz_9ErUX5mpEhjVUvxX1cg7RgzxHlm24EeQyk-ofJu6TJFI51GPDRVH5MvgmKHW1NXBV3iiOA6eIx-Vh-0gr6-2ojIKINpXwuqlo5rhMuf4iGp1yTeQ5bWc/s1600/berlin-europahaus-on-stresemannstrac39fe-1936-as-europa-palast.jpg" style="height: 275px; width: 216px;" /></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span> The Europahaus in 1936 (as the Europa Palast), post-war and today, the Deutschlandhaus, on today's Stresemannstraße. Architect Otto Firle had designed the Europahaus in the New Objectivity style with construction beginning in the late 1920s with completion in 1931. It consisted of a 920 foot long facade along Stresemannstraße although had been planned not as one monolithic building, but a group of individual but linked structures, of which the name Europahaus really applied only to the tall central section. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>A lower northern section contained a large ballroom - the Europa Tanz Pavillion. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The main tower-block contained 11 storeys with ground-level storefronts and offices above; with a roof "garden" facility making for a 12th floor. As it was much higher than any of the surrounding buildings at the time, rooftop patrons enjoyed particularly stunning views of the city. Service structures and illuminated signage rose above this level. The
building was best known for its large neon signs for Odol mouthwash and
Allianz insurance companies which was a great attraction in the city at
the time. The former was mounted on a tower erected in 1935, which brought the total height of the building to about 160 feet. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2hsNEepiFbL-Hi18hk3_euFiXCstOI1FXWIV4CYZH3Ex7X5AxvU23TVepsJQgyGvLDDstB8193kRr8ju8_EjaXWit6nd4d7dLBoyb1SRPhZ-41xtQ8hDGWs_c81F81BBcvfGFnMs2XTk/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2hsNEepiFbL-Hi18hk3_euFiXCstOI1FXWIV4CYZH3Ex7X5AxvU23TVepsJQgyGvLDDstB8193kRr8ju8_EjaXWit6nd4d7dLBoyb1SRPhZ-41xtQ8hDGWs_c81F81BBcvfGFnMs2XTk/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 404px;" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">After the war and today<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>A more recent neon sign for the Blaupunkt company, which was
on the facade of the Europahaus until 2005, is now owned by the Museum
of Letters in Berlin. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>After 1933 the central office block was taken over by the Nazis who had the neon signs removed and occupied it with numerous affiliated organisations, particularly the Reich Ministry of Labour. The building sustained considerable damage during the Allied bombing raids but was not completely destroyed. Although the northernmost section containing the ballroom was subsequently demolished, the remainder was renovated, and spent the next few decades occupied by various offices. The postwar restoration converted the roof-garden facility into a more enclosed 12th storey, as well as altering other details of the structure, and did not recreate the famous illuminated signage. From 1998 to 2000 the building underwent a thorough restoration, and after German unification became home to several German government agencies and other office concerns. The top four floors houses the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development, whilst elsewhere can be found Water and Navigation Management, the Federal Centre for Political Education, a department of the Robert Koch Institute, the Institute for Town Construction of the German Academy for Town Construction and Regional Planning, and the Alliance for Democracy and Tolerance organisation. The office that received donations towards the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2010/01/reich-aviation-ministry-and-gestapo.html">Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe </a>was also housed here.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Gasthaus Zum Nußbaum</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjndh_RCqYWo0Jt3Vya3WBuvDuQ1bumAoIHnMdFLSxL7hn1qbpXhYj9rTnnwg3JIUiOSa0ETPxFl39fP4waDVORaQSHf047Jy2iIn3yioWKBPjK1LnsaLhdSBXrQe186qxEd2Og1sS0ibmY/s321/ezgif.com-crop.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="310" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjndh_RCqYWo0Jt3Vya3WBuvDuQ1bumAoIHnMdFLSxL7hn1qbpXhYj9rTnnwg3JIUiOSa0ETPxFl39fP4waDVORaQSHf047Jy2iIn3yioWKBPjK1LnsaLhdSBXrQe186qxEd2Og1sS0ibmY/w386-h400/ezgif.com-crop.gif" width="386" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The 1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring in front of the Gasthaus Zum Nußbaum. The division during its service in Italy, committed a number of war crimes, and, together with the 16th </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, was disproportionately involved in massacres of the civilian population, both divisions accounting for approximately one-third of all civilians killed in war crimes in Italy. The Nußbaum itself was a traditional tavern at Fischerstraße 21 in Alt-Kölln, which now exists as a replica in the Nikolaiviertel, one of the oldest areas in Berlin. The original and current restaurant owes its name to the walnut tree in front of it. This was the site of a mythic political battle for Berlin in the spring of 1929, when Horst Wessel and his Sturmbatallion 5 stormed this building and declared the Communist stronghold of Fischerkietz, to be under SA control and free of the "Red Menace." This took place only a few months before he was shot and killed by the communists giving the Nazi Party a great propaganda tool by turning him into their most famous martyr. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span> Berlin was a very large city, much like London or New York. These were times when each city had many newspapers. And a goodly number of these were sensationalist sheets. A prominent feature in some of these was normally Red- Brown brawls. But it was rare to find anyone who had actually seen a street fight. One American, who had lived in both New York and Berlin compared Germany’s capital to the urban United States. Dr. Margaret Mueslum said, “It’s the same here [New York] because you hear of fighting in Harlem, but one doesn’t see it in on Seventy-second Street.” Berlin street fighting, as in New York, stayed within boundaries. The socialists were acutely aware of the borders of their districts and did not cross them. The Communists were less aware, but still did not venture far from home base. The Nazis tried to move into borderline areas and encroach on Red districts, street by street. But all the action remained far away from the more comfortable and removed middle and upper classes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Mitchell, Otis C. (112) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span id="btAsinTitle"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Stormtroopers-Attack-Republic-1919-1933/dp/0786439122" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The walnut tree which originally stood at Fischerstraße 21 was destroyed in an allied bombing attack in 1943. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;">Anhalter Bahnhof</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKEF3Jsy1wj9DjSZnUDWO1DmuLv2CJQfhZjEYy7_b7X1fw9jZ8uYpi64ftOXptyz8eLqHVyrqjM8q_69boXsGfEnWiTft9lqIRWGfmUDopKQ27P1vqJ2uLeVgju3ToCAVwiWlBtPSoPhabc2uInqkj-Alx4okK7EEbFDKKodGGyXOc7lbNmsCnj1KU3w=s355" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="307" data-original-width="355" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKEF3Jsy1wj9DjSZnUDWO1DmuLv2CJQfhZjEYy7_b7X1fw9jZ8uYpi64ftOXptyz8eLqHVyrqjM8q_69boXsGfEnWiTft9lqIRWGfmUDopKQ27P1vqJ2uLeVgju3ToCAVwiWlBtPSoPhabc2uInqkj-Alx4okK7EEbFDKKodGGyXOc7lbNmsCnj1KU3w=w400-h346" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">In front of the Anhalter station and as it appeared during a march of SA. It was at this station that saw Hitler return to Berlin from his crushing defeat of France. As Kershaw described the scene,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">[t]he reception awaiting Hitler in Berlin when his train pulled into the Anhalter-Bahnhof at three o’clock on 6 July surpassed even the homecomings after the great pre-war triumphs like the Anschluß. Many in the crowds had been standing for six hours as the dull morning gave way to the brilliant sunshine of the afternoon. The streets were strewn with flowers all the way from the station to the Reich Chancellery. Hundreds of thousands cheered themselves hoarse. Hitler, lauded by Keitel as ‘the greatest warlord of all time’, was called out time after time on to the balcony to soak up the wild adulation of the masses. ‘If an increase in feeling for Adolf Hitler was still possible, it has become reality with the day of the return to Berlin,’ commented one report from the provinces. In the face of such ‘greatness’, ran another, ‘all pettiness and grumbling are silenced’. Even opponents of the regime found it hard to resist the victory mood. Workers in the armaments factories pressed to be allowed to join the army. People thought final victory was around the corner. Only Britain stood in the way.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVrC9SSiT3CiDOoeJVmd7KvMi2VHgzrjzyfxpWBPgHk_FN8Qw6h-kiMl5RkCCKw7SXOLEcGLWYx7huPFMvMgiFV9lP3IvDt6W_qn5INKtlGr-BM4ZBqyOYqqq6W3ERSm6CNrZLgjURZ-s/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-01-11+at+9.55.50+AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVrC9SSiT3CiDOoeJVmd7KvMi2VHgzrjzyfxpWBPgHk_FN8Qw6h-kiMl5RkCCKw7SXOLEcGLWYx7huPFMvMgiFV9lP3IvDt6W_qn5INKtlGr-BM4ZBqyOYqqq6W3ERSm6CNrZLgjURZ-s/w400-h130/Screen+Shot+2014-01-11+at+9.55.50+AM.png" width="400" /></a></blockquote>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">The station shown on the right after the war, showing the extent of the damage. During the war the Anhalter Bahnhof was one of three stations used to deport some 55,000 Berlin Jews between 1941 and 1945, about a third of the city's entire Jewish population (as of 1933). From the Anhalter alone 9,600 left, in groups of fifty to 100 at a time using 116 trains. In contrast to other deportations using freight wagons, here the Jews were taken away in ordinary passenger coaches which were coupled up to regular trains departing according to the normal timetable. All deportations went to Theresienstadt and from there to the death camps.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkCnGurw_bcY-BHHkYIrPRH1e6J-Ma5xaIuFch8HvG3-TRbEgOEkKI1I9sKSb_sAk-FvuQz_RJK6pqetAsxNqxpxAmbLtrZREcQmgEHlMxW3uqJcHAMdgPWV_F-jGTUHG_TCwMNto3hAA7/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Der Angriff" border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkCnGurw_bcY-BHHkYIrPRH1e6J-Ma5xaIuFch8HvG3-TRbEgOEkKI1I9sKSb_sAk-FvuQz_RJK6pqetAsxNqxpxAmbLtrZREcQmgEHlMxW3uqJcHAMdgPWV_F-jGTUHG_TCwMNto3hAA7/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Next door had been where </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Goebbels as Gauleiter </span>founded the weekly Nazi battle sheet <i>Der Angriff</i> in 1930. Also with offices here were the party house management of the Hitler Youth and the Gau-Rundfunkstelle broadcasting site. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
</span></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Goebbels, whether the party was under ban for short periods or not, began to spread the
party message through <span style="font-style: italic;">Der Angriff </span>(“The Attack”) where he simply put his stump speeches
on paper. It is in this paper that one can find the clearest exposition of where Nazism stood
on the Weimar Republic. In Goebbels’ thinking: “We are an anti-parliamentary party and we
reject for good reason the Weimar Republic.... We go into the Reichstag in order to obtain
the weapons of democracy.... We become Reichstag deputies in order to paralyze the Weimar
mentality with its own help.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Mitchell (90) <span id="btAsinTitle"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Stormtroopers-Attack-Republic-1919-1933/dp/0786439122" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic, 1919-1933</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><p>
</p><div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi29yrMzrAKAMbd_-aBjugZpL36AuSfwOCZis8pcIwJUZFRfwTyPGzJ-GBjxxmRPYyXepCcZzeZjwFqt-boLFzVnVi-R7Y8Azo8YDCTHg5_5l_KlX2v3foq_LVuMGIbM6-2hMBKBOw_KhBImy8nCFhxVRiU0UheGaWDsmtX21AZoBIE4PGxbgO3583grg=s894" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="894" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi29yrMzrAKAMbd_-aBjugZpL36AuSfwOCZis8pcIwJUZFRfwTyPGzJ-GBjxxmRPYyXepCcZzeZjwFqt-boLFzVnVi-R7Y8Azo8YDCTHg5_5l_KlX2v3foq_LVuMGIbM6-2hMBKBOw_KhBImy8nCFhxVRiU0UheGaWDsmtX21AZoBIE4PGxbgO3583grg=w400-h334" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nearby is what had been </span>one of the largest refuges in Berlin, the Anhalter Bahnhof<span style="font-weight: normal;"> bunker, completed in 1943, with walls 2.10 metres in thickness </span>next
to the main station. Here my students are visiting the Hitler
exhibition in 2021 where the room where he committed suicide was
recreated.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Built
in ferro-concrete, with three storeys above ground and two below, its
walls were up to four and a half metres thick. Pine seats and tables
had been provided by the authorities, as well as emergency supplies of
tinned sardines, but neither lasted long when both fuel and food were
in such short supply. The Anhalter bunker's great advantage was its
direct link to the U-Bahn tunnels, even though the trains were not
running. People could walk the five kilometres to the Nordbahnhof,
without ever being exposed.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
conditions in the bunker became appalling, with up to 12,000 people
crammed into 3,6oo square metres. The crush was so great that nobody
could have reached the lavatory even if it had been open. One woman
described how she spent six days on the same step. For hygienic
Germans, it was a great ordeal, but with water supplies cut, drinking
water was a far higher priority. There was a pump which still worked
outside the station, and young women near the entrance took the risk of
running with a pail to fetch water. Many were killed, because the
station was a prime target for Soviet artillery. But those who made it
back alive earned eternal gratitude from those too weak to fetch it for
themselves, or they bartered sips for food from those who lacked the
courage to run the gauntlet themselves.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Antony Beevor (280-281) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0140286969%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0140286969%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb15">Berlin: The Downfall 1945</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzCW_S3R4i3hy72lbwetOAAHtNHhWjV18YD6DQbNedEOC_gFdDga1VoenjXcscbukls9WczNVkvonTmmA3IS-VNJ9tK-mj4IQ_phKqJfPvDLSD1eDXD6bSWygc1mc_zD8_p9aRCQP1kNzGnd9TMIKwx2XIgYrXs5T3R3QqpOATeqLUrBsSGnwdEN3fNg=s520" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="520" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzCW_S3R4i3hy72lbwetOAAHtNHhWjV18YD6DQbNedEOC_gFdDga1VoenjXcscbukls9WczNVkvonTmmA3IS-VNJ9tK-mj4IQ_phKqJfPvDLSD1eDXD6bSWygc1mc_zD8_p9aRCQP1kNzGnd9TMIKwx2XIgYrXs5T3R3QqpOATeqLUrBsSGnwdEN3fNg=w400-h313" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">The bunker today is now the home of </span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">the </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">Berlin
Story Museum which has </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">a reconstruction of Hitler’s living and work rooms from the “Führerbunker”</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">- here I am standing in front. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">According to
Antony Beevor himself, to reconstruct Hitler's
bunker is beyond parody and as unconscionable as a concentration camp
theme park, but he cannot see even the most obtuse neo-Nazis treating
such a crass piece of commercialism as a sacred place, though it would
certainly appeal to those of a morbid disposition.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The exhibit has
been criticised by the Topography of Terror museum as showmanship, with </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal;">its spokesman Kay-Uwe von Damaros proclaiming t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>hat
"[w]e explain history, document it, and stick to the facts. That is why
we cannot support such productions; sensationalism isn't our thing"
going on to denounce it “ as a kind of Disneyland approach trying to
create an effect.” The recreated study features a painting of Frederick
the Great on the wall, a photo of Hitler's mother and a small statue of a
German shepherd on the desk, a grandfather clock, and a single oxygen
tank in the corner to alleviate the Hitler’s fears of asphyxiation,
according to the exhibit’s curator Wieland Giebel. </span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p> </p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img alt="Oberbaum Bridge" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihj18TJlFV4HMsFvX88WIU_UyAm57a-hM4AvppK-eSNxM4dTVj4SUxbDHv6zPRu4ONxP9CuRYbHBApXCyHKFlM-grvMXP0au8hHmmD6Wez1f19Z_4Wo9HvQWsXLLZqHzJKSk9FWxSaEX8j/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252820%2529.gif" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihj18TJlFV4HMsFvX88WIU_UyAm57a-hM4AvppK-eSNxM4dTVj4SUxbDHv6zPRu4ONxP9CuRYbHBApXCyHKFlM-grvMXP0au8hHmmD6Wez1f19Z_4Wo9HvQWsXLLZqHzJKSk9FWxSaEX8j/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252820%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" title="" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The Oberbaum Bridge after the war, and today. In April 1945 the Wehrmacht blew up the middle section of the bridge in an attempt to stop the Red Army from crossing it. After the war ended, Berlin was divided into four sectors. The Oberbaum Bridge crossed between the American and Soviet sectors. Until the mid-1950s, pedestrians, motor vehicles, and the city tramway were able to cross the bridge without difficulty. Border crossing East German checkpoint at the Oberbaum Bridge. Crowds at Oberbaumbrücke after the breach of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. When the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 the bridge became part of East Berlin's border with West Berlin; as all the waters of the River Spree were in Friedrichshain, the East German fortifications extended to the shoreline on the Kreuzberg side. The West Berlin U-Bahn line was forced to terminate at Schlesisches Tor. Beginning on December 21 1963, the Oberbaum Bridge was used as a pedestrian border crossing for West Berlin residents only. After the opening of the Wall in 1989, and German reunification the following year, the bridge was restored to its former appearance, albeit with a new steel middle section designed by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. It opened to pedestrians and traffic on November 9 1994, the fifth anniversary of the opening of the Berlin Wall.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9XEWDW2i7ritdAkVly0VEPktCqggt57PlCIpAMw7AKHmkeS1E_ft2m73NonH7kCeantOC-th4D0BigfihiGFmU0Yvo4whdWXPK6G18ferAbQKUJeCW-VtsISjMBAgtJoNO-dMFqDx3pEUkvdb3JnZZvonqWt5-TDCmn3UBG2KyL6BJWDIgiOM3eTJ-w/s383/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-26T130519.346.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="383" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9XEWDW2i7ritdAkVly0VEPktCqggt57PlCIpAMw7AKHmkeS1E_ft2m73NonH7kCeantOC-th4D0BigfihiGFmU0Yvo4whdWXPK6G18ferAbQKUJeCW-VtsISjMBAgtJoNO-dMFqDx3pEUkvdb3JnZZvonqWt5-TDCmn3UBG2KyL6BJWDIgiOM3eTJ-w/w400-h283/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-26T130519.346.gif" width="400" /></a>Bülowstraße </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span> U-Bahn station </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>in the Schöneberg district </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>when it opened in 1902 on the western branch of the Stammstrecke, Berlin's first U-Bahn line, and as it appears today, slightly rebuilt after the war. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Like the eponymous street, the station is named after the Prussian general Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow. Thomas Cook actually promoted tours after 1928 around the site focusing on the lesbian tourist trade. According to Mel Gordon in his book <i>Voluptuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin,</i> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><blockquote>Precisely at midnight, special coach buses picked up kinky sightseers at each of the major Berlin hotels and delivered them to the “Toppkeller” and other late‑night sapphic emporiums in the Berlin West, near Bülowstrasse. For straight British couples, in particular, these anthropological excursions were the memorable high point of their Continental revelry.</blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSKLW-jHyuIHPEbpgeZ5klbqkoLens-2h6uOihFfpLfH7mRr0bf0pMFuoKHXvUo2EcyFKjQTNtgO5voAtIwyG_ECeSQ37BLM778LjIUnIDCX5k9BRfiaVjCbfcStINtRRdTNime9Pgtu7qoCybqE1q-X984Qfwx9q0WPHlbVMmN9Q5YQM8SY8g9sGaYw/s379/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-26T125040.483.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="379" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSKLW-jHyuIHPEbpgeZ5klbqkoLens-2h6uOihFfpLfH7mRr0bf0pMFuoKHXvUo2EcyFKjQTNtgO5voAtIwyG_ECeSQ37BLM778LjIUnIDCX5k9BRfiaVjCbfcStINtRRdTNime9Pgtu7qoCybqE1q-X984Qfwx9q0WPHlbVMmN9Q5YQM8SY8g9sGaYw/w400-h272/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-26T125040.483.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The building shown during the Battle of Berlin in a staged photo showing a Soviet </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>120-PM-43</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> crew setting up a mortar on the Northern side of the station to attack </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>the German defensive line along the Landwehr canal</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, probably taken on April 26, 1945 as troops of the 29th Guards Corps pushed Northwards towards the Tiergarten. The mortar, first introduced in 1943 as a modified version of the M1938, looks to be set to fire over the adjacent buildings Heavily damaged by air raids and the Battle of Berlin on November 22-23, 1943 and July 19, 1944, the station was rebuilt after the war but eventually went out of service in 1972 due to the interruption of the U2 line by the construction of the Berlin Wall given that there was a parallel connection between Nollendorfplatz and Gleisdreieck with line 1 via Kurfürstenstraße station 230 metres to the north. The building itself then hosted a bazaar in discarded U-Bahn cars, until in 1993 the eastern and western parts of the U2 were reconnected.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqFzBU7m5YroK3DSrFkqgRAScGvmsjxkTz2lGUV7cS5iykrGSL02BJix1UuQJImO_D5WJdjD6qpHwkllcsnZVwJv_xRTti2ZDWcUSK6WE_rmhunVT71moulUZSUb7opXf7l7vQqXhy5nsU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252816%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="432" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqFzBU7m5YroK3DSrFkqgRAScGvmsjxkTz2lGUV7cS5iykrGSL02BJix1UuQJImO_D5WJdjD6qpHwkllcsnZVwJv_xRTti2ZDWcUSK6WE_rmhunVT71moulUZSUb7opXf7l7vQqXhy5nsU/w400-h281/ezgif.com-optimize+%252816%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Mehringdamm, then Belle Alliance Straße. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Originally
the course of the road followed that of a country route that had
existed for centuries from the centre of Berlin as an extension of
Friedrichstraße via Tempelhof to Großbeeren and further south. The
arterial road was expanded at the beginning of the 19th century and was
given the name Tempelhofer Straße in 1837. In connection with the
construction of the Generalszug in 1864, this route was renamed
Belle-Alliance-Strasse after the Prussian name for the Battle of
Waterloo. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>On January 30, 1944 in the course of the airborne Battle of Berlin, a British air raid destroyed much of the western alignment of houses on southern Belle-Alliance-Straße, also hitting southern Großbeerenstraße, parts of Victoria Park and Methfesselstraße. Exactly a year to the day later another British night air raid destroyed many buildings around the northern end of the street, including Adolf Jandorf's former department store and Fontane's former house and many graves in the adjacent cemeteries.After the Second World War, it was first renamed Franz Mehring Straße before being given its present name in 1947. Both are named after the socialist historian Franz Mehring. The Berlin list of monuments contains 21 monuments on Mehringdamm. One not present was the Hasan-Bashri Mosque which had been built illegally in the backyard at Mehringdamm 51 and was evicted and closed in 2003, and subsequently <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/verein-baute-raeume-ohne-mietvertrag-um-moschee-am-mehringdamm-zwangsgeraeumt,10810590,10117876.html">hit the headlines </a>at the time.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> </span></span>The gay club Eldorado on Motzstraße, shown here in 1932 and today, was internationally known for its transvestite shows. There was also a relatively high number of places for lesbians. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span>It regularly featured then up-and-coming star Marlene Dietrich who would eventually leave Germany when the Nazis came to power. After Hitler's regime took control, all gay and lesbian bars and meeting places in Germany were closed. Magnus Hirschfeld’s Institute for Sexual Science was sacked in 1933 by the Nazis and his books were burned. Despite the large numbr of homosexuals in its ranks, the Nazis enforced Paragraph 175 of the Penal Code making it punishable just to glance at someone of the same sex too intensively. Homosexuals lived in fear of being denounced by other people, and the police conducted raids, arrested gays, and sent them to concentration camps. Within a few weeks after the Nazis took over government in 1933, fourteen of the best known gay establishments were closed. Today the part of Motzstraße between Nollendorfplatz and Martin-Luther-Straße is considered the centre of Berlin's gay area and the location for the Berlin's Lesbian and Gay City Festival held every June on the weekend before the Gay Pride celebrations in Berlin.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHZsy3KRE1uXMY4fdMHedSM3JkstvcEkL6r-3M5b-F4jP6nNIm028OlQkUI7IaMtWGkJ8dBID_vnv8vkaE4-KXMJimOBBaChcbNepBBNnPPtvhyphenhyphenXjbQiv8K3s3fcwOjLDSCEyOimXMcOHM/s278/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252811%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="278" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHZsy3KRE1uXMY4fdMHedSM3JkstvcEkL6r-3M5b-F4jP6nNIm028OlQkUI7IaMtWGkJ8dBID_vnv8vkaE4-KXMJimOBBaChcbNepBBNnPPtvhyphenhyphenXjbQiv8K3s3fcwOjLDSCEyOimXMcOHM/w400-h295/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252811%2529.gif" width="400" /></a>The Berlin Messe is an exhibition hall Goebbels had built in 1936-37. The swastikas returned in 2007 to accommodate Tom Cruise's movie <span style="font-style: italic;">Valkyrie</span> as seen on the left. Since 2011 the Berlin Expo Centre City, it is located in the Westend district of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf between the Masurenallee (opposite the House of Broadcasting), the Messedamm, the Thuringian Avenue and Jafféstraße.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The first exhibition hall, completed in 1914 for automobile exhibitions, was located north of today's exhibition centre on the parking lot between the central bus station and the S-Bahn ring. However because of the First World War, it was not opened until the German Motor Show on September 23, 1921. The next day the first car race took place on the nearby AVUS . Another exhibition hall was built in 1924 according to plans by Jean Krämer and Johann Emil Schaudt on the site of the bus station. The present area has been the Berlin trade fair location since 1924, when the wooden "Haus der Funkindustrie" (also called "Funkhalle", not to be confused with the later-built Haus des Rundfunks) west of the Messedamm on the site of today's Hall 14 for the first Great German Radio exhibition was opened. The architect was Heinrich Straumer who had also been responsible for equipping the neighbouring radio tower. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisQe0uRyYI4G1_Kg36lI19BfXuuLjwNoqyL3C2KRScX-a7BzAVtQkki4XrcTXv6S0z0WbYcBsE6Ze3pkXt82dgOw2wlzsFoRK4PYpbj7rAUQ28d-4OnTb9WSBgplCGtkT31CUDKkkfc1Q9/s428/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="428" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisQe0uRyYI4G1_Kg36lI19BfXuuLjwNoqyL3C2KRScX-a7BzAVtQkki4XrcTXv6S0z0WbYcBsE6Ze3pkXt82dgOw2wlzsFoRK4PYpbj7rAUQ28d-4OnTb9WSBgplCGtkT31CUDKkkfc1Q9/w400-h253/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>In a major fire in 1935, the building of the radio industry burned down and severely damaged the radio tower. The other two halls north of Masurenallee were destroyed by bombs in World War II. The basic structure of today's exhibition centre, designed by the architect Richard Ermisch, was built in 1937 along Masurenallee and Messedamm with the distinctive entrance building on Hammarskjöldplatz .The interior of the site, known as the “summer garden” in the form of a stadium-like green area, was also created during the redesign in the mid-1930s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>The most noticeable part of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>architect Richard Ermisch's </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>new
buildings is the 240-meter-long main hall on Masurenallee, built in
1936–37. The reinforced concrete construction faced with natural stone
displays an austere pillar structure with large vertical rectangular
fenestration. The wing is dominated by the towering 35 metre-high cuboid
hall of honour. The buildings are influenced by the objectivity of
1920s architecture, but intensified to a monumental pathos. The two hundred metre-long exhibition hall (called the “glass gallery” due to the
continuous windowed facade) on Messedamm had a similar character, of
which only the two-story round corner buildings are still standing.
After the war the exhibition grounds were rebuilt and since then they
have been supplemented by large new buildings, such as the International
Congress Centre (ICC), built in 1969–79. The main section of the “glass
gallery” was removed to create space for the bridge linking the ICC to
the exhibition grounds at the foot of the radio tower.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Amongst the 26 halls covering 160.000 m² site is the<span> Deutschlandhalle:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDrB0kyozdiXsX0hYYpF7imXHz9IW2UI9JjlqhIRgrcSHXLUQFhN9V4fN002SOluw-UXPtLJsFBSAEDIXXGw6pHGY4baxR6M1iHIYN0vyN_kPQ2S6SQ6qR8WBs1ZFWnagh8pgew0gcFJD8/s543/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252830%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="543" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDrB0kyozdiXsX0hYYpF7imXHz9IW2UI9JjlqhIRgrcSHXLUQFhN9V4fN002SOluw-UXPtLJsFBSAEDIXXGw6pHGY4baxR6M1iHIYN0vyN_kPQ2S6SQ6qR8WBs1ZFWnagh8pgew0gcFJD8/w640-h256/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252830%2529.gif" width="788" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The Deutschlandhalle was an arena in the Westend of Berlin, inaugurated on November 29, 1935 by Hitler shown here in a Nazi-era stamp and shortly before its demolition. It was built primarily for the 1936 Summer Olympics when the boxing, weightlifting and wrestling competitions took place here. The Deutschlandhalle was one of the world's oldest event arenas of this dimension and was intended to be "largest multi-purpose hall in the world" based on designs by the hall director Franz Ohrtmann and the building contractor Fritz Wiemer on behalf of Deutschlandhalle AG in just nine months. Afterwards, mainly sporting events, large show events and Nazi mass events were held inside. At the 1936 Olympic Games, the wrestling and weightlifting tournaments were held there in the first week and the boxing tournament in the second week. On February 5 and 6, 1938, the first men's handball world championship took place in the hall. Hitler spoke to twenty thousand volunteers here </span><span style="font-size: normal;">at the opening rally of the <span style="font-style: italic;">Winterhilfswerk</span> Winter Relief Project on </span><span style="font-size: normal;">October 5, 1937</span><span style="font-size: normal;">. </span><span style="font-size: normal;">Heavily damaged by air raids in 1943, the Deutschlandhalle was rebuilt after World War II and from 1957 served as a multi purpose arena and sports venue, in <span style="font-size: normal;">the last years primarily for ice hockey, but also for indoor soccer and again for boxing.</span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The interaction between leaders and people
had secured that, particularly in times of anxiety, National Socialists could appeal to the
people in order to receive from it their new marching orders. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">From Hitler's speech at the
dedication of the Deutschlandhalle, November, 1935
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: georgia;">The circus show <i>Menschen–Tiere–Sensationen</i> opened in the Deutschlandhalle from 1937; on January 20, 1940 the high wire artist Camilla Mayer fell to her death when a mast broke. The international competition Germany-Italy-Hungary was held on March 15, 1942. During an air raid on January 16, 1943, an incendiary bomb hit the roof of the fully occupied hall. Neither people nor animals were harmed, but the Deutschlandhalle was destroyed.<br /></span></p>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9FsfEYChO9LlttUglBoeTLcverb7Od_kTjzbaOBdWHFihy4EHZI3Df-_m4GuZ5vpVFuQ2lQOYl-TSNj0k6CmNLqBPRNmqVPSVSnnEdqIkZIWq1l4__EfZDgbTTDnZRCnWy8qLgCV1ABuR/s697/Screenshot+2020-12-12+at+10.25.57.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="697" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9FsfEYChO9LlttUglBoeTLcverb7Od_kTjzbaOBdWHFihy4EHZI3Df-_m4GuZ5vpVFuQ2lQOYl-TSNj0k6CmNLqBPRNmqVPSVSnnEdqIkZIWq1l4__EfZDgbTTDnZRCnWy8qLgCV1ABuR/w400-h164/Screenshot+2020-12-12+at+10.25.57.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">It was here that, on February 19, 1938, test pilot Hanna Reitsch demonstrated the first indoor flight in the arena with a Focke-Wulf Fw 61 helicopter. The photo on the right shows the model at the Deutsches Museum here in Munich with its swastika painted over.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The decision of 1949 to rebuild the hall could only be carried out in the mid-1950s, when sufficient funding had been secured. The reopening took place on October 19, 1957. Whilst the interior design remained very similar to the original state, the entrance area was redesigned. A completely new self-supporting roof structure made of prestressed concrete later caused repeated problems. After the roof of the Berlin Congress Hall collapsed, the Deutschlandhalle was temporarily closed as a precaution in the summer of 1980. On May 27, 2008 the Berlin Senate decided to demolish the Deutschlandhalle which eventually fully took place in 2014. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Karlshorst </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGM7FPXa7FKwKaTGHP_FWeJixXH4wCKmeYTSWROVXu0s-GNKUqlsyjjzs1RuU_qoGWEj1_y1-cnN_EvsOVBG9gaZ6Qy3XAysKWG5ciUwsIm2Puox-JPB5BCCFLWAJVQ1FUPhDd4oSYX_gN/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252normal2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="523" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGM7FPXa7FKwKaTGHP_FWeJixXH4wCKmeYTSWROVXu0s-GNKUqlsyjjzs1RuU_qoGWEj1_y1-cnN_EvsOVBG9gaZ6Qy3XAysKWG5ciUwsIm2Puox-JPB5BCCFLWAJVQ1FUPhDd4oSYX_gN/w781-h274/ezgif.com-optimize+%252normal2529.gif" width="781" /></a></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Standing outside the site where the war officially ended. <span style="font-size: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA11Iz5l_HMAt2t1BKXYbcfODw3GKhsEGGuS5LdyjoU_lppPwY7w4D3pvaTamHZxQ933s3azNl736xZ_jhxpshz4_BekErxSSSXaSr9-W3yhvR3nNCZbvbosspAbOoKzov0HShd06mg1Er/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="454" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA11Iz5l_HMAt2t1BKXYbcfODw3GKhsEGGuS5LdyjoU_lppPwY7w4D3pvaTamHZxQ933s3azNl736xZ_jhxpshz4_BekErxSSSXaSr9-W3yhvR3nNCZbvbosspAbOoKzov0HShd06mg1Er/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span>Zhukov found a two‐storey building at Karlshorst in eastern Berlin that
had once housed the canteen of the German military engineering school.
There, at a little before midnight on May 8, the Allied representatives
gathered. New surrender documents had been drawn up in Moscow and
hurriedly brought there by Vyshinsky, the chief prosecutor at the Moscow
trials in the 1930s, who had become deputy minister for foreign affairs. Hours
were spent trying to reconcile Soviet and Western versions. The text was typed
and re‐typed on a small portable machine by candlelight, following an electric
power failure. At last, exactly at the stroke of midnight, Zhukov led the
representatives of the other Allied powers, Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder,
General Carl Spaatz and General de Lattre de Tassigny, into the hall. They sat at
a long green table, and the German military leaders were ushered in, led by
Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, Hitler’s headquarters chief of staff. Keitel
struggled to maintain his dignity. His face was blotchy and red, his hand shook.
As he walked to the table to sign the surrender his monocle dropped from his
eye and dangled by its cord. He had, Zhukov later recalled, ‘a beaten look’,
though other witnesses thought the Germans ‘arrogant and dignified’. At
exactly forty‐three minutes past midnight the ceremony was complete. Zhukov
made what Stalin regarded as a dull speech for such an historic day, then
hosted a night‐long banquet, which ended with the Soviet generals, including
Zhukov, dancing in the tradition of their country. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Overy (277) Russia's War</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="416" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxL-qUTMhXmHOvXs7W9A7A8J-WxoZSGxB5T6XbSSjEmoVSA9wdsEpSKI0mUWAHaP9URgbXrcpbTzG6-LIO0KtR9jzaS56lHpo8AbdTi46eEfEz3vDt2gx51NAH0_XjkhyK5uWwUnNwSh32/s400/ezgif.com-resize.gif" width="400" /></span></span></span>Inside the conference room where the the war (for the Soviets, at least) ended; a French flag superfluously added today. Beevor (404-405) is more expansive in his account of the signing: </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Just before midnight the representatives of the allies entered the hall `in a two-storey building of the former canteen of the German military engineering college in Karlshorst'. General Bogdanov, the commander of the and Guards Tank Army, and another Soviet general sat down by mistake on seats reserved for the German delegation. A staff officer whispered in their ears and `they jumped up, literally as if stung by a snake' and went to sit at another table. Western pressmen and newsreel cameramen apparently `behaved like madmen'. In their desperation for good positions, they were shoving generals aside and tried to push in behind the top table under the flags of the four allies. Eventually Marshal Zhukov sat down. Tedder was placed on his right, and General Spaatz and General de Lattre de Tassigny on his left.The German delegation was led in. Friedeburg and Stumpff looked resigned. Keitel tried to look imperious, glancing almost contemptuously from time to time at Zhukov. Simonov guessed that a rage was boiling within him. So did Zhukov, who also noted that his face had red blotches. The surrender documents were brought to the top table. First Zhukov signed, then Tedder, then Spaatz, then General de Lattre. Keitel sat very straight in his chair, with clenched fists. He threw his head further and further backwards. Just behind him, a tall Germanstaff officer standing to attention `was crying without a single muscle of his face moving'. </span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRRcSy0rVS18bbZlX2px-FILoUBrO0Ar3-T6gd9sPW9pOiXlMzObEygR_kednb1BA90oNPVsPoyKNnipBDL7QLt_EsqefK6zOfVro0_fb8P9Lq4jjeI1ftkcRNWjdmq3czvXZfihj7JxKGndza-Gp_R10M_CjWg2kr5UN-2-4Lfhk3s7Lm32du-KoUg/s435/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-08T235442.112.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="435" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRRcSy0rVS18bbZlX2px-FILoUBrO0Ar3-T6gd9sPW9pOiXlMzObEygR_kednb1BA90oNPVsPoyKNnipBDL7QLt_EsqefK6zOfVro0_fb8P9Lq4jjeI1ftkcRNWjdmq3czvXZfihj7JxKGndza-Gp_R10M_CjWg2kr5UN-2-4Lfhk3s7Lm32du-KoUg/w400-h329/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-08T235442.112.gif" width="400" /></a></div><span><span>Zhukov stood up. `We invite the German delegation to sign the act of capitulation,' he said in Russian. The interpreter translated, but Keitel, by an impatient gesture, signalled that he had understood and that they should bring him the papers. Zhukov, however, pointed to the end of his table. `Tell them to come here to sign,' he said to the interpreter. Keitel stood up and walked over. He ostentatiously removed his glove before picking up the pen. He clearly had no idea that the senior Soviet officer looking over his shoulder as he signed was Beria's representative, General Serov. Keitel put the glove back on, then returned to his place. Stumpff signed next, then Friedeburg.`The German delegation may leave the hall,' Zhukov announced. The three men stood up. Keitel, `his jowls hanging heavily like a bulldog's', raised his marshal's baton in salute, then turned on his heel.As the door closed behind them, it was almost as if everybody in the room exhaled in unison. The tension relaxed instantaneously. Zhukov was smiling, so was Tedder. Everybody began to talk animatedly and shake hands. Soviet officers embraced each other in bear hugs. The party which followed went on until almost dawn, with songs and dances. Marshal Zhukov himself danced the Russkaya to loud cheers from his generals. From inside, they could clearly hear gunfire all over the city as officers and soldiers blasted their remaining ammunition into the night sky in celebration. The war was over. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5-otMMSBA6gLQ1jMYbFNRka-5d7GiVGNJHpiEfmhyG1ZJVQXh8pGz54-oQGHF98Ka1KlPWVq3qHlGnVmWc-vHFl5jNimvPvICYus1vUfRzbnN1U0qJvfEHfPKxFZEBMa86bmA1LmlBAdP-avpfHZj2hUkiSYePzjZs_Oq9Droa7gPc8mJpLJL6E-yUA/s467/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-08T135029.912.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="467" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5-otMMSBA6gLQ1jMYbFNRka-5d7GiVGNJHpiEfmhyG1ZJVQXh8pGz54-oQGHF98Ka1KlPWVq3qHlGnVmWc-vHFl5jNimvPvICYus1vUfRzbnN1U0qJvfEHfPKxFZEBMa86bmA1LmlBAdP-avpfHZj2hUkiSYePzjZs_Oq9Droa7gPc8mJpLJL6E-yUA/w693-h426/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-10-08T135029.912.gif" width="693" /></a> <br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='450' height='350' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyBD5XMf6X447tkSEtmfM_BkrmscnrvzQmSUtEr0yjQGNgC7f_L_c4ejgHtmHMfR7YMmV6mbT61abPt4vM3iA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Russian newsreel of the site from the time of the surrender. Today it serves as a museum to speifically commemorate the so-called Great Patriotic War. The Museum of the Unconditional Surrender of Fascist Germany in the Great Patriotic War was opened on November 5, 1967 in the building of the former officers' mess founded as a Soviet museum on German soil and was a branch of the Central Museum of the Armed Forces of the USSR in Moscow. The agreements reached with the German reunification in 1990 on the withdrawal of the Soviet armed forces from the Territory of the former DDR contained a friendship treaty concluded on November 9, 1990. It was stipulated that the Federal Republic of Germany and the USSR would jointly commemorate the history of the German-Soviet War and the end of Nazi rule at the historic site of the German surrender in Berlin and founded jointly in 1994 by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Russian Federation in the legal form of an association. The former Soviet museum was then redesigned and renamed, reopening in May 1995 as the German-Russian Museum, an unfortunate name given the unrelenting acts of violence and aggression coming from the Putin dictatorship. Nevertheles, the name remained in 1997 and 1998 when the national World War museums of Ukraine and Belarus joined the association as members with the flags of Germany, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus hoisted in front of the building. Finally in view of the Russian attack on Ukraine in 2022, the museum management <a href="https://www.museum-karlshorst.de/fileadmin/KAMPAGNE/Statement_27.4.22.pdf">decided in the future</a> to use the name Museum Berlin-Karlshorst because it goes to all Soviet victims of the German war of annihilation, regardless of their nationality; particularly appropriate given so many died for the USSR who were neither Russian nor ever wanted to be subjugated by that regime. As a result of the Russian war of aggression, the only member from Ukraine withdrew from the sponsoring association, Yuriy Savchuk, head of the Kiev <i><a href="https://warmuseum.kyiv.ua/index_eng.php">Museum of the Second World War</a></i>. According to <a href="https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/plus243690125/Museum-Berlin-Karlshorst-Claudia-Roths-russische-Altlast.html">research by Welt</a>, pro-Russian fascists such as the <i>Night Wolves</i> used the museum as a place of pilgrimage.</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpEhFES4yiCP3Dq6Uu3sUD1WaSPD864vypPsHYXLK4XiHBNc6UTWMb4j4rXPwVEoHWeS80WdLdoVof7aBLGX80Oxezf_1_21QBWiF_bckRqIP2jWeoQqETldX3xPAv7QfltsHADIjpUmbN/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25281%2529.gif" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpEhFES4yiCP3Dq6Uu3sUD1WaSPD864vypPsHYXLK4XiHBNc6UTWMb4j4rXPwVEoHWeS80WdLdoVof7aBLGX80Oxezf_1_21QBWiF_bckRqIP2jWeoQqETldX3xPAv7QfltsHADIjpUmbN/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 309px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivCtyTeQ6bzppzcy3lZGfjdjoHm0AoAKsJi322YGuU3p7v10de1snG0r1AeWB1HiQbvMqXVSUwv9gispHxEwgg5FxdTmQA9q19qTSUId6RHkRe51jAZxDLAFyR2FYJZuaH_-bB2Rh0dhCs/s320/Screenshot+2020-11-05+at+18.15.42.png" data-original-height="529" data-original-width="1009" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivCtyTeQ6bzppzcy3lZGfjdjoHm0AoAKsJi322YGuU3p7v10de1snG0r1AeWB1HiQbvMqXVSUwv9gispHxEwgg5FxdTmQA9q19qTSUId6RHkRe51jAZxDLAFyR2FYJZuaH_-bB2Rh0dhCs/s320/Screenshot+2020-11-05+at+18.15.42.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 314px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The Adler Apotheke on Berliner Str. 91 in the 1920s and with the Nazi-era eagle today<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUraqEA2EHihuPlPbu4BKrCc279IfwvUS3Mf3WSX2yHRtvdjlo8HZzRlG86f1Yo9BQ3W-7kUVSF5znIZH6L5QGNmodmFYU2pb402Vmg3VJhukhli7JdA2VuJ8AS6aSEcfJf9OT27NFQ0Sy/s320/Screenshot+2020-11-05+at+18.12.58.png" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="916" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUraqEA2EHihuPlPbu4BKrCc279IfwvUS3Mf3WSX2yHRtvdjlo8HZzRlG86f1Yo9BQ3W-7kUVSF5znIZH6L5QGNmodmFYU2pb402Vmg3VJhukhli7JdA2VuJ8AS6aSEcfJf9OT27NFQ0Sy/s320/Screenshot+2020-11-05+at+18.12.58.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 369px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ahjykwYwKJV_uI3JBiDWc7SK_aMq5_yoZjTmPkqMJu7THfiKdfLov_zJej6E15FzPjNLCYipKXpsxuMh2AkaTrV4wZH0Wh9m_hFDHgartCn9088CWwGF-1eUyPMZ0krF4PIjQjzv0sRR/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25282%2529.gif" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ahjykwYwKJV_uI3JBiDWc7SK_aMq5_yoZjTmPkqMJu7THfiKdfLov_zJej6E15FzPjNLCYipKXpsxuMh2AkaTrV4wZH0Wh9m_hFDHgartCn9088CWwGF-1eUyPMZ0krF4PIjQjzv0sRR/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 277px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span>Standing outside another chemist's in Zehlendorf in 2020 with a Nazi-era eagle on the facade. Established 125 years ago on hauptstrasse, today the street is called Teltower Damm; the roof of the pharmacy building was damaged in an air raid in 1943.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></p></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;"><span><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Continue on to <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/wannsee.html">Sites outside central Berlin</a></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 180%;"><b>Bremen </b></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1KAwbnaxopR-Pj7KwryltL-6aOY6BeXOMzzepyqCNGa14tfecXWSUNJGV0bZrd6MJUAm1UFrdMzSZ7st70_0wP6ZU1oavIarGUMFQJbdpu7nlONO0kK50xv1PN0dCTU0eRZLFLJIYwvyI/s1600/output_FUVrTS.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1KAwbnaxopR-Pj7KwryltL-6aOY6BeXOMzzepyqCNGa14tfecXWSUNJGV0bZrd6MJUAm1UFrdMzSZ7st70_0wP6ZU1oavIarGUMFQJbdpu7nlONO0kK50xv1PN0dCTU0eRZLFLJIYwvyI/s400/output_FUVrTS.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bremen from the bank of the river Weser overlooking Adolf-Hitler-Brücke towards Propsteikirche St. Johann in the 1930s and today.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On December 2, 1922, the first Bremer local chapter of the Nazi Party was founded. Its membership from 1925 to 1927 was between 80 and 100. In 1928 the Nazis obtained only 1.1 percent of the vote. The local group was divided, and their chairs often changed. Its director Carl Röver Bremer disbanded the local group and they started again. It formed three party districts in the city: Old Town, East and West. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On September 14, 1930 before the general election Adolf Hitler visited the city for the first time and on July 30th he gave a campaign speech at the Weser Stadium . In the election in Bremen about twelve percent of the electorate voted for the NSDAP compared to 18.2% in the rest of the country. By the next election on 28 November following another visit by Hitler, the Nazi Party had 1000 members and received 25.4% of the vote with 32 seats in the Bremen State Parliament.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKKntVuryo_l-2fFKb-56Zk9BL9eTItodKKtVguHA9OgRpEMHkSiJZd_rIEV9V0uNO8kSK5ypTa0EowudfQx3N50gybcCfg9JYUZ8pgjVngtoFy3McLAO1KbJUgKFUmOAzpOodoAmrFGV9/s320/8icyj.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKKntVuryo_l-2fFKb-56Zk9BL9eTItodKKtVguHA9OgRpEMHkSiJZd_rIEV9V0uNO8kSK5ypTa0EowudfQx3N50gybcCfg9JYUZ8pgjVngtoFy3McLAO1KbJUgKFUmOAzpOodoAmrFGV9/s320/8icyj.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 345px;" title="" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZCaIw9M4f20R6tb5kSx3fNqD6tWbvFnAzzVNolOUdH5C92JFzFH8vdCR6FvU03TdnJlCAhN-KZHZZJPlBO4frEmpzqsV1RgelnxqrKRPGRPoRHfvUqb6rqV35YjkwYth06HoVuKjvrtn9/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-03-25+at+21.18.39.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZCaIw9M4f20R6tb5kSx3fNqD6tWbvFnAzzVNolOUdH5C92JFzFH8vdCR6FvU03TdnJlCAhN-KZHZZJPlBO4frEmpzqsV1RgelnxqrKRPGRPoRHfvUqb6rqV35YjkwYth06HoVuKjvrtn9/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-03-25+at+21.18.39.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 305px;" /></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">After the war, with the bridge's </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">current incarnation renamed the </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Stephanibrücke</span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0mZENx31iuOv8nDR_w1TZ64A1h8TdaZ0zepW6jVF1VMVlA_Q1mXsvnULDid2E7hNF6-aV7ItYyPuKuPnJnebX_3rbJ7uRvnnYA-Mkqf2Q9MKJqxUUsKkVkyW6mvbUb0YHjNBkFOyIy-E/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0mZENx31iuOv8nDR_w1TZ64A1h8TdaZ0zepW6jVF1VMVlA_Q1mXsvnULDid2E7hNF6-aV7ItYyPuKuPnJnebX_3rbJ7uRvnnYA-Mkqf2Q9MKJqxUUsKkVkyW6mvbUb0YHjNBkFOyIy-E/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The main railway station is all but unchanged today apart from the swastikas. In 1991, a commemorative plaque was placed at the main station on the western side referring to the Nazi era. It has been located since 2001 on the south side of the façade next to the left entrance portal. The inscription commemorates both Operation Barbarossa when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and the deportation of 570 Jews from Bremen and the surrounding area to Minsk on November 18 later that year. The Jewish population around Bremen numbered approximately 2,000 in 1933, including 1,314 living in the city. During Kristallnacht five Jews in Bremen were murdered and Jewish men were imprisoned in the Bremen-Oslebshausen gaol until mid-December. By 1941 over 400 Jews had managed to emigrate whilst roughly 500 were deported directly from the city between November 1941 and September 1942, including 180 from the Jewish seniors' home. Most of the deportees were murdered or massacred by hunger and cold in the Minsk ghetto; only six of the deported. Jews survived. Other Bremen Jews were deported from different German cities and places of refuge outside Germany. The Jewish community was revived after the war, and a new synagogue was inaugurated in 1961.</span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGvi3UTJ2_q28bt1BtLKl05kxBbcpJhjhSp_rS14ZldLq56KLR8-GWzo8FRTechXrET21AITbxc-MnpT3CqDbj2kvDZyZ5m9i3ja-eozt5dUroIU-3DnyTf66Xbk4EC2IeOmkwYnC69Dc/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGvi3UTJ2_q28bt1BtLKl05kxBbcpJhjhSp_rS14ZldLq56KLR8-GWzo8FRTechXrET21AITbxc-MnpT3CqDbj2kvDZyZ5m9i3ja-eozt5dUroIU-3DnyTf66Xbk4EC2IeOmkwYnC69Dc/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hitler's portrait hanging on the wall of the Kaiserzimmer in the </span></span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ratskeller, now removed </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA2owk0prxuIA8e7MEWTW9L4vX3h1cod8C-CpId_jMLFMSynKhdUmltSTBF_VeH_hDfGkDhPdpCMjDVb3mnj6VYk6Cy8yItlFAJ8JPPAxtHItNlPa9TrB2ZIRvobljPEYsK87st19RY1R7/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="483" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA2owk0prxuIA8e7MEWTW9L4vX3h1cod8C-CpId_jMLFMSynKhdUmltSTBF_VeH_hDfGkDhPdpCMjDVb3mnj6VYk6Cy8yItlFAJ8JPPAxtHItNlPa9TrB2ZIRvobljPEYsK87st19RY1R7/s640/ezgif.com-resize.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The entrance to the Bremer Dom then and now.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">During the war the cathedral was hit in 1943 by an air attack on Bremen. The damage was initially limited; only the panes of the southern end were broken. In the ensuing war years the church suffered further bomb hits. In March 1945 an explosive bomb exploded on the north side of the cathedral. As a result, parts of the vault fell into the North Sea. The entire building was at risk of collapse. Some troubles of this attack are still a memorial in the cathedral. Already immediately after the end of the war began in 1946 the restoration of the roof-deck of the northern end took place until finally in 1950 the destroyed vault was restored. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6v-gb-QDC_erIa5PxkP5udFDrcJZkc4IG6j3jjSGUYVu_kq04I1_hL8hJeZtn4JGbiuE2_tmLBOqK4jDSxyUrz25eHACrVcfAUyLhD8ViCs1exU9l5ezZbkFCUwHPtGhaPqbKy6mPy4g/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6v-gb-QDC_erIa5PxkP5udFDrcJZkc4IG6j3jjSGUYVu_kq04I1_hL8hJeZtn4JGbiuE2_tmLBOqK4jDSxyUrz25eHACrVcfAUyLhD8ViCs1exU9l5ezZbkFCUwHPtGhaPqbKy6mPy4g/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 400px; width: 275px;" /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioKgZTipSq5p4HvoE0d3AyofRx27IIiOP2_uLscNvBwnW4dX5Ulvrp_1n1IXg3DhDnOXKj36WKb2_Cbo-N-KMsVx8-o43MN_hlpBPQnH2R0c9lWzoLJtI5lCxmjsMyvceMHIXyiT2YBH0/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioKgZTipSq5p4HvoE0d3AyofRx27IIiOP2_uLscNvBwnW4dX5Ulvrp_1n1IXg3DhDnOXKj36WKb2_Cbo-N-KMsVx8-o43MN_hlpBPQnH2R0c9lWzoLJtI5lCxmjsMyvceMHIXyiT2YBH0/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 400px; width: 251px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The statue of Roland in the market square and Louis Tuaillon's <i>Rosselenker</i> during the Nazi era and today. Of the latter during the war it constituted part of a bronze group in the Kunsthalle and from 1951 to 1953 in an overseas museum although since 1953 it has been back at the old location. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9tpED8tmo_IDrWBp0dpc5zQFKNB3U_vETof3cFRi2UmQOmxZbp7ROJqRbeChyphenhyphenSfll51fbMWiMP_l9zjIhzpMf00blBPCoRfp4w7oyGvfmh-HP1mv-xL_64y2bTZdcC3kQisuLE_Y54t8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9tpED8tmo_IDrWBp0dpc5zQFKNB3U_vETof3cFRi2UmQOmxZbp7ROJqRbeChyphenhyphenSfll51fbMWiMP_l9zjIhzpMf00blBPCoRfp4w7oyGvfmh-HP1mv-xL_64y2bTZdcC3kQisuLE_Y54t8/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Police headquarters before the war and today. Bremen during the Nazi era was home to two special police battalions, one of which was the 303rd police battalion, founded in Bremen in 1940. It was later involved in the infamous massacre at Babi Yar in the Ukraine where more than 30,000 Jewish men, women and children were shot and killed over a period of a mere two days. Bremen's other special police task force, the 105th police battalion, had a part in deporting Dutch Jews to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Bremen's police force moved to a new headquarters in 1999 and their old base was converted into a public library, where one room serves to educate people about this particular dark period which begins in 1918 rather than in 1933, when Hitler seized power given that already immediately after the war the police was made up of men who had previously served in the Freikorps and in the Kaiser's army, thus leaving room for very few democrats and thus it's hardly surprising that Bremen's police force quickly threw its weight behind the Nazi regime when Hitler seized power in 1933. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbmFr3bSoBNrKTeplkqoca81CGhmsiTVbn4JkxKqHE12tZ1aQgP4jyxrwSoaGYra1USkgC2rb5KqbA25ibM2EURgHjdoplD6QjLzlXxVgRuHelCSMe3F34hJHyDtJsYV1lbA3njtpnq-k/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbmFr3bSoBNrKTeplkqoca81CGhmsiTVbn4JkxKqHE12tZ1aQgP4jyxrwSoaGYra1USkgC2rb5KqbA25ibM2EURgHjdoplD6QjLzlXxVgRuHelCSMe3F34hJHyDtJsYV1lbA3njtpnq-k/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Hotel Columbus flying Nazi flags and how it appears today</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-9N8TNJrv5w20QdpU4z9jGGmD85Ix6pBSanevr8KECmUTigWHe0VqBP_bnSSK42nZXeoy37AWPq4oGtcmTsaE12daDGHUsRgO6TU226VNgmuRT3o7IIx2dDpynkJgGs6wFfJ2wcVhaOc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-07+at+12.31.45+PM.png" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-9N8TNJrv5w20QdpU4z9jGGmD85Ix6pBSanevr8KECmUTigWHe0VqBP_bnSSK42nZXeoy37AWPq4oGtcmTsaE12daDGHUsRgO6TU226VNgmuRT3o7IIx2dDpynkJgGs6wFfJ2wcVhaOc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-07+at+12.31.45+PM.png"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-9N8TNJrv5w20QdpU4z9jGGmD85Ix6pBSanevr8KECmUTigWHe0VqBP_bnSSK42nZXeoy37AWPq4oGtcmTsaE12daDGHUsRgO6TU226VNgmuRT3o7IIx2dDpynkJgGs6wFfJ2wcVhaOc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-07+at+12.31.45+PM.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-9N8TNJrv5w20QdpU4z9jGGmD85Ix6pBSanevr8KECmUTigWHe0VqBP_bnSSK42nZXeoy37AWPq4oGtcmTsaE12daDGHUsRgO6TU226VNgmuRT3o7IIx2dDpynkJgGs6wFfJ2wcVhaOc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-07+at+12.31.45+PM.png" style="height: 400px; width: 267px;" /></a><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmk5n789mgnRCLmBK7AIbpknwd4SMt6qr5vWOXmDYYBM_vrDGXPXnxHAMEDoCQu38ObTy6SrhqEgtRZcfM9qyFJKNSr_Vr-jpZQgKxCBMVJEj3d-NlnwYHMX1BlQVfNc_scTfIwuN6Q8/s1600/Roter+Sand+Aussen.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmk5n789mgnRCLmBK7AIbpknwd4SMt6qr5vWOXmDYYBM_vrDGXPXnxHAMEDoCQu38ObTy6SrhqEgtRZcfM9qyFJKNSr_Vr-jpZQgKxCBMVJEj3d-NlnwYHMX1BlQVfNc_scTfIwuN6Q8/s1600/Roter+Sand+Aussen.jpg"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmk5n789mgnRCLmBK7AIbpknwd4SMt6qr5vWOXmDYYBM_vrDGXPXnxHAMEDoCQu38ObTy6SrhqEgtRZcfM9qyFJKNSr_Vr-jpZQgKxCBMVJEj3d-NlnwYHMX1BlQVfNc_scTfIwuN6Q8/s1600/Roter+Sand+Aussen.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmk5n789mgnRCLmBK7AIbpknwd4SMt6qr5vWOXmDYYBM_vrDGXPXnxHAMEDoCQu38ObTy6SrhqEgtRZcfM9qyFJKNSr_Vr-jpZQgKxCBMVJEj3d-NlnwYHMX1BlQVfNc_scTfIwuN6Q8/s1600/Roter+Sand+Aussen.jpg" style="height: 400px; width: 375px;" /></a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The swastika flying over the <i>Rotesandleuchtturm</i> lighthouse</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0TMQJsjz8GOpbxVuAiCjAvY10Md2dKw6oL7LYFZ8mTPTByOH7cn_Fww4WFTDmLhGzC03Fu9j1NPAS6Zx_ZXZwxuS-Eeggh0Tcpk8yvWzcPSlDf4zrhZ0-p3nd0zam3VbG0OjG4ou7eMs/s1600/827413.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0TMQJsjz8GOpbxVuAiCjAvY10Md2dKw6oL7LYFZ8mTPTByOH7cn_Fww4WFTDmLhGzC03Fu9j1NPAS6Zx_ZXZwxuS-Eeggh0Tcpk8yvWzcPSlDf4zrhZ0-p3nd0zam3VbG0OjG4ou7eMs/s1600/827413.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0TMQJsjz8GOpbxVuAiCjAvY10Md2dKw6oL7LYFZ8mTPTByOH7cn_Fww4WFTDmLhGzC03Fu9j1NPAS6Zx_ZXZwxuS-Eeggh0Tcpk8yvWzcPSlDf4zrhZ0-p3nd0zam3VbG0OjG4ou7eMs/s400/827413.jpg" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0TMQJsjz8GOpbxVuAiCjAvY10Md2dKw6oL7LYFZ8mTPTByOH7cn_Fww4WFTDmLhGzC03Fu9j1NPAS6Zx_ZXZwxuS-Eeggh0Tcpk8yvWzcPSlDf4zrhZ0-p3nd0zam3VbG0OjG4ou7eMs/s400/827413.jpg" width="253" /></a><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzuc57WhVTaLfGehMp-VkLyMcAaCyXFqvhz05yCkzdegaHY7tSVaFI2Mx2fclAYiUA4Q1inh7p6zVuUNmt8GlVAsT00tQ1H2hF353SgxCBo_3ct9wf91UzND-Qnal7Pt5SagDe54Ug9ZM/s1600/220px-BaumwollboerseBremen-1.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzuc57WhVTaLfGehMp-VkLyMcAaCyXFqvhz05yCkzdegaHY7tSVaFI2Mx2fclAYiUA4Q1inh7p6zVuUNmt8GlVAsT00tQ1H2hF353SgxCBo_3ct9wf91UzND-Qnal7Pt5SagDe54Ug9ZM/s1600/220px-BaumwollboerseBremen-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzuc57WhVTaLfGehMp-VkLyMcAaCyXFqvhz05yCkzdegaHY7tSVaFI2Mx2fclAYiUA4Q1inh7p6zVuUNmt8GlVAsT00tQ1H2hF353SgxCBo_3ct9wf91UzND-Qnal7Pt5SagDe54Ug9ZM/s400/220px-BaumwollboerseBremen-1.jpg" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzuc57WhVTaLfGehMp-VkLyMcAaCyXFqvhz05yCkzdegaHY7tSVaFI2Mx2fclAYiUA4Q1inh7p6zVuUNmt8GlVAsT00tQ1H2hF353SgxCBo_3ct9wf91UzND-Qnal7Pt5SagDe54Ug9ZM/s400/220px-BaumwollboerseBremen-1.jpg" width="305" /></a></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Baumwollbörse from a vintage postcard and today </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH17CWveSflJahMfQ6xHpYGOIe54M9tv2fe5f4x-UFqqTPY5nEjopJd5erUPSgcnOAQfLNOcGQr-8KfgWGmjokzxrVd5iXmxIZsbc74E3OOsrMsVX3rZleeFRVwzJTGZM5EXudN2Vv2l05/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-01-19+at+20.53.40.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH17CWveSflJahMfQ6xHpYGOIe54M9tv2fe5f4x-UFqqTPY5nEjopJd5erUPSgcnOAQfLNOcGQr-8KfgWGmjokzxrVd5iXmxIZsbc74E3OOsrMsVX3rZleeFRVwzJTGZM5EXudN2Vv2l05/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-01-19+at+20.53.40.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 203px; width: 344px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7qEmJY8cpJjyUHpy8DqrbFkSNWikACKeTtwL7SZPPWoIYGLgGFZO1TKfCJ-Psu2mXLxIZSAUpHq9uDW-PHrOM7mq1cXws58KzLaAf4zEMqoP3tpQZVLLcJXP0SOeBM7pZvzc4THz0U5Em/s320/800px-Haus-des-Reichs_img-01.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7qEmJY8cpJjyUHpy8DqrbFkSNWikACKeTtwL7SZPPWoIYGLgGFZO1TKfCJ-Psu2mXLxIZSAUpHq9uDW-PHrOM7mq1cXws58KzLaAf4zEMqoP3tpQZVLLcJXP0SOeBM7pZvzc4THz0U5Em/s320/800px-Haus-des-Reichs_img-01.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 203px; width: 304px;" /><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Haus des Reichs on Rudolf-Hilferding-Platz. Built 1928-1931 by the largest European wool processing company with more than 20,000 employees at the start of construction. In 1934 it became the office of the Reich Finance Administration where it changed its name from the Kontorhaus, and later housed the Gauleiter of Bremen. It survived the war intact and became the seat of the Military Government for Bremen and Bremerhaven in the American occupation zone. From 1947, the Bremen fiscal authorities took over the building. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-B14zBrn9POccqmOlgEDQu9huuhZS1nKu-TMq7sHgE5Fk8zqO85N3XxCfeJzuZI9NRskJKeDO3I18QiUe12FejoAj7ym8DS2bwB8IpF3LHGGM5AVSBklecLbPYUubmyfPAiTIw6-noMkf/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-B14zBrn9POccqmOlgEDQu9huuhZS1nKu-TMq7sHgE5Fk8zqO85N3XxCfeJzuZI9NRskJKeDO3I18QiUe12FejoAj7ym8DS2bwB8IpF3LHGGM5AVSBklecLbPYUubmyfPAiTIw6-noMkf/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Robinson-Crusoe-Haus and Haus Atlantis on Martinistraße July 6, 1941 and today</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN4V7i-BDHo2GeXWxZCioGNHUXIzLOa7U5jBqUa-tmIJsHb_MQFkUA1NmexLGdSq4vVnWV69rEWosua6Zuhq2e5AAnogDuVWoqSucWtHzYs11GQoa_j687ZkyyppZhanYCZOWvxIF2wipM/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN4V7i-BDHo2GeXWxZCioGNHUXIzLOa7U5jBqUa-tmIJsHb_MQFkUA1NmexLGdSq4vVnWV69rEWosua6Zuhq2e5AAnogDuVWoqSucWtHzYs11GQoa_j687ZkyyppZhanYCZOWvxIF2wipM/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN4V7i-BDHo2GeXWxZCioGNHUXIzLOa7U5jBqUa-tmIJsHb_MQFkUA1NmexLGdSq4vVnWV69rEWosua6Zuhq2e5AAnogDuVWoqSucWtHzYs11GQoa_j687ZkyyppZhanYCZOWvxIF2wipM/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN4V7i-BDHo2GeXWxZCioGNHUXIzLOa7U5jBqUa-tmIJsHb_MQFkUA1NmexLGdSq4vVnWV69rEWosua6Zuhq2e5AAnogDuVWoqSucWtHzYs11GQoa_j687ZkyyppZhanYCZOWvxIF2wipM/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 400px; width: 300px;" /></a><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZliqqYyXFCKP3UAvDhIpMw9yCbK3L5hlxc5jkH0-5eDVw9O9V73Gv0iDcTczzsWMhvCRxgaxApgLLDWtIITCezZtoXkx5Z1WFjLuQF8I7-RobHh2KiAukgFNISZv0OzlbvLBjq9gW5Wy/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZliqqYyXFCKP3UAvDhIpMw9yCbK3L5hlxc5jkH0-5eDVw9O9V73Gv0iDcTczzsWMhvCRxgaxApgLLDWtIITCezZtoXkx5Z1WFjLuQF8I7-RobHh2KiAukgFNISZv0OzlbvLBjq9gW5Wy/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZliqqYyXFCKP3UAvDhIpMw9yCbK3L5hlxc5jkH0-5eDVw9O9V73Gv0iDcTczzsWMhvCRxgaxApgLLDWtIITCezZtoXkx5Z1WFjLuQF8I7-RobHh2KiAukgFNISZv0OzlbvLBjq9gW5Wy/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZliqqYyXFCKP3UAvDhIpMw9yCbK3L5hlxc5jkH0-5eDVw9O9V73Gv0iDcTczzsWMhvCRxgaxApgLLDWtIITCezZtoXkx5Z1WFjLuQF8I7-RobHh2KiAukgFNISZv0OzlbvLBjq9gW5Wy/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 400px; width: 251px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Entrance to Böttcherstraße in the 1930s and today, with Bernhard Hoetger’s <i>Lichtbringer</i> dating from 1936. On the right is the interior showing two Nazi flags, one of which is that of the RKB- the Reichskolonialbund</span></span></span>, an organisation devoted to the recovery of Germany's African colonies lost through the Treaty of Versailles. It lost favour during the war until finally in 1943 the Reichsleiter Martin Bormann pressed for its dissolution on the grounds of "kriegsunwichtiger Tätigkeit" ("activity irrelevant to the war"). Hence the Reichskolonialbund was swiftly disbanded by a decree of the Führer in 1943. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcq-9XOb9boIzGyl8RXUXHYN-GQ5Bi0vgEm_Orvi-Mnmwb-lOyixLMP7KZs7gv97hqp0XID3xNh7DFWkuM2KJ0NNpdcR9pmxieDZ0vkH_OCREu7Z_NTi6KI8uIpDzYBeXu6XHG1U9Npt4g/s1600/CroppedFocusedImage960461-Dachlandschaft-der-Boettcherstrasse-ca-1930-Archiv-Boettcherstrasse-web.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcq-9XOb9boIzGyl8RXUXHYN-GQ5Bi0vgEm_Orvi-Mnmwb-lOyixLMP7KZs7gv97hqp0XID3xNh7DFWkuM2KJ0NNpdcR9pmxieDZ0vkH_OCREu7Z_NTi6KI8uIpDzYBeXu6XHG1U9Npt4g/s1600/CroppedFocusedImage960461-Dachlandschaft-der-Boettcherstrasse-ca-1930-Archiv-Boettcherstrasse-web.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Böttcherstraße after the war</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir_zBch5ZxO9qiAHC5c_hwanbZlX3Fr4D_1bvAiPlf9o4MneDpHGicNP_RIze6fE3NX8oCUHsXDPrbDKFy659t7uVhX8a34LFVNIpqqTeZS4UT8NMKTKPywtJD9e7bsi_6ZOBOKhdg-rY8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.31.12+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir_zBch5ZxO9qiAHC5c_hwanbZlX3Fr4D_1bvAiPlf9o4MneDpHGicNP_RIze6fE3NX8oCUHsXDPrbDKFy659t7uVhX8a34LFVNIpqqTeZS4UT8NMKTKPywtJD9e7bsi_6ZOBOKhdg-rY8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.31.12+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Faulenquartier after the war and today</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhZEA6cXW4tz_shRNn977Vtg3zXOcY-QywJwtnlVehyZaXiY0gX1NnwugOzwkanP-Yfd5rCGvsj8IyC0I93YRJQRX76pa0d2AbQ8cIirb1aZ5yXYQVNu-aYVwo_2TRhdXQcP-QWjLmtm4r/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.30.31+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhZEA6cXW4tz_shRNn977Vtg3zXOcY-QywJwtnlVehyZaXiY0gX1NnwugOzwkanP-Yfd5rCGvsj8IyC0I93YRJQRX76pa0d2AbQ8cIirb1aZ5yXYQVNu-aYVwo_2TRhdXQcP-QWjLmtm4r/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.30.31+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Am Wall in 1936 given the Olympic flags and today</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMsibxpOCDliQTFAZX92c3oDrle5TTbVgIa26RtYGHXgPF4wYP69noSxzS-nseIMdPze2WlSQb_UW5iIxKdrdlWIbmetUiGKycwcfHxJuCUoSnTduCSKkRTyZ8dyamSvSKu1xNI1OnE8cx/s320/output_Smu03k.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMsibxpOCDliQTFAZX92c3oDrle5TTbVgIa26RtYGHXgPF4wYP69noSxzS-nseIMdPze2WlSQb_UW5iIxKdrdlWIbmetUiGKycwcfHxJuCUoSnTduCSKkRTyZ8dyamSvSKu1xNI1OnE8cx/s320/output_Smu03k.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 279px; width: 429px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK0M9BixjejLpzzN3FMiOyEr3KAOi0IO0YA0zEjlgV0uVWBYOyvy632kkDwCWV8awvoAxzuwMxcmj3jlaPTkaKPpbtOgt9FC_S8fg3oY4QJqWcYtszQlApkEg-aFWwoNYA2lLYKCAlHBVL/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252823%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK0M9BixjejLpzzN3FMiOyEr3KAOi0IO0YA0zEjlgV0uVWBYOyvy632kkDwCWV8awvoAxzuwMxcmj3jlaPTkaKPpbtOgt9FC_S8fg3oY4QJqWcYtszQlApkEg-aFWwoNYA2lLYKCAlHBVL/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252823%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 279px; width: 208px;" /></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Obernstraße in 1938 and today looking towards the Cathedral and, right,looking towards the cathedral from the northern end of Wachtstraße in 1939 and now</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;"><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9kUV7qKP2BwOnvu0c2Mf2HuUrlvx-9Qp767CBZRmckYxR9_KOduaWoDFK8VVHeWu99Ce26c3vCbJZy3k6qML3kkdrJenGG__15hMuoxFm1-PQ7VTOflvZn3aJDu0a9WYB92bTAVaPB_2o/s1600/8dr8icyj_12.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9kUV7qKP2BwOnvu0c2Mf2HuUrlvx-9Qp767CBZRmckYxR9_KOduaWoDFK8VVHeWu99Ce26c3vCbJZy3k6qML3kkdrJenGG__15hMuoxFm1-PQ7VTOflvZn3aJDu0a9WYB92bTAVaPB_2o/s1600/8dr8icyj_12.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" class="" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9kUV7qKP2BwOnvu0c2Mf2HuUrlvx-9Qp767CBZRmckYxR9_KOduaWoDFK8VVHeWu99Ce26c3vCbJZy3k6qML3kkdrJenGG__15hMuoxFm1-PQ7VTOflvZn3aJDu0a9WYB92bTAVaPB_2o/s640/8dr8icyj_12.jpg" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9kUV7qKP2BwOnvu0c2Mf2HuUrlvx-9Qp767CBZRmckYxR9_KOduaWoDFK8VVHeWu99Ce26c3vCbJZy3k6qML3kkdrJenGG__15hMuoxFm1-PQ7VTOflvZn3aJDu0a9WYB92bTAVaPB_2o/s640/8dr8icyj_12.jpg" width="315" /></a></span><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBD85VMxo_yhuXgwCpi8PUKjU7oSs2QQnFi8kvK3eCWsbbgPtOHJOxWmNpjmbunmN5UuWKGzdPtFHiv5rj6q6Xv2Aq16nw3pigiUzZMZHMhB95NPi2K_uUbpSnQ5_PB7XgmltB0IVsh9Zl/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBD85VMxo_yhuXgwCpi8PUKjU7oSs2QQnFi8kvK3eCWsbbgPtOHJOxWmNpjmbunmN5UuWKGzdPtFHiv5rj6q6Xv2Aq16nw3pigiUzZMZHMhB95NPi2K_uUbpSnQ5_PB7XgmltB0IVsh9Zl/s1600/myphoto.jpeg"><img alt="" border="0" class="" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBD85VMxo_yhuXgwCpi8PUKjU7oSs2QQnFi8kvK3eCWsbbgPtOHJOxWmNpjmbunmN5UuWKGzdPtFHiv5rj6q6Xv2Aq16nw3pigiUzZMZHMhB95NPi2K_uUbpSnQ5_PB7XgmltB0IVsh9Zl/s640/myphoto.jpeg" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBD85VMxo_yhuXgwCpi8PUKjU7oSs2QQnFi8kvK3eCWsbbgPtOHJOxWmNpjmbunmN5UuWKGzdPtFHiv5rj6q6Xv2Aq16nw3pigiUzZMZHMhB95NPi2K_uUbpSnQ5_PB7XgmltB0IVsh9Zl/s640/myphoto.jpeg" width="311" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sögestraße in 1938 and today</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHfT210Zlk-M-03SBrEhqwrXUaFkZcPsvgb7M1CfpnVbMeielhLwfWuQ38MWAxY9dXLRYWfgpJaj3m6TuKH4jre4-CNx8LQnMD-ScChTgOP1wyif2mJDDJAkeuVQ5yVooXfylabhquyfF/s320/60161201.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHfT210Zlk-M-03SBrEhqwrXUaFkZcPsvgb7M1CfpnVbMeielhLwfWuQ38MWAxY9dXLRYWfgpJaj3m6TuKH4jre4-CNx8LQnMD-ScChTgOP1wyif2mJDDJAkeuVQ5yVooXfylabhquyfF/s320/60161201.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 310px; width: 233px;" /></span></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0fy7_mGHFwMAtIIqSb5P_5TQL0Jpvok2zdoN74vNqN9i_Xy37p9JXxDYv8l7m62faRhnp1Q3WoDddP0RMFB62cfnnQsh0R9PKiPvnbibiiOsclj2XqHXqjBP-gitItckUh-_NuV0xnDA/s320/800px-Hillmannplatz-Denkmal.JPG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0fy7_mGHFwMAtIIqSb5P_5TQL0Jpvok2zdoN74vNqN9i_Xy37p9JXxDYv8l7m62faRhnp1Q3WoDddP0RMFB62cfnnQsh0R9PKiPvnbibiiOsclj2XqHXqjBP-gitItckUh-_NuV0xnDA/s320/800px-Hillmannplatz-Denkmal.JPG" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 310px; width: 413px;" /> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Also on Sögestraße 59 </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">on the façade of Allianz-Haus this </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nazi eagle remains, not far from where </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">the monument by Ulrich Rückriem, christened <i>Der Böse</i>, was inaugurated in 1988 from the granite ruins</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3W7JO6J0uKYdcNbOYHQbTQQQXg7UmO1t1E8pN7wPQ8C6jgElKZKBFttDf2d-_bemNMQbcUPYOrtpZCU6ipSD3rC-JMxg6tcpqtXGsSiL8hV4fk99QpJfwvsyV_LVoKxBmdVfJyvPw96Tl/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.29.18+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3W7JO6J0uKYdcNbOYHQbTQQQXg7UmO1t1E8pN7wPQ8C6jgElKZKBFttDf2d-_bemNMQbcUPYOrtpZCU6ipSD3rC-JMxg6tcpqtXGsSiL8hV4fk99QpJfwvsyV_LVoKxBmdVfJyvPw96Tl/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.29.18+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hillmannplatz was named after the former Hillmann hotel shown in this nazi-era postcard, built by Johann Heinrich Hillmann in 1847 and which was destroyed during the war. </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwNRcuvcEZHnrvsJFpnaZnPvE1n0CVl69guPrAC1nby4KKZYNWgbU66ujjOytBjJHgnpq3IXUebKeeoNuzH1O0_rQIxAtbdoTOeJN_MIQJfi0GQql_SzpyyJrw5k7f-SioUAbxAnVeC-w/s1600/33309353.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwNRcuvcEZHnrvsJFpnaZnPvE1n0CVl69guPrAC1nby4KKZYNWgbU66ujjOytBjJHgnpq3IXUebKeeoNuzH1O0_rQIxAtbdoTOeJN_MIQJfi0GQql_SzpyyJrw5k7f-SioUAbxAnVeC-w/s1600/33309353.jpg"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwNRcuvcEZHnrvsJFpnaZnPvE1n0CVl69guPrAC1nby4KKZYNWgbU66ujjOytBjJHgnpq3IXUebKeeoNuzH1O0_rQIxAtbdoTOeJN_MIQJfi0GQql_SzpyyJrw5k7f-SioUAbxAnVeC-w/s1600/33309353.jpg" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwNRcuvcEZHnrvsJFpnaZnPvE1n0CVl69guPrAC1nby4KKZYNWgbU66ujjOytBjJHgnpq3IXUebKeeoNuzH1O0_rQIxAtbdoTOeJN_MIQJfi0GQql_SzpyyJrw5k7f-SioUAbxAnVeC-w/s1600/33309353.jpg" width="328" /></a><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjJ_IquOdlQLfB_XuUf-SWFZKdxvM1_VCk04SC4-dydq-sE0O1Jua_O-y804SWGC2CauHUNsG_S9MkKw2Xgv6chGsGa5RAka5ZWo62tl1eQAYjp09PPx68Ww5vKSKrb4kOIRvZtuj5348/s1600/SoFruehlingsbilder-Muehle-am-Wall-Bremen-Benjamin-Diephaus.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjJ_IquOdlQLfB_XuUf-SWFZKdxvM1_VCk04SC4-dydq-sE0O1Jua_O-y804SWGC2CauHUNsG_S9MkKw2Xgv6chGsGa5RAka5ZWo62tl1eQAYjp09PPx68Ww5vKSKrb4kOIRvZtuj5348/s1600/SoFruehlingsbilder-Muehle-am-Wall-Bremen-Benjamin-Diephaus.jpg"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjJ_IquOdlQLfB_XuUf-SWFZKdxvM1_VCk04SC4-dydq-sE0O1Jua_O-y804SWGC2CauHUNsG_S9MkKw2Xgv6chGsGa5RAka5ZWo62tl1eQAYjp09PPx68Ww5vKSKrb4kOIRvZtuj5348/s1600/SoFruehlingsbilder-Muehle-am-Wall-Bremen-Benjamin-Diephaus.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjJ_IquOdlQLfB_XuUf-SWFZKdxvM1_VCk04SC4-dydq-sE0O1Jua_O-y804SWGC2CauHUNsG_S9MkKw2Xgv6chGsGa5RAka5ZWo62tl1eQAYjp09PPx68Ww5vKSKrb4kOIRvZtuj5348/s1600/SoFruehlingsbilder-Muehle-am-Wall-Bremen-Benjamin-Diephaus.jpg" style="height: 212px; width: 320px;" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mühle am Wall </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">May 18, 1941 and today</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMSeKxJdg-GhlJwgTKsdrCCkGtHOVo53nfY6tnIgTNslKw39m4NvIsCe9CAnkIpQJNzX_0SAwp_A3Ytj_bSf5audi8nXvfqgfgTxfEgRhc1qwtmlf6dNMku9V6XBZZhe36dgjOQWbcZ6c/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-09-24+at+9.36.50+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMSeKxJdg-GhlJwgTKsdrCCkGtHOVo53nfY6tnIgTNslKw39m4NvIsCe9CAnkIpQJNzX_0SAwp_A3Ytj_bSf5audi8nXvfqgfgTxfEgRhc1qwtmlf6dNMku9V6XBZZhe36dgjOQWbcZ6c/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-09-24+at+9.36.50+PM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Weserstadion, since extensively rebuilt after the war. On July 20, 1932 Hitler spoke here, declaring that "For me it will be easier to answer before history for the destruction of thirty parties than for those who founded them." </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Shortly before Hitler had landed in Bremen, he had given the crowds gathered in the Weser Stadium an effective demonstration of his Promethean qualities. He had instructed the pilot to circle over the stadium in the dark night sky with the cabin illuminated. The result was an eerie, otherworldly scene, and many in the audience were left with the impression that Hitler had actually descended to earth as a sort of god. What had been conceived as mere fantasy by Benson in his book, <i>The Lord of the World</i>, seemed to become reality.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Domarus (146) <u>The Complete Hitler</u></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bremerhaven</span></b></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcsvvuQFKN5tcioOJx1_V9Oli0r42pdCIiiuL9e-nVRCtiDRTz83BfGVQHSajIIroHRfZPC5adzROauuYNMHV9EIDL5vWStzVbPPC-6YI0lW1VsZAHq-afrsrSyTe66I_9owyr4u-UFyt7/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-08-17+at+11.05.01+AM.png" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcsvvuQFKN5tcioOJx1_V9Oli0r42pdCIiiuL9e-nVRCtiDRTz83BfGVQHSajIIroHRfZPC5adzROauuYNMHV9EIDL5vWStzVbPPC-6YI0lW1VsZAHq-afrsrSyTe66I_9owyr4u-UFyt7/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-08-17+at+11.05.01+AM.png"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcsvvuQFKN5tcioOJx1_V9Oli0r42pdCIiiuL9e-nVRCtiDRTz83BfGVQHSajIIroHRfZPC5adzROauuYNMHV9EIDL5vWStzVbPPC-6YI0lW1VsZAHq-afrsrSyTe66I_9owyr4u-UFyt7/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-08-17+at+11.05.01+AM.png" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcsvvuQFKN5tcioOJx1_V9Oli0r42pdCIiiuL9e-nVRCtiDRTz83BfGVQHSajIIroHRfZPC5adzROauuYNMHV9EIDL5vWStzVbPPC-6YI0lW1VsZAHq-afrsrSyTe66I_9owyr4u-UFyt7/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-08-17+at+11.05.01+AM.png" width="445" /></a><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGRjL-umjlXG3w2Qx8E40VpZbjfzUjWwZkDRljGzUct6Bus3AhQpKRpBnqePxhGNMii0uBwdNFw8ACXBfFZ9fQg2A9_aPqLtIkndjY5QdyiQlEYzlLjwMaBqqT9e453DzamKkDl_jGfeSy/s1600/446px-Otto_Telschow.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGRjL-umjlXG3w2Qx8E40VpZbjfzUjWwZkDRljGzUct6Bus3AhQpKRpBnqePxhGNMii0uBwdNFw8ACXBfFZ9fQg2A9_aPqLtIkndjY5QdyiQlEYzlLjwMaBqqT9e453DzamKkDl_jGfeSy/s1600/446px-Otto_Telschow.jpg"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGRjL-umjlXG3w2Qx8E40VpZbjfzUjWwZkDRljGzUct6Bus3AhQpKRpBnqePxhGNMii0uBwdNFw8ACXBfFZ9fQg2A9_aPqLtIkndjY5QdyiQlEYzlLjwMaBqqT9e453DzamKkDl_jGfeSy/s1600/446px-Otto_Telschow.jpg" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGRjL-umjlXG3w2Qx8E40VpZbjfzUjWwZkDRljGzUct6Bus3AhQpKRpBnqePxhGNMii0uBwdNFw8ACXBfFZ9fQg2A9_aPqLtIkndjY5QdyiQlEYzlLjwMaBqqT9e453DzamKkDl_jGfeSy/s1600/446px-Otto_Telschow.jpg" width="159" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Gauleiter Telschow Platz, named after Otto Telschow, a Nazi Party official who had joined the Nazi Party in 1925, and was the founder of the regional Nazi newspaper, the <i>Niedersachsen-Stürmer</i>. In October 1928, Telschow was appointed Gauleiter (regional party leader) of the Nazi party's regional subsection Gau Eastern Hanover, a post he retained until the end of World War II. Telschow gained more influence after 1935, when the Nazi-party <i>Gaue </i>usurped the functions of the streamlined German states. In 1930 he was elected to the Reichstag for the Ost-Hannover electoral district, and remained a member until 1945. He was taken prisoner by the British Army at Lüneburg and committed suicide in prison by slashing his wrists.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaxg9R-5W15furXVQzcEyNhp8Hm56JLOdN32LeUD9NrhUBOHZich52eD9FzVlMH4bTT8J2lKlXog9QFhlBGcSDR9FzOWVennkoFSxmQYsLnhRjpUiOkX1VQMyj5Sj2zxNFwjIfK1v6ARG1/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-08-17+at+11.27.38+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaxg9R-5W15furXVQzcEyNhp8Hm56JLOdN32LeUD9NrhUBOHZich52eD9FzVlMH4bTT8J2lKlXog9QFhlBGcSDR9FzOWVennkoFSxmQYsLnhRjpUiOkX1VQMyj5Sj2zxNFwjIfK1v6ARG1/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-08-17+at+11.27.38+AM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Shown immediately after the war and today, now </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">renamed Theodor-Heuss-Platz with t</span></span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">he statue of city founder Johann Smidt remains <i>in situ</i>. It was here in May 1934 that the </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">first KdF cruise departed from Bremerhaven en route to Heligoland.</span> On December 14 that year, Hitler made a surprising appearance at the launching of the East Asia steamer <i>Scharnhorst </i>in Bremen accompanied by Blomberg, Raeder, von Eltz-Rübenach (Reich Minister of Transportation), and Economics supremo Schacht. He then proceeded to Bremerhaven to tour the Lloyd express liner <i>Europa</i> and the armoured ship <i>Admiral Scheer</i>.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The following year on May 4, Hitler toured the new East Asia steamer <i>Scharnhorst</i> in Bremerhaven and commented in a short speech on the inauguration of “this most modern and fastest ship in the East Asia line” of the Norddeutsche Lloyd.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1TG2NTfQZzPpJYsx2CYrPh_NzUjDd55h0u4Y2Oij7xiz08Dt-Jcyj8bHHX7VfUyI67a-T0uDnHj-WkOiPZs00tTwPVDumCnShZ0bunGYzK4sv3Grs76oEZUKyMTst1Bd4MuU4a880zxY/s320/ns_300_221.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1TG2NTfQZzPpJYsx2CYrPh_NzUjDd55h0u4Y2Oij7xiz08Dt-Jcyj8bHHX7VfUyI67a-T0uDnHj-WkOiPZs00tTwPVDumCnShZ0bunGYzK4sv3Grs76oEZUKyMTst1Bd4MuU4a880zxY/s320/ns_300_221.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 356px;" /></span></span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDY_AGChgBLt_UDbe1y39yaOs46C0CnAnjogdxLAdv5xD9m5w1rdd4-SqEQUWfEvHWyZc0EzEE2ZOgkljMvhXU_3IcNlJTCLTaNmHrjXFYUYq3iRRp8ev0y_4WrJvFLLY1oEtH_XjlsN4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDY_AGChgBLt_UDbe1y39yaOs46C0CnAnjogdxLAdv5xD9m5w1rdd4-SqEQUWfEvHWyZc0EzEE2ZOgkljMvhXU_3IcNlJTCLTaNmHrjXFYUYq3iRRp8ev0y_4WrJvFLLY1oEtH_XjlsN4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDY_AGChgBLt_UDbe1y39yaOs46C0CnAnjogdxLAdv5xD9m5w1rdd4-SqEQUWfEvHWyZc0EzEE2ZOgkljMvhXU_3IcNlJTCLTaNmHrjXFYUYq3iRRp8ev0y_4WrJvFLLY1oEtH_XjlsN4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDY_AGChgBLt_UDbe1y39yaOs46C0CnAnjogdxLAdv5xD9m5w1rdd4-SqEQUWfEvHWyZc0EzEE2ZOgkljMvhXU_3IcNlJTCLTaNmHrjXFYUYq3iRRp8ev0y_4WrJvFLLY1oEtH_XjlsN4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 278px;" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">SA demonstration on the square November 27, 1938. On the right is the stadttheater after the war on the square and today. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 180%;"><b>Hamburg</b></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hauptstadt der deutschen Schiffahrt (Capital of German Shipping) </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFrr1FyAQR6OQILS9iG2ML0X7kZkbAkbQZDf8kYekGayLbdjVB5iuGG0FmtJmle1BoMh2eJ2vmTA4X3qnSLgf8d3P-AWCAhlSJfT0lTJb2TtfGqeqs79bky9A991irQZw6FGKT1A0Bc4zZ/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFrr1FyAQR6OQILS9iG2ML0X7kZkbAkbQZDf8kYekGayLbdjVB5iuGG0FmtJmle1BoMh2eJ2vmTA4X3qnSLgf8d3P-AWCAhlSJfT0lTJb2TtfGqeqs79bky9A991irQZw6FGKT1A0Bc4zZ/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Adolf-Hitler-Platz then and now. In the Third Reich, Hamburg was a Gau from 1934 until 1945. During World War II, Hamburg suffered a series of Allied air raids which devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, RAF firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the Hauptbahnhof (central train station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook, Billbrook and Hamm-south. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working-class boroughs. Whilst some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook are nowadays purely commercial districts with almost no residential population. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known. About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg. At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished in the Neuengamme concentration camp about 16 miles outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels by the Royal Air Force at the end of the war. Hamburg had the greatest concentration of Jews in Germany. Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe or to concentration camps. Most deported persons perished in The Holocaust. By the end of 1942 the Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943 the Reichssicherheitshauptamt dissolved the Reichsvereinigung by a decree. The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on June </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">23 </span></span>to Theresienstadt, where most of them perished.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5eMu8w72u-0_Li3U9WgG2HGR0Z1O5qkyhOY3j0ao4FnZRLSRD6E2W4nFx07KTYjtYpOBOKfWTOq6WTHyQBAK62f2cYd9O728Hp6M8ZgdgRRjSYKTh1x3nQls9VkH9tykL2aMStz6FZcE/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="435" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5eMu8w72u-0_Li3U9WgG2HGR0Z1O5qkyhOY3j0ao4FnZRLSRD6E2W4nFx07KTYjtYpOBOKfWTOq6WTHyQBAK62f2cYd9O728Hp6M8ZgdgRRjSYKTh1x3nQls9VkH9tykL2aMStz6FZcE/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The Hamburger rathaus flanked with Nazi flags at Adolf-Hitler-Platz and today at the renamed rathausplatz.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaGAwSS2GV0elMkIZ8fsXw3Fn1TcfhKkMKVDdI-adLCz39FRGplWjrueqFqcdQSwei-l9wd03aJmxje1J9jLzQ_rXMU9naZti4W0ijC78Hc7EriHyfMLNl2vQMU8PuB8Q1Rjbh4tYwHlxT/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252810%2529.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="516" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaGAwSS2GV0elMkIZ8fsXw3Fn1TcfhKkMKVDdI-adLCz39FRGplWjrueqFqcdQSwei-l9wd03aJmxje1J9jLzQ_rXMU9naZti4W0ijC78Hc7EriHyfMLNl2vQMU8PuB8Q1Rjbh4tYwHlxT/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%252810%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">The Grossen Festsaal inside has changed little from the time Hitler spoke within</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlZEJnCzyMpz5OfQzJstS9Qpl8lYq2ehKVqLCS3crldNFcznNCuUMXG1V3ZUep0kLEQlW4o2YhOvNoUhGLOEsjlTy4w2qUKawjCOZlg-8Kh_j0Ma9ly1YXAx1HhzYZkdRTNxDSk1PfqKak/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlZEJnCzyMpz5OfQzJstS9Qpl8lYq2ehKVqLCS3crldNFcznNCuUMXG1V3ZUep0kLEQlW4o2YhOvNoUhGLOEsjlTy4w2qUKawjCOZlg-8Kh_j0Ma9ly1YXAx1HhzYZkdRTNxDSk1PfqKak/s640/myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hitler speaking from the rathaus balcony on February 14, 1939 and how it appears today</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDeqmiWhu6rlm3dC1cryzvJ9Xo7-f41Dvrhl0CWi2E0MHkqzk2P4GFzZZwXF5S6elelUcedGWBvK2QqXkaSLs4Qt1sD4H5vYamJ5pnnREkryrcPPJhrCx_vf8CGOIUrI8YODbNlGe2eU4/s1600/7myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDeqmiWhu6rlm3dC1cryzvJ9Xo7-f41Dvrhl0CWi2E0MHkqzk2P4GFzZZwXF5S6elelUcedGWBvK2QqXkaSLs4Qt1sD4H5vYamJ5pnnREkryrcPPJhrCx_vf8CGOIUrI8YODbNlGe2eU4/s640/7myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Former Gestapo Headquarters at Stadthausbrücke 8</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLIr5BLYIbQs2UVetXOUTkQyGxDBG9IB6mrBCE-7Luxsh-g7vUIJHV1ElwOm15_kqSoP20koVYKaEK-86UIgzWV0yUu15J7C6MqP6z3YbH1BzflVLxOCkEaEZLH-vq8QmA0DOTDv38GsrG/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-08-07+at+12.04.32.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLIr5BLYIbQs2UVetXOUTkQyGxDBG9IB6mrBCE-7Luxsh-g7vUIJHV1ElwOm15_kqSoP20koVYKaEK-86UIgzWV0yUu15J7C6MqP6z3YbH1BzflVLxOCkEaEZLH-vq8QmA0DOTDv38GsrG/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-08-07+at+12.04.32.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 320px; width: 220px;" /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc1xT2TAKfCzvrLndzk0C1aI3kvx8nFSzOZDNviRPQ_3nY0QAWd8mjU7WpvuCHxk1plZhIrY2IirZd5gIJSFQyHNBs2SRUVipYCDnB7xmiX7Q2a569DeF7bND6OHUKdnggnGT4HP8k1PUl/s320/737px-Hh-kogge.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc1xT2TAKfCzvrLndzk0C1aI3kvx8nFSzOZDNviRPQ_3nY0QAWd8mjU7WpvuCHxk1plZhIrY2IirZd5gIJSFQyHNBs2SRUVipYCDnB7xmiX7Q2a569DeF7bND6OHUKdnggnGT4HP8k1PUl/s320/737px-Hh-kogge.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 320px; width: 392px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The</span> Hansekogge, firm log<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">o for the </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Hamburger Tageblatt</i> newspaper</span></span></span></span>, on the <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">façade</span> of the </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pressehaus<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Designed by Richard Kuöhl, it maintains the circle around a now expunged swastika. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBC4KsNvwbyQzy7b7j3Enm-McCJj18WdHD8WchQQYNPfP1YUu3dYOHc7ghtxs9A0QQGrYwEIm_FdZfEwKP5DFdTzAe4IlMnC1abMjLuMA58UKQckeAmUvl7zGCvGJtnOM5mcDMSP1LHVA/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="266" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBC4KsNvwbyQzy7b7j3Enm-McCJj18WdHD8WchQQYNPfP1YUu3dYOHc7ghtxs9A0QQGrYwEIm_FdZfEwKP5DFdTzAe4IlMnC1abMjLuMA58UKQckeAmUvl7zGCvGJtnOM5mcDMSP1LHVA/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="296" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The elegant Stellahaus, adorned with Nazi flags and banners on August 17, 1934 on the occasion of Hitler being appointed Führer and Reichschancellor. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE8GxlhbcihBaKhyLyPnIdmfXnsFaupJfwU6O1qHggFKXFZZG1L9Mt9TueAn-UxMfJNZVtUNgea7L1aFfR1xwDSkxz4N1db9tPKbYKEhxcfvDTZdGftI5wDp-j2JAx1ScKJoyCKoIkxNW2/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.27.10+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE8GxlhbcihBaKhyLyPnIdmfXnsFaupJfwU6O1qHggFKXFZZG1L9Mt9TueAn-UxMfJNZVtUNgea7L1aFfR1xwDSkxz4N1db9tPKbYKEhxcfvDTZdGftI5wDp-j2JAx1ScKJoyCKoIkxNW2/s640/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.27.10+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The Nazi war memorial on the Dammtordamm, still with its exhortation that "Deutschland muss leben und wenn wir sterben müssen" (Germany must live if we must die) </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhooaGQnVdBdd7MPGk-8asN2MaEVrD5wf7G6odtCLsKjGQ4hfYt20VeWJhPB3GqZd9N78zIDMyJSY02AcRpSsTZQ7cHamtWqVb1fVdYGmqsJyht9G86ZX6PtZrJIQYrENZgOIAsSpkpttIf/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-04-11+at+20.58.38.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhooaGQnVdBdd7MPGk-8asN2MaEVrD5wf7G6odtCLsKjGQ4hfYt20VeWJhPB3GqZd9N78zIDMyJSY02AcRpSsTZQ7cHamtWqVb1fVdYGmqsJyht9G86ZX6PtZrJIQYrENZgOIAsSpkpttIf/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-04-11+at+20.58.38.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 190px; width: 329px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7sM4zzL5hg09pgH5Ca0UegMRPJSj_W2FdM_UJgzgfD997iYhD6cF3yk8UriUyE6ndWK6h2lOCCI2jIuutmoA9CD8GjqCMqlqeuS0h3K8ijyPEBKHiIoD-cHIa_4Uga2WsgGsh8kP1Ix6b/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25282%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7sM4zzL5hg09pgH5Ca0UegMRPJSj_W2FdM_UJgzgfD997iYhD6cF3yk8UriUyE6ndWK6h2lOCCI2jIuutmoA9CD8GjqCMqlqeuS0h3K8ijyPEBKHiIoD-cHIa_4Uga2WsgGsh8kP1Ix6b/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 190px; width: 321px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">After the allied air strike from<i> </i></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Operation Gomorrah</i> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">of July 1943 making the complex to a large extent useless for the use by the police. Today the former city hall is to be the site for a documentation centre by 2013</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcIKQZOehGLlWYgW1YvsACJbXJmArtSuB445a55eZ51-NQ29Hg0lpijvWaKcnOiQ8n27tY29Mj92-MqxQK8JdI-tS31yvTVZwY7CU6AtxJFKgCRge25tx2Jeno91IrPB1ktXmXfgqhak/s1600/alstereck.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcIKQZOehGLlWYgW1YvsACJbXJmArtSuB445a55eZ51-NQ29Hg0lpijvWaKcnOiQ8n27tY29Mj92-MqxQK8JdI-tS31yvTVZwY7CU6AtxJFKgCRge25tx2Jeno91IrPB1ktXmXfgqhak/s1600/alstereck.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcIKQZOehGLlWYgW1YvsACJbXJmArtSuB445a55eZ51-NQ29Hg0lpijvWaKcnOiQ8n27tY29Mj92-MqxQK8JdI-tS31yvTVZwY7CU6AtxJFKgCRge25tx2Jeno91IrPB1ktXmXfgqhak/s320/alstereck.jpg" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcIKQZOehGLlWYgW1YvsACJbXJmArtSuB445a55eZ51-NQ29Hg0lpijvWaKcnOiQ8n27tY29Mj92-MqxQK8JdI-tS31yvTVZwY7CU6AtxJFKgCRge25tx2Jeno91IrPB1ktXmXfgqhak/s400/alstereck.jpg" width="361" /></a><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOGyI3FdLMhfsNQ1m97JneVsS93bSWyXo6UQhwOxiHrnbOpD6dKxhRHJaqa375eHq0erR9J2Fz4_I4p6J6zEptOxIYrSNTTygW1ipXqasl1u9SPq-Qt_qg7Gcju2HGzpw9WMX2RtyUU8/s1600/Jungfernst_prien_haus.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOGyI3FdLMhfsNQ1m97JneVsS93bSWyXo6UQhwOxiHrnbOpD6dKxhRHJaqa375eHq0erR9J2Fz4_I4p6J6zEptOxIYrSNTTygW1ipXqasl1u9SPq-Qt_qg7Gcju2HGzpw9WMX2RtyUU8/s1600/Jungfernst_prien_haus.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOGyI3FdLMhfsNQ1m97JneVsS93bSWyXo6UQhwOxiHrnbOpD6dKxhRHJaqa375eHq0erR9J2Fz4_I4p6J6zEptOxIYrSNTTygW1ipXqasl1u9SPq-Qt_qg7Gcju2HGzpw9WMX2RtyUU8/s320/Jungfernst_prien_haus.jpg" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOGyI3FdLMhfsNQ1m97JneVsS93bSWyXo6UQhwOxiHrnbOpD6dKxhRHJaqa375eHq0erR9J2Fz4_I4p6J6zEptOxIYrSNTTygW1ipXqasl1u9SPq-Qt_qg7Gcju2HGzpw9WMX2RtyUU8/s400/Jungfernst_prien_haus.jpg" width="266" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Prien-Haus then and now- a classic example of Nazi architecture built 1935</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDP_9pXW9LiiQLYJnJsWNdQ4WKXIuZfkwXvNZjyO4ZwFv4gk8EKerjpJq04n3lAj-UYDQ5HZxAqrKELSfgRhzwliChl1eHi4aQtVq6-LeUBQe1zfYN6wznXwYyj1L_bZDW0rUiUWu61yY/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDP_9pXW9LiiQLYJnJsWNdQ4WKXIuZfkwXvNZjyO4ZwFv4gk8EKerjpJq04n3lAj-UYDQ5HZxAqrKELSfgRhzwliChl1eHi4aQtVq6-LeUBQe1zfYN6wznXwYyj1L_bZDW0rUiUWu61yY/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Chille Haus and Ballin Haus then and now</span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4DFGlrxBIjEZyOXc9IWvTV0Zv_VeZdyeKm_c0mEi5RfZZYDD9U48qjV2RJSQrTNjOjrAi7rCUjSitJTHKFlfkkb1hz1eHJaD3ZF6o7-1hwawL01NlHWVjagF-b9TkzWEvrWrwEQsvrAc/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-05-19+at+19.25.36.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4DFGlrxBIjEZyOXc9IWvTV0Zv_VeZdyeKm_c0mEi5RfZZYDD9U48qjV2RJSQrTNjOjrAi7rCUjSitJTHKFlfkkb1hz1eHJaD3ZF6o7-1hwawL01NlHWVjagF-b9TkzWEvrWrwEQsvrAc/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-05-19+at+19.25.36.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 293px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4JnD-pAkafLvY8S85EJM1hKq3aWV5NUaYh05pIbQja-LxRQMzr0qnV2-OK8MYlKQqCteFaqipYttGIbWlfTsjvBW4ZniH37cRc_YDcVNFe4_2cknvx7mKmh37cTOdhyphenhyphenhdF19F5LbooDk/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-05-19+at+19.25.09.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4JnD-pAkafLvY8S85EJM1hKq3aWV5NUaYh05pIbQja-LxRQMzr0qnV2-OK8MYlKQqCteFaqipYttGIbWlfTsjvBW4ZniH37cRc_YDcVNFe4_2cknvx7mKmh37cTOdhyphenhyphenhdF19F5LbooDk/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-05-19+at+19.25.09.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 345px;" /><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Der Alsterpavillon and its current incarnation </span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><br /></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI5Hd9s3KPv6TperO18A6a55-1itodhLBKRs00fjWiELqcEGJzuOUfdxW2ghOMDROb_kqo-5EV5mvhIfJJi5gzEgZTsgmsA3hUl3QV8QPdNSpFQ9WMIrA3IhB9q4z6jq-D6EEPZhu9Dyc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-02-16+at+4.21.09+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI5Hd9s3KPv6TperO18A6a55-1itodhLBKRs00fjWiELqcEGJzuOUfdxW2ghOMDROb_kqo-5EV5mvhIfJJi5gzEgZTsgmsA3hUl3QV8QPdNSpFQ9WMIrA3IhB9q4z6jq-D6EEPZhu9Dyc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-02-16+at+4.21.09+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The main railway station sporting the swastika and today</span></span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixISDBnrSs6LI4n0N1pR6Zu4JQRDfDV0Smfef8ggnPZDoi0cjxWm5bipHS67Z1XJKvLZM0rGurCdMRxcQt6mDYDjip6vF9fJ9S_Ty6eVrmV3WKgzyzg60sYz2Xa3oP0-NaZK0SnGtK1w-8/s1600/output_T9dk1O.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="U-Bahn station Rödingsmarkt " border="0" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixISDBnrSs6LI4n0N1pR6Zu4JQRDfDV0Smfef8ggnPZDoi0cjxWm5bipHS67Z1XJKvLZM0rGurCdMRxcQt6mDYDjip6vF9fJ9S_Ty6eVrmV3WKgzyzg60sYz2Xa3oP0-NaZK0SnGtK1w-8/s640/output_T9dk1O.gif" title="Rödingsmarkt " width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The U-Bahn station Rödingsmarkt then and now</span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXjrfSii3XPSgMhwtKnt7MSob9Oe-YH9Ut5cd64iE_X8V9XUWh4GoHybINLKVIz5ymZleNejjGM73nH2rfSJxZjMgDpj0axTftWQUUmCpXSUIYP-RfyVX6RVygMotlvpbPWV_bA88mhxY/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-02-16+at+4.20.52+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXjrfSii3XPSgMhwtKnt7MSob9Oe-YH9Ut5cd64iE_X8V9XUWh4GoHybINLKVIz5ymZleNejjGM73nH2rfSJxZjMgDpj0axTftWQUUmCpXSUIYP-RfyVX6RVygMotlvpbPWV_bA88mhxY/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-02-16+at+4.20.52+PM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In the 1930s, after Hitler came to power, Hamburg's opera house was renamed Hamburgische Staatsoper. On the night of 2 August 1943, both the auditorium and its neighbouring buildings were destroyed during air raids by fire-bombing; a low-flying airplane dropped several petrol and phosphorus containers on to the middle of the roof of the auditorium, turning it into a conflagration. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQyT8KO5ryKXdQN8Nfwl9EM29JcSPTkIsoOKuZTeR9Dq8AqGLP-maErrFu0D6meph59U7GhEIJtqKx5Sh8rmPmAvBvn74R-f3fEI6PSrNtS3jZJ850qhjfhZ23kAxKtalO4QbkfbX6bqBA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.24.37+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQyT8KO5ryKXdQN8Nfwl9EM29JcSPTkIsoOKuZTeR9Dq8AqGLP-maErrFu0D6meph59U7GhEIJtqKx5Sh8rmPmAvBvn74R-f3fEI6PSrNtS3jZJ850qhjfhZ23kAxKtalO4QbkfbX6bqBA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.24.37+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hitler in attendance in 1935, and the interior today </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg_nhYkHzqAWGJCTPA5iEie9m7K3QiAvL0n8CRB9y2E5uzLwvmKsv0-QnyuDz5aQzfCz_aV4V9SXyWK9_oIH2JjTpB67mfzn-PuSSKYXUlFXlRhGXyt5BNm_KMIHT9vVpjcRrlErknxIc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-02-16+at+4.20.38+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg_nhYkHzqAWGJCTPA5iEie9m7K3QiAvL0n8CRB9y2E5uzLwvmKsv0-QnyuDz5aQzfCz_aV4V9SXyWK9_oIH2JjTpB67mfzn-PuSSKYXUlFXlRhGXyt5BNm_KMIHT9vVpjcRrlErknxIc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-02-16+at+4.20.38+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The Reeperbahn before the Beatles and today</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCpMSFzpeOXi87XNhM6iOkW3cIRaDH3U2TLp1pvJYa2B5RbZ5efXu7ZYUUOjVQ3A5VhqkaprEcYaAnLCJ5vE6Y9UIfLRGuAqoR5lttNJ7A4UkMb12UyURQpWaC5evPxKom-6ki9Z8kQ5RU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCpMSFzpeOXi87XNhM6iOkW3cIRaDH3U2TLp1pvJYa2B5RbZ5efXu7ZYUUOjVQ3A5VhqkaprEcYaAnLCJ5vE6Y9UIfLRGuAqoR5lttNJ7A4UkMb12UyURQpWaC5evPxKom-6ki9Z8kQ5RU/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Opened in 1909, Hitler spoke here at the <i>Hotel Atlantik</i> a number of times. Kershaw relates the first such<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>time: Hopes of gaining financial support and of winning influential backing for his party had made him keen to accept the invitation of the prestigious Hamburger Nationalklub to address its members in the elegant Hotel Atlantic on 28 February 1926. It was not his usual audience. Here, he faced a socially exclusive club whose 400– 450 members were drawn from Hamburg’s upper bourgeoisie – many of them high-ranking officers, civil servants, lawyers, and businessmen. His tone was different from that he used in the Munich beerhalls. In his two-hour speech, he made not a single mention of the Jews. He was well aware that the primitive antisemitic rantings that roused the masses in the Zircus Krone would be counter-productive in this audience. Instead, the emphasis was placed entirely on the need to eliminate Marxism as the prerequisite of Germany’s recovery... to his well-heeled bourgeois audience in Hamburg, anti-Marxist to the core, his verbal assault on the Left was music to the ears... The more Hitler preached intolerance, force, and hatred, as the solution to Germany’s problems, the more his audience liked it. He was interrupted on numerous occasions during these passages with cheers and shouts of ‘bravo’. At the end there was a lengthy ovation, and cries of ‘Heil’. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Kershaw also relates the following revealing anecdote: </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Albert Krebs, the one-time Gauleiter of Hamburg, related a scene from early 1932 that reminded him of a French comedy. From the corridor of the elegant Hotel Atlantik in Hamburg he could hear Hitler plaintively shouting: ‘My soup, [I want] my soup.’ Krebs found him minutes later hunched over a round table in his room, slurping his vegetable soup, looking anything other than a hero of the people. He appeared tired and depressed. He ignored the copy of his speech the previous night that Krebs had brought him, and to the Gauleiter’s astonishment, asked him instead what he thought of a vegetarian diet. Fully in character, Hitler launched, not waiting for an answer, into a lengthy diatribe on vegetarianism. It struck Krebs as a cranky outburst, aimed at overpowering, not persuading, the listener. But what imprinted the scene on Krebs’s memory was how Hitler revealed himself as an acute hypochondriac to one to whom he had presented himself up to then ‘only as the political leader, never as a human being’. Krebs did not presume that Hitler was suddenly regarding him as a confidant. He took it rather as a sign of the party leader’s ‘inner instability’. It was an unexpected show of human weakness which, Krebs plausibly speculated, was over-compensated by an unquenchable thirst for power and resort to violence. According to Krebs, Hitler explained that a variety of worrying symptoms – outbreaks of sweating, nervous tension, trembling of muscles, and stomach cramps – had persuaded him to become a vegetarian. He took the stomach cramps to be the beginnings of cancer, leaving him only a few years to complete ‘the gigantic tasks’ he had set himself. ‘I must come to power before long ... I must, I must,’ Krebs has him shouting. But with this, he gained control of himself again. His body-language showed he was over his temporary depression. His attendants were suddenly called, orders were given out, telephone calls booked, meetings arranged. ‘The human being Hitler had been transformed back into the “Leader”.’ The mask was in place again.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8z8Vc4nE0KvXkVzd9fje_MUVDVtn1TP1xwljkSqgm6rNys0sfsfeP2MIMwwgHieIepVcj9_k0_NXD4mi5-5-vsyFHMvmkb3b1aG4oNIt30cRxFOEg6FwJGNKzUIas27TykjMkLDEERhbw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-03-06+at+12.35.00.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8z8Vc4nE0KvXkVzd9fje_MUVDVtn1TP1xwljkSqgm6rNys0sfsfeP2MIMwwgHieIepVcj9_k0_NXD4mi5-5-vsyFHMvmkb3b1aG4oNIt30cRxFOEg6FwJGNKzUIas27TykjMkLDEERhbw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-03-06+at+12.35.00.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hitler spent the night here at the Hotel Phönix on October 6, 1927. The lower section has remained intact.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiRXdfmm_enXyNlMh7Vmvt9_zAX6Nwz8B-2dRokgXAg3XhEr-y1RtYu2404EtGGqCsaYODQmaXLPP-ZXZP6kIiIN-ZISfEU-4uXW7nsIlJVEtF7EsKj_Ozomx7B6iwXGtSZB6nZpq_7lov/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-10-30+at+21.33.34.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiRXdfmm_enXyNlMh7Vmvt9_zAX6Nwz8B-2dRokgXAg3XhEr-y1RtYu2404EtGGqCsaYODQmaXLPP-ZXZP6kIiIN-ZISfEU-4uXW7nsIlJVEtF7EsKj_Ozomx7B6iwXGtSZB6nZpq_7lov/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-10-30+at+21.33.34.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This former Hafenbunker on Landungsbrücken 7 now houses a Portuguese restaurant</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh86NUuJitTaSTt1GyZqPyW6T28IS4whlE8bJGwJlFrk73gQwCdrN-qvHJ1xTB-Pko3zbyucj3pgUGbR4_8JIj2SDaW0h3y9OYA84FVRSwj2adjrmAa1oUeBi0wnqqFhZIG-JgXCPgDmTI/s1600/5myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh86NUuJitTaSTt1GyZqPyW6T28IS4whlE8bJGwJlFrk73gQwCdrN-qvHJ1xTB-Pko3zbyucj3pgUGbR4_8JIj2SDaW0h3y9OYA84FVRSwj2adjrmAa1oUeBi0wnqqFhZIG-JgXCPgDmTI/s640/5myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span> <br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> The <i>Flakbunker </i>in Hamburg, Wilhelmsburg now being converted to an <i>Energiebunker</i></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a class="postlink" href="http://www.iba-hamburg.de/de/01_entwuerfe/6_projekte/projekte_energiebunker.php">http://www.iba-hamburg.de/de/01_entwuer ... bunker.php</a></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i> </i></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF7x3dE2PPexhC8VPlhbFrfr5CKcmi8nYYnUbZw5zCL6-0n_opv226nvGuaR79vagr5pC3mb59WXDFfRhWOfBPz0bfX4qB4IZFnz0TWQfExH9ZAjOdi-F0BpybCpZotZMew0M4DW3-IdI/s1600/1"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5515956291770603970" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF7x3dE2PPexhC8VPlhbFrfr5CKcmi8nYYnUbZw5zCL6-0n_opv226nvGuaR79vagr5pC3mb59WXDFfRhWOfBPz0bfX4qB4IZFnz0TWQfExH9ZAjOdi-F0BpybCpZotZMew0M4DW3-IdI/s400/1" style="cursor: pointer; height: 400px; width: 280px;" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">A gravestone at Ohlsdorf cemetery in Hamburg from the Nazi era.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7mLZYbDfG58GjGtOwnYuoUjMFbq7ckOIdesXyaWKzymhntOnePAepxVSp1dXj4_bVN96JlrN_DzHxR8pJO-gCl5-H2dbudBLKeeYJoiDHHL8HL1BmonVwjVO0Woxyf3QFH61Y9rzni2tU/s1600/output_RkGjvX.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7mLZYbDfG58GjGtOwnYuoUjMFbq7ckOIdesXyaWKzymhntOnePAepxVSp1dXj4_bVN96JlrN_DzHxR8pJO-gCl5-H2dbudBLKeeYJoiDHHL8HL1BmonVwjVO0Woxyf3QFH61Y9rzni2tU/s640/output_RkGjvX.gif" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The entrance to the Graf Goltz Kaserne with and without the Nazi eagle and swastika</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtyXIJbpBBBzxkpP7jrn-ahZHpZLRDV14vFgSe_2gYv8IajCRplYF6tz2e7HRcWn9GDM-hDNS2guVfSTIzjiNkgOV-WJoGt5WmDeqzfV-T4JQ4PzMXF3vHtMBf_LfryxIqcSqmbtn6WGRm/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.21.44+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtyXIJbpBBBzxkpP7jrn-ahZHpZLRDV14vFgSe_2gYv8IajCRplYF6tz2e7HRcWn9GDM-hDNS2guVfSTIzjiNkgOV-WJoGt5WmDeqzfV-T4JQ4PzMXF3vHtMBf_LfryxIqcSqmbtn6WGRm/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-09-19+at+9.21.44+PM.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Allgemeines Krankenhaus in </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hamburg Nord Barmbek. </span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyUuTXzFN5aAWofYKplXsGCACmyycZEFCggwxLjZ-5ieMlBUUTN0sRpWJZSJAyMLgO_CFY_ZdQPAgI7LuzwCAxI_qqlgZAjVuFk5AZhZ5hVRsMnRhmkS1HB82yis0m4zvCQHp4BGIqy6c/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-11-22+at+06.02.03.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="698" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyUuTXzFN5aAWofYKplXsGCACmyycZEFCggwxLjZ-5ieMlBUUTN0sRpWJZSJAyMLgO_CFY_ZdQPAgI7LuzwCAxI_qqlgZAjVuFk5AZhZ5hVRsMnRhmkS1HB82yis0m4zvCQHp4BGIqy6c/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-11-22+at+06.02.03.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/giant-swastika-unearthed-germany-104426127.html">Giant swastika unearthed in Germany</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A
giant Swastika-shaped foundation sits on construction site in Hamburg,
northern Germany, Tuesday, November 21, 2017 after it was discovered
during construction works on a sport field the day before whilst digging
in the ground with an excavator to build changing rooms for the sports
club at the Hein-Kling stadium in the city's Billstedt district. The
foundation was the base of a 13-by-13 foot statue during the Nazi era
for a monument that was torn down decades ago and which remained
undiscovered for more than 70 years. City officials say they want the
swastika, which was buried just over a foot below the ground, gone as
quickly as possible but as it is too heavy to be transported away, they
are planning to destroy it with jackhammers.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Blankenese </span></span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNLRHlapwgD6N9qGfwlrsQM2nM3LYzQBbdk7PWzKq3xTbETfYeRRB0MOH7XVU5xF4cXQNGOQVq8BMdAtOcFh_Iid6SD5r6YLAB26wXK58ILNUhooSTLvIK0R3qOmHPDfJtIy_GkjTL5_Z8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%2528100%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="622" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNLRHlapwgD6N9qGfwlrsQM2nM3LYzQBbdk7PWzKq3xTbETfYeRRB0MOH7XVU5xF4cXQNGOQVq8BMdAtOcFh_Iid6SD5r6YLAB26wXK58ILNUhooSTLvIK0R3qOmHPDfJtIy_GkjTL5_Z8/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%2528100%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span> </span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">One of Hamburg's most affluent neighbourhoods</span></span> in the borough of Altona in the western part of Hamburg </span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">on the right bank of the Elbe river</span></span>, until</span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span>1938 </span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Blankenese </span></span></span></span> was an independent municipality in Holstein. Here it is today and during the Nazi era with the Bismarck in the foreground.</span></span></span></span><br />
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</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Neuengamme </b></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiqVTxNFOFNpPqgX3k2Qdip3tBJq2Bd94q4yMapPK63jUS6zF8H-wnoVhXyLF3VQwS-we9868FV4z8lxAT9P186ElQxv9S8H8-u-NqJpKN0SM-cOomsRzbNuDBdCg24mxO75kjHkZjPcA/s1600/2687639614_6caea4fff0_z.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiqVTxNFOFNpPqgX3k2Qdip3tBJq2Bd94q4yMapPK63jUS6zF8H-wnoVhXyLF3VQwS-we9868FV4z8lxAT9P186ElQxv9S8H8-u-NqJpKN0SM-cOomsRzbNuDBdCg24mxO75kjHkZjPcA/s1600/2687639614_6caea4fff0_z.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiqVTxNFOFNpPqgX3k2Qdip3tBJq2Bd94q4yMapPK63jUS6zF8H-wnoVhXyLF3VQwS-we9868FV4z8lxAT9P186ElQxv9S8H8-u-NqJpKN0SM-cOomsRzbNuDBdCg24mxO75kjHkZjPcA/s320/2687639614_6caea4fff0_z.jpg" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiqVTxNFOFNpPqgX3k2Qdip3tBJq2Bd94q4yMapPK63jUS6zF8H-wnoVhXyLF3VQwS-we9868FV4z8lxAT9P186ElQxv9S8H8-u-NqJpKN0SM-cOomsRzbNuDBdCg24mxO75kjHkZjPcA/s320/2687639614_6caea4fff0_z.jpg" width="320" /></a><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYRZwOg7rkaY4DUCvtKZqS2TdPNue9gN1JHMcT1g-ymu6w1qzEP6-YCpqSoLQp7js0i0xddzLxVCFcv8NLMu5hqV1Qxet1ugsA7sowgQik6zpcUy9ItqYwOxk1lQfUc_bXzdGpw7ZIwFc/s1600/2686804545_4e1d685a15_z.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYRZwOg7rkaY4DUCvtKZqS2TdPNue9gN1JHMcT1g-ymu6w1qzEP6-YCpqSoLQp7js0i0xddzLxVCFcv8NLMu5hqV1Qxet1ugsA7sowgQik6zpcUy9ItqYwOxk1lQfUc_bXzdGpw7ZIwFc/s1600/2686804545_4e1d685a15_z.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYRZwOg7rkaY4DUCvtKZqS2TdPNue9gN1JHMcT1g-ymu6w1qzEP6-YCpqSoLQp7js0i0xddzLxVCFcv8NLMu5hqV1Qxet1ugsA7sowgQik6zpcUy9ItqYwOxk1lQfUc_bXzdGpw7ZIwFc/s320/2686804545_4e1d685a15_z.jpg" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYRZwOg7rkaY4DUCvtKZqS2TdPNue9gN1JHMcT1g-ymu6w1qzEP6-YCpqSoLQp7js0i0xddzLxVCFcv8NLMu5hqV1Qxet1ugsA7sowgQik6zpcUy9ItqYwOxk1lQfUc_bXzdGpw7ZIwFc/s320/2686804545_4e1d685a15_z.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Neuengamme concentration camp, the largest concentration camp in
north-west Germany, was established to the south-east of Hamburg in
1938. The camp existed until 1945. Over 100,000 prisoners from
throughout Europe were imprisoned in the main camp and its 86 satellite
camps. At least 42,900 people died in Neuengamme, its satellite camps
and during the camp evacuations at the end of the war.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz67D5oRXDVqtTgV8Vad8shaxkksfLTfUAXPHTA-dr9U9d3fW2xpWI3WaUnF5pWjhqGcBH3l2NgcLbCOCg7mQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In early April 1945, American
forces entered Hannover and freed the surviving prisoners. The American
Signal Corps filmed one of the Hannover camps soon after liberation.
American forces fed survivors of the camp and required German civilians
to help bury the dead.<span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRo9hxk3u3drd0nK-7L-Zt_0qQE7gCRiNwXes6VlpsPWASPN6gTrorBNT4SORGfPIfnIad8_WHeNaebFiaVlF8k01sSMFx-tGkc8ZXNcUpLZuZUp2C8W0ymuVk2t6Ta02iBF5BUEf3dPI/s1600/Deutschland3+107.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRo9hxk3u3drd0nK-7L-Zt_0qQE7gCRiNwXes6VlpsPWASPN6gTrorBNT4SORGfPIfnIad8_WHeNaebFiaVlF8k01sSMFx-tGkc8ZXNcUpLZuZUp2C8W0ymuVk2t6Ta02iBF5BUEf3dPI/s320/Deutschland3+107.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqu_ze4i5yTdD0f0fwScNMdt7nHd0yb3QdYXWZfotdOeTJohLk2GB8CBQD2eGQrBBm8nJCXWNd4_4EuXhnlrEf57ITsi3uhFVtIQ1Q0iLIFckXEE7tKn9NvVhSYGdJ8njD7Olc8C689kA/s1600/Deutschland3+108.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqu_ze4i5yTdD0f0fwScNMdt7nHd0yb3QdYXWZfotdOeTJohLk2GB8CBQD2eGQrBBm8nJCXWNd4_4EuXhnlrEf57ITsi3uhFVtIQ1Q0iLIFckXEE7tKn9NvVhSYGdJ8njD7Olc8C689kA/s320/Deutschland3+108.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDIppk75Oz3PkqO_VsygVjYj7C6SwI_3_mtp9iCwsHO2e985k40oktFYDKU0sbUHqcuxTB_4ZpyNzoWpePLKFnHSZvrIJgHjB4JY8XmQSsktUX5sMnPlfTB0Znm585ByADV1jfHU3FdQI/s1600/2686878837_a1ac4d0a75_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDIppk75Oz3PkqO_VsygVjYj7C6SwI_3_mtp9iCwsHO2e985k40oktFYDKU0sbUHqcuxTB_4ZpyNzoWpePLKFnHSZvrIJgHjB4JY8XmQSsktUX5sMnPlfTB0Znm585ByADV1jfHU3FdQI/s320/2686878837_a1ac4d0a75_z.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2A9IFpxu3AFr4kpA-PynCH5agQIY8LZeyhO8Z43Iy5QsF7t0Rz6x9Ws_D0450pK8KmNszx-BcHJnWzhKTUk0M6v1wLzbUKDxrcDVtH-z0jS1lizsM0QKVjjdCb71zaySv1Iw7zshFnQk/s1600/2686845447_93158a5eee_z.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2A9IFpxu3AFr4kpA-PynCH5agQIY8LZeyhO8Z43Iy5QsF7t0Rz6x9Ws_D0450pK8KmNszx-BcHJnWzhKTUk0M6v1wLzbUKDxrcDVtH-z0jS1lizsM0QKVjjdCb71zaySv1Iw7zshFnQk/s320/2686845447_93158a5eee_z.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix2aOZN3kFROtM3mKnYbn7ipcFtC-jWPbkgUxaTJEyd6FJOpB7t_OMYWjI0fVgttHggZbf3s7j0aTTdkyVwoDOdxCVg_yRCy_1g2wZSY09qVmS4tMZWohI_0dEdPFETRHRQmKrmMNy0m0/s1600/2687680504_8e259c3852_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix2aOZN3kFROtM3mKnYbn7ipcFtC-jWPbkgUxaTJEyd6FJOpB7t_OMYWjI0fVgttHggZbf3s7j0aTTdkyVwoDOdxCVg_yRCy_1g2wZSY09qVmS4tMZWohI_0dEdPFETRHRQmKrmMNy0m0/s320/2687680504_8e259c3852_z.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA19P04_J7uWMMBa6MrlMMJHP9jH2l-tMkdZPe1PCMhfWivUEQp_b1xgN9oDgBPz3kqWbw7yEkbra3lJ9oHKN_RfFBPnXBSTIQxK7qa81cF8WVARyQEjNoZUpmV56BJPb_QinGpOZpkCs/s1600/2686862739_e7b684da5e_z.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA19P04_J7uWMMBa6MrlMMJHP9jH2l-tMkdZPe1PCMhfWivUEQp_b1xgN9oDgBPz3kqWbw7yEkbra3lJ9oHKN_RfFBPnXBSTIQxK7qa81cF8WVARyQEjNoZUpmV56BJPb_QinGpOZpkCs/s320/2686862739_e7b684da5e_z.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> After the war, the British military authorities used the concentration
camp buildings as an internment camp for three years. In 1948, the
occupying forces handed the camp over to the city of Hamburg, which set
up a prison on the site. At the end of the 1960s, the city established a
second prison building on the grounds of the former concentration camp.
A monument was set up in 1965 as a memorial, and in 1981, a document
building was added. Other parts of the former camp were gradually
incorporated into the memorial. When the penal facilities were finally
moved, the Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial was able to expand
into the site of the former prisoners' barracks and open as a centre for
exhibitions, international exchanges and historical studies in May
2005.
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<span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Wewelsburg</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (North Rhine-Westphalia)</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Wewelsburg castle holds a significant place in the annals of the Second World War. Its importance is primarily linked to Heinrich Himmler, the Reichsführer-</span></span></span></span>ϟϟ, who transformed the castle into a pseudo-religious and ideological centre for the ϟϟ. The castle's role in the ϟϟ's mystic and racial doctrines, its function as a training centre, and its symbolic representation of the ϟϟ's future aspirations, underscore its significance to Himmler and the ϟϟ. On the left are the original plans of the ϟϟ-project of August 5, 1940, signed by Himmler and architect Hermann Bartels. As a leading architect for the reconstruction of the Wewelsburg Castle for the ϟϟ, Bartels had already been appointed by the Reichsführer ϟϟ Heinrich Himmler in 1933. From 1934 the Wewelsburg was rented to the ϟϟ. According to Karl Hüser, Wewelsburg is the "<a href="https://www.zvab.com/buch-suchen/titel/wewelsburg-1933-1945-kult-terrorst%E4tte-dokumentation/autor/karl-h%FCser/">cult and terrorist site of the ϟϟ</a>" where ϟϟ ideologues assumed that a Saxon Wallburg was the first predecessor building at the time of the defensive battles of King Henry I around 930 against the Hungarians or 'Huns'. Himmler had been drawn to Henry I in 1935, when Hermann Reischle, who represented him as a deputy curator in the "Ahnenerbe",<a href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/8450465/74-83-national-archives-and-records-administration"> informed him</a> on October 24, 1935 that the city of Quedlinburg was to support the organisation of the festivities for the thousandth anniversary of the death of Henry I on July 2, 1936. He called this celebration "propagandistically [...] a gift of heaven" and wrote: "By their appropriate design, we can achieve with a great blow what otherwise would be difficult to fight through in a propagandistic way in years. For this very reason the decisive participation of the ϟϟ and thus our influence on the preparation and organisation of the celebration must be urgently advocated." Shortly thereafter, on November 6, 1935, Himmler took over Wewelsburg and in the next month stated "that the ϟϟ with the city of Quedlinburg should be the sole bearer of the celebrations on 2 July 1936." </span></div>
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<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitp0Nz2Ay6YU3sqeDcY6Yr9CgqFtQCdN3Fja0JmQbL3-3uwD_Nq3M6QOTdM7QIpX9pwHzCU-UyTdWxHkbmGZDXuTF9EagL97593mI5-3L8E86S2CgcfjfWaMBPfd7YOEa347FEDrIlKmU/s1600/1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="300" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456541652323001170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitp0Nz2Ay6YU3sqeDcY6Yr9CgqFtQCdN3Fja0JmQbL3-3uwD_Nq3M6QOTdM7QIpX9pwHzCU-UyTdWxHkbmGZDXuTF9EagL97593mI5-3L8E86S2CgcfjfWaMBPfd7YOEa347FEDrIlKmU/s640/1.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Himmler had been made aware of Wewelsburg by leading Nazis from the region, in particular Adolf von Oeynhausen. Himmler initially planned a training ground for ϟϟ leaders. A small staff of ϟϟ scientists was hired. From the beginning of the war, new plans were directed to make a meeting place for ϟϟ group leaders, especially on special occasions.In 1934 Himmler signed a 100-mark hundred-year lease with the Paderborn district, intending to renovate and redesign the castle as a Reichsführerschule ϟϟ after Karl Maria Wiligut <a href="https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf">advised him</a> based on the Westphalian legend of the "Battle at the birch tree". It was to be enlarged to a ϟϟ-Führerschule. Besides physical training, a uniform ideological orientation of the leading cadre of the ϟϟ was to be realised. Courses for ϟϟ-officers in pre- and early history, mythology, archaeology, astronomy and art were intended and, from 1939, the castle was also furnished with miscellaneous objects of art, including prehistoric objects, objects of past historical eras, and works of contemporary sculptors and painters (mainly works by such artists as Karl Diebitsch, Wolfgang Willrich, and Hans Lohbeck—that is, art comporting with the aesthetics of National Socialism). In 1938 Himmler ordered the return of all Death's head rings (Totenkopfringe) of dead ϟϟ-men and officers to be stored in a chest in the castle as a symbol of the ongoing membership of the decedent in the ϟϟ-Order. The whereabouts of the approximately 11,500 rings is still unknown. Although academic instructors were appointed who began a "research enterprise" there and set up a large library, the "ϟϟ-Schule Haus Wewelsburg" never saw any training take place. Himmler and Bartels transformed Wewelsburg into a shielded central meeting place for ϟϟ generals which saw the castle obtain a more defensive appearance, for which the white plaster was cut off and the ditch was deepened. Inside Nordic-Germanic ornaments and symbols on stairs, furniture, floors, ceilings, crockery, cutlery and other everyday objects soon formed the picture.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Himmler's had group leaders' coats of arms suspended as ornaments in 1937, organised an annual group leadership involving a ritual swearing-in from 1938, and the storage of the ceremonial ϟϟ-Ehrenring ("ϟϟ Honour Ring"), unofficially called Totenkopfring ("Death's Head Ring"). These were not official state decorations, but rather a personal gift bestowed by Himmler. The ring was initially presented to senior officers of the Old Guard (of which there were fewer than 5,000). Each ring had the recipient's name, the award date, and Himmler's signature engraved on the interior and came with a standard letter from Himmler and citation stating that the ring was a "reminder at all times to be willing to risk the life of ourselves for the life of the whole".. It was to be worn only on the left hand, on the "ring finger". If an ϟϟ member was dismissed or retired from the service, his ring had to be returned. The name of the recipient and the conferment date was added on the letter. In 1938 Himmler ordered the return of all rings of dead ϟϟ-men and officers to be stored in a chest in Wewelsburg Castle as a memorial to symbolise the ongoing membership of the deceased in the ϟϟ-order. In October 1944, Himmler ordered that further manufacture and awards of the ring were to be halted and then ordered all remaining rings, approximately 11,500, blast-sealed inside a hill near Wewelsburg. By January 1945, 64% of the 14,500 rings made had been returned to Himmler after the deaths of the "holders". In addition, 10% had been lost on the battlefield and 26% were either kept by the holder or their whereabouts were unknown. As for regular meetings of group leaders, only in June 1941 Himmler summoned a group of ϟϟ officials to explain to them the war aims of the Russian campaign. According to local residents, American GIs took the rings in 1945. </span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlzwku_FE4KSCByyZNGF_f9VhSUipavlRKHMIHeQZKa11cMH4IPo1TlsWg9ojlQCidkMXjOxeBoTP2SjPqi_S5YAesZ83wC2-QU3UN743qYmjaV5aqVYhJ6TjQITsiVsLTv7asjIERwdbQ/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="283" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlzwku_FE4KSCByyZNGF_f9VhSUipavlRKHMIHeQZKa11cMH4IPo1TlsWg9ojlQCidkMXjOxeBoTP2SjPqi_S5YAesZ83wC2-QU3UN743qYmjaV5aqVYhJ6TjQITsiVsLTv7asjIERwdbQ/s200/ezgif.com-resize.jpg" width="156" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>In the early years, the Wewelsburg received a completely new interior, partly decorated with ϟϟ ornamentation. The exterior of Wewelsburg was designed "by the removal of the plaster, deepening of the trenches and the erection of a new bridge" to appear more like a mediævel castle. In 1936-1937 and 1939-1941, two large ϟϟ administrative buildings were built on the forecourt. In the village, a villa was built for the chief architect and dwelling-houses for ϟϟ staff. From 1940 on, the plans under the influence of the architect Himmler commissioned architect Hermann Bartels assumed gigantic proportions. On the territory of the village of Wewelsburg, a new burial site was to be built in a three-circle circle with a radius of 635 metres around the old building. The inhabitants were to be resettled. In order to be able to realise the ongoing and planned construction work in the war, the ϟϟ established a concentration camp in Wewelsburg. From May 1939 onwards, the camp consisted of a detainee commando, which belonged to the Sachsenhausen main camp. From 1941, the concentration camp was linked to the main state camp at Niederrhein which operated until April 1943. The remaining prisoners were subordinated organisationally to the Buchenwald concentration camp . Of the altogether 3,900 documented prisoners from almost all the countries occupied by the Wehrmacht, 1,855 did not survive this camp. In March 1945, Himmler ordered the blasting of the Burganlage and the adjoining administrative buildings. Wewelsburg was burnt out completely, as was the guard-house; the adjacent buildings were completely destroyed. On April 2, 1945 the destroyed castle was taken by Americans.</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitu_x2j8bQzNU0u5XcJVf_4oOk2mBMA-gmTJ2nDNQi6tGv6XuD8kxbLSwBUWwkGPPdmxxk789RFjPtT25-WwsA-lkYlMX1u9dBcxUeYBgHfAmPLot4UYj2-QeyAncKwmsVEvOM48yAjq8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+2.55.30+PM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitu_x2j8bQzNU0u5XcJVf_4oOk2mBMA-gmTJ2nDNQi6tGv6XuD8kxbLSwBUWwkGPPdmxxk789RFjPtT25-WwsA-lkYlMX1u9dBcxUeYBgHfAmPLot4UYj2-QeyAncKwmsVEvOM48yAjq8/w454-h208/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+2.55.30+PM.png" width="454" /></span></a></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: left;">After the war and today. Himmler's fascination with the occult and pseudo-scientific racial theories led to the transformation of Wewelsburg Castle into a mystical and ideological hub for the ϟϟ. Himmler, who was deeply influenced by the works of Chamberlain and Rosenberg, believed in the superiority of the Aryan race and the need for its preservation. Wewelsburg Castle, in his view, was to become the 'centre of the world', a spiritual home for the ϟϟ, where the racial purity of the Aryan race could be preserved and propagated. Historian Longerich argues that Himmler's interest in the occult was not merely a personal fascination but a strategic tool to foster a distinct identity for the ϟϟ. According to Longerich, Himmler used the castle as a platform to instil a sense of racial superiority and a shared destiny among the ϟϟ members. The castle's North Tower, known as the ϟϟ-Ordenburg, was the focal point of this ideological indoctrination. It housed the 'Obergruppenführersaal' (Hall of the Supreme Group Leaders), where twelve ϟϟ leaders would gather around a massive oak table, engaging in rituals and discussions aimed at reinforcing their commitment to the ϟϟ's racial and ideological doctrines. </div></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHBdMl9sQlLEHDBoalq8x9IcuNWXeG_v7_Cfs7wsxjwYdwvXlKuIGsPw0MEs5wWLz94GJlA75LHZxcZ3MCPTwqRGiqdEKlU9QA5HeRaFrG4o8AbqHIDOHdLqXGk7i6OKtvsvxmzqyCPUE/s1600/wewedindinsetinfor02.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHBdMl9sQlLEHDBoalq8x9IcuNWXeG_v7_Cfs7wsxjwYdwvXlKuIGsPw0MEs5wWLz94GJlA75LHZxcZ3MCPTwqRGiqdEKlU9QA5HeRaFrG4o8AbqHIDOHdLqXGk7i6OKtvsvxmzqyCPUE/s1600/wewedindinsetinfor02.jpg" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHBdMl9sQlLEHDBoalq8x9IcuNWXeG_v7_Cfs7wsxjwYdwvXlKuIGsPw0MEs5wWLz94GJlA75LHZxcZ3MCPTwqRGiqdEKlU9QA5HeRaFrG4o8AbqHIDOHdLqXGk7i6OKtvsvxmzqyCPUE/s1600/wewedindinsetinfor02.jpg" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHBdMl9sQlLEHDBoalq8x9IcuNWXeG_v7_Cfs7wsxjwYdwvXlKuIGsPw0MEs5wWLz94GJlA75LHZxcZ3MCPTwqRGiqdEKlU9QA5HeRaFrG4o8AbqHIDOHdLqXGk7i6OKtvsvxmzqyCPUE/s1600/wewedindinsetinfor02.jpg" width="213" /></a> <span style="font-family: georgia;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaLpnoXcfmHyHdv1gzJDmrUqKMdJZmgiz2DQJJab_f5ws-JfQWFOvZTuQqScBP7idi7sdvdm7KtYIcxzzC7iTYUmU7Fg8Y_7D3mKhnEH1Zane_ERr6C1Y7Dqg0jQZKHrrmOD2TTbvkw0I/s1600/1.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaLpnoXcfmHyHdv1gzJDmrUqKMdJZmgiz2DQJJab_f5ws-JfQWFOvZTuQqScBP7idi7sdvdm7KtYIcxzzC7iTYUmU7Fg8Y_7D3mKhnEH1Zane_ERr6C1Y7Dqg0jQZKHrrmOD2TTbvkw0I/s1600/1.jpg"><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaLpnoXcfmHyHdv1gzJDmrUqKMdJZmgiz2DQJJab_f5ws-JfQWFOvZTuQqScBP7idi7sdvdm7KtYIcxzzC7iTYUmU7Fg8Y_7D3mKhnEH1Zane_ERr6C1Y7Dqg0jQZKHrrmOD2TTbvkw0I/s400/1.jpg" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaLpnoXcfmHyHdv1gzJDmrUqKMdJZmgiz2DQJJab_f5ws-JfQWFOvZTuQqScBP7idi7sdvdm7KtYIcxzzC7iTYUmU7Fg8Y_7D3mKhnEH1Zane_ERr6C1Y7Dqg0jQZKHrrmOD2TTbvkw0I/s400/1.jpg" width="347" /></a><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>Wewelsburg
is apparently the only triangular-shaped castle in Germany, built at
the beginning of the 17th century in the village of Wewelsburg. After 1934, it was used by the </span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span> under Heinrich Himmler and was to be expanded into the central </span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span>-cult-site. After 1941, plans were developed to enlarge it to be the so-called "Centre of the World". In 1950, the castle was reopened as a museum and youth hostel, now one of the largest in Germany. The castle today hosts the Historical Museum of the Prince Bishopric of Paderborn and the Wewelsburg 1933-1945 Memorial Museum.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS9KtwnLmjokplc5jcsvBhbrvE-zceSwe8hSpys4fvebqO17N3fIPVwe254MFFz8p0X0nSeYs47S8-p9W5slGw7D7821uGGRH1MUfMW2w3PHOkLP7sFCun1rpCTaOujmFIDT4sbhmOVMMw/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252837%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS9KtwnLmjokplc5jcsvBhbrvE-zceSwe8hSpys4fvebqO17N3fIPVwe254MFFz8p0X0nSeYs47S8-p9W5slGw7D7821uGGRH1MUfMW2w3PHOkLP7sFCun1rpCTaOujmFIDT4sbhmOVMMw/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%252837%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Himmler with NSDAP-Reichsorganisationsleiter Robert Ley in 1937 and with his architect Bartels </span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">While
travelling through Westphalia during the Nazi electoral campaign of
January
1933, Himmler was profoundly affected by the atmosphere of the region,
with its romantic
castles and the mist- (and myth-) shrouded Teutoburger Forest. After
deciding to take
over a castle for </span></span></span></span><span>ϟϟ</span><span> use, he returned to Westphalia in November and
viewed the
Wewelsburg castle, which he appropriated in August 1934 with the
intention of turning it
into an ideological-education college for </span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>ϟϟ</span><span> officers. Although at first
belonging to the Race and Settlement Main Office, the Wewelsburg castle
was placed under the control of
Himmler's Personal Staff in February 1935. </span></span><div style="text-align: right;">
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/InvisibleEagleNaziOccultHistoryByAlanBaker/Invisible+Eagle+-+Nazi+Occult+History+by+Alan+Baker_djvu.txt"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Alan Baker (98-99) Invisible Eagle: The History of Nazi Occultism</span></span></span></span></a></div>
</blockquote>
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<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJXOyI3wHp-PUBOvLUgwNm7aDl9MzSTmo5_pAs-6YF35iSTMxE7d2WDzqlP2qQCg_0gFjwQQW741bcglMPR5ViKJnmgEbPlQoRUB9URe28_ROsSD1Jr9DP6YBZeA9bZ1EaRkoW0BD_fCE/s1600/2.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="232" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456541648820439522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJXOyI3wHp-PUBOvLUgwNm7aDl9MzSTmo5_pAs-6YF35iSTMxE7d2WDzqlP2qQCg_0gFjwQQW741bcglMPR5ViKJnmgEbPlQoRUB9URe28_ROsSD1Jr9DP6YBZeA9bZ1EaRkoW0BD_fCE/s640/2.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Himmler's
plans included making it the "centre of the new world" ("Zentrum der
neuen Welt") following the "final victory" but only detailed plans and
models exist. It was to be finished within twenty years. The complex was
to be a centre of the "kind accordant" religion (artgemäße Religion)
and a representative estate for the ϟϟ-Führerkorps ( ϟϟ leader corps) If
the plans had been reali<u>s</u>ed, the entire village of Wewelsburg and
adjacent villages would have disappeared. The population was to be
resettled and the valley flooded.</span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT9mrhjGO-ucU2ouQ1BcpfjxuCfOIUaUBBp_hEQ-DACLpWqNkC3xb3htABQTX-qB7U36PjZxMOddtpirA1ja5-iq50VDVJW4ElbZxLVpcec-g8oLxFfGeY5YicuPmamoNQfApe1Dwg_GE/s1600/WewelsburgSconce-19.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT9mrhjGO-ucU2ouQ1BcpfjxuCfOIUaUBBp_hEQ-DACLpWqNkC3xb3htABQTX-qB7U36PjZxMOddtpirA1ja5-iq50VDVJW4ElbZxLVpcec-g8oLxFfGeY5YicuPmamoNQfApe1Dwg_GE/s1600/WewelsburgSconce-19.jpg"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT9mrhjGO-ucU2ouQ1BcpfjxuCfOIUaUBBp_hEQ-DACLpWqNkC3xb3htABQTX-qB7U36PjZxMOddtpirA1ja5-iq50VDVJW4ElbZxLVpcec-g8oLxFfGeY5YicuPmamoNQfApe1Dwg_GE/s1600/WewelsburgSconce-19.jpg" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT9mrhjGO-ucU2ouQ1BcpfjxuCfOIUaUBBp_hEQ-DACLpWqNkC3xb3htABQTX-qB7U36PjZxMOddtpirA1ja5-iq50VDVJW4ElbZxLVpcec-g8oLxFfGeY5YicuPmamoNQfApe1Dwg_GE/s1600/WewelsburgSconce-19.jpg" width="298" /></a><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilc1j3F5XqK0WuVN3j2UjLCom9vIU3GNYuPW-JIGKJWmgQgT9PGLKA_mG6ZfpkcX3LUc-PFGu06VXGMOT8DHw1lgkX01G-EPxGDI421vl10pA1a_Su8oH6mhPPt9oicbv32WRfT3JS9Zw/s1600/image-74971-galleryV9-tmud.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilc1j3F5XqK0WuVN3j2UjLCom9vIU3GNYuPW-JIGKJWmgQgT9PGLKA_mG6ZfpkcX3LUc-PFGu06VXGMOT8DHw1lgkX01G-EPxGDI421vl10pA1a_Su8oH6mhPPt9oicbv32WRfT3JS9Zw/s1600/image-74971-galleryV9-tmud.jpg"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilc1j3F5XqK0WuVN3j2UjLCom9vIU3GNYuPW-JIGKJWmgQgT9PGLKA_mG6ZfpkcX3LUc-PFGu06VXGMOT8DHw1lgkX01G-EPxGDI421vl10pA1a_Su8oH6mhPPt9oicbv32WRfT3JS9Zw/s1600/image-74971-galleryV9-tmud.jpg" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilc1j3F5XqK0WuVN3j2UjLCom9vIU3GNYuPW-JIGKJWmgQgT9PGLKA_mG6ZfpkcX3LUc-PFGu06VXGMOT8DHw1lgkX01G-EPxGDI421vl10pA1a_Su8oH6mhPPt9oicbv32WRfT3JS9Zw/s1600/image-74971-galleryV9-tmud.jpg" width="318" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>The guardhouse has had its ϟϟ runes chipped out, but in a way that makes them easily recognisable</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia7AfAL4mQUwEd11BiaMXufBaI0e0nrq2ERV4Do02NPBaefLlzpjDE4ZhXQhvvB1Fm9iTbUUNX0D5JUYVCJARjwJci7p2OE0SgRuGLEjQmAjLF90QvckYC_gBkx48SseOqnYLfFlAGhRg/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252892%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="470" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia7AfAL4mQUwEd11BiaMXufBaI0e0nrq2ERV4Do02NPBaefLlzpjDE4ZhXQhvvB1Fm9iTbUUNX0D5JUYVCJARjwJci7p2OE0SgRuGLEjQmAjLF90QvckYC_gBkx48SseOqnYLfFlAGhRg/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252892%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span><span><span><span><span>Hitler Youth leaving the castle in 1935 </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioXBPVabW37wkF-Na_7qth7KwjQiyz71TzhY5D_q8bMfUjv0Y2iavPoPLbbEbgJ8M2I27wqS2UBwa0PdSVPtDin6NEp8K4JNIyUHwHlXkv402RrP1fuJku-rsKKXpW7adMt0GAyMI-mxUG/s320/wewls.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioXBPVabW37wkF-Na_7qth7KwjQiyz71TzhY5D_q8bMfUjv0Y2iavPoPLbbEbgJ8M2I27wqS2UBwa0PdSVPtDin6NEp8K4JNIyUHwHlXkv402RrP1fuJku-rsKKXpW7adMt0GAyMI-mxUG/s320/wewls.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 290px; width: 411px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWcQlB8oS02Z-x9T36SrpUYUKNuQ_DRh0lmcJF4icZdwLsMAfTEWN1_bJwl7yCb0C4_adT7iXCHo8b9CMTUeDeGtwHwsMeputNazfxCfwnk8RZFx3ovhyEzfmf5LYztW2pC6HHSZA2MI2b/s320/wewles.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWcQlB8oS02Z-x9T36SrpUYUKNuQ_DRh0lmcJF4icZdwLsMAfTEWN1_bJwl7yCb0C4_adT7iXCHo8b9CMTUeDeGtwHwsMeputNazfxCfwnk8RZFx3ovhyEzfmf5LYztW2pC6HHSZA2MI2b/s320/wewles.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 295px; width: 232px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>The Obergruppenführersaal and mausoleum beneath the Obergruppenführer hall then and now. In addition to the exhibition rooms in the historic rooms of the former guard building, these two rooms from the </span></span></span></span>ϟϟ era have been preserved in the north tower of the Wewelsburg, which can be visited during the opening hours of the memorial. The dark green ornament on the marble floor of the Obergruppenfuhrersaal has in recent years developed under the name Schwarze Sonne into a symbol of identification among right-wing extremists and a supposed "sign of power" among esotericists. Since 1991 it has been associated with the esoteric neo-Nazi concept of the Black Sun, which has been discussed since the 1950s. </span></div>
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<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLDstEsFebTrf__2gRkqyCc1kun5IKmE3EraJOl8bl-CxZP3mHshxRkpvq_g6ocg6GkW-ksBYEEcKFLyTq0URlKR1Eg86XIAcwZr3a1iIGTkYeFSQ0RiAXCQuiq9PgKGCj5aryznPvUsGBhPJnDDloM2-GRLH00JR9jmhZ5_avxV9cOLVcDEJg8xqLDGDw/s320/ezgif.com-optimize(4).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="240" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLDstEsFebTrf__2gRkqyCc1kun5IKmE3EraJOl8bl-CxZP3mHshxRkpvq_g6ocg6GkW-ksBYEEcKFLyTq0URlKR1Eg86XIAcwZr3a1iIGTkYeFSQ0RiAXCQuiq9PgKGCj5aryznPvUsGBhPJnDDloM2-GRLH00JR9jmhZ5_avxV9cOLVcDEJg8xqLDGDw/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize(4).gif" width="240" /></a></div>The north tower then and now on the left. Richard J. Evans <span style="text-align: center;">argues that the castle's function as a training centre was integral to Himmler's vision of the </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;">. According to Evans, Himmler saw the </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;"> not merely as a military organisation, but as a racial and ideological vanguard. The training provided at the castle was intended to equip </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;"> members with the intellectual tools necessary to fulfil this role. The castle's function as a training centre, therefore, was not merely a practical consideration, but a crucial component of Himmler's vision of the </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;">'s role in the Third Reich. The castle's symbolic representation of the </span>ϟϟ'<span style="text-align: center;">s future aspirations further underscores its significance to Himmler and the </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;">. Himmler envisaged the castle as the future 'centre of the world', a spiritual and ideological hub from which the </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;"> would govern a post-war Aryan utopia. The castle's architecture and decor, heavily influenced by Germanic mythology and the occult, were intended to reflect this future vision. The castle's North Tower, for instance, was designed to align with the North Star, a symbol of the </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;">'s destined path to racial supremacy. Snyder argues that the castle's symbolic representation of the </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;">'s future aspirations was a key element of Himmler's strategy to foster a sense of shared destiny among the </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;">. According to Snyder, the castle served as a tangible manifestation of the </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;">'s future vision, a constant reminder of the </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;">'s destined role as the racial and ideological vanguard of the Third Reich. The castle, therefore, was not merely a physical structure, but a symbolic representation of the </span>ϟϟ<span style="text-align: center;">'s future aspirations.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2JbGqwBEfgktruRjckNql3Zxw402PeYHuxEFu6M0xGpre6gUWbm-aByu_8IWkz_hokhI_zyrZHawT6O00-Oj7k05GJj2jNOZQFoLUwKUV3XhIzK972V3Ec-MGdPjLySa2odwG98icUmw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.20.38+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2JbGqwBEfgktruRjckNql3Zxw402PeYHuxEFu6M0xGpre6gUWbm-aByu_8IWkz_hokhI_zyrZHawT6O00-Oj7k05GJj2jNOZQFoLUwKUV3XhIzK972V3Ec-MGdPjLySa2odwG98icUmw/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.20.38+AM.png" width="640" /></a><span> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span>Inside
the vault at the very top of the roof, a swastika remains. This
"vault, built after the model of Mycenaean domed tombs was hewn into
the rock which possibly was to serve for some kind of commemoration of
the dead. The floor was lowered 4.80 metres although the room itself remains unfinished. In
the middle of the vault a bowl with an eternal flame was probably planned. In the middle of the floor a gas pipe is embedded and around the
presumed place for the eternal flame at the wall twelve pedestals are
placed. Their meaning is unknown. Above the pedestals wall niches
existed. In the zenith of the vault a swastika is walled in. The
vault has special acoustics and illumination. The castle's crypt, with its twelve pedestals, each bearing the name of an </span></span></span></span>ϟϟ officer, further exemplified the mystical aura Himmler sought to create. The crypt was intended to serve as a sacred space for the commemoration of fallen ϟϟ officers, reinforcing the notion of the ϟϟ as a knightly order. Kershaw posits that these rituals were instrumental in fostering a sense of unity and purpose among the ϟϟ, creating a bond that transcended the traditional military hierarchy. The castle, thus, served as a physical manifestation of Himmler's vision of the ϟϟ as a racial elite, a new aristocracy that would lead the Aryan race to its destined supremacy. The castle's role in the ϟϟ's racial and ideological indoctrination was further amplified by its function as a training centre. Himmler envisaged the castle as an 'ϟϟ school', where members of the ϟϟ could be educated in the racial and ideological doctrines of the ϟϟ. The castle housed a library with a vast collection of books on Germanic mythology, racial theory, and the occult, reflecting Himmler's belief in the importance of intellectual training in shaping the ϟϟ's racial elite. The castle also hosted conferences and seminars on racial theory, providing a platform for the dissemination of the ϟϟ's racial and ideological doctrines.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQJWPDrCN8H0pTOOlfEbsoaI5qefbxT1kE70FCstlrg3qIbkqHu9Y-glkQZdDxa0bXWbGNYiCPaM3CRIrjZOoI8hWJhP7ZbAvpDRezLwnUIHy-Q23mVbEPxCc9XseHsTpXvDapJjJU3Vc/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQJWPDrCN8H0pTOOlfEbsoaI5qefbxT1kE70FCstlrg3qIbkqHu9Y-glkQZdDxa0bXWbGNYiCPaM3CRIrjZOoI8hWJhP7ZbAvpDRezLwnUIHy-Q23mVbEPxCc9XseHsTpXvDapJjJU3Vc/w522-h187/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" width="522" /></span></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><div style="text-align: left;">Before and after the war. In addition to serving as a repository for stolen artefacts, Wewelsburg Castle was also the site of a concentration camp. The camp, which was established in 1939, was used primarily as a source of forced labour for the castle's renovation and expansion. The prisoners, most of whom were Soviet PoWs, were subjected to brutal conditions, with many dying from malnutrition, disease, and overwork. Evans argues that the existence of the camp underscores the brutal reality of the ϟϟ's racial and ideological doctrines, which were often masked by the castle's mystical and ideological facade. The castle's role as a site of brutality and oppression was further highlighted by its use as a detention centre for high-ranking ϟϟ officers accused of disloyalty or incompetence. Snyder suggests that the castle's function as a detention centre was part of Himmler's strategy to maintain discipline and loyalty within the ϟϟ. The threat of detention at the castle served as a constant reminder of the consequences of disloyalty, reinforcing Himmler's authority over the ϟϟ.</div></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Düsseldorf</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrHYaeoaMLo9Xmcp7I_Z9CFd2suMC62vWIjlnfM-SGNFhLZoVQwnhYXx08bHVKN6qbrhOnheLiPqKKbbek5JbaD4A0ErOS-ExkPr0Lltak73ik4Z-esp4xt_21BLBSM2JkMAM5foihuGf1/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrHYaeoaMLo9Xmcp7I_Z9CFd2suMC62vWIjlnfM-SGNFhLZoVQwnhYXx08bHVKN6qbrhOnheLiPqKKbbek5JbaD4A0ErOS-ExkPr0Lltak73ik4Z-esp4xt_21BLBSM2JkMAM5foihuGf1/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25284%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Düsseldorf's market square during an induction ceremony for 10-14 year old boys into
the “Deutsche Jungvolk“ of the Hitler-Jugend in either April 1937 or
1939. </span></span></span>After the Nazi takeover of power, the first book burning involving "unwanted literature" by the Deutsche Studentenschaft, including books by Heinrich Heines, took place in Düsseldorf on April 11, 1933. The NSDAP Gauleiter Friedrich Karl Florian supported the mass-bearing remembrance of Albert Leo Schlageter at the Schlagter National Monument, which had already been built in 1931, as well as the personnel restructuring of city administration and authorities. Hans Langels (Centre Party), who had previously been hired, was dismissed and replaced by the ϟϟ Group leader Fritz Weitzel (mentioned below). Many regime adversaries were arrested, abused, or killed. Dusseldorf, </span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJTy4bjuxRysWYvSJ6neE7cqjxbSjXMgbEmdi57Y0lgwJtZfo0x4mKv5UejkI2jnCbV1R2Lv_4RgM5GZkVNczqg3X-wDYi4EEaP38XxuvXLv0d_7fWL_kxe4xr5DWndu_2mBMb61VJTBs/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="204" data-original-width="320" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJTy4bjuxRysWYvSJ6neE7cqjxbSjXMgbEmdi57Y0lgwJtZfo0x4mKv5UejkI2jnCbV1R2Lv_4RgM5GZkVNczqg3X-wDYi4EEaP38XxuvXLv0d_7fWL_kxe4xr5DWndu_2mBMb61VJTBs/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The main railway station flying Nazi flags and today, unchanged.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>the senior ϟϟ and police officer West (from 1938), the inspector of the security police and the SD, the ϟϟ upper section of West, was the seat of numerous Nazi organisations and security </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>police institutions. The SD-Oberabschnitt West, the SA-Gruppe Niederrhein, the 20th ϟϟ-</span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Stand, an HJ-Bann (No. 39, Obergebiet West, Ruhr Ruhr region), from 1936 an army headquarters administration and a Wehrmzirkkommando of the Wehrmacht. Among the cultural-political "climaxes" were the propaganda campaigns involving the Reichsausstellung Schaffende Volk (1937) and Entartete Musik (1938). On November 10, 1938, during the Pogrom Night, the synagogues were burnt down on the Kasernenstrasse and Benrath, the Jewish population of the city was persecuted, and at least eighteen persons were murdered. The "Judenreferat" was responsible for the deportation of nearly 6,000 Jews from the entire government district to the Düsseldorf State Police Office. On October 27, 1941, the first train drove to the concentration camps in occupied Poland (see Jewish Life in Dusseldorf) with a total of 1003 Dusseldorf and Lower Rhine Jews from the Derendorf freight station. More than 2200 Dusseldorfer Jews were murdered. In 1944 about 35,000 foreign civilian workers, several thousand prisoners of war, and concentration camp prisoners were forced to work in the roughly 400 camps in Düsseldorf.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The <span style="font-style: italic;">Reichsausstellung Schaffendes Volk </span>(The
Reich's Exhibition of a Productive People) of 1937 was held in the
North Park district of Düsseldorf along one mile of the Rhine
shoreline. It was opened on May 8, 1937 by Hermann Göring. Through
October of the same year it attracted more than six million visitors.
Planned in secret and deliberately designed as a rival to the 1937
International Exposition of Modern Life in Paris, the exhibition was
meant to showcase the domestic accomplishments of the National
Socialists in new housing, art, and science during their four years in
power. The fair's director was Dr. Ernst Poensgen. The exhibition was
laid out in four main divisions: industry and economics, land
utili<span>s</span>ation and city planning, material progress (with an emphasis on
progress in synthetics), and arts and culture.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhig8YPb6ONRUirIetvY00XcHxh4bsBTUee-gjFbfioi52Ry0V2yri2tvk2QZV2uDPHocYNxPP3CQUZU5IXtRxl2H4bUF2dVRZj7HZYevY_LOgaA3atnIRXty5ikzcSJRlw1j7PiYbMgWo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-11-02+at+7.57.03+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhig8YPb6ONRUirIetvY00XcHxh4bsBTUee-gjFbfioi52Ry0V2yri2tvk2QZV2uDPHocYNxPP3CQUZU5IXtRxl2H4bUF2dVRZj7HZYevY_LOgaA3atnIRXty5ikzcSJRlw1j7PiYbMgWo/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-11-02+at+7.57.03+PM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> The two huge horses and horsemen sculpted out of granite for the <span style="font-style: italic;"> Reichsaustellung Schaffendes Volk</span>.
Due to wrangles the exhibition, opened in the presence of Goering,
ran with these monumental statues in an unfinished state - the right
hand one extremely so. It was only in 1940 that the sculptor, Edwin Scharff, was allowed to complete the project, having suffered a ban at the hands of the regime in the meantime.</span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9LnoqbW8RmCok73MFik4v_ygWxvbfa_X4L7h4xirf1kMuljlg0lr8ixBne70obPM5RJvW4ti6ny7mN-pJ2LIzT3wdUeWQfW3QKyEbZuIdXlfyuQaHxkM9G4puY9UyUmeV2JsdTdLHI7C9EV-fIpFAi6N5KFu6vW_KKXWs2qfTGCxUgEapRwLAykJaDg/s363/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(23).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="261" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9LnoqbW8RmCok73MFik4v_ygWxvbfa_X4L7h4xirf1kMuljlg0lr8ixBne70obPM5RJvW4ti6ny7mN-pJ2LIzT3wdUeWQfW3QKyEbZuIdXlfyuQaHxkM9G4puY9UyUmeV2JsdTdLHI7C9EV-fIpFAi6N5KFu6vW_KKXWs2qfTGCxUgEapRwLAykJaDg/w304-h422/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(23).gif" width="304" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>The ban came in 1937 when photos of these sculptures, <i>die Rossebändiger</i>, were presented at the exhibition "Entartete Kunst" in Munich. The argument was that the antique motif of the Rossebändiger - symbol for the rule of the human spirit over the wild nature - had not been implemented appropriately. The sculptures did not express the clear supremacy of man over the horses as the Nazis had intended. As one councillor wrote to Lord Mayor Liederley,"[i]n the midst of the rubbish, the filth, are two photographs of the horse standing pictures placed before the exhibition entrance. For this purpose, one reads that in 1937 the city of Düsseldorf paid Mk 120,000 to the sculptor Edwin Scharff." Whilst this claim was wrong, but did not change much in the unpleasant situation. It was true that the pictures were soon sent back with the diplomatic note that this must have been an "accident", but the scandal did not end there. The main point was that the two horses, which were easily held by the two "horse-riders", did not make a particularly subdued impression. However, the ancient motif, a symbol of the domination of the human mind over the wild nature, demanded, especially in the interpretation of Nazi ideology, the taming of the wild beast by man. Scharff's <i>Rossehalter</i>, on the contrary, expressed neither superiority over the horses, nor allowed the interpretation of the "ancient comradeship between man and horse." The two sculptures depicted carefully-looking, temperamental horses, standing on the right and left in front of the gate, a kind of gate through which the visitor had to go to get to the exhibition grounds. The horse-holders, who, in spite of their muscular nakedness, lacked the heroic Nordic idealisation of other horse-holders, seemed to have fused with the powerful flanks of the animals. The youths did not dominate either the animals or the motif, and even their small size gave no reason to hope that they could be up to the animals. Due to their immense size, which made it difficult to dismantle, the "sculptures created for eternity" based on </span></span><span><span><span><span>Hitler's motto: "The greatness of the present will be measured once in the eternity which it leaves behind", </span></span>remained a very visible landmark at their location. Even Hitler had to pass through the portraits of the great animals, which covered the view of the horse-holders, to get to the exhibition grounds. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">
The fountains here were the centre piece of the exhibition. This was
the so-called Wasserachse, which was the centrepiece of the
Gardenschau<span>.</span> In the background, the
former Ehrenhalle der Partei which contained the administrative
offices for the Reich Exhibition, ticket booths and a restaurant.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuS2Zc7MxE2CabemK5QFuchoIsvXTk9JTqc6eBa7tnaOwaICCGJ3bT_5-HKPyZ-kWn4aqNo_Bb2rpA7QZ68H6SebJP07F9WyO_RxofvJVaTRIR-YrQ4jn8nctueELP1wuKldibS-nM-5g/s1600/myphoto.jpeg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5775046046437361122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuS2Zc7MxE2CabemK5QFuchoIsvXTk9JTqc6eBa7tnaOwaICCGJ3bT_5-HKPyZ-kWn4aqNo_Bb2rpA7QZ68H6SebJP07F9WyO_RxofvJVaTRIR-YrQ4jn8nctueELP1wuKldibS-nM-5g/s400/myphoto.jpeg" style="height: 183px; width: 670px;" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
statues carved for the exhibition may still be seen, such as
Zimmermann's 'Bauer,' 'Bäuerin,' Hoselmann's 'Falkner' and Zschorsch's
'Winzerin' shown here. There were originally a dozen but some are
missing. <span>Known as </span><i>Die Ständischen</i> <span>(</span>The Estates<span>)</span>, representing the professions and classes of the "creative people," <span>t</span>hey were created by Düsseldorf sculptors Hans Breker (a brother of Arno Breker), Ernst Gottschalk, Willi Hoselmann, Robert Ittermann, Erich Kuhn, Josef Daniel Sommer, Kurt Zimmermann, Alexander Zschokke and Alfred Zschorsch. <span>T</span>he figures had actually been removed before the visit of Adolf Hitler, which took place on October 2, 1937, due to a lack of artistic execution.<br />Four of the sculptures were put up again on the water basin in 1941, and flower baskets were placed on the empty plinths. "The Fisherman" was handed over to the city in 2006 from<span> </span>private ownership, and "The Shepherdess" was set up in front of a children's playground in Benrath. Both came back to their old place in the Nordpark in 2006, the remaining six sculptures are considered missing. On the other hand, the sculpture "Die Sitzende" by Johannes Knubel, which is not part of the "Ständische", remained, which is still in the Nordpark.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>The former Reichsmuseum für Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftskunde (now the NRW Forum) topped with Arno Breker's 1926 <i>Aurora</i>, created during the exhibition. Eight decades later the American provocateur</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>Spencer Tunick took advantage of <i>Aurora</i> for his latest nude group portrait photograph in Düsseldorwhen he invited over eight hundred volunteers to strip down near the nude. Tunick had openly shied away from any connections with the Nazi regime Breker served, declaring that for him at least, “bodies are about freedom and beauty.”</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>In the summer of 2015 the <i>Aurora</i> was restored on the roof from which the "goddess of the dawn" had sat continuously for ninety years. Breker, who never expressed any regret for his work on behalf of the Nazis, </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span>was classified a "fellow traveler" by an Allied de-Nazification tribunal and moved to Dusseldorf where he eventually died and is buried in the city's Nordfriedhof. </span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4-gUsAGT_yog-iAuzIMvO4LtCA6gSyW-hWpIUkRQbXXDlNQLoQG2BaOMIBfa3NfgMdDFQfkMqH6C8CQ8GyX5qDgOQvQO1BnQsDR6KtIL1pQbAdVjO4-d2-WeqkIEvGPs5ojMylZg0iSg/s1600/%2524%2528KGrHqFHJDME9%2521QEysBTBPcE0DkcKg%257E%257E60_32.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5728366918436000354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4-gUsAGT_yog-iAuzIMvO4LtCA6gSyW-hWpIUkRQbXXDlNQLoQG2BaOMIBfa3NfgMdDFQfkMqH6C8CQ8GyX5qDgOQvQO1BnQsDR6KtIL1pQbAdVjO4-d2-WeqkIEvGPs5ojMylZg0iSg/s400/%2524%2528KGrHqFHJDME9%2521QEysBTBPcE0DkcKg%257E%257E60_32.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 219px; width: 358px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfLhpgSO2Xy3bZcPL8QTWRvQsiB2VRLTFsJwkdA1R6OCKpeqzzfnZttOI1uA5YWvTyaO-cDSuwLw1iwDVPe7Qn_VcW3LrUqkV_82L0bpEFdVNYU9JSc7229hRLthagHq4r_T4sjNFXI4M/s1600/grafadolfplatz.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5728366923525659346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfLhpgSO2Xy3bZcPL8QTWRvQsiB2VRLTFsJwkdA1R6OCKpeqzzfnZttOI1uA5YWvTyaO-cDSuwLw1iwDVPe7Qn_VcW3LrUqkV_82L0bpEFdVNYU9JSc7229hRLthagHq4r_T4sjNFXI4M/s400/grafadolfplatz.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 217px; width: 291px;" /></a></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Düsseldorf's Adolf Hitler Platz with its </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Kugelspielerin has now reverted back to Graf-Adolf-Platz </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGDpFX44YB1G7mBJ1VDO2A8AeLyYkHpK-f5-FUMf4kyff1d8bakUgFWSduDS7k3KJcw9JcQ0KCHbIK1lLX2DSae99nEorwQRHVBHLKqHgPcSo8NSarSwfBw3yCrxc6PSQTj9Nw2UblE80/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-01-01+at+8.55.25+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGDpFX44YB1G7mBJ1VDO2A8AeLyYkHpK-f5-FUMf4kyff1d8bakUgFWSduDS7k3KJcw9JcQ0KCHbIK1lLX2DSae99nEorwQRHVBHLKqHgPcSo8NSarSwfBw3yCrxc6PSQTj9Nw2UblE80/s320/Screen+Shot+2014-01-01+at+8.55.25+PM.png" width="260" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizC4xa6zT0zC6kHRtsV0tHNHvtnfHD6LIOXrVVThfl8U2kv_FgVTLxDcub6T7-EdDBWr4k17Krue1ozKDf0X5pShsfHPlDQIaJkeOGmYuPg_qbRQp2lXttINK3KcMlIoiRtCZZekAV4Io/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-01-01+at+9.00.16+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizC4xa6zT0zC6kHRtsV0tHNHvtnfHD6LIOXrVVThfl8U2kv_FgVTLxDcub6T7-EdDBWr4k17Krue1ozKDf0X5pShsfHPlDQIaJkeOGmYuPg_qbRQp2lXttINK3KcMlIoiRtCZZekAV4Io/s320/Screen+Shot+2014-01-01+at+9.00.16+PM.png" width="240" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Die Kugelspielerin, seen in the postcard above, shown here in the 1930s and today. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWaHT19qFd9MK6YcoaivdMCWhYtNm7PnFmkV7nDv9zGExN5cX5LxWc81xyh2TUhFTaWwE6AzjyYTiTMLxisTStODOMy2yj0xlKGOtFLbAw-uTcNyxszq-8q7Kpke7iucrlcq96yPsQAKU/s1600/800px-Steigenberger_Park-Hotel,_Ko%CC%88-Bogen-Baustelle_Du%CC%88sseldorf,_2011.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWaHT19qFd9MK6YcoaivdMCWhYtNm7PnFmkV7nDv9zGExN5cX5LxWc81xyh2TUhFTaWwE6AzjyYTiTMLxisTStODOMy2yj0xlKGOtFLbAw-uTcNyxszq-8q7Kpke7iucrlcq96yPsQAKU/s1600/800px-Steigenberger_Park-Hotel,_Ko%CC%88-Bogen-Baustelle_Du%CC%88sseldorf,_2011.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWaHT19qFd9MK6YcoaivdMCWhYtNm7PnFmkV7nDv9zGExN5cX5LxWc81xyh2TUhFTaWwE6AzjyYTiTMLxisTStODOMy2yj0xlKGOtFLbAw-uTcNyxszq-8q7Kpke7iucrlcq96yPsQAKU/s320/800px-Steigenberger_Park-Hotel,_Ko%CC%88-Bogen-Baustelle_Du%CC%88sseldorf,_2011.jpg" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWaHT19qFd9MK6YcoaivdMCWhYtNm7PnFmkV7nDv9zGExN5cX5LxWc81xyh2TUhFTaWwE6AzjyYTiTMLxisTStODOMy2yj0xlKGOtFLbAw-uTcNyxszq-8q7Kpke7iucrlcq96yPsQAKU/s320/800px-Steigenberger_Park-Hotel,_Ko%CC%88-Bogen-Baustelle_Du%CC%88sseldorf,_2011.jpg" width="285" /></a><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5tfcEnSQfrotX3hXsAw8MJ_cMolZ9dvYhAL1V-sj5ELsEm3jowVRE4H2Csl3CvBD2CqPJHVtTCjhU9HjPnMmlkPbB3qESkhqcSlDkCJan2ADqcBTvOnJ_S3JA0MfRqIdpdBZ4V3FNO4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-01-03+at+9.32.03+PM.png" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5tfcEnSQfrotX3hXsAw8MJ_cMolZ9dvYhAL1V-sj5ELsEm3jowVRE4H2Csl3CvBD2CqPJHVtTCjhU9HjPnMmlkPbB3qESkhqcSlDkCJan2ADqcBTvOnJ_S3JA0MfRqIdpdBZ4V3FNO4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-01-03+at+9.32.03+PM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5tfcEnSQfrotX3hXsAw8MJ_cMolZ9dvYhAL1V-sj5ELsEm3jowVRE4H2Csl3CvBD2CqPJHVtTCjhU9HjPnMmlkPbB3qESkhqcSlDkCJan2ADqcBTvOnJ_S3JA0MfRqIdpdBZ4V3FNO4/s320/Screen+Shot+2014-01-03+at+9.32.03+PM.png" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5tfcEnSQfrotX3hXsAw8MJ_cMolZ9dvYhAL1V-sj5ELsEm3jowVRE4H2Csl3CvBD2CqPJHVtTCjhU9HjPnMmlkPbB3qESkhqcSlDkCJan2ADqcBTvOnJ_S3JA0MfRqIdpdBZ4V3FNO4/s320/Screen+Shot+2014-01-03+at+9.32.03+PM.png" width="282" /></a></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Hitler’s
</span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">two-and-a-half hour speech</span></span> to the Industry Club took place here at the Parkhotel on January
27, 1932, probably
the most important speech Hitler gave before becoming chancellor a year
later, helping overcome the skepticism of many in the business community about the putative socialism of the Nazi Party. The speech,
later published
as a pamphlet, was carefully constructed to appeal to the economic and
political interests of his affluent and influential audience. Hitler
emphasised the importance of
personality, the distinction of the German nation, and the beneficence
of struggle. His
critique of democracy and praise of racial and political hierarchy
struck a responsive
chord. Study of this speech my help to understand why so many of
Germany’s conservative economic elite were prepared to accept Hitler’s
leadership
despite his record and reputation as Jew-baiting rabble-rouser.
</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="column">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hitler’s
major argument was that only the Nazis could prevent the eventual
triumph of Bolshevism in Germany. Only the Nazis could provide the </span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic;">Weltanschauung </span><span style="font-size: small;">to
overcome the debilitating class conflict Marxism had supposedly
created, the Weimar multi-party “system” had fostered, and the
depression had exacerbated. Only they could restore unity to the nation,
and the nation to
its former greatness. Only they could hold democracy and its discontents
in check.
Hitler projected an optimistic attitude of self-reliance that closely
corresponded to the entrepreneurial mindset of successful businessmen.
They would readily have agreed with
him that it was inconsistent and counterproductive to adhere to the
“leadership principle,” individual achievement and competition, and
private property in the economy,
but to favour democracy, the egalitarian principle, pacifism, and
internationalism in politics. What democracy is to politics, Hitler
warned, communism is to the economy. </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="column" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The
talk has an inspirational quality that enabled Hitler to evoke
enthusiasm even
among serious and level-headed people. Hitler took the line that
Germany, with its
inherent racial value, could solve the problems of the depression
without depending
on outside help. He portrayed the Nazi Party as motivated by idealism
and faith, qualities that alone could save the nation from
distributional conflicts and left-wing subversion. He also made frequent
use of historical references, invoking the Thirty Years’ War
as an example of the perils of national disunity, and the outbreak of
the First World War
in August 1914 as an example of the unified national purpose that
Germany would have
to recapture if it wished to regain the power and prosperity it once
had. His refusal,
however, to blame Germany’s troubles solely on the Versailles Treaty or
the world
economic crisis was directed against the government of Chancellor
Brüning, who
contended that German revival could be brought about simply by ending or
reducing
German reparations payments.
</span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP3Y_TiRwLbYmRuCPKn-j6lj5VO4Z4KG2rDoNiRGDCMJZxsbS17xkGncQ5wbg_MMhLD7V7ww2CUncc0v9yDXJ6oa6nsthVakk2JEXqJqjEs93I5HsRpUjg85FIuTw4b62FRrAUH3GtICo/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP3Y_TiRwLbYmRuCPKn-j6lj5VO4Z4KG2rDoNiRGDCMJZxsbS17xkGncQ5wbg_MMhLD7V7ww2CUncc0v9yDXJ6oa6nsthVakk2JEXqJqjEs93I5HsRpUjg85FIuTw4b62FRrAUH3GtICo/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">Parkh<span>otel w<span>as located on what was <span>then named Albert Leo Schlageter Platz</span></span></span> after the adopted Nazi martyr, now Corneliusplatz. The fountain remains <i>in situ</i>. Hitler’s speech <span>wa</span>s also noteworthy for what it did not contain. In deference to his
hosts, a business group that included some Jews and persons of mixed ancestry, Hitler
avoided any explicit denunciation of Jews. He knew that the anti-capitalist implications
of rabble-rousing anti-Semitism would not endear him to “respectable” conservatives.
He did not exercise similar restraint, however, in asserting the superiority of the “white
race” and its right to colonial dominance. He apparently assumed that this was an
uncontroversial point of view that most of his audience shared. Anti-Semitism was
implied, on the other hand, in his reference to the “ferment of decomposition,” a
phrase first applied to the Jewish influence in the ancient Roman Empire by the great
classical historian Theodor Mommsen.
</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6o10BZwS-QJViDgXHt8nNnMDu_X4kgAYMsKlyJygUN2G22S0oHObrfibU7Yzf5jQyXfagwdfi-PsNXJ2HDeBDM1w1AQoPKKB_TbwKXzw9nSyWxc_o6RLeNHpp42vwBREL06yHJD121Q/s1600/amyphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6o10BZwS-QJViDgXHt8nNnMDu_X4kgAYMsKlyJygUN2G22S0oHObrfibU7Yzf5jQyXfagwdfi-PsNXJ2HDeBDM1w1AQoPKKB_TbwKXzw9nSyWxc_o6RLeNHpp42vwBREL06yHJD121Q/s640/amyphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Another place name that has reverted Albert-Leo-Schlageter-Allee to Königsallee</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span>. Still noted for both the landscaped canal that
runs along its centre as well as for the fashion showrooms and luxury
retail stores located along its sides, it remains by far Germany's
busiest, upscale shopping street.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzWNCMxNJwOTh0a9Uu45c6srbx6OnrTQc6_68budtsfZSiLdsd-WhZVeD0yumkwjtRg5ks1oVLI0xB8FCHe2-V_YQDNmSK4fBsWn3Ea33VJzPdxfg4KemRdhi8WAK1IFMhOnZ5BWixMVU/s1600/39er.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzWNCMxNJwOTh0a9Uu45c6srbx6OnrTQc6_68budtsfZSiLdsd-WhZVeD0yumkwjtRg5ks1oVLI0xB8FCHe2-V_YQDNmSK4fBsWn3Ea33VJzPdxfg4KemRdhi8WAK1IFMhOnZ5BWixMVU/s400/39er.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><br /></span>
<br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span>The war memorial </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">at the Reeserplatz </span></span></span>by the architects Klophaus and Tachill<span>, <span>co</span></span>mmissioned in 1932 by the Monuments Committee of the Fusilierregiment and inaugurated in July 1939. It shows armed soldiers<span> emerging </span>from
the crypt with unbroken struggle. The monument is typical language of
the time in which war is glorified and its participants followers are
heroi<span>s</span>ed <span>in</span> death.
The inscription on the monument still reads "For the German People's
Honour and Freedom" as well as the names of the conquered cities, later
engraved on the side of the monument, <span>as</span> a<span> positive</span> expression of the aggressive war policy of <span>Nazi <span>G</span>ermany</span>. After the war, the monument was set to be demolished but <span>was</span>
preserved on the grounds that it was dedicated to the fallen soldiers
and would be "artistically and architecturally" significant.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh81DYV_61sYWfAjy6ZmZENPhm1BAQJZgJGY5Gg5jEB2AmEHzniepC_wQXlQZpCbwJqmbCsY6AeG_UAAsZZvIgD7gnEv6o2NEv8Y086M32fjzC_txxVJrBjsj4s5CbZLhjOtza7wDthFcam/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh81DYV_61sYWfAjy6ZmZENPhm1BAQJZgJGY5Gg5jEB2AmEHzniepC_wQXlQZpCbwJqmbCsY6AeG_UAAsZZvIgD7gnEv6o2NEv8Y086M32fjzC_txxVJrBjsj4s5CbZLhjOtza7wDthFcam/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;">Schloss Jägerhof in 1935 with the swastika above and today. In 1795 during the Napoleonic Wars the Jägerhof was almost blown up by the French revolutionary troops. During this time however, the Jägerhof served as a military hospital for the French and remained so until the visit of Napoleon in 1811, It was hastily renovated and equipped so that the Emperor and his wife Marie Louise could feel at home during their four-day visit.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 100%;">During the French occupation in 1925, the building was confiscated and used as the seat of its headquarters. Due to the considerable pressure of the Nazi Gauleiter Friedrich Karl Florian, its lease had been illegally dissolved so that on January 30, 1937 the building could serve the Gauleitung which had been sitting here during the heavy air raid of June 12, 1943 in which the castle was severely damaged. It was eventually rebuilt in 1950 by Helmut Hentrich as can be seen in the then-and-now comparison. </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEAfmv9rv1QxcJRle2hJSgelGRSl1ccMe_dRlu7QUhp2uLQibpukYBmh7b89vfLRKUr_uVYfh1RGR_5LkiMdKbSot9ZVXjPPB_s_aqoIyhSEPdMX8QY7np3SkFC2Lu_Pu6QZUfw2dZ-dg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-11-02+at+7.56.25+PM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEAfmv9rv1QxcJRle2hJSgelGRSl1ccMe_dRlu7QUhp2uLQibpukYBmh7b89vfLRKUr_uVYfh1RGR_5LkiMdKbSot9ZVXjPPB_s_aqoIyhSEPdMX8QY7np3SkFC2Lu_Pu6QZUfw2dZ-dg/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-11-02+at+7.56.25+PM.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> The Nazi eagle over the entrance of police headquarters </span>at Jürgensplatz <span style="font-size: 100%;">remains, but is covered by a plaque reading "All are equal before the law." B</span>uilt from 1929 to 1932, this served as headquarters for representatives of the <span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span> Upper Section West, the 20th ϟϟ regiment, the 6th <span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span> Rider standard and the 4th <span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span> Lieutenant Colonel. It was at this site that 7, 101 men and 851 women were imprisoned as
opponents of the Nazis. Many prisoners were handed over to the Gestapo
for interrogation.</span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span>In June 1933, the <span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span>-group leader Fritz Weitzel was appointed to President-Polizeiprä. Weitzel had </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>became a member of the Nazi Party in 1925, </span></span></span>joining the <span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ the following year </span>at the age of 22, and was only 29 years old when he was police chief although he was considered in Nazi circles as incompetent. In 1930 he was promoted leader of the </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> in the Rheinland and Ruhr. He became Polizeipräsident in Düsseldorf in 1933, and Höherer </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span>- und Polizeiführer West in 1938. During 1939 Weitzel wrote the book Celebrations of the </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> Family which described the holidays to be celebrated and how married </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> men and their families should celebrate them. This book, written by Weitzel, described how the Julleuchter, a Yuletide gift by Himmler to the </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span>, should be used. After the Germans invaded Norway on April 9, 1940 Weitzel was sent to Norway on April 21 to become Höherer </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span>- und Polizeiführer in the country's capital, Oslo. However, he was killed two months later by shrapnel in an aerial attack on his home town, Düsseldorf, during a visit on 19 June 1940. He is buried in the cemetery at Düsseldorf. </span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4hQp_M9Hj4D-7Dr9yC00pD5pJ0cL_ejuc3xoDwUav07jCiBA6RbfxXLCOufLBWbjzbSCtARpUSPMDHfMIzsIhVSLQCPAuUC9Ed7wNOS_icaOOCSIBKRm0d5MCBEqJDit3itCwXJGqad8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="264" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4hQp_M9Hj4D-7Dr9yC00pD5pJ0cL_ejuc3xoDwUav07jCiBA6RbfxXLCOufLBWbjzbSCtARpUSPMDHfMIzsIhVSLQCPAuUC9Ed7wNOS_icaOOCSIBKRm0d5MCBEqJDit3itCwXJGqad8/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25282%2529.gif" width="330" /></a></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">St. Benediktus behind the ruins of the <i>Hitlereiche </i>guesthouse and now. During the war the first bombs fell to Düsseldorf in 1940. Allied air raids demanded more than 5,000 civilian casualties by 1945. About half of the buildings were destroyed, about 90 percent were damaged. All Rhine bridges, most of the roads, floodplains, underpasses and overpasses, as well as the urban drainage network, were largely destroyed. The amount of debris was estimated to be about ten million cubic meters. From February 28, 1945, Düsseldorf was encircled for a period of seven weeks to the front town, with American permanent bombardment from the left bank of the Rhine, and in March more and more. The city was a target of strategic bombing, particularly during the RAF bombing campaign in 1943 when over 700 bombers were used in a single night. Raids continued late into the war. As part of the campaign against German oil facilities, the RAF raid of 20–21 February on the Rhenania Ossag refinery in the Reisholz district of the city halted oil production there. In April, several Düsseldorf residents of the resistance to lawyer Karl August Wiedenhofen tried to convince police police commander Franz Jiirgens to appoint police officer August Korren to hand over the city without a fight to the Allies. The coup attempt succeeded, but was then betrayed. After the liberation of Korreng by the loyal forces of Gauleiter Friedrich Karl Florian, who shot five of the resistance members (including Jürgens), the two last members of the lawmaker Wiedenhofen and architect Aloys Odenthal managed to escape the American forces arriving in the east of the city and the final destruction of the city by an already prepared large air attack. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Düsseldorf in mid-April 1945. The United States 97th Infantry Division easily captured the city on April 18, 1945.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqChPQsryKw4z-COyHZMyM5Cm6u-L-oAqbCNFLEgVqWIfnyfCPh8sJ7pDN2Px5vUwjhJvSI4RQuQwlIr-_cB_3XTDnwaXNpI3FozdLix1V1ZT1i0SYFhRjRz1d0rWmqMCXGoY8QMSFPuA/s1600/vomrath126un6.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqChPQsryKw4z-COyHZMyM5Cm6u-L-oAqbCNFLEgVqWIfnyfCPh8sJ7pDN2Px5vUwjhJvSI4RQuQwlIr-_cB_3XTDnwaXNpI3FozdLix1V1ZT1i0SYFhRjRz1d0rWmqMCXGoY8QMSFPuA/s400/vomrath126un6.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The grave in Nordfriedhof cemetery of Ernst Eduard vom Rath, a German diplomat remembered for his assassination in Paris in 1938 by a Jewish young man, Herschel Grynszpan, which touched off Reichskristallnacht- the so-called Night of Broken Glass.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Vom Rath was given a state funeral on November 17 in Düsseldorf, with Hitler and Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop among those in attendance. Germany used the incident to publicise the idea that the Jews had "fired the first shot" in a war on Germany; in his funeral oration, Ribbentrop declared, "[w]e understand the challenge, and we accept it." Much to the fury of Grynszpan who wanted to use the defence that he had killed Rath because he was a Jew, Grynszpan's French lawyer Vincent de Moro-Giafferi wanted to use as the defence the allegation that Rath was a homosexual who had seduced Grynszpan, and that Grynszpan had killed Rath as a part of a lover's quarrel. The allegations that Rath was gay started with Moro-Giafferi. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizeWEAJF2RUyPNNq_cf299RfIWEnIl93dJuxBlqMrSui9dWOADdWLecjjtEmhpFEIjrPYpu-Ucz2x-1jum4j4_XBWBtp0fVGRttMJbKJ77vWYooRnXpphTZdVPRvtwVC6r0uLkUk7baWc/s200/200px-Ernst-vom-Rath.jpg" width="152" /></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">These homosexuality accusations threatened to humiliate the Nazis with Goebbels writing that "Grynszpan has invented the insolent argument that he had a homosexual relationship with... vom Rath. That is, of course, a shameless lie; however, it is thought out very cleverly and would, if brought out in the course of a public trial, certainly become the main argument of enemy propaganda." According to Hans-Jürgen Döscher, Germany's foremost authority on Kristallnacht, vom Rath was indeed an homosexual and had met Grynszpan in <i>Le Boeuf sur le Toit</i>, a popular haunt for gay men in 1938. The gay French writer André Gide testified in his personal diaries that vom Rath was well known in the Parisian homosexual community. There were rumours that occasionally he was called "Madame Ambassador" and "Notre Dame de Paris." His brother, Gustav, was convicted of homosexual offences and there were allegations that vom Rath was treated for rectal gonorrhoea at the Berlin Institute of Radiology.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Grevenbroich</span></span></span></b></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD8d-InmyAcNFRTQmZkptcyR0mXonQB04iOgPmzlC_5JwjkqxIYPt_KSl8Y3FDgWNYiClyvd11PmBctmTbpEYqFvazTNsz4HFtzgv67drI6wEynZm2V9ebao15rXhurEFhX96ZJ9xQmn2M/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD8d-InmyAcNFRTQmZkptcyR0mXonQB04iOgPmzlC_5JwjkqxIYPt_KSl8Y3FDgWNYiClyvd11PmBctmTbpEYqFvazTNsz4HFtzgv67drI6wEynZm2V9ebao15rXhurEFhX96ZJ9xQmn2M/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The former Gauschulungsburg, now Haus Welchenberg. It was built in 1925-26 on the occasion of the thousandth anniversary of the Rhineland, with the membership of the region was celebrated to the German Empire and Prussia. Already in 1927-28 it was extended by cultivation at a hostel. The global economic crisis and the resulting political changes complicated the financing of the house; 1932 lived only 20 orphans. After the seizure of power by the Nazis it became a Gauführerschule. During the war forced labourers were housed here. When the Americans occupied Neuenhausen on March 3, 1945 they took over </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Welchenberg</span></span></span> as the last bastion of the Nazis after considerable damage and was subsequently sacked by the population. Once there Polish civilian workers and homeless families were provisionally housed. By 1949 it was converted into a tuberculosis hospital until the mid-1980s with the establishment of the new Grevenbroicher district hospital.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><br /></span></span>
<span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span>Moers am Niederrhein</span></b></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6gW_sQQEFQz0_0CKdHqxK_DD_RGdqtdIJcLvt-gnQuPQu1dTy58WnKk8dojcgcAq6FSIk_uQK7kAtcJWcw3nsYnFzXlJJaGI-oXaFXJrRzBNvXZMU7Aohfjzm0q9MnJ_KKCSjxErjfyiw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-03-10+at+14.48.31.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="501" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6gW_sQQEFQz0_0CKdHqxK_DD_RGdqtdIJcLvt-gnQuPQu1dTy58WnKk8dojcgcAq6FSIk_uQK7kAtcJWcw3nsYnFzXlJJaGI-oXaFXJrRzBNvXZMU7Aohfjzm0q9MnJ_KKCSjxErjfyiw/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-03-10+at+14.48.31.png" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The Königlichen Hof then and, below, now. </span></span></span></span></span></span>After the Reichstag fire on February 27, 1933, members of the communist party were arrested and on March 28, 1933, 137 people were imprisoned in the Moers district. Among the 43 known fatalities as a result of resistance and persecution from Moers includes Johann Esser who wrote the Liedes der Moorsoldaten whilst in the Börgermoor concentration camp and which became a symbol of resistance to fascism. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> In 1928, about 230 Jews lived in Moers, making up about a percent of the population. The long-standing council member Issak Kaufmann was congratulated by Reich President Hindenburg on his 85th birthday in 1931 and was publicly praised in the press. But with the seizure of power Jewish businesses were boycotted from March 28, 1933, enforced by the SA and </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span> in Moers. As a result, many Jews left Moers. The Jewish school was finally closed in 1939. The synagogue was destroyed during the Reichspogromnacht but, because of the proximity of neighbouring buildings, it was not set on fire. When Jewish emigration was formally prohibited on October 1, 1941, sixty Jews still lived in Moers, crowded into five so-called Jewish houses. The first transport of forty people to Riga and Theresienstadt took place on December 13, 1941. After two more transports in April and July 1942, the Nazis found that Moers was "Judenfrei," overlooking a family in Matthek who were protected by a courageous city worker from Moers. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIuhRYRa6878qM-sz03S6CYrxYSu6vqra0MHnnirlAnqtaT6D7473nmmtLSl9za-j1ix5YXj1xYNnbFZYdKYbLAkZY6b0Ef44Oey_Pv4L0ApHYjICrmyW9N9MGmkHfcR6DHqQ76BLL5oyt/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-03-10+at+14.50.28.png" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIuhRYRa6878qM-sz03S6CYrxYSu6vqra0MHnnirlAnqtaT6D7473nmmtLSl9za-j1ix5YXj1xYNnbFZYdKYbLAkZY6b0Ef44Oey_Pv4L0ApHYjICrmyW9N9MGmkHfcR6DHqQ76BLL5oyt/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-03-10+at+14.50.28.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> In 1940 there were around a thousand </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">prisoners of war and the forced labourers from Russia, Poland and Ukraine </span></span></span></span></span></span>; in early 1942, 3,000 prisoners of war were counted in 23 foreigners' camps in the Moers district. In addition to mining recruitment, many were employed on farms, in industries and construction companies. Many died of malnutrition and debilitation; foreigners were not allowed into the bunkers during bombing raids. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>A
target of the Oil Campaign during the war, the Steinkohlenbergwerke
(coal mine) Rheinpreussen synthetic oil plant in Moers was partially
dismantled post-war. </span></span></span>There are 141 graves in the Lohmansheide cemetery near the Rheinpreussen 5/9 shaft alone. The number of deaths in Moers is estimated at over 200 whilst 558 Russian forced labourers are documented as having been killed. No corresponding figures are available for the other nationalities, including French, Belgian and Dutch. Of the five thousand Wehrmacht soldiers from Moers, 975 were killed or missing. There were also 150 civil war casualties. In Meerbeck, where the bombing was particularly strong because of the fuel plants, almost all of the 3,000 settlement houses were damaged and a thousand almost completely destroyed. On May 27, 2013, eleven stumbling blocks to commemorate Moers citizens who had been killed by the Nazis were laid in the town centre by the Cologne artist Gunter Demnig. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><br /></span></span>
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Mülheim an der Ruhr </b></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiynwumbbOR9Y65jF5_cV3wtC_X9hqmCkSC40MTNhHzIzfnW418CTCGUKkwKAXDIvA308X0ztY9BkuIRl5eYT-vob84vLGJnscsrqokEU3C16p8Y_5UbF0IbX2qYQOFZvNHX2TCakAF9lM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-25+at+12.29.16+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiynwumbbOR9Y65jF5_cV3wtC_X9hqmCkSC40MTNhHzIzfnW418CTCGUKkwKAXDIvA308X0ztY9BkuIRl5eYT-vob84vLGJnscsrqokEU3C16p8Y_5UbF0IbX2qYQOFZvNHX2TCakAF9lM/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-12-25+at+12.29.16+PM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>One
memorial that hasn't survived is this, replacing the earlier one form
the Great War shown in the Nazi-era postcard and today.</span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbS53YvhhMZtrhdjN5JTMDX-Nbnyg-M751u1yz1za6BEd_RndlNLYhibn_Cej2extZ9-mbn4xk2HdWI-U4q8RmdNVZA5_Qh_QYKwNCRWtXgVqknqRxPtSMbLaqcc68RqSble5NkGl8P5RZ/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbS53YvhhMZtrhdjN5JTMDX-Nbnyg-M751u1yz1za6BEd_RndlNLYhibn_Cej2extZ9-mbn4xk2HdWI-U4q8RmdNVZA5_Qh_QYKwNCRWtXgVqknqRxPtSMbLaqcc68RqSble5NkGl8P5RZ/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25283%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Military parade at Viktoriaplatz before General Klutman to mark Hitler's birthday in 1939. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">In the last free parliamentary elections on November 6, 1932, the Nazi
Party received 28.3% of the vote in Mülheim and thus was the strongest
party. In comparison, National Socialism in Germany, overall, received
33.1% of the vote. As in other cities of the Ruhr, the Nazi Party was indeed
the strongest party, but the Communist Party had 24.27% and the SPD had
13.53%, which means that these two parties of the left, together, had
37.81%, a larger share of the vote. Nevertheless, Mülheim was
enthusiastic over the appointment of Hitler as Chancellor, and
celebrated this with a torchlight procession.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Beginning in mid-February 1933, the first houses were searched,
especially in the Dümpten neighbourhood, for suspected Communists. At the
end of February, 200 </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">ϟϟ</span><span>, SA, and Stahlhelm members officially became
auxiliary policemen of the city, and they arrested many political
opponents. In the first local elections after seizing power, the Nazi
Party took 45.1% of votes. In the first council decision, Hitler and
Hindenburg were awarded honorary citizenship of the city.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7fNV5pKi5xRRS0YTkzUunAvwD6UW815RZi_eVOlMr4NmRhY_y6UaT_68m2FEjg0G8anjhyCeyiHtzdRTARSft-iRD6aMfnUfeAngNQbo8M26dORmh9Nn543Mg1iPpRmznTF5QpGI8Cg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.20.56+AM.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7fNV5pKi5xRRS0YTkzUunAvwD6UW815RZi_eVOlMr4NmRhY_y6UaT_68m2FEjg0G8anjhyCeyiHtzdRTARSft-iRD6aMfnUfeAngNQbo8M26dORmh9Nn543Mg1iPpRmznTF5QpGI8Cg/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.20.56+AM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Wehrmacht marching down Schloßstraße, now pedestrianised</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">On September 30, 1938, the "quasi-expropriation" of the Jewish
community in Mülheim occurred. With a council decision, the synagogue at
Viktoriaplatz was forcibly sold for only 56,000 Reichsmarks to the
Stadtsparkasse. A few weeks later during Kristallnacht on 10 November,
the Jewish house of worship burned down. The Mülheim fire department
acted only to prevent the fire from spreading to neighbouring structures.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span>
<br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">In June 1941, an Arbeitserziehungslager (Nazi labour camp) was
established at the Essen-Mülheim airport. It was administered by the
Cologne Gestapo. The guards were 26 policemen from the Essen police
department, and the work of setting up the camp was carried out by the
airport company. By March 1945, an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 people were
in the camp, and 130 of the prisoners died.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span>
<br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF6rqy_J-3qCjImUTveFf0KPrMrFiP-WHGENkNHm6-V3t-3i7xhAwUiXciaRA-KdDVcuNaX4LXhEYyQqkGGZjq9TEK1xAsWFWhtf6-ZbfaBYFErRuc8JZGH-k1KSIn8KmejN4XJqntdbc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.25.12+AM.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF6rqy_J-3qCjImUTveFf0KPrMrFiP-WHGENkNHm6-V3t-3i7xhAwUiXciaRA-KdDVcuNaX4LXhEYyQqkGGZjq9TEK1xAsWFWhtf6-ZbfaBYFErRuc8JZGH-k1KSIn8KmejN4XJqntdbc/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.25.12+AM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> First day at school, 1939; note hakenkreuz in the background</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">During the years 1943 and 1944, the city was repeatedly the target of
British air attacks. The most severe attack took place in the night of June </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">22 to 23,</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">1943. In three closely successive waves, 242 Lancaster,
155 Halifax, 93 Stirling, 55 Wellington, and twelve Mosquito bombers
targeted the city. The main objectives were the downtown area, the
railway lines, the tube stations, the facilities of Schmitz-Scholl (a
manufacturer of Wehrmacht supplies), the Reichsbahn repair shop, and the
harbour. The attack caused 530 deaths among the urban population and
1,630 buildings (64% of the city's buildings) were damaged or destroyed.
Approximately 40,000 residents had to be evacuated afterward.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span>
<br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWfG_-OpZTX_Awp04D58gz8M5xJT9FcjThvGhXdmpAfnizGf-0hrpVjj_liLMTIiz35h54XFvGoAMTGDm1mns8Axw8AESgprl4wKS2icOm6dsoYLrxWULpwptPZZYCmGkE4nL-PfVMESDj/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="371" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWfG_-OpZTX_Awp04D58gz8M5xJT9FcjThvGhXdmpAfnizGf-0hrpVjj_liLMTIiz35h54XFvGoAMTGDm1mns8Axw8AESgprl4wKS2icOm6dsoYLrxWULpwptPZZYCmGkE4nL-PfVMESDj/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25281%2529.gif" width="356" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Wallstraße before the war and today</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Another aerial attack, which actually was on the city of Oberhausen,
came on the night of November </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"> 1-2, </span></span></span>1944. Bombs fell on the Dümpten neighbourhood. There and in surrounding neighbourhoods 33 inhabitants were
killed. On December 24, 1944, the last serious attack occurred as a
result of Germany's Ardennes offensive, which received air support from
the Essen-Mülheim Airport. That airport was attacked by 338 British
bombers. A total of 74 inhabitants of the city lost their lives, of
which 50 were killed by a direct hit on the bunker on Windmühlenstraße.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span>
<br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">The end of the war came to the city on 11 April 1945. To defend
against the advancing troops, there were 200 soldiers of the 183rd
People's Grenadier Regiment in the Mülheim area who were theoretically
supported by approximately 3,000 members of the Volkssturm. In the
morning, the first soldiers of the 17th American Airborne Division advanced
from Essen to the neighbourhood of Hot in the city centre. In the urban
area, only along Kämpchenstraße was there any fighting. A short fight
there between some Volkssturm and the Americans resulted in the deaths
of two Volkssturm and three GIs. Mayor Hasenjäger handed the city over
to the Americans at 9:40. A few months later, America was superseded
by Britain as the occupying power.</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-GGu2OmsYS-DOZCBnka3Lp5xn8RH3w8CKVacWQsghY6mJgy4opORR2R3bvCzyOpUh8rDlGmuH8L1mJroQQ8bj4YMzRtcml0mXZdB37h4cpEVPOdvbZuYLsPmSuvmIPUvHfL2v0pFkEsk/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.48.01+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-GGu2OmsYS-DOZCBnka3Lp5xn8RH3w8CKVacWQsghY6mJgy4opORR2R3bvCzyOpUh8rDlGmuH8L1mJroQQ8bj4YMzRtcml0mXZdB37h4cpEVPOdvbZuYLsPmSuvmIPUvHfL2v0pFkEsk/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.48.01+AM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> The Nazi eagle that adorns the Kolpinghaus on Steinkopfstraße which, from 1936, served as the Nazi Party headquarters.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh51gGf92xgr0URKRBEKiOy-Vkl-I3T1X2itzuA8enB2930Mm0ukBt3EdS9U6z_VyCDedxh0awPochKPI2OAAzLAFZio3enoQ3J4vK3Y9i-6qMXpMHfdi6ssFRfa4h4FDaR5Vd4ec7yZMnH/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-04-13+at+16.50.36.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="639" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh51gGf92xgr0URKRBEKiOy-Vkl-I3T1X2itzuA8enB2930Mm0ukBt3EdS9U6z_VyCDedxh0awPochKPI2OAAzLAFZio3enoQ3J4vK3Y9i-6qMXpMHfdi6ssFRfa4h4FDaR5Vd4ec7yZMnH/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-04-13+at+16.50.36.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span>The synagogue before (during an SA demonstration in 1934), during and after Reichskristallnacht November 8-9, 1939. </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">When Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Mühlheim counted</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> 71 Jewish inhabitants, roughly 1.0% of its 6,757 citizens. Increasingly Jews emigrated because of the state-sponsored terrorism against them. During the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span>Kristallnacht</span></span>, the interior of the synagogue was completely destroyed and Jewish men were imprisoned in the guardhouse at the Catholic Church and beaten by SA. Some were taken to the Buchenwald concentration camp the next day. In 1939, there were still 36 Jewish people remaining- 0.3% of the local population. As of December 31, 1939 this was reduced to 28, and on February 5, 1942 sixteen were recorded as continuing to live in the town. However, on September 19, 1942, the last Jewish inhabitants were forced to meet at the Old Town Hall, from where they were deported to the extermination camps. The last four Jewish inhabitants lived in so-called "mixed marriages"; three of them were arrested and deported in the spring of 1943. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">As
of today, anti-Semitism has made a reappearance, especially with the huge
influx of Muslims by the Merkel government with the Mülheim town council choosing to cancel its official 2017 Hanukkah festivities, citing ‘security concerns.’ All outdoor Hanukkah events due to take place in Mülheim and the adjoining region had also been cancelled, with Berlin branch of the American Jewish Committee blaming the “widespread antisemitism among Arab refugees in Germany.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg3bieJ6sxHFvjKubMIbo7QzIiEuuJVJEuUL9Snc-CuMBmaxXxB_jT6XxOeiVynm7wVikplUKfY1id9uyAgsFAgOtzcc0L9eUU5-wHgcZRT05uUeIPA94lqqCJX4S8xTcUIRIunaHxNSk/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.25.38+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg3bieJ6sxHFvjKubMIbo7QzIiEuuJVJEuUL9Snc-CuMBmaxXxB_jT6XxOeiVynm7wVikplUKfY1id9uyAgsFAgOtzcc0L9eUU5-wHgcZRT05uUeIPA94lqqCJX4S8xTcUIRIunaHxNSk/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.25.38+AM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Bombentreffer at a Flak station on Wiener Platz in May 1944 and the site today</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzWzWMf3Uuu4RsSzia8O_OxkIqFpeitrSq7vB1b-ovIwWfhe9ocnZXzTolClQiuzy4LKu9Wfyr7XhLGxZEjJE_C6sYearNCqq5qRMwXX8gruZn-CEywpjwfAf-nrYJC_HM4PfTn59YP5E/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.17.52+AM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzWzWMf3Uuu4RsSzia8O_OxkIqFpeitrSq7vB1b-ovIwWfhe9ocnZXzTolClQiuzy4LKu9Wfyr7XhLGxZEjJE_C6sYearNCqq5qRMwXX8gruZn-CEywpjwfAf-nrYJC_HM4PfTn59YP5E/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.17.52+AM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>The city under intense bombing October 29, 1944.<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> In
his postwar memoir, Hajo Herrmann, flying with the so-called 'Wild
Boars' to intercept the enemy bombers, described the situation:
</span></span></span></span>
</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="column" style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">We were not flying above General Hintz's flak but over Cologne-Mulheim, in the area of the
7th </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Flakdivision, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">which was illuminating bombers and fighters indiscriminately. They fired on
us without paying any heed to our flashing belly and navigation lights. Searchlight beams were
concentrated around us, and ahead of us we heard the thunder of our artillery. In the
intoxication of that summer night's battle we forgot the countless flak splinters and other
dangers that faced us, and we tore into the witch's cauldron hot with anger and spurred with
enthusiasm. This was </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Wilde Sau </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">pure and simple.
</span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>However, e<span style="font-size: 12pt;">ven without the assistance of the flak, Herrmann still owed a
large part of his unit's success to ground-based air defences. In fact, the wild boar procedure relied
completely on either searchlights or flak to provide illumination for the initial intercept, thereby allowing
the fighters to press home their attacks. Admittedly, it was the fighters that finished off the bombers, but
ground-based air defenses provided the necessary conditions for ensuring this outcome.
</span></span></span></span>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Westermann (142) <u>Flak German Anti-aircraft Defences 1914-1945</u></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkzjmYk-LrfWxO-ZT-tpXJN7AkCMySjo9zM-PMOUfmITfVXMFNeXqx0H_21coca84hv1HtTdqyF86BLTz60vWa5o-HY47kJeeePGvmtj-D0rNzvCJt6wS-UX5V0BgKx388dyyBFLG69j4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.25.57+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkzjmYk-LrfWxO-ZT-tpXJN7AkCMySjo9zM-PMOUfmITfVXMFNeXqx0H_21coca84hv1HtTdqyF86BLTz60vWa5o-HY47kJeeePGvmtj-D0rNzvCJt6wS-UX5V0BgKx388dyyBFLG69j4/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.25.57+AM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">An example of a single building transformed through war- Freiheit 54 in 1930, 1945, 1995 and today</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifNhKU0e42gH0jXVidTLhSEhW-IrLHJG4oYLfrHcjdErtVLbKWNsBXwcOUVoAx6vgv_atcYpI15Os0-mpwbtUlcBXnQ8FQ0M51Osz7FE6ih8KuxuUHYGr8j7LxuqIo1Ke02Gw1IWQKA-I/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-23+at+9.46.40+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifNhKU0e42gH0jXVidTLhSEhW-IrLHJG4oYLfrHcjdErtVLbKWNsBXwcOUVoAx6vgv_atcYpI15Os0-mpwbtUlcBXnQ8FQ0M51Osz7FE6ih8KuxuUHYGr8j7LxuqIo1Ke02Gw1IWQKA-I/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-23+at+9.46.40+PM.png" width="640" /></a> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The current 'Kulturbunker' today and in use during the war in 1943 </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Siegen </b></span>(North Rhine-Westphalia)</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUvB2S2CxxBWx4rTSqbomRDxGxokBU9vp45HkhC1ONQOyPubu4BtlRwn4OhNF4qQ0qrVwjIUT0cjUoTfPUoQwHT7fHaYF9fuHd0BiU9Fw6Ml-SHGLwkSIZH_M4GJoWxtf8f10CQqF0C8g/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-23+at+9.45.53+PM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUvB2S2CxxBWx4rTSqbomRDxGxokBU9vp45HkhC1ONQOyPubu4BtlRwn4OhNF4qQ0qrVwjIUT0cjUoTfPUoQwHT7fHaYF9fuHd0BiU9Fw6Ml-SHGLwkSIZH_M4GJoWxtf8f10CQqF0C8g/w554-h218/Screen+Shot+2014-07-23+at+9.45.53+PM.png" width="554" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>The Siegener Krönchen <i>einst und jetzt</i>.</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span> On the evening of July 25, 1933, </span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span>
units swarmed out in into the town and picked up their victims where
they were taken to the Nazi Party office, the so-called Brown House,
located within the old Oberförserei in Hindenburgstrasse. There they
were subject to brutal interrogations and torture. One of the first
victims was <a href="https://trauer.op-online.de/traueranzeige/willi-henrich">communist Willi Henrich</a>, suspected by the Gestapo as a
sub-district leader of the illegal KPD. He was arrested during the day
by order of the police commissioner Härter who released Harter from gaol
at around 20.00 only to meet with the SA already waiting in the hall
who then attacked Henrich with rubber truncheons in the basement for ten
minutes. With a bucket of cold water, he was brought back to
consciousness until Wilhelm Odendahl finally pointed his pistol at
Henrich. Henrich by then had been so worn out now that he told him to
"pull the trigger, but stop beating me" before succumbing to exhaustion
and waking up at 14.00 in his police cell the next day. The first person
he saw was the Siegen doctor Dr. Stiebeling, who described him as
having the "constitution of an ox;" a weaker nature would not have
survived the abuse, he later explained. After the war, Kehl, then a
doctor in the Marienkrankenhaus, declared that Henrich had so many
hæmatomas that he looked as if he was “wearing a blue suit”.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_iwfqjoWW-7-NT2kNlRsClhgKerLFGz78RaeXB8ZmgPZ9EQnS1FlecuJQdctNQIYOMhXJkA6baRbyZwG0226JW6qG8GlfWCvppxMwp0GcmDR_vZHsqWMh5gRCxP5aZ4e7K0zu_R68zIE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-23+at+9.46.14+PM.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_iwfqjoWW-7-NT2kNlRsClhgKerLFGz78RaeXB8ZmgPZ9EQnS1FlecuJQdctNQIYOMhXJkA6baRbyZwG0226JW6qG8GlfWCvppxMwp0GcmDR_vZHsqWMh5gRCxP5aZ4e7K0zu_R68zIE/w469-h225/Screen+Shot+2014-07-23+at+9.46.14+PM.png" width="469" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Kölner Straße then and now</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Another victim, Erich Schutz, also emphatically described how he was tortured in the Brown House, having been been pushed down its basement stairs where there were already twenty to 25 SA men SA command with carbines on him. The next day he was left in a gutter. Another day later, Pastor Ochse had him taken to the hospital, where he then spent 28 weeks. Chief physician Prof. Flosdorf operated on him for a biliary tear and on the kidneys and intestines. In total, he had to be treated seven times in hospital, and in 1947 he was written off for the injured as an invalid. Erich Schutz was <a href="https://www.vielfalt-mediathek.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/hellwig_raimund__siegen_unter_dem_hakenkreuz.pdf">treated in the Marienkrankenhaus </a>as well as Anton Kappi, Rudolf Metzeler and Willi Henrich. After a fortnight, SA adjutant Irmer appeared and imposed a visiting ban on the room with the three Communists. After six weeks in the hospital, the SA reappeared, throwing Henrich out of the hospital. The communist then collapsed at the gate and was brought home by passers-by. After other doctors were put under pressure by the SA, Dr. Stiebeling continued the treatment. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">During the war Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town. On April 1, 1945, the American 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river. The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945, until organised resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on April 3, 1945. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Bochum </b><span style="font-size: small;">(North Rhine-Westphalia)</span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcJI7TBWFp1GlP55Rrb2peEa2IKHIwiQG6iOBjPWTJ-294hRhFf2swORy0UEZipTHidL6xaSUiOXTA4wLxFjH9Eu3r0ng-x8GW2FWXJj1TgdB-TA0BBN89fTqb7uHUe4Fd79G6DHBd-IEd/s1600/hitler-bochumer-verein-300x203.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcJI7TBWFp1GlP55Rrb2peEa2IKHIwiQG6iOBjPWTJ-294hRhFf2swORy0UEZipTHidL6xaSUiOXTA4wLxFjH9Eu3r0ng-x8GW2FWXJj1TgdB-TA0BBN89fTqb7uHUe4Fd79G6DHBd-IEd/s1600/hitler-bochumer-verein-300x203.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcJI7TBWFp1GlP55Rrb2peEa2IKHIwiQG6iOBjPWTJ-294hRhFf2swORy0UEZipTHidL6xaSUiOXTA4wLxFjH9Eu3r0ng-x8GW2FWXJj1TgdB-TA0BBN89fTqb7uHUe4Fd79G6DHBd-IEd/s1600/hitler-bochumer-verein-300x203.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcJI7TBWFp1GlP55Rrb2peEa2IKHIwiQG6iOBjPWTJ-294hRhFf2swORy0UEZipTHidL6xaSUiOXTA4wLxFjH9Eu3r0ng-x8GW2FWXJj1TgdB-TA0BBN89fTqb7uHUe4Fd79G6DHBd-IEd/s1600/hitler-bochumer-verein-300x203.jpg" style="height: 210px; width: 290px;" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><i>Generaldirektor</i> of the <i>Bochumer Vereins,</i> Walter Borbet, a key executive of the United Steel Works, with Hitler at the <i>Werk Höntrop</i> on April 14, 1935 and the site today. The city of Bochum, situated in the Ruhr area of Germany, had a complex and multi-faceted role during the Nazi regime. Known as an industrial hub, the city became critically involved in various aspects of the Nazi apparatus. Bochum's industrial importance cannot be overstated in any discussion concerning its role under Nazi rule. Located in the Ruhr valley, an area replete with coal mines and factories, Bochum was a hub for industrial production, particularly in steel and armaments. This made it a focal point for the implementation of the Four-Year Plan, aimed at making Germany self-sufficient and prepared for war. The city's factories were retrofitted and expanded to meet the growing demand for weapons and equipment, as Hitler’s war plans became increasingly apparent. Historian Kershaw argues that places like Bochum were central to the Nazi war effort, providing the material basis for military expansion. Moreover, Bochum became a site for forced labour as the war progressed. Factories were staffed with prisoners of war, and later, with forced labourers from occupied territories. This grim aspect of industrial production sheds light on the city’s complicity in the oppressive Nazi policies. Mason contends that the exploitation of forced labour in industrial cities like Bochum was not merely an economic necessity for the regime but also a tool of subjugation, integrating the city into the wider network of Nazi oppression. The economic gains derived from forced labour also had broader ramifications, further entrenching the local populace and elite in the web of Nazi moral compromises and complicities. Through the combination of economic benefit and ideological compliance, Bochum became a textbook example of the manner in which ordinary German towns became inextricably linked to the regime's war crimes. Mason argues that industrial cities like Bochum offered a "double-edged sword"—on one side contributing to Germany's war economy and on the other perpetuating a cycle of moral degradation and ethical compromises. Therefore, the industrial dimension of Bochum’s role under the Nazis was far more intricate than mere production numbers; it was interwoven with both the aims and the malevolent methods of the regime.</span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span>Apart from its industrial significance, Bochum played an equally disturbing role in the oppressive measures enacted by the Nazi state. As a medium-sized city with a mixed population, Bochum became a site where various Nazi ideologies and policies, from anti-Semitic legislation to Aryanisation, were vigorously implemented. Bochum’s Jewish community faced extreme persecution, beginning with social ostracisation and progressing to confiscation of property and deportation. Numerous synagogues were destroyed during Kristallnacht, marking a grim escalation of anti-Jewish measures. Friedlander, a historian focusing on the Holocaust, elaborates on how mid-sized cities like Bochum were essential cogs in the bureaucratic machinery of the Final Solution. On November 9, 1938 during Kristallnacht, the Jewish citizens of Bochum were attacked with the synagogue set on fire and rioting against Jewish citizens. The first Jews from Bochum were deported to Nazi concentration camps and many Jewish institutions and homes were destroyed. Some 500 Jewish citizens are known by name to have been killed in the Holocaust, including nineteen who were younger than 16 years old. Joseph Klirsfeld was Bochum's rabbi at this time. He and his wife fled to Palestine. In December 1938, the Jewish elementary school teacher Else Hirsch began organising groups of children and adolescents to be sent to the Netherlands and England, sending ten groups in all. </span></span></span><span><span><span><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEindSOGrhX5hUZtuJ_hS0kGf6bHceKFIPCKFHs9hIQUIFEM1OuiJ_ocQtttW_lgN0vB6dS2IqsbC9U1Ixqkho1PHLmnD148kFDyXfKeLj7_49mYdybutYteDBwhS9jWBJxeZqqAIeq9lo2b/s1600/Bochumer+Verein+$283$29.JPG" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEindSOGrhX5hUZtuJ_hS0kGf6bHceKFIPCKFHs9hIQUIFEM1OuiJ_ocQtttW_lgN0vB6dS2IqsbC9U1Ixqkho1PHLmnD148kFDyXfKeLj7_49mYdybutYteDBwhS9jWBJxeZqqAIeq9lo2b/s1600/Bochumer+Verein+$283$29.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEindSOGrhX5hUZtuJ_hS0kGf6bHceKFIPCKFHs9hIQUIFEM1OuiJ_ocQtttW_lgN0vB6dS2IqsbC9U1Ixqkho1PHLmnD148kFDyXfKeLj7_49mYdybutYteDBwhS9jWBJxeZqqAIeq9lo2b/s1600/Bochumer+Verein+$283$29.JPG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEindSOGrhX5hUZtuJ_hS0kGf6bHceKFIPCKFHs9hIQUIFEM1OuiJ_ocQtttW_lgN0vB6dS2IqsbC9U1Ixqkho1PHLmnD148kFDyXfKeLj7_49mYdybutYteDBwhS9jWBJxeZqqAIeq9lo2b/s1600/Bochumer+Verein+$283$29.JPG" style="height: 210px; width: 350px;" /></a>Many Jewish children and those from </span></span></span><span><span><span>other persecuted groups were taken in by Dutch families and thereby saved from abduction or deportation and death. Additionally, the city was involved in the more extensive persecution machinery of the Third Reich. Political dissidents, Communists, and other "undesirables" were often arrested and sent to concentration camps. Local law enforcement cooperated with Gestapo agents in surveillance and policing activities, underscoring how deeply the tentacles of Nazi repression had penetrated into everyday life in Bochum. Friedlander contends that this integration of local administration into state repression represents one of the many insidious ways the Nazi regime managed to involve ordinary Germans in its broader criminal activities. Peukert, in <u>Die KPD im Widerstand</u> (88) reports that in the city of Bochum leading Communists were brutally beaten by the SA, pummelled through the streets and left lying at a street corner. This event led to an "atmosphere of paralysis" among the workers. <br /></span></span></span></span><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXwbJPG_SfoNChx0RhyphenhyphenOJ9SLLpLNZNkAfNqsa5c_vWB9FZs7_CVOQECnUnoCYx2lTkzjtih4gkJrsHtK-KXLyzTgWrpS19KbkBcGfHYdQ2kHacUyLHx_HzfjkwT-cNbnmofmwyTc6q7Rg/s1600/bfcdfcf6-4207-4380-8d40-32c7f64a5c64_large-1.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXwbJPG_SfoNChx0RhyphenhyphenOJ9SLLpLNZNkAfNqsa5c_vWB9FZs7_CVOQECnUnoCYx2lTkzjtih4gkJrsHtK-KXLyzTgWrpS19KbkBcGfHYdQ2kHacUyLHx_HzfjkwT-cNbnmofmwyTc6q7Rg/w400-h268/bfcdfcf6-4207-4380-8d40-32c7f64a5c64_large-1.png" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>The Nazi eagle over the entrance to the former air raid shelter at Boltestraße 38, dated 1941-1942, remains, denuded of its swastika. Because the Ruhr region was an area of high residential density and a centre for the manufacture of weapons, it was a major target in the war. Given its industrial and ideological importance, it was inevitably targeted by Allied bombing campaigns. The devastation wrought by these air raids served multiple purposes: disrupting Germany's war machinery and demoralising the population. However, paradoxically, the wartime experiences also led to a different kind of mobilisation in Bochum. Despite the destruction, many in the city viewed the air raids as an impetus for increased loyalty to the regime, as suffering was framed as collective and noble sacrifice for the Fatherland. Tooze argues that this 'rallying effect' of wartime hardship was not unique to Bochum but constituted a broader trend across Nazi Germany, revealing the complex psychological interplay between the regime and its populace. The bombings also had a more direct impact on Bochum’s role in the war effort. With factories damaged or destroyed, the city’s productivity plummeted, affecting the overall German war economy. Here, the city’s previously celebrated industrial prowess turned into a liability, as it drew the destructive attention of the Allies. Despite its vulnerabilities, Bochum was never entirely subdued; even in the latter stages of the war, makeshift production continued, albeit at reduced capacity. Overy emphasises the resilience of Nazi Germany's industrial cities, including Bochum, as they adapted to the constraints imposed by wartime conditions. This section has reached the 400-word limit. May I continue with the next section of this paragraph?Women with young children, school children and the homeless fled or were evacuated to safer areas, leaving cities largely deserted to the arms industry, coal mines and steel plants and those unable to leave. Bochum was first bombed heavily in May and June 1943. On May 13, 1943, the city hall was hit, destroying the top floor, and leaving the next two floors in flames. On November 4, 1944, in an attack involving seven hundred British bombers, the steel plant, Bochumer Verein, was hit. This included one of the largest steel plants in Germany which had more than ten thousand high-explosive and 130,000 incendiary bombs stored there, setting off a conflagration that destroyed the surrounding neighbourhoods. </span></span></span><br />
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinMZOjzc4CDY5wxDx5T7zLwxWuSQV1gM3Oj-3-8M_gYLU2i32LQUtSHZEGqgQdgrP4FFD4Fgt69tYIknaBYBM6beSNFtZO_3z5icwGCfmy_QG2MiWRiR17j954SRgEY8oR5YqbYqLbgAE/s1600/7848141455.preview.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinMZOjzc4CDY5wxDx5T7zLwxWuSQV1gM3Oj-3-8M_gYLU2i32LQUtSHZEGqgQdgrP4FFD4Fgt69tYIknaBYBM6beSNFtZO_3z5icwGCfmy_QG2MiWRiR17j954SRgEY8oR5YqbYqLbgAE/s400/7848141455.preview.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Another
example of vandalism directed towards a relic of the Nazi era was this
kriegerdenkmal honouring the fallen of the 4th Magdeburg Infantry
Regiment No. 67 of the Great War. Based on a design by the sculptor
Walter Becker and inaugurated in August 1935, it consisted of Ruhr
sandstone brick, in front of which were two larger
than life warriors who symbolised the imperial army and the Nazi
Wehrmacht.
The monument was an example of Nazi martial arts and his consecration
was an attempt to prepare the population ideologically for future
military
conflict. </span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibkdL_HDKEZP3SPaqPZ41lulS6Aq4E_DdWRL-MFopul8Q5e7woL8YwzgWXQIGPFv94Xcrgpx4FxgSKK_L0quTgyvl0xdl1hZDiSLsauCpwfyB_MdiGHpgzicaHWKDTlDfdqlLGZZTxtVs/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibkdL_HDKEZP3SPaqPZ41lulS6Aq4E_DdWRL-MFopul8Q5e7woL8YwzgWXQIGPFv94Xcrgpx4FxgSKK_L0quTgyvl0xdl1hZDiSLsauCpwfyB_MdiGHpgzicaHWKDTlDfdqlLGZZTxtVs/s640/myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>In February 1983, an unknown party sawed through the bronze figures; they have not been replaced.</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyXPDEZpC-5KOTzKi6kr6ASuiZizeENzkogJsL2MlpbQNzaN-oVAX9D5xVFpFdgI_8pt225fi-sRHutV3Vcl1RNezsfrRm1CNekH9hJ8DO1RUdL1IVT-4Z-ff6rPVC3PFlqsXRRg-OP-c/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.22.10+AM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyXPDEZpC-5KOTzKi6kr6ASuiZizeENzkogJsL2MlpbQNzaN-oVAX9D5xVFpFdgI_8pt225fi-sRHutV3Vcl1RNezsfrRm1CNekH9hJ8DO1RUdL1IVT-4Z-ff6rPVC3PFlqsXRRg-OP-c/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.22.10+AM.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span> Much of Bochum has been lost, but the rathaus has remained all but intact. It was in Bochum on January 8, 1942 that the state funeral ordered by Hitler for the leader of the war economy and chairman of the Bochum Association, Dr. Walter Borber, took place with Reich Economics Minister Frick conveying the “Führer’s last greetings.”</span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><span> The
town centre of Bochum was a strategic target during the Oil Campaign.
In 150 air raids on Bochum, over 1,300 bombs were dropped on Bochum and
Gelsenkirchen. By the end of the war, 38% of Bochum had been destroyed.
70,000 citizens were homeless and at least 4,095 dead. Of Bochum's more
than 90,000 homes, only 25,000 remained for the 170,000 citizens who
survived the war, many by fleeing to other areas. Most of the remaining
buildings were damaged, many with only one usable room. Only 1,000
houses in Bochum remained undamaged after the war. Only two of 122
schools remained unscathed; others were totally destroyed. Hunger was
rampant. A resident of neighbouring Essen was quoted on April 23, 1945 as
saying, "[t]oday, I used up my last potato... it will be a difficult time
till the new [autumn] potatoes are ready to be picked – if they're not
stolen." The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Bochum in April
1945. Encountering desultory resistance, the American 79th Infantry Division
captured the city on April 10, 1945. After the war, Bochum was occupied
by the British, who established two camps to house people displaced by
the war. The majority of them were former Polish Zwangsarbeiter, forced
labourers, many of them from the Bochumer Verein. More than sixty years
after the war, bombs continue to be found in the region, usually by
construction workers. One found in October 2008 in Bochum town centre
led to the evacuation of 400 and involved hundreds of emergency workers.
A month earlier, a buried bomb exploded in neighbouring Hattingen,
injuring 17 people. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4z1OKOTriAu112AyZYsYhcb2fa7AJXUKN0oDofOXzqb2r4OgrL3ArkUBxyOvZKpvEjQexYYi_F9Nay6D6SsidPysO9YvSynQVnFPBTBI-wTGbd4vdhYZlSV96rZ3xwNkDmtRySOUnGdE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.22.23+AM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4z1OKOTriAu112AyZYsYhcb2fa7AJXUKN0oDofOXzqb2r4OgrL3ArkUBxyOvZKpvEjQexYYi_F9Nay6D6SsidPysO9YvSynQVnFPBTBI-wTGbd4vdhYZlSV96rZ3xwNkDmtRySOUnGdE/w400-h160/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.22.23+AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">The Neues Rathaus and war memorial. The city's resilience revealed the extent to which the Nazi regime had succeeded in integrating Bochum into its war machine. Local efforts to maintain production, even under adverse conditions, showcased the effectiveness of the regime’s ideological and organisational penetration into everyday life. Mason contends that this dogged perseverance of German industrial cities, often against immense odds, questions the traditional narrative of a Germany uniformly collapsing under the weight of its internal contradictions and external pressures. In Bochum's case, the city's wartime experience serves as a microcosm of Nazi Germany's broader complexities, revealing a populace that, whether due to ideological commitment or fear of reprisal, continued to contribute to the regime’s war efforts until the very end.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: 180%;"><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C5" style="font-weight: bold;">Hermannsdenkmal</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: 180%;"><span class="Standaard-alinealettertype-C5" style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP7ncPA0qDmobyBnNC4Eta4Bm3nKMxoxEgfcxOy6C0do-EpfUN17UFv3fASIJfddvsDDyG-kRvj0Dg_6rMuSqltMvEWd1Qnd7gMqHFbf2aEuACyS6aj7ZyKxwHWhucouUbWt_9ZdryZ_U/s1600/1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="289" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5736852611646322978" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP7ncPA0qDmobyBnNC4Eta4Bm3nKMxoxEgfcxOy6C0do-EpfUN17UFv3fASIJfddvsDDyG-kRvj0Dg_6rMuSqltMvEWd1Qnd7gMqHFbf2aEuACyS6aj7ZyKxwHWhucouUbWt_9ZdryZ_U/s400/1" width="400" /></a><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">This
monument in North Rhine-Westphalia commemorates the Cherusci war chief
Hermann (Arminius) at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in which the
Germanic tribes under Arminius recorded a decisive victory in 9 AD over
three Roman legions under Varus. Of Arminius, Hitler remarked in
rejecting "Czech aspirations for the c<span style="font-size: small;">reation of a national army" that</span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: normal;">To
teach a nation the handling of arms is to give it a virile education.
If the Romans had not recruited Germans in their armies, the latter
would never have had the opportunity of becoming soldiers and,
eventually, of annihilating their former instructors. The most striking
example is that of Arminius, who became Commander of the Third Roman
Legion. The Romans instructed the Third in the arts of war, and Arminius
afterwards used it to defeat his instructors. At the time of the
revolt against Rome, the most daring of Arminius's brothers-in-arms
were all Germanics who had served some time or other in the Roman
legions.</span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The postcard's caption roughly translates as </span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><i><span style="font-size: small;">Where once the leader of the Germans released the German land from the enemy</span></i></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><i><span style="font-size: small;">Blow Hitler´s victory flags, powerfully into the new age.</span></i></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiARU1UuReBCydzCiVJiyL34DIJ2Cz9lkh4D-Ab5O3PXPiohGyWIZVp7q66AcVDCBo8L11dW90hlFMd3VN3X74RJencyWrJp-iQHejv1uFhA7SBbBx2Bepg85ogvndf5aHunGl5dVhgvPmx/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiARU1UuReBCydzCiVJiyL34DIJ2Cz9lkh4D-Ab5O3PXPiohGyWIZVp7q66AcVDCBo8L11dW90hlFMd3VN3X74RJencyWrJp-iQHejv1uFhA7SBbBx2Bepg85ogvndf5aHunGl5dVhgvPmx/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" width="286" /></a></span></span></span></span>During the Great War the monument became an instrument of military propaganda, which implied that the current war would end with a German victory like the battle fought by Arminius or the war of 1870/71. In 1915, the number of annual visitors exceeded 50,000 for the first time. In the Weimar Republic the monument became a popular meeting point for associations and societies of the nationalist, monarchist and reactionary right whilst the government kept its distance. The 50th anniversary of the statue's inauguration from August </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">1 to 19, </span></span></span>1925 thus was an event dominated by the political right. On August 8-9, around fifty thousands of visitors attended a procession. Hitler, whom James Holland in <i>The Rise of Germany</i> describes as having been "obsessed with the stories of Arminius's defeat if Varus's legions" visited the monument in 1926 and after 1930 the Nazi Party in Lippe used the location for a number of assemblies- </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">"[t]he myths of Arminius as a freedom fighter who had liberated the pure Aryan German peoples from the yoke of Rome became a source for Nazi ideology" (393-394). After the Machtergreifung of 1933, the Detmold government tried to have the Hermannsdenkmal declared the official Wallfahrtstätte der deutschen Nation (pilgrimage site of the German nation) but was turned down by the Nazi government in Berlin. The Nazi leadership preferred to organise events at locations of its own choosing, with better transport facilities. The monument featured as a symbol in Nazi propaganda material, but as a place for assemblies it was mostly used only by the Hitlerjugend and local branches of the various Nazi organisations. In 1936, the monument had 191,000 visitors. Events in 1935 (the monument's 60th anniversary) and 1941 (on the centenary when the foundation stone was laid) were smaller than the 1909 and 1925 celebrations and focused on glorifying Hitler and glamorising him as the successor of Arminius. </span><i><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></i></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/1999/06/where-was-battle-of-teutoburg-forest.html"><b>One of my senior's research essay on the actual location of the battle of Teutoburg Forest</b></a></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<span><span><span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Herford</span></b></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE4KpyLg4_DNnzOdCoiwke2hmrlMrV0XFnMrioFLTKvG8bTMzlvgZ3_xu6DPh34npHQELtPtE8o3JAQqhTtSpprpLFemN42bfQGKCZi0yaONgWU8KG1SuMl0atIKcoRlMwWCotz6mhBNrX/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE4KpyLg4_DNnzOdCoiwke2hmrlMrV0XFnMrioFLTKvG8bTMzlvgZ3_xu6DPh34npHQELtPtE8o3JAQqhTtSpprpLFemN42bfQGKCZi0yaONgWU8KG1SuMl0atIKcoRlMwWCotz6mhBNrX/s400/myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>This
gravestone prompted controversy recently when it was apparently only
now realised that it sported a swastika, a banned symbol here in Germany
(despite covering numerous official state buildings here as checking
out the link to hakenkreuzes will show). For everyone else, however, up
to three years in gaol or a fine is the punishment stipulated by the the
Penal Code. The grave itself is to the memory of
Hermann Pantförder, a member of the Nazi Party since 1925 who died in a car
accident on the way from Bielefeld to Herford. At his death, he led over
<span style="font-size: small;">a thousdand </span>storm troopers and was responsible for a number of Nazi-era
buildings in the area. </span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span>In the end, the matter appears to have
been resolved when persons unknown took it upon themselves to partially
chip the offending symbol away.</span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjVssPS1lCInzzbu5w8UNY2kRLxlPJtVSI64wd5sj8MJUb37iYo_tZk96fT4MsAx05YB8_g1IHcu17c4iHKQvqVMGukLEz0RBc0BaBO2-ExCw5d8N_qd0-BPRU-SpY0mGCWXjSnUFR14Y/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.22.55+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjVssPS1lCInzzbu5w8UNY2kRLxlPJtVSI64wd5sj8MJUb37iYo_tZk96fT4MsAx05YB8_g1IHcu17c4iHKQvqVMGukLEz0RBc0BaBO2-ExCw5d8N_qd0-BPRU-SpY0mGCWXjSnUFR14Y/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.22.55+AM.png" width="640" /></a> </span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span>The town's railway station was once located on Horst-Wessel-Platz as shown in the period postcard. </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Bielefeld </span><span style="font-size: small;"> (North Rhine-Westphalia) </span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWe-xf1L5RiX4bOA3cbezialoyeKwarDk134O9q5SQx8ulVuNHNxblWRQvU90Wqk5BUMXNQEPP5LbKMjcF0SLNxHaJP-6QXuy4mdUaUI0DKLgsU6MG1423iQ-f_Ub5eplR1vuOAK3y3M/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.23.46+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWe-xf1L5RiX4bOA3cbezialoyeKwarDk134O9q5SQx8ulVuNHNxblWRQvU90Wqk5BUMXNQEPP5LbKMjcF0SLNxHaJP-6QXuy4mdUaUI0DKLgsU6MG1423iQ-f_Ub5eplR1vuOAK3y3M/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.23.46+AM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Reichsminister
Dr. Robert Ley unveiling a statue produced by the Berlin sculptor Ernst
Paul Hinckeldey to "Bielefelds bestem Sohn" June 14 1939.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEiB1-yEJ8UXOyGWAHnSpjsy2XZaj59x7DuMmNCINqmDOuCr4T9UI3YoUdd0r49KdDb3rsgnZb8kAMRSRKERIGO1LcPmBiwxlkq2t7eMHznyTvKGDDNQpEZMWmLf3PXZJUl_cGG6Xp94I/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.24.00+AM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEiB1-yEJ8UXOyGWAHnSpjsy2XZaj59x7DuMmNCINqmDOuCr4T9UI3YoUdd0r49KdDb3rsgnZb8kAMRSRKERIGO1LcPmBiwxlkq2t7eMHznyTvKGDDNQpEZMWmLf3PXZJUl_cGG6Xp94I/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.24.00+AM.png" width="400" /></a><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Horst Wessel was born in Bielefeld on September 9, 1907 here on August Bebel Strasse (formerly Horst-Wessel-Strasse) and became the Nazis' most famous 'martyrs' after his murder on February 23, 1930. As a teenager Horst Wessel was a leader among the youth group of the German National People’s Party, a conservative nationalist party. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>He would
often lead the group into brawls against Communists. But when the
organization began viewing him as too extreme he became more involved
with the Nazis and their Stormtroopers. Eventually
in 1926, he abandoned his studies of law at Berlin’s Friedrich Wilhelm
University to become a full-time Stormtrooper; as a leader of the SA, he
often made speeches and led marches and fights against Communists in
the streets. Whilst Berlin was a mainly Liberal and Communist city, with
his charisma Horst Wessel began winning over the support and votes of
many Berliners for the National Socialists. He was the author of the
lyrics to the song "Die Fahne hoch", usually known as Horst-Wessel-Lied,
which became the Nazi Party anthem and, de facto, Germany's co-national
anthem from 1933 to 1945. His death also resulted in his becoming the
"patron" for the Luftwaffe's 26th Destroyer Wing and the 18th ϟϟ
Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division during the war.After his murder
by the German Communist Party in 1930 he became the subject of a major
Nazi feature film (Hans Westmar, 1933), becoming the archetypal Nazi
hero; much of his legend, a major plank of Nazi mythology, began on the
pages of Der Angriff.</span></span> <span style="font-size: small;">More about this site at <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" target="_blank">Bill's Bunker</a><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> and a good overview about <a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/berlin-wartourist/the-death-burial-and-ressurection-of-horst-wessel/2751417628306086/?qid=6800590870807710230&mf_story_key=106327827531964263&__tn__=HH-R">The Death, Burial and Ressurection of Horst Wesse</a>l from Berlin Wartourist.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI11Gk8315MtlKtFbTHxiaKdMOCi5_C6DWMh4X1KOrBD9HY4W-4PrDwYMx0B4JSP3sO6jgsWv9JmMCba1GW874lbPbxRetRfIFnCy4qsyOcjAKw8JZuJptezKMlTCZ-urasxNeBa7umtc/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="283" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI11Gk8315MtlKtFbTHxiaKdMOCi5_C6DWMh4X1KOrBD9HY4W-4PrDwYMx0B4JSP3sO6jgsWv9JmMCba1GW874lbPbxRetRfIFnCy4qsyOcjAKw8JZuJptezKMlTCZ-urasxNeBa7umtc/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" width="391" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span>The swastika being raised at the rathaus on March 6, 1933. At 14.30, eight SA men and steel helmsmen raised the black and white and red flag of the German Reich, which had been defeated in the First World War in 1918, and the Hakenkreuzfahne from the windows of the meeting hall of the town council assembly. This action was well organised so that by the early afternoon many people went to Schillerplatz in front of the town hall, because a rumour went around saying something was going on. A short time later three SA trains, half a train of steel helmets and members of the German National Campaign met. They had two flags, wrapped with flags, which were carried to the town hall. This was designed to celebrate with this action the results of the Reichstag and Landtag elections on March 5, which the NSDAP had won as the strongest party. Whilst the Nazis accounted for 43.9 per cent of the national vote, the SPD 18.3% and the KPD %, here in Bielefeld the Nazis won 37.3 per cent. Compared to the elections in November 1932 it could increase its share of votes by a good 10 per cent. The SPD reached 34.4 percent and the KPD 10.3 percent. Whilst the flags were being hoisted with the right arms raised, Councilor Clara Delius of the DVP protested at the magistrate's meeting before the twelve-person panel and left the meeting. Seven city councils of the SPD and the Zentrum party followed. Clara Delius made no secret of the fact that she was behind the symbolism of the old imperial flag. If only these had been hoisted by steel guards, it would have remained. However, after the Reichstag election Reichsminister Hermann Göring sent a radio speech to the Prussian presidents, referring to "the hoisting of the Hakenkreuzfahne on state and municipal service buildings". "This intelligible national vote" should be recognised by the police and tolerated. So it was in Bielefeld.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLAUPQAwoKgCodtmC3RUebWKa8o_Myt0QX-w8RfMeYwq3qTolqCz4LWmee_m-xYYLMrD7eJaY7ActFgQfoeM8ouKNEjQzdhEQ_Qhj9Ys9m5uS2rvLmM_nxv1vZSm8kLnllE6s4Ng_JEd8/s1600/010308_2_545.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="545" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLAUPQAwoKgCodtmC3RUebWKa8o_Myt0QX-w8RfMeYwq3qTolqCz4LWmee_m-xYYLMrD7eJaY7ActFgQfoeM8ouKNEjQzdhEQ_Qhj9Ys9m5uS2rvLmM_nxv1vZSm8kLnllE6s4Ng_JEd8/s320/010308_2_545.jpg" width="320" /></a> On March 7, SA, Stahlhelm and Deutschnationaler Kampfring raised the Nazi flag over the police headquarters, the Kreishaus, the main station and the Haus der Technik. They burned a black-red-gold flag, the symbol of democratic Germany. The same was repeated on March 9th. This time, the already active "national associations" tried to flag the Eisenhütte, the trade union building on Marktstraße, with black and white red and Hakenkreuz, but came upon a "large crowd of SPD people and trade unionists" and fled. In the early evening hours there was a large crowd again at Schillerplatz. The latest news from the Westphalian newspaper reported: "At about 19.20, the <span style="font-size: x-small;">ϟϟ </span>and SA came, bringing along black-and-red, gold, and three-arrow flags, which had been fetched from schools and other public and other buildings. On Schillerplatz the flags were filled with gasoline and lit. A great multitude pursued the process, and ended the demonstration with the singing of the German and Horst-Wessel songs."</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc88W8VBV8GJJ42RZx8h0AynyX0nkKr07ZE7nnI3Uo35Rb747NXgyxvTWLKTOTbK0j7LkXoMhTqCm5FHXJW_P4NoCDPRmHkpLOxTlVHk5iGeniBU7tn1wxZOStvH1umGmSD4446scWfgIy/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="399" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc88W8VBV8GJJ42RZx8h0AynyX0nkKr07ZE7nnI3Uo35Rb747NXgyxvTWLKTOTbK0j7LkXoMhTqCm5FHXJW_P4NoCDPRmHkpLOxTlVHk5iGeniBU7tn1wxZOStvH1umGmSD4446scWfgIy/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span>Klosterplatz at the start of the war when "Fall weiß" started - the attack on Poland. At 4.45 am, the "Schleswig - Holstein" line ship opened fire on Polish fortifications on the Westerplatte near Gdansk, accompanied by the invasion of fictitious raids on German facilities (including the transmitter Gliwitz), which the ϟϟ had prepared and which was the propagandistic pretext for a German "counter-attack." Two German army groups with more than 1.5 million soldiers advanced in a pincer movement against the strategically <span>unfavourably</span> postponed Polish army on September 17, 1939. The Soviets invaded Eastern Poland, and on September 27, 1939, Warsaw capitulated unconditionally Poland had no longer existed, the crimes of the armed forces and the police units gave a foreboding of the brutal occupying forces, which had now begun: about 3,000 Polish soldiers had been killed, some 12,000 civilians were killed and an unknown number of Polish Jews murdered. The German Reich had not proved itself as the expected civilized opponent, but as an enemy with the will to destroy.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>T</span>he <span>headlines </span>and <span>c</span>overs of the Bielefeld newspapers <span>present</span>ed <span>fake news </span>("Poland attacked!") as well as printing speeches by Hitler and extensive articles on the German advance and the collapse of the Polish army. Reports of excesses against Volksdeutsche fuelled the mood that culminated in drastic depictions of the "Bromberg Bloody Sunday," when the murder of some 1,000 Volksdeutsche, which was owed, not least, to the dissolution of an orderly Polish administration and an overthrow to German aggression.</span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIg8gNqMrjhDvAHOX2lHepQ1r3OPZp0twWtkZbGrORgPG6P0QgdAMwFVB-DQI5cdB5ekgPfMEwIgyM7KQqX70NGL7q5nTIJ2fdcr2oHENHxHRTvVPPGLvR8fptzAEqQRVN7zUVl8KPWmQ9/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIg8gNqMrjhDvAHOX2lHepQ1r3OPZp0twWtkZbGrORgPG6P0QgdAMwFVB-DQI5cdB5ekgPfMEwIgyM7KQqX70NGL7q5nTIJ2fdcr2oHENHxHRTvVPPGLvR8fptzAEqQRVN7zUVl8KPWmQ9/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The
Naturfreundehaus when used by Hitlerjugend and today, the swastika
replaced with a different device. Kershaw records how the Social
Democrats in Bielefeld reported that in August 1941</span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">strong
feeling about the ‘provocative behaviour of Jews’ had brought a ban on
Jews attending the weekly markets ‘in order to avoid acts of violence’.
In addition, there had been general approval, so it was alleged, for an
announcement in the local newspapers that Jews would receive no
compensation for damage suffered as a result of the war. It was also
keenly felt, it was asserted, that Jews should only be served in shops
once German customers had had their turn. The threat of resort to
self-help and use of force against Jews if nothing was done hung in the
air. Ominously, it was nonetheless claimed that these measures would not
be enough to satisfy the population. Demands were growing for the
introduction of some compulsory mark of identification such as had been
worn by Jews in the General Government since the start of the war, in
order to prevent Jews from avoiding the restrictions imposed on them.</span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0gMZsM-8DQZ890F1NmcLCWn6zVcjR1Pu2Zc7TMZgF8dY2C1eNZ-KPJ9oHffweDCA-UU0Y2gH7oeRWA3qf_PvbRwsZlzjMSXSo40tjBG7eLSfsWdkpxemBOpZImRMCoQTfUsGMfCU52U/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.24.41+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0gMZsM-8DQZ890F1NmcLCWn6zVcjR1Pu2Zc7TMZgF8dY2C1eNZ-KPJ9oHffweDCA-UU0Y2gH7oeRWA3qf_PvbRwsZlzjMSXSo40tjBG7eLSfsWdkpxemBOpZImRMCoQTfUsGMfCU52U/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.24.41+AM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Ausstellungshalle after the war, with the roof having fallen through, and its current incarnation. Hitler had spoken here on November 16, 1930. </span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDvpQeHzmy8IIXtAsGHrh0z6nr7J7gh-v8Z_RLBGGUfEi_1JwDXaq25kgjuiLMIBXYJQ-XHd53Td1oYGhWHgbamQDPHDrJaZrKT5lj9RPeLfG5GnZSeCElTuXLp3IcS7vspptAyTN0Cuws/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDvpQeHzmy8IIXtAsGHrh0z6nr7J7gh-v8Z_RLBGGUfEi_1JwDXaq25kgjuiLMIBXYJQ-XHd53Td1oYGhWHgbamQDPHDrJaZrKT5lj9RPeLfG5GnZSeCElTuXLp3IcS7vspptAyTN0Cuws/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25283%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The town hall then and now</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Whilst after the Nazi takeover SPD and KPD supporters frequently distributed illegal leaflets and newspapers, in the early years of the war resistance groups withdrew completely. It wasn't until the winter of 1942 and 1943 with the fall of Stalingrad that provoked a marked change of sentiment in the population and shook the faith in any victory of the German Wehrmacht profoundly, through which resistance fighters again stepped into action. Attempts were made to keep track of the news via the illegal interception of foreign broadcasters and to discuss the political situation together. Such resistance groups existed at the Benteler and Dürkopp machine factories. If they were uncovered, members would face severe penalties; between 1942 and 1944 at least nineteen Bielefelders were sentenced to death, most of them for high treason. In total, over fifty Bielefelders died for their political beliefs. For three weeks in August 1944, fthe People's Court conducted trials chaired by its Vice-President Dr. Crone in the district court of Bielefeld. To increase the propaganda and deterrent function held Crone in full judge's vote at the Dürkopp company a speech to the workers, which was also published in the press. Given that Bielefeld was an important industrial location, more than 14,000 mostly young people, mainly from Belarus, Ukraine and Poland, were employed as forced labourers. They lived mostly in camps and worked for the defence industry. Whilst the press hardly ever dealt with the foreign workers, the camp was visited by the high Nazis and a</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> detailed report in the
"Westfälische Neueste Nachrichten" concerns the visit of Gauleiter Dr.
Meyer to such camps.</span></span></span></span></span> In a situation in which the blitzkrieg strategy was shelved, the press attempted to encourage the stay of foreign workers, who were problematic for the National Socialists from a racial ideological point of view, in order to raise awareness of the Ukrainian forced labourers helped secure the war economy. </span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO-sgjIq2nJ6CjDgtlczPE6P9J6k1xJBT1dBexYVX0Tc9ZfstLzAGDVPTjesqbWDVrvqwJYFbtqw0-uGxovmami2MMU_QvdUhOtFhxyWhV-Utkfv9EU9tjxLZGZtf61RViH55NJyhKS4W2/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rudolf-Oetker-Halle in the former Hitlerpark" border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="462" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO-sgjIq2nJ6CjDgtlczPE6P9J6k1xJBT1dBexYVX0Tc9ZfstLzAGDVPTjesqbWDVrvqwJYFbtqw0-uGxovmami2MMU_QvdUhOtFhxyWhV-Utkfv9EU9tjxLZGZtf61RViH55NJyhKS4W2/w400-h252/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Rudolf-Oetker-Halle in the former Hitlerpark" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Rudolf-Oetker-Halle in the former Hitlerpark, now Bürgerpark, located in the west of the city. The park itself had been established in the years 1919-1921 according to the planning of the Bielefeld gardening director Paul Meyerkamp in which an abandoned clay pit was redesigned as a job- creation measure to be transformed into a town centre recreational facility. The plan- promoted by the mayor Rudolf Stapenhorst at that time -was controversial given the economic turmoil. From 1933 to 1945 the park was officially called Adolf Hitler Park. The renaming took place amidst a fireworks display to mark the birthday of Adolf Hitler on April 20, 1933. On this day there was a big event in the park; in front of the Oetkerhalle a huge screen was set up, onto which the image of Hitler was projected. </span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibc10WNO5Sk1Q1GiRuaaKCuxWJcZ2dTX9G-mhlXFJ8fnVt_R9uj-Plpa-yQDXJrxNoaEUN08h8ZT8T4srYozIXllcnySs8E7gUeFsd-5xBeiVcA1GQKVxSeX8lz6inhXwOJfoIJ9fIb7s/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-30+at+8.38.39+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibc10WNO5Sk1Q1GiRuaaKCuxWJcZ2dTX9G-mhlXFJ8fnVt_R9uj-Plpa-yQDXJrxNoaEUN08h8ZT8T4srYozIXllcnySs8E7gUeFsd-5xBeiVcA1GQKVxSeX8lz6inhXwOJfoIJ9fIb7s/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-12-30+at+8.38.39+PM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;">Hitler's picture projected onto it in honour of his birthday, April 20, 1933</span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Torchlight trains in the darkness, crowds, and the use of modern imaging techniques were all designed to create a strong emotional reaction.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Another big event took place on May Day 1933. From 1933, a well-organised mass march whose purpose was to strengthen the sense of community among the population and also to win over the workers for the regime State celebration was alienated from what had originally been an international orientation, and the organisation's extensive efforts to make the day run smoothly were made clear in advance by the company's extensive staff and their operators marching to the central rally in the Heeper Spruce through the quarter inhabited by the working class, the "5th Canton". The participation went far beyond the companies: SA, </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ϟϟ</span></span></span></span>, school classes, police, railwaymen, choirs and YMCA marched with. On the next day, the free trade unions were banned and their buildings confiscated. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9nHcp_QBKVhg9zy8wROx10aVL37RmZUQfAJ7qUgcXzS-Q_Mvm0mSI0q6GYlRuCmgErMSj60masopbuRQOfrXLU72-W2LVcpnA19LO6nI8rrIxvXyruFX6ge9DjyrYdlaeUXFQ8ST4_og/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.25.07+AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9nHcp_QBKVhg9zy8wROx10aVL37RmZUQfAJ7qUgcXzS-Q_Mvm0mSI0q6GYlRuCmgErMSj60masopbuRQOfrXLU72-W2LVcpnA19LO6nI8rrIxvXyruFX6ge9DjyrYdlaeUXFQ8ST4_og/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-12-31+at+10.25.07+AM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>Nazi flags and eagles covering the Theatre in 1936, the year Nazi party member Alfred Kruchen took over the directorship. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicbH9kcgev5eHmSQhqwNRqnw4rr-tCDesWmjIEFWB1k9QqSydQwOCGQG1vU35ZE9lGbu8uJJmxwUeE_9AYkcuhbrgT9lw9PZlBeLXNT5LkNcsiDXoLhbxiBpsAbNi4bwuLeLqUbabqbg0/s320/011108_04_545.jpg" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="545" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicbH9kcgev5eHmSQhqwNRqnw4rr-tCDesWmjIEFWB1k9QqSydQwOCGQG1vU35ZE9lGbu8uJJmxwUeE_9AYkcuhbrgT9lw9PZlBeLXNT5LkNcsiDXoLhbxiBpsAbNi4bwuLeLqUbabqbg0/s320/011108_04_545.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; text-align: center; width: 331px;" /><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibt0nx-1yl6p1hYqoHIaWzVhKgrVU4BdYHyrcdVsIUpK-pjxqWTqOj3Q4DXz5npAK19ZnU3AUq2lzuFfbxHvUQ3BWL3a-2gpAZzgJWyEFnWQ4pmyio3_oQZQ-pHMAd0Tu3xWnvd_8capU/s320/open-uri20131211-21791-1v1mbj3.jpg" data-original-height="439" data-original-width="620" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibt0nx-1yl6p1hYqoHIaWzVhKgrVU4BdYHyrcdVsIUpK-pjxqWTqOj3Q4DXz5npAK19ZnU3AUq2lzuFfbxHvUQ3BWL3a-2gpAZzgJWyEFnWQ4pmyio3_oQZQ-pHMAd0Tu3xWnvd_8capU/s320/open-uri20131211-21791-1v1mbj3.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; cursor: default; height: 215px; width: 303px;" /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>The Dessauer shoeshop on Niedernstraße 18 was, among other Jewish-owned shops, <span>targeted</span> between October 11-13 1938 by Nazis. Here the letters of Dessauer have been crossed out to leave the word "sau"- pig along with ant-Semitic slogans written over the windows. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBkZH4Tdm1uF4Azz4yl6C9Zgg-yxJM_qFntBtbvL-OvTuXpMeGQAsYGkWSF5qD8lrRYgnKO0gfZLzuD32EjAGhdjMgVGMG4JoE4olT_GISJK9sy533-oY95APHMFhiS4Xo0uVIk46yxEI/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="463" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBkZH4Tdm1uF4Azz4yl6C9Zgg-yxJM_qFntBtbvL-OvTuXpMeGQAsYGkWSF5qD8lrRYgnKO0gfZLzuD32EjAGhdjMgVGMG4JoE4olT_GISJK9sy533-oY95APHMFhiS4Xo0uVIk46yxEI/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25284%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
<span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>The Bielefeld Central Station bedecked in Nazi flags in June 1939. From 1941 Jews were deported via the freight yard behind. </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Beginning on
December 13, 1941, 400 Jews from the region of Minden-Ravensberg and
Lippe were deported from Bielefeld train station to Riga. A few days
before, they had been asked to be ready with the baggage, which had been
compiled according to strict regulations. Police officers took the
people into the hall of the Kyffhäuser restaurant on Kesselbrink, a busy
square in the middle of the city. Even if the press did not report on
the transit camp or the imminent deportation, the people knew what was going on. On a clear day, people were transported by bus to the freight
yard and had to board a train from Münster there. This reached the
ghetto in Riga, Latvia, four days later. Only 47 people survived this
deportation, among them six Jews from Bielefeld. </span></span></span>On July 10, 1942, at least 78 men, women and children were probably deported and murdered at Auschwitz. By far the largest deportation took place on July 31, 1942 when 590 Jews were sent from Bielefeld to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. </span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7AO22ji-9ipnHV0xo4bQf0-0gDkZZjQInimSA5Pw27BPkLExenENQtyYbGEYTO0IRH-hqPiri8b6oFj0R2IIHNytj55_JH0u0MBJTHsQumZBbu43y0H2HIcT2W5Q4BtS4UQk8gXIUtI-o/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25289%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7AO22ji-9ipnHV0xo4bQf0-0gDkZZjQInimSA5Pw27BPkLExenENQtyYbGEYTO0IRH-hqPiri8b6oFj0R2IIHNytj55_JH0u0MBJTHsQumZBbu43y0H2HIcT2W5Q4BtS4UQk8gXIUtI-o/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25289%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 443px;" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The Alte Hauptpost</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In
1944, B-17 Flying Fortresses bombed Bielefeld on September 20 (the gas
works) & October 7, and the RAF bombed on December 4/5. In 1945,
B-17s bombed the nearby Paderborn marshalling yard, the "Schildesche
Railway Viaduct" was bombed on January 17, 1945, and on March 14 the
Grand Slam bomb was used for the very first time against the viaduct.
American troops entered the city in April 1945. Founded in 1867 as a
Bielefeld sewing machine repair company, AG Dürkoppwerke employed 1,665
people in 1892; it used Waffenamt code "WaA547" from 1938 to 1939 as the
Dürkopp-Werke, and merged with other Bielefeld companies to form
Dürkopp Adler AG in 1990. Due to the presence of a number of barracks
built during the 1930s and its location next to the main East-West
Autobahn in northern Germany, after the war Bielefeld became a
headquarters town for the fighting command of the British Army of the
Rhine - BAOR (the administrative and strategic headquarters were at
Rheindahlen near the Dutch border). Until the 1980s there was a large
British presence in the barracks housing the headquarters of the British
First Corps and support units, as well as schools, NAAFI shops,
officers' and sergeants' messes and several estates of married quarters.
The British presence was heavily scaled back after the reunification of
Germany and most of the infrastructure has disappeared. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Münster </span><span style="font-size: small;">(North Rhine-Westphalia)</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJuatLZhw1wL7Yi2d2WkPAXRznk0bWy_BdxLhH0vrANwr2xvicUsU_ph61LJiebw3NlDCnpCuysgBonKt7zz3IAAOCn_5IN2mXYIgPCOeGLyS7VYYfFa3JV6W_wev8CG9Q9ez4zZSsjTm/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-08-11+at+6.35.40+PM.png" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJuatLZhw1wL7Yi2d2WkPAXRznk0bWy_BdxLhH0vrANwr2xvicUsU_ph61LJiebw3NlDCnpCuysgBonKt7zz3IAAOCn_5IN2mXYIgPCOeGLyS7VYYfFa3JV6W_wev8CG9Q9ez4zZSsjTm/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-08-11+at+6.35.40+PM.png"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJuatLZhw1wL7Yi2d2WkPAXRznk0bWy_BdxLhH0vrANwr2xvicUsU_ph61LJiebw3NlDCnpCuysgBonKt7zz3IAAOCn_5IN2mXYIgPCOeGLyS7VYYfFa3JV6W_wev8CG9Q9ez4zZSsjTm/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-08-11+at+6.35.40+PM.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJuatLZhw1wL7Yi2d2WkPAXRznk0bWy_BdxLhH0vrANwr2xvicUsU_ph61LJiebw3NlDCnpCuysgBonKt7zz3IAAOCn_5IN2mXYIgPCOeGLyS7VYYfFa3JV6W_wev8CG9Q9ez4zZSsjTm/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-08-11+at+6.35.40+PM.png" style="height: 320px; width: 235px;" /></a><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq2zZvs421xldm43XFL5mdHZkx_46nMRvN184m4afFq7Smbp-TWaUtnGy0fO3ZoplS-NUch-vYnwa40gC5KB9H_uWlwQFyG3ReqDLihwRN7pQvG_W8PmesnGpavi248K3xrddO7crVed6t/s1600/2624285.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq2zZvs421xldm43XFL5mdHZkx_46nMRvN184m4afFq7Smbp-TWaUtnGy0fO3ZoplS-NUch-vYnwa40gC5KB9H_uWlwQFyG3ReqDLihwRN7pQvG_W8PmesnGpavi248K3xrddO7crVed6t/s1600/2624285.jpg"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq2zZvs421xldm43XFL5mdHZkx_46nMRvN184m4afFq7Smbp-TWaUtnGy0fO3ZoplS-NUch-vYnwa40gC5KB9H_uWlwQFyG3ReqDLihwRN7pQvG_W8PmesnGpavi248K3xrddO7crVed6t/s1600/2624285.jpg" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq2zZvs421xldm43XFL5mdHZkx_46nMRvN184m4afFq7Smbp-TWaUtnGy0fO3ZoplS-NUch-vYnwa40gC5KB9H_uWlwQFyG3ReqDLihwRN7pQvG_W8PmesnGpavi248K3xrddO7crVed6t/s1600/2624285.jpg" width="401" /></a></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: normal;"> Prinzipalmarkt festooned with swastikas and today. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyV4iGkha75zBK5ycOD77YEhn7Ik9Wc-b4clpD5hYLHCiYDbznInBG9hkDDj4ZvSAp9ya2ASXC4BO_Sv0yw0oPU6Nz-0rsVPm9p6WmP2dMh5txo3ppo6JuyrIe8BDWo-wZhN6Yqi4zOU4/s1600/1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="268" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5458850786110308226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyV4iGkha75zBK5ycOD77YEhn7Ik9Wc-b4clpD5hYLHCiYDbznInBG9hkDDj4ZvSAp9ya2ASXC4BO_Sv0yw0oPU6Nz-0rsVPm9p6WmP2dMh5txo3ppo6JuyrIe8BDWo-wZhN6Yqi4zOU4/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a><span><span>Catholic Münster had been largely antipathic towards the Nazis and the local group of the NSDAP was not particularly large. The slow rise of the Nazis began in 1931 with a variety of events, including sixteen major events. Benefiting from external speakers, they experienced a steady influx, in particular after the speeches by Göring and August Wilhelm von Prussia on August 25, 1931 which caused a turning point. The Nazis were able to improve their reputation among the population from “brown Marxists” to a “decent” party. Propaganda further intensified in 1932 when nearly the entire party leadership paid a visit to Münster including Goebbels, Robert Ley, Gregor Strasser and Wilhelm Frick as well as Hitler himself for whom it would be his second and last visit to Münster, after he had formerly been the Freikorpsführer. He spoke at a campaign event on the election of the Reich President on April 8, 1932 to a total of about 10,000 people. Around 7,000 people listened to his speech inside Halle Münsterland whilst another 3,000 listened from the neighbouring Halle Kiffe. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikrNqHfsoFl01iaQCM5m8zWoRPdrUOeWn6l6YPJJqQVXgX6M_mtIrQp2f3t8eYMexvH_TIdjsGrH0LWkHvsOfvlYtl2geUAhHowzMmX_jp38duVu_Xtm1jFBpjREAfrXSRI56xdkfWk3o/s1600/2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="265" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5458850784978994882" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikrNqHfsoFl01iaQCM5m8zWoRPdrUOeWn6l6YPJJqQVXgX6M_mtIrQp2f3t8eYMexvH_TIdjsGrH0LWkHvsOfvlYtl2geUAhHowzMmX_jp38duVu_Xtm1jFBpjREAfrXSRI56xdkfWk3o/s400/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span>The year before the city council had refused to allow the Nazis to hold events in the hall. Due to their increasing influence on politics and the police this ban was no longer possible. The success of this continuing propaganda was evident in the spring of 1933: in the 1933 Reichstag election , the Nazis increased their share of the vote from 16,246 (24.3%) to 26,490 (36.1%), but was still behind the Zentrum party with 41.6%. A few days later, at the municipal election on March 12, 1933, this ratio had been reversed: the Nazi Party was now the strongest party with 40.2% with the Zentrum at 39.7%. In the election on March 5, the Nazis nationwide had managed 43.9%. The initial reaction to the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 was met with significant ambivalence in Münster. A stronghold of the Catholic Zentrum Party, the city initially appeared somewhat resistant to National Socialist ideology. However, this facade of resistance crumbled rapidly under the pressures of Gleichschaltung, the process of Nazification. By 1934, key institutions in Münster, such as the university and local government, were under Nazi control. Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen, an authoritative figure in the city, initially attempted to reconcile Catholicism with Nazi ideology but later became an outspoken critic. Kershaw identifies von Galen's sermons against euthanasia and other Nazi practices as one of the isolated instances of high-profile resistance within Germany, which had a resounding effect on the Münster populace. Still, von Galen's impact was limited in scope and did not translate into widespread active resistance. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQvrHp2WYy34LOXXwF3gYcudFWHgEOEEVfuNNOi8onQCBuz7IlszItL9H1W7Sl0GCw6zQB423dDkl3F7vt_5Bxo2RKnKFkShAs1ORfvxEC3F-yLWcYsYajblmpodMYLKr9KWRMdPVG2A7_Cp8Q_BLz6kJRTnvGNJCOR5EQrA-OExJ6Xc86CB2UBIWD8EzP/s373/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(11).gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="373" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQvrHp2WYy34LOXXwF3gYcudFWHgEOEEVfuNNOi8onQCBuz7IlszItL9H1W7Sl0GCw6zQB423dDkl3F7vt_5Bxo2RKnKFkShAs1ORfvxEC3F-yLWcYsYajblmpodMYLKr9KWRMdPVG2A7_Cp8Q_BLz6kJRTnvGNJCOR5EQrA-OExJ6Xc86CB2UBIWD8EzP/w400-h255/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(11).gif" width="400" /></a></div>Frauenstraße then and now. In terms of ideological conformity, Münster had a complicated relationship with National Socialism. Despite the Reich Concordat of 1933, which attempted to regulate the relationship between the Catholic Church and the Nazi state, Catholic leaders in Münster, including the influential Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen, were often vocally opposed to Nazi policies, especially those regarding euthanasia and the infringement on the Church's rights. Kershaw documents that von Galen's sermons, particularly one delivered on 3 August 1941, were a form of intellectual and moral resistance, although they avoided direct confrontation with the regime's anti-Semitic actions. Whilst von Galen’s vocal opposition indicates a form of resistance, it is also important to note that daily life was punctuated by acts of compliance. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirFdJNcALNJzPf31vu5am225sTBYtE8Z9F_s5mgv_p2DEdTuDewC5wSS1QWdv9jCPtGj086njgvjisojSwCtSCiP-mfLySQtsfg5Vdc3-SAtHgVQqpxakgcCp73SGy-h4xgP_5e3vtCdjo2CG1irVe7iND5FVaxnwNMuC3owBtA_rmY8b-zeFu4j0O69sH/s356/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(7).gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="261" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirFdJNcALNJzPf31vu5am225sTBYtE8Z9F_s5mgv_p2DEdTuDewC5wSS1QWdv9jCPtGj086njgvjisojSwCtSCiP-mfLySQtsfg5Vdc3-SAtHgVQqpxakgcCp73SGy-h4xgP_5e3vtCdjo2CG1irVe7iND5FVaxnwNMuC3owBtA_rmY8b-zeFu4j0O69sH/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(7).gif" width="235" /></a></div>The town hall seven years after the war and today. Residents of Münster participated in mandatory civil services such as the Reich Labour Service and military conscription. Public spaces in Münster were not immune to the propaganda onslaught; swastika flags adorned buildings and squares, whilst anti-Semitic literature found its way into households. Koonz argues that even though Münster's religious community offered some resistance, the majority of the population still cooperated in varying degrees with the Nazi regime, whether out of ideological belief, apathy, or fear. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span>Under the Nazis, Münster was the administrative seat of the Nazi district "Westphalia North". Gauleiter Meyer was appointed Upper President of Westphalia. The Gau capital of Münster became the<a href="https://www.militaria-fundforum.de/forum/index.php?thread/13073-nummern-der-sa-standarten/&pageNo=9"> seat of SA Brigade 66</a>, SA Standarte 13, </span></span></span></span><span>ϟϟ</span><span> Section XVII, </span><span>ϟϟ</span><span> Fußstandarte 19, HJ Area Management 9, BDM Top Performance 9 and other party authorities. The Wehrmacht offices were also expanded. The number of inhabitants increased from 123,000 in 1933 to 145,000 in 1944; although a total of 5,818 apartments were built between 1933 and 1940, the town's housing shortage was not removed. 30% of the new buildings were funded with public funds; before 1933 it was 60%.The problem of unemployment was initially covered by many celebrations and later tackled through job creation measures. Between 1933 and 1937, the city of Münster spent around 9.7 million Reichsmarks for this purpose, and in 1937 reached practically full employment with only 616 unemployed. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Ec_oYknzzhsMkQIKEbHP2UkV5TdISPTCsLl7Nry7MmM7z27ChKhC4OhY1gjcQaN2zwltFf1grcG-Lo0r34mMNfqnIm1giUM50rbFVjYKQYpqJ_rFWnxIT31lsFd-QpKhXl_KoJS4gP6T/s482/Screenshot+2021-01-17+at+09.40.33.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="482" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Ec_oYknzzhsMkQIKEbHP2UkV5TdISPTCsLl7Nry7MmM7z27ChKhC4OhY1gjcQaN2zwltFf1grcG-Lo0r34mMNfqnIm1giUM50rbFVjYKQYpqJ_rFWnxIT31lsFd-QpKhXl_KoJS4gP6T/w400-h143/Screenshot+2021-01-17+at+09.40.33.png" width="400" /></a></div>A Nazi eagle actually commandeered to decorate a Munster shopping centre.</span></span></span></span> Münster became the administrative seat of the commander of the Ordnungspolizei (BdO) in military district VI, the most populous and largest police area in Germany. This included what is now North Rhine-Westphalia, the Osnabrück area and, from 1940, eastern Belgium. The Ordnungspolizei was formed by decree of June 26, 1936 and their uniformed protection police became part of the order police. From April 1940 Heinrich B. Lankenau was the <a href="https://www.lokalkompass.de/marl/c-politik/polizeibeamte-aus-dem-kreis-recklinghausen-besuchen-die-ausstellung-in-der-villa-ten-hompel-in-muenster_a802960">commander of the police</a>, residing at "Villa ten Hompel" with up to forty employees commanding around 200,000 men. The war expanded the tasks of the police. The supervisory staff for the labour camps, and later also for the forced labour and prisoner of war camps, were to be provided from here. For the deportation trains to the concentration and extermination camps security teams and transport escorts were put together in the east. The deployment of at least 22 police battalions, which were used to organise the murder of the Jewish population of Eastern Europe, was monitored from Münster. Thousands of police officers were sent from here to the occupied areas of Europe. Law enforcement officers became executive organs of an inhuman extermination policy. In October 1944, the command centre of the Ordnungspolizei for the military district VI was moved from Münster to Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjATcR3bDaMqVGm5xx70Nc7EcOPkiiscOPr5AzmDfT3YI8BHbSC5F5aqwUzMmF1DXTVBeoW2CS-rQsWYGjhpSoi4KJLJZjw41flPtCDI5gSop1eJ2bjSs5FjeZtcUyNTIRUFEPDxK1hE9k/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.48.40+AM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjATcR3bDaMqVGm5xx70Nc7EcOPkiiscOPr5AzmDfT3YI8BHbSC5F5aqwUzMmF1DXTVBeoW2CS-rQsWYGjhpSoi4KJLJZjw41flPtCDI5gSop1eJ2bjSs5FjeZtcUyNTIRUFEPDxK1hE9k/w400-h144/Screen+Shot+2013-12-27+at+10.48.40+AM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Atop the city's <span style="font-style: italic;">Hauptklinik</span> at 56-58 Esmarchstrasse is a Nazi eagle with the caduceus replacing the swastika. The
relief itself dates from 1937-8 and the warriors on the Tympanonrelief
created by Hermann Kissenkötter are now lacking their weapons. </span></span></span></span>In the 1940s the Bishop of Münster, Cardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen, was one of the most prominent critics of the Nazi government. In retaliation for his success (The New York Times described Bishop von Galen as "the most obstinate opponent of the National Socialist anti-Christian program"), Münster was heavily garrisoned during the war and five large complexes of barracks are still a feature of the city, still sporting their Nazi eagles as </span></span><span><span>shown here. Münster was the headquarters (Hauptsitz) for the 6th Military District (Wehrkreis) of the German Wehrmacht, under the command of Infantry General (General der Infanterie) Gerhard Glokke. Originally made up of Westphalia and the Rhineland, after the Battle of France it was expanded to include the Eupen - Malmedy district of Belgium. The headquarters controlled military operations in Münster, Essen, Düsseldorf, Wuppertal, Bielefeld, Coesfeld, Paderborn, Herford, Minden, Detmold, Lingen, Osnabrück, Recklinghausen, Gelsenkirchen, and Cologne. Münster was the home station for the VI and XXIII Infantry Corps (Armeekorps), as well as the XXXIII and LVI Panzerkorps. </span></span><span><span>Münster was also the home of the 6th, 16th and 25th Panzer Division; the 16th Panzergrenadier Division; and the 6th, 26th, 69th, 86th, 106th, 126th, 196th, 199th, 211th, 227th, 253rd, 254th, 264th, 306th, 326th, 329th, 336th, 371st, 385th, and 716th Infantry Divisions (Infanterie-division). </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUoxI9dM1fNHtT2J_GRH3T6daNc1QEc1g5K_riHzCS0B5Mo4fUTOHEDirWxfZCCixRhSKTocnXOOpLh5fRE3kBdW2YKBFKcObHmO4fol6a2Ns7EzNikJhqprvMGIBV5xSdM6CkUzOO5K6qwHfxgaS9Qv09AzwnTAh8K7eqHZ0nOMBrYTSh5HBPrG7XFqSo/s345/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(10).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="237" data-original-width="345" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUoxI9dM1fNHtT2J_GRH3T6daNc1QEc1g5K_riHzCS0B5Mo4fUTOHEDirWxfZCCixRhSKTocnXOOpLh5fRE3kBdW2YKBFKcObHmO4fol6a2Ns7EzNikJhqprvMGIBV5xSdM6CkUzOO5K6qwHfxgaS9Qv09AzwnTAh8K7eqHZ0nOMBrYTSh5HBPrG7XFqSo/w400-h275/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(10).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span>The schloss after the war and today, reconstructed. The original construction was probably started before 1200 and was expanded several times over the centuries. The building was largely destroyed in the war. The foundation stone for the reconstruction took place in 1950 and was completed in 1958. Since then it has once again been considered one of the most important secular Gothic monuments and is one of the main attractions for tourists in Münster. </span></span></span></span></span>A secondary target of the Oil Campaign of the war, Münster was bombed on October 25, 1944 by 34 diverted B-24 Liberator bombers, during a mission to a nearby primary target, the Scholven/Buer synthetic oil plant at Gelsenkirchen. During the war, Münster suffered significantly from Allied bombing, being a crucial railway and industrial hub. The city experienced severe destruction, particularly in 1943 and 1944, affecting both its architectural heritage and its populace. The damage inflicted by these bombings added another layer of suffering, but also offered an avenue for the regime to fortify ideological commitment through shared hardship. Ziemann provides an analysis of how the experience of air raids led to complex reactions among citizens, from further alienation to a deepening of commitment to the regime's war efforts.About 91% of the Old City and 63% of the entire city was destroyed by Allied air raids. The American 17th Airborne Division, employed in a standard infantry role and not in a parachute capacity, attacked Münster with the British 6th Guards Tank Brigade on April 2, 1945 in a ground assault and fought its way into the contested city centre, which was cleared in urban combat on the following day.</span></span></span></span> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifuonVIoOloMhGhdbya90hPdWN6uVbmqMcM84HLaeeoNRG7GojCB1HKguWvJgz7CQ_BilwCv_xAP88WsQmSuhITsu2H6fmcf2vUmXQeWW3qaBEyxaCEolHtO4L2QszzSoQIg2DH6F2aiexJy9wFrL7pSOJ5n9qeAfoN5_zNpAZ7Dp1Hs2Bpkw4kaiDzqDW/s357/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(12).gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="247" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifuonVIoOloMhGhdbya90hPdWN6uVbmqMcM84HLaeeoNRG7GojCB1HKguWvJgz7CQ_BilwCv_xAP88WsQmSuhITsu2H6fmcf2vUmXQeWW3qaBEyxaCEolHtO4L2QszzSoQIg2DH6F2aiexJy9wFrL7pSOJ5n9qeAfoN5_zNpAZ7Dp1Hs2Bpkw4kaiDzqDW/w276-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(12).gif" width="276" /></a></div>View of Spiegelturm with St. Paul's Cathedral in the background after the war when these small locomotives (Trümmerloks) were used on improvised tracks to clear the huge masses of rubble. In Münster alone, around <a href="https://www.hallo24.de/muenster/munster-geschichte-und-sehenswurdigkeiten-alles-uber-die-domstadt-1044338">2.5 cubic metres of rubble was generated</a>. Today one of the rubble locomotives at Kalkmarkt is a reminder of the reconstruction. The defeat led to an immediate imposition of military governance, and the city underwent a difficult process of denazification in the months and years that followed. Records from the city's archives show a variety of responses to the denazification process. While some individuals were quick to distance themselves from the Nazi regime, others found it more difficult to shed the ideological commitments or social ties they had formed during the Nazi years. The transition from wartime to peacetime governance brought its own challenges, including food shortages, housing crises, and the reintegration of returning soldiers and displaced persons, as noted by historians such as Nicholas Stargardt. Münster's religious institutions, particularly the Catholic Church, played a significant role in shaping the post-war moral landscape. The Church was instrumental in providing social services and moral guidance, as well as in facilitating discussions around guilt, responsibility, and reconciliation. It's worth noting that Bishop von Galen, who had been critical of certain Nazi policies, became a cardinal in 1946 and was later beatified by the Catholic Church. His legacy is often invoked in discussions about the ethical and moral responsibilities of individuals and institutions during the Nazi period. However, as Evans argues, the Church's role is not without its critics, who point to its lack of a stronger opposition to the regime's anti-Semitic policies among other issues.<br />
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<span><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span> Gremmendorf <span style="font-size: small;">(Munster)</span></span></b></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu1PIEapszxAcF4RonG4Hou79VLZFrri2d7J0MNEVwb3ev48SyB-QsEg-nne7Cz_9bolhsSzxQlyjzmmnL0BexmOUwz8V5gyfy-W6I7H64DYsWHyhW8_WyZK9E2bwpBtDIIb1LBs9dFUE3/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%252810%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu1PIEapszxAcF4RonG4Hou79VLZFrri2d7J0MNEVwb3ev48SyB-QsEg-nne7Cz_9bolhsSzxQlyjzmmnL0BexmOUwz8V5gyfy-W6I7H64DYsWHyhW8_WyZK9E2bwpBtDIIb1LBs9dFUE3/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%252810%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 219px; width: 366px;" /><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi6suOc5Q-jUV1k_AbXFoLOid6I2CSWSiZpvdCQK-LVczfQ9taM_-w1-MXsYxGrb5g0MEJ_HVU4cl07kedenlwv3CvpfDVDx-2RXtITXlM-OeZ-npwzYSGF43lbmZHZhkK6Ez9xIx05_k/s320/Reichsadler.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi6suOc5Q-jUV1k_AbXFoLOid6I2CSWSiZpvdCQK-LVczfQ9taM_-w1-MXsYxGrb5g0MEJ_HVU4cl07kedenlwv3CvpfDVDx-2RXtITXlM-OeZ-npwzYSGF43lbmZHZhkK6Ez9xIx05_k/s320/Reichsadler.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 219px; width: 292px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">The Fliegernachrichtenkaserne, later taken over by the British who renamed it the York barracks, replacing the hakenkreuz with the holy Union flag. The reichsadler remains however, albeit in a dilapidated state </span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span><span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Bad Hamm</span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The front of the Kurhauses Bad Hamm, the swastika- bedecked Badehaus now gone. The Schützenhof, acquired in 1931 by the town, served as a venue for political events during the Nazi era. On March 13, 1933, ϟϟ-Sturmbann II / 30 organised Towards the end of the Second World War, the bathhouse was misused, and finally the whole bathing business was shut down. The bathhouse and the lodge house were used to accommodate homeless people, especially children. At the time, the community centre provided for the homeless in the Badehaus and the Sylverberg. The northern transverse wing of the Kurhaus, located at the brine bath, was affected by war damage by about 25%. During the war 55 air raids destroyed nearly 60% of the old city and left only a few historical buildings. The suburbs of Hamm "had been almost razed to the ground. People who had fled from collapsing bunkers and had got stuck in huge crowds in the streets had burning phosphorus poured over them, rushed into the next air raid shelter and were shot in order not to spread the flames."</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><b><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Übach-Palenberg </span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9nKTzdMKT5n_IJAH4o1ejMMm9Cikm-pOfZNqIgZCXEwSYpjQOMbW8RAyzS96-azXmRCvPVSS2LL81odOPivcjR26jj97X7pZUTZArBcSxA0qsloa4vdoTNnrwEuTRzogizC54cjoXpRYu/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252826%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9nKTzdMKT5n_IJAH4o1ejMMm9Cikm-pOfZNqIgZCXEwSYpjQOMbW8RAyzS96-azXmRCvPVSS2LL81odOPivcjR26jj97X7pZUTZArBcSxA0qsloa4vdoTNnrwEuTRzogizC54cjoXpRYu/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252826%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The <span>town hall</span> in September 1938 adorned with the face of Hitler and flanked by swastikas and today. In 1935, the municipality of Übach-Palenberg was founded by the municipalities of Frelenberg, Scherpenseel and Übach. In 1936, the municipal administration took over 14 Übach-Palenberger Jews, whose traces were lost in the following years. Two women married to non-Jews survived the Holocaust, whil<span>st</span> the Jew Baruch Dellman was expelled to Poland in 1938 and <span>was murdered</span> in Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1940. During the war on September 9, 1940, Heinrich Himmler ordered the regional arrangement of brothels for municipalities in which more than a hundred foreign workers were placed. The Übach-Palenberger mayor Carl as well as the collier Carolus Magnus tried to prevent this<span> but t</span>heir efforts were unsuccessful. In 1941 a brothel was set up in a wooden barrack with three Polish prostitutes. The use of the brothel, which was subsequently dissolved, also declined with the withdrawal of coal. The liberated barracks were then occupied with Soviet prisoners of war. After the American invasion, the population was initially relieved. The end of the fighting was dated to the church on October 5, 1944. When an American infantry unit was preparing for an invasion of the Cologne area for the following day, an Austrian attack on Antwerp was made into a double house In the hill road. The damage in the largely spared settlement until this time by war effects was devastating. The number of deaths was never known.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Werne </b></span>(North Rhine-Westphalia)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpWmYjpj-8iVYcU0kXQ7527H_cgOfhp8IkjmG5sqrzdquwrZZtkSclO8xKFWbXEiX5Y5wSBrE31T5FBJUhAms0jyytY8I-xyUjfMtl0ZR1zhNVJrjbFvEaue3ACDcGp5bHyePm8vHH0vgP/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.39.57.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpWmYjpj-8iVYcU0kXQ7527H_cgOfhp8IkjmG5sqrzdquwrZZtkSclO8xKFWbXEiX5Y5wSBrE31T5FBJUhAms0jyytY8I-xyUjfMtl0ZR1zhNVJrjbFvEaue3ACDcGp5bHyePm8vHH0vgP/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-26+at+13.39.57.png" width="640" /></a></span></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: normal;">The war memorial during the Third Reich and what's left of it today. During the war, 471 citizens of Werne died and five hundred more disappeared without trace. The town was forced to accommodate nearly four thousand refugees. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Löwenbräukeller</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBUYkzts-iLs0ODZcwHcwDjaYWX5ifXNbIzzRrSOkVxl-vrjjn1T3EIBbOtI2OExsPqt6FdIr4MLPSYQ_XtLVS_pYl7eKCBTFk-7SZOomX9eKoOT6bEUtEGK4xIqbsFE0ihUbikcgGMaiR/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-12-05+at+20.16.15.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="NSDAP Löwenbräukeller" border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBUYkzts-iLs0ODZcwHcwDjaYWX5ifXNbIzzRrSOkVxl-vrjjn1T3EIBbOtI2OExsPqt6FdIr4MLPSYQ_XtLVS_pYl7eKCBTFk-7SZOomX9eKoOT6bEUtEGK4xIqbsFE0ihUbikcgGMaiR/w400-h265/Screen+Shot+2015-12-05+at+20.16.15.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Standing in front of the
Löwenbräukeller. Located at Nymphenburgerstraße 4 on
Stiglmaier Platz, it was used as a substitute site for the anniversaries of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, after a 1939 assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler by Georg Elser rendered the original site, the nearby Bürgerbräukeller unusable.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"> Earlier, this was where Hitler commanded the SA to break
up a meeting of the rival Bavarian League on September 14, 1921, also
ordering its main speaker—<a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-jva-stadelheim-gefaengnis-geschichte-1.4653334-2">Otto Ballerstedt </a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-jva-stadelheim-gefaengnis-geschichte-1.4653334-2"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">of the Bavarian League</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>— to be assaulted, too. This federalist organisation objected to the centralism of the Weimar Constitution but accepted its social programme. Ballerstedt was an engineer whom Hitler regarded as "my most dangerous opponent". One Nazi, Hermann Esser, climbed upon a chair and shouted that the Jews were to blame for the misfortunes of Bavaria and the Nazis shouted demands that Ballerstedt yield the floor to Hitler. The Nazis beat up Ballerstedt and shoved him off the stage into the audience. Hitler and Esser were arrested and Hitler commented notoriously to the police commissioner, "It's all right. We got what we wanted. Ballerstedt did not speak". As the landmark documentary <i>Nazis: A Warning From History</i> reveals, on </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">January 12, 1922 Hitler was
sentenced to three months in gaol for this</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"> and ended up
serving only a little over one month due to the sympathy of the judge who would later oversee his putsch trial. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">During the Beer Hall Putsch attempt o</span><span style="font-size: small;">n the night of November 8, Ernst Röhm and some 2,000 SA, Bund Oberland, and
Reichskriegflagge men assembled here at the Lowenbräukeller where they
received the code word from the Burgerbräu to march in support of the
coup. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmQChjQyAFrYsit6IDFEh5_StDgE0Hcp1nNTrlyrcoutOHIsOVYewFCc2ua_mmGlYvbY3GnbLpCfwLgzUDK2i4jRXfxhqGeKjM5caDqPNuSVlcbJDeVmEPvx8GexPjX0Owpo0x2gpmrKsM/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252819%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Löwenbräukeller einst und jetzt" border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmQChjQyAFrYsit6IDFEh5_StDgE0Hcp1nNTrlyrcoutOHIsOVYewFCc2ua_mmGlYvbY3GnbLpCfwLgzUDK2i4jRXfxhqGeKjM5caDqPNuSVlcbJDeVmEPvx8GexPjX0Owpo0x2gpmrKsM/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252819%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div>
<div class="column">
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Following the destruction of the Burgerbraukeller by Georg Elser’s bomb
blast on November 8, 1939, the Hitler and others honoured the anniversary of the 1923 Burgerbraukeller Putsch
at the Lowenbraukeller throughout the rest of the war. On November 8 1940, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">the annual commemorative festivities began in the Löwenbräukeller in Munich. The usual site for the celebrations, the
Bürgerbräukeller, destroyed in the mysterious explosion of the previous
year, had not yet been completely restored. Though not invited to
attend the 1940 festivities, the Royal Air Force nonetheless called at
Munich to contribute a special fireworks display in the skies above the
Bavarian capital.<span class="ptBrand"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="ptBrand">Doramus (2113) </span><a class="title titleHover" href="http://www.amazon.com/Complete-Hitler-Reference-Proclamations-1932-1945/dp/0865166587/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1296893737&sr=1-1" style="font-weight: bold;">The Complete Hitler</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">In a footnote on page 830 of <span id="btAsinTitle"><label id="tb11"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a>,</label></span> Shirer writes:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">I
learn from Hitler’s captured daily calendar book that the celebration
had been moved from the old Buergerbraukeller, where the putsch had
taken place, to a more elegant beer hall in Munich, the
Loewenbraukeller. The Buergerbraukeller, it will be remembered, had been
wrecked by a time bomb which had just missed killing the Fuehrer on
the night of November 8, 1939.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0VLJORMvj9wKPqy2fTkvmBJedn1xCpvpkz7FEqrTN5UdvidE5hdEh0iXegFV0Q-uebKnh8hnS5E34YKZVlmdvImfsmezFyRjXc9e6jsZAR7atB_u87kDCQ6XeUZ2TJzdSMG3v0vEFlBg/s1600/aamyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Nazis at Löwenbräukeller" border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0VLJORMvj9wKPqy2fTkvmBJedn1xCpvpkz7FEqrTN5UdvidE5hdEh0iXegFV0Q-uebKnh8hnS5E34YKZVlmdvImfsmezFyRjXc9e6jsZAR7atB_u87kDCQ6XeUZ2TJzdSMG3v0vEFlBg/s400/aamyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Hitler and other Nazi officials celebrate Christmas </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">at a party for ϟϟ officer cadets at the Lowenbraukeller </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">on December 18, 1941</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Kershaw writes how, on the late afternoon of November 8, 1941, Hitler gave a speech intended primarily for domestic consumption- the so-called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Stalingrad_Speech">Stalingrad Speech</a> made during the height of the Battle of Stalingrad. This speech is portrayed in the film <i>Stalingrad</i> where a group of embattled Wehrmacht soldiers, entrenched from positions within the city of Stalingrad itself, listen to Hitler while they are in turn surrounded by Soviet forces. This speech is also featured in an episode of the 1988 miniseries "War and Remembrance," when Hitler was addressing party faithful. It occurred on the same day as the Allied invasion of North Africa.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHJ6TJuJNjDN1NN7Gfgbnv7ol2rrM6Cl2CDPxRAMebBWbHjBSoWW6Vi9S8BSR0TI1OpbN6rDZb5eTbrSSSJqY7JtOPvL5E2o-X89-ypcsDGyaS96ElG1ZyB1dm1VTwql6HEVoMjs1a2V8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-30+at+11.23.47+AM.png" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHJ6TJuJNjDN1NN7Gfgbnv7ol2rrM6Cl2CDPxRAMebBWbHjBSoWW6Vi9S8BSR0TI1OpbN6rDZb5eTbrSSSJqY7JtOPvL5E2o-X89-ypcsDGyaS96ElG1ZyB1dm1VTwql6HEVoMjs1a2V8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-30+at+11.23.47+AM.png" width="400" /></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">It aimed to boost morale, and to rally round the oldest and most loyal members of Hitler’s retinue after the difficult months of summer and autumn. Hitler described the scale of the Soviet losses. ‘My Party Comrades,’ he declared, ‘no army in the world, including the Russian, recovers from those.’ ‘Never before,’ he went on, ‘has a giant empire been smashed and struck down in a shorter time than Soviet Russia.’ He remarked on enemy claims that the war would last into 1942. ‘It can last as long as it wants,’ he retorted. ‘The last battalion in this field will be a German one.’ Despite the triumphalism, it was the strongest hint yet that the war was far from over.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The following year</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">when Hitler travelled to Munich to give his traditional address in the
Löwenbräukeller to the marchers in the 1923 Putsch, the news from the Mediterranean had
dramatically worsened. En route from Berlin to Munich, his special train was halted at a small
station in the Thuringian Forest for him to receive a message from the Foreign Office: the Allied
armada assembled at Gibraltar, which had for days given rise to speculation about a probable
landing in Libya, was disembarking in Algiers and Oran. It would bring the first commitment of
American ground-troops to the war in Europe.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgGvM-nKJtFkt6I6IKvWcnCA_apoKUqhPdq_j3T4xBbM_o9J364nG39AgQV0Gdxcjf7ILHm3UBz999q3URU3RYcIsjALzVqR5AIPRNT8C2_G_ZQXi24oacM7faKaquUb_UMfvt-_1daE8/s1600/bbmyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler at Löwenbräukeller" border="0" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgGvM-nKJtFkt6I6IKvWcnCA_apoKUqhPdq_j3T4xBbM_o9J364nG39AgQV0Gdxcjf7ILHm3UBz999q3URU3RYcIsjALzVqR5AIPRNT8C2_G_ZQXi24oacM7faKaquUb_UMfvt-_1daE8/s400/bbmyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">This happened to be the same day as the Anglo-American landings in
North Africa and less than a week after the defeat of Rommel’s Africa Corps by the British at El Alamein. Given how catastrophic the effect all these events had been on German morale, Hitler would never
have given a speech but he had used
the commemoration of November 8 as a pretext for his stay at the
Berghof and had no choice but to speak at the Löwenbräukeller. Unsurprisingly, the speech was one of the most
miserable he ever gave and Doramus claims that the “'old marchers of 1923'” were so preoccupied
with thoughts of the Allied landing that they even forgot at times to
applaud the Führer’s most rousing proclamations." In fact, <a href="http://archive.org/details/AdolfHitler-SpeechFrom08.11.1942" target="_blank">the opening lines of this speech</a> were used at the beginning of the film <span style="font-style: italic;">Downfall</span> when Hitler is made to dictate them for Traudl to type out for the qualification test:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEmdLsQw3NvJiMKWkg65hdq-DZ-Sx2YrrlC11E7qnl7s4P4OG7XVTMYDtTuFM9GOQIYk6xwdoLbscXsCH3eybgAOXT8HqkvbQBwOrfXtIII7DozPC9VCq6GO52vsfvZt16_uA8WxtInek/s1600/155926_4019020634898_1928862057_n.jpg" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEmdLsQw3NvJiMKWkg65hdq-DZ-Sx2YrrlC11E7qnl7s4P4OG7XVTMYDtTuFM9GOQIYk6xwdoLbscXsCH3eybgAOXT8HqkvbQBwOrfXtIII7DozPC9VCq6GO52vsfvZt16_uA8WxtInek/s400/155926_4019020634898_1928862057_n.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>With colleagues on the anniversary</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">My German <span style="font-style: italic;">Volksgenossen</span>!
Party Comrades! I believe it is quite rare when a man can appear
before his supporters after almost 20 years and, in these 20 years, did
not need to make any changes whatsoever in his programme.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">On November 9, 1943, the Führer celebrated the twentieth anniversary of the Burgerbraukeller Putsch with a
speech here. Besides the dead of 1923, Hitler
added the commemoration of the casualties of the war from thus far. As Kershaw described this,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">When (for the last time, as it turned out) Hitler addressed the party’s Old Guard in Munich’s
Löwenbräukeller on the putsch anniversary, 8 November, he was as defiant as ever. There would
be no capitulation, no repeat of 1918, he declared once again – the nightmare of that year
indelibly imprinted on his psyche – and no undermining of the front by subversion at home. Any
overheard subversive or defeatist remark, it was clear, would cost the person making it his or her
head. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1341272/Hitlers-Christmas-party-Rare-photographs-capture-leading-Nazis-celebrating-1941.html">Hitler's Christmas party: Rare photos capture leading Nazis celebrating...</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<br />
</span></span><div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">On December 17, 1944 the main hall was completely destroyed, only rebuilt in 1950. By 1955 the entire façade had been renovated, including the tower. On the night July 23-24 1986 the hall was burnt down and eventual restoration carried out according to the plans of the original architects.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nazi Party Headquarters, November 1921 to July 1925</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirCaKPvyEIItNMrX_2BHvSwttnhXOxk3pOYgINHCoC8k6_QOVd3IzTrX-rUOPKwVJE47fNnQZk3kzSYoMbpcKLkNoLGFNFndiUsCaubuEKiNjwM4mvreZVtbuNYjTOs_2SDLDnRE5YUMU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Nazi Corneliusstraße headquarters" border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="600" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirCaKPvyEIItNMrX_2BHvSwttnhXOxk3pOYgINHCoC8k6_QOVd3IzTrX-rUOPKwVJE47fNnQZk3kzSYoMbpcKLkNoLGFNFndiUsCaubuEKiNjwM4mvreZVtbuNYjTOs_2SDLDnRE5YUMU/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>People at the Nazi </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span>party headquarters at Corneliusstraße 12 </span></span></span>during the Beer Hall putsch attempt trying to gain information and possibly join in. </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The
dismal back room at the Sterneckerbrau which had served as a
committee-room was abandoned for new and larger offices at 12
Corneliusstrasse. Bit by bit they accumulated office furniture, files, a
typewriter, and a telephone.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Bullock (76-77) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitler-Study-Tyranny-Alan-Bullock/dp/0060920203/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler: A Study in Tyranny</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Hitler himself <a href="https://tamilnation.org/media/mein_kampf.htm">wrote in <span style="font-style: italic;">Mein Kampf</span></a>:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">After
eighteen months our business quarters had become too small, so we moved
to a new place in the Cornelius Strasse. Again our office was in a
restaurant, but instead of one room we now had three smaller rooms and
one large room with great windows. At that time this appeared a
wonderful thing to us. We remained there until the end of November 1923.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPANGlPVmVXZJLCuCB49iGZS30FuiPmgmHVdQAXudj2xIM3c_Q-u2ZKcEyYQ98amGock4QvOt-TT7s0M2UDP8ZXDz1KVDToDlNWMi1BxelAmou3_jNWAVt-yIdfcBQRLhA62bDrAHU8NQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-01-07+at+12.38.00.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="247" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPANGlPVmVXZJLCuCB49iGZS30FuiPmgmHVdQAXudj2xIM3c_Q-u2ZKcEyYQ98amGock4QvOt-TT7s0M2UDP8ZXDz1KVDToDlNWMi1BxelAmou3_jNWAVt-yIdfcBQRLhA62bDrAHU8NQ/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-01-07+at+12.38.00.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span> As related by Philipp Bouhler in his 1938 textbook on the history of the Nazi Party (</span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><i><a href="https://archive.org/details/Bouhler-Philipp-Kampf-um-Deutschland">Kampf um Deutschland. Ein Lesebuch für die deutsche Jugen</a>):</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>[Max] Amann thought that the small dark corner of the Sterneckergasse
was not suited to attract members, and soon found a new business
office in a former restaurant at Corneliusstraße 12. There
was a large room at the front, later divided by a counter. The
party’s business took place there. Membership dues were collected,
propaganda materials distributed, information given. The membership
records were later kept in a large iron safe. Julius Schreck
and others ran the counter, as well as the telephone switchboard.
During the winter months, the room was a shelter for unemployed
party members and supporters who made a lot of noise playing
cards. At times the din was so loud that one could not talk,
and Christian Weber who ran the office had to come out and clear
the area with his long “riding whip.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
</span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>There was a “meeting room” in the rear, in which
an old billiards table served as the conference table. Later,
the growing number of typists was housed here. There was another
small and hidden room for the “party leadership” and
business office, in which letters were dictated and visitors
received. Another room was later the office of Lieutenant Brückner,
leader of the Munich S.A. Göring, the S.A.’s national leader,
had his office in 1923 in the editorial building of the [</span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><i>Völkischer
Beobachter]</i>
<a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-reich-press-office.html" target="_blank">Schellingstraße 39/41</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Memorial to the Freikorps</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSp4zHKhvm9PU3haMooiwiqWxQWTQnjxdZ6kw0ZpPbPtk8Fzpi16lH-5D-xM_7fLciq2A5ocCNvuGfamHlzR-XvlphEc6_NPBS2eYhvvehJecT1NBa78JSGCHS-4zoeKN9ShYJQHI7WaD4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Freikorps denkmal" border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="558" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSp4zHKhvm9PU3haMooiwiqWxQWTQnjxdZ6kw0ZpPbPtk8Fzpi16lH-5D-xM_7fLciq2A5ocCNvuGfamHlzR-XvlphEc6_NPBS2eYhvvehJecT1NBa78JSGCHS-4zoeKN9ShYJQHI7WaD4/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">Ferdinand Liebermann's 'München Freikorpsdenkmal' a Nazi memorial to the Freikorps victory over the communists in Munich in May 1919, named <a href="https://germanartgallery.eu/ferdinand-liebermann-komodie/">'Das Denkmal für die Befreier Münchens von den kommunistischen Horden</a>’ ('Memorial for the liberators of Munich from the communist hordes’) inaugurated May 3, 1942. Its remains can be found at this traffic intersection on Giesinger Hill which had been the site of a May 1919 battle between the Freikorps and local communists. It was made up of a twenty-four foot high relief of a naked male figure strangling a snake symbolising Judeo-Bolshevik degeneration and decline. By May 2, 1919, the Freikorps and a coalition of Prussian and Bavarian troops, collectively known as the known as the Weisse Garde, had taken the City of Munich. It was not officially announced secure until May 6 after roughly 1,200 Communists had been killed. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWepdnJgQ2G5hQSKveXbO8jJQzHaqsinbPCC6hbxwrPoHrldz8a2HJ_CNPhZpU-r_Ixr5DtK5eATVJtsMFcLPc3HXg-DOKHoN23GPWUGdIi9vc4-VmyDptq4LB_3fmP99plV997jG08oZk/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: GIF: Freikorps memorial" border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWepdnJgQ2G5hQSKveXbO8jJQzHaqsinbPCC6hbxwrPoHrldz8a2HJ_CNPhZpU-r_Ixr5DtK5eATVJtsMFcLPc3HXg-DOKHoN23GPWUGdIi9vc4-VmyDptq4LB_3fmP99plV997jG08oZk/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The German army’s impotence after the Great War was apparent on Christmas Eve when its troops, ordered to remove radicals from the Royal Stables, dispersed and went home. It was thus that a proposal was made to supplement the Reichsheer through a broad creation of Freikorps units made up of volunteers which existed in some fashion from late 1918 until 1923 who would defend the new Republic. The best known of the volunteers were the Freikorps, or regular volunteers consisting of officers and soldiers, as well as students and civilians, driven by counterrevolutionary zeal, eager for adventure, or simply seeking the ‘‘companionship of the trenches’’ and regular meals. Numbering 200,000 to 400,000 men by the spring of 1919, the 103 major Freikorps units received little direct attention from the Reichsheer and were militarily and politically unreliable. During the first half of 1919 they were used to crush both real and imagined threats throughout Germany. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Vincent (137) An Historical Dictionary of Germany’s Weimar Republic</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Freikorps memorial itself was removed after the war, but its concrete base can still be seen today on Ichostraße. </span></span></span>Its remains apparently serve as a memorial to victims of Nazism, although the childish symbols appear intentionally vague:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZKLXwAduZZK6wzeAbuvtlI363RZKFxD3tA0wullgxzTu32HQhLvJxe7BiI_PZFEIi91RZmRjveA8jbuugF6UbvTLLwudy8Enu12vBophKrbBN1soy0_xM7xMWMRekJ-py6ImeYkWyL1jv/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Nazi Freikorps memorial" border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="539" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZKLXwAduZZK6wzeAbuvtlI363RZKFxD3tA0wullgxzTu32HQhLvJxe7BiI_PZFEIi91RZmRjveA8jbuugF6UbvTLLwudy8Enu12vBophKrbBN1soy0_xM7xMWMRekJ-py6ImeYkWyL1jv/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Although the emblems were removed as symbols of militarism prior to January 1 1947 in accordance with Allied denazification regulations, the martial male figure itself remained standing. To be sure, little sentimental feeling existed within the local population toward the figure which already during the Third Reich had been derisively referred to as "der nackerte Lackel" or "the naked oaf. For a time however city officials seemed to consider preserving the figure for 'artistic reasons.' Nevertheless, in December 1946, the surfacing of complaints by local citizens and the energetic lobbying of the Communist city council faction (KPD) to demolish the entire structure ultimately proved decisive. Shortly thereafter, the remaining figure was torn down and the accompanying wall reduced in height to the level of the surrounding retaining walls.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz5ZkhE-76vpN2jj7JhgI_jBqmnreseaXK-NPL-QlDsow71PiFikiTy6AELFHCQSpp6PVPJepO_-VtZ_f7qxH6oZozlhGN9T1rTeuZzkqxNeimoKCJNrpDMWihOzZxIWtUPkAQ7yIqvT-d/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: NS Freikorps denkmal" border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="271" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz5ZkhE-76vpN2jj7JhgI_jBqmnreseaXK-NPL-QlDsow71PiFikiTy6AELFHCQSpp6PVPJepO_-VtZ_f7qxH6oZozlhGN9T1rTeuZzkqxNeimoKCJNrpDMWihOzZxIWtUPkAQ7yIqvT-d/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="244" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The White force had in it hardened desperadoes and they shot down without cause some twenty medical orderlies and eight surrendered Red soldiers. Most infamously, the Reds executed ten people by firing squad, including the Countess Westarp. This killing was the direct result of the White atrocities at Dachau which had caused Red soldiers to ask superiors if they could take revenge. Permission was granted and the victims were rounded up and brought to courtyard of the Luitpold gymnasium. In pairs, they were placed against a wall and shot. The news of this horrific event spread quickly and, by midday of 1 May, the killings had become public knowledge. There were protest meetings all over the city, and firefights erupted.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The Whites had decided to move on 2 May. They now advanced the attack to May Day. It was held to be just and proper that they were moving into the capital on the traditional workers’ holiday. As the Whites took Munich, atrocities appeared seemingly everywhere. All White killings were said to be justified by the Luitpold executions. The Luitpold killings had also had a demoralizing impact on Red troops not involved but who had heard of them. They began throwing down their arms, as the Whites entered the city to encounter scant opposition.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The Munich political scene, immediately after the demise of the Red Republics, was profoundly altered. The disappearance of the two republics resulted in an atmosphere changed lastingly... This was the heritage which carried over into the scene after the war. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Stormtroopers-Attack-Republic-1919-1933/dp/0786439122" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic, 1919-1933</a> (43-4) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hofbräukeller</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-esaJE1WKAOdRrJsxBoTKkkJY0hzvCTHJPfpm21fLL9Bi8HnxG48tPr6kkZfHe_T76eXjwaam23Dl-hRu_1J27alcqYOnfVv91PPMS1lX7SfdGnVL2fdJo8xzuikWbqB2l79nqEeNA8/s1600/bildungsprojekte-gedenkstaetten-hofbraeukeller102~_v-image512_-6a0b0d9618fb94fd9ee05a84a1099a13ec9d3321.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-esaJE1WKAOdRrJsxBoTKkkJY0hzvCTHJPfpm21fLL9Bi8HnxG48tPr6kkZfHe_T76eXjwaam23Dl-hRu_1J27alcqYOnfVv91PPMS1lX7SfdGnVL2fdJo8xzuikWbqB2l79nqEeNA8/s1600/bildungsprojekte-gedenkstaetten-hofbraeukeller102~_v-image512_-6a0b0d9618fb94fd9ee05a84a1099a13ec9d3321.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hofbräukeller" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-esaJE1WKAOdRrJsxBoTKkkJY0hzvCTHJPfpm21fLL9Bi8HnxG48tPr6kkZfHe_T76eXjwaam23Dl-hRu_1J27alcqYOnfVv91PPMS1lX7SfdGnVL2fdJo8xzuikWbqB2l79nqEeNA8/s1600/bildungsprojekte-gedenkstaetten-hofbraeukeller102~_v-image512_-6a0b0d9618fb94fd9ee05a84a1099a13ec9d3321.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-esaJE1WKAOdRrJsxBoTKkkJY0hzvCTHJPfpm21fLL9Bi8HnxG48tPr6kkZfHe_T76eXjwaam23Dl-hRu_1J27alcqYOnfVv91PPMS1lX7SfdGnVL2fdJo8xzuikWbqB2l79nqEeNA8/s1600/bildungsprojekte-gedenkstaetten-hofbraeukeller102~_v-image512_-6a0b0d9618fb94fd9ee05a84a1099a13ec9d3321.jpg" style="height: 205px; width: 360px;" title="" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Here on Innere Wiener Straße 19 was where Hitler publicly spoke for the first time:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">On 16 October he was one of 111 people to attend a meeting at the
Hofbrauhauskeller, at which Dr Erich Kühn, editor of the
radical nationalist journal Deutschlands Emeuerung (Germany’s Renewal), spoke about
the Jewish Question. Hitler spoke too. A reporter from the Munich Observer
reported that he ‘used inflammatory words’ and incited those present against
especially the Jewish press. Three days later, and
notwithstanding Drexler’s prior offer, Hitler wrote requesting membership of the
[German Workers'] party. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Housden (45) <u>Hitler Study of a Revolutionary?</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfUN84wc0fxDrYJTzpISRFybkrE3JZDcQhQ24sfJexHXKgRgQ9EKbXSeaak-ZcDYyF9AkavpUnjwvRGh4fvBEiyFI23i8hSolnmhQtLF0PXa6kezs-yQ23QpQEAI9deNgFfL03yh-G0Qg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-30+at+1.06.41+PM.png" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfUN84wc0fxDrYJTzpISRFybkrE3JZDcQhQ24sfJexHXKgRgQ9EKbXSeaak-ZcDYyF9AkavpUnjwvRGh4fvBEiyFI23i8hSolnmhQtLF0PXa6kezs-yQ23QpQEAI9deNgFfL03yh-G0Qg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-30+at+1.06.41+PM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfUN84wc0fxDrYJTzpISRFybkrE3JZDcQhQ24sfJexHXKgRgQ9EKbXSeaak-ZcDYyF9AkavpUnjwvRGh4fvBEiyFI23i8hSolnmhQtLF0PXa6kezs-yQ23QpQEAI9deNgFfL03yh-G0Qg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-30+at+1.06.41+PM.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfUN84wc0fxDrYJTzpISRFybkrE3JZDcQhQ24sfJexHXKgRgQ9EKbXSeaak-ZcDYyF9AkavpUnjwvRGh4fvBEiyFI23i8hSolnmhQtLF0PXa6kezs-yQ23QpQEAI9deNgFfL03yh-G0Qg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-07-30+at+1.06.41+PM.png" style="height: 205px; width: 279px;" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">A
hundred and eleven people turned up, and Hitler rose to address his
first public meeting as the second speaker of the evening. In a bitter
stream of words the dammed-up emotions, the lonely man’s suffocated
feelings of hatred and impotence, burst out; like an explosion after the
restriction and apathy of the past years, hallucinatory images and
accusations came pouring out; abandoning restraint, he talked till he
was sweating and exhausted. ‘I spoke for thirty minutes,’ he writes,
‘and what I had always felt deep down in my heart, without being able to
put it to the test, proved to be true.’ Jubilantly he made the
overwhelming, liberating discovery. ‘I could make a good speech!</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"> Joachim C. Fest<span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Face-Third-Reich-Portraits-Leadership/dp/030680915X%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D030680915X" id="link_tb4">The Face Of The Third Reich: Portraits Of The Nazi Leadership</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">On the wall outside is a plaque dedicated to the victims of the Freikorps during the smashing of the Räterepublik:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLm6oK3jo4CGyhfxL3u9Esa8W2IezsJgjALLxAQu2XLwVa-GCyHHVjUqrp1jvMcMujolQ6gkP-_nTR3vZKULL7dmBXxGForhlvXJtwdGGqvb0SHe_5CKhMVV77R-eNCvdhh85OQgrEmGtv/s1600/hofbraeukeller_img_0.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLm6oK3jo4CGyhfxL3u9Esa8W2IezsJgjALLxAQu2XLwVa-GCyHHVjUqrp1jvMcMujolQ6gkP-_nTR3vZKULL7dmBXxGForhlvXJtwdGGqvb0SHe_5CKhMVV77R-eNCvdhh85OQgrEmGtv/s1600/hofbraeukeller_img_0.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLm6oK3jo4CGyhfxL3u9Esa8W2IezsJgjALLxAQu2XLwVa-GCyHHVjUqrp1jvMcMujolQ6gkP-_nTR3vZKULL7dmBXxGForhlvXJtwdGGqvb0SHe_5CKhMVV77R-eNCvdhh85OQgrEmGtv/s320/hofbraeukeller_img_0.jpg" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLm6oK3jo4CGyhfxL3u9Esa8W2IezsJgjALLxAQu2XLwVa-GCyHHVjUqrp1jvMcMujolQ6gkP-_nTR3vZKULL7dmBXxGForhlvXJtwdGGqvb0SHe_5CKhMVV77R-eNCvdhh85OQgrEmGtv/s320/hofbraeukeller_img_0.jpg" width="181" /></a><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYJD4i-hS6txUZv5ovTlfNCC3z8VDMeImj07GcDDI5xdUq9VYH2HyhUd6acxBZq27xDBsB4fhK05H7Lrk3EMFNhN-XyITyJHwlkCfKMaPzd5B2wHKIuMwFmY17Ab1OA9Mimza99EKgRfG-/s1600/800px-Hofbra%CC%88ukeller_Mu%CC%88nchen_Gedenktafel.JPG" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYJD4i-hS6txUZv5ovTlfNCC3z8VDMeImj07GcDDI5xdUq9VYH2HyhUd6acxBZq27xDBsB4fhK05H7Lrk3EMFNhN-XyITyJHwlkCfKMaPzd5B2wHKIuMwFmY17Ab1OA9Mimza99EKgRfG-/s1600/800px-Hofbra%CC%88ukeller_Mu%CC%88nchen_Gedenktafel.JPG"><img alt="Hofbräukeller denkmal" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYJD4i-hS6txUZv5ovTlfNCC3z8VDMeImj07GcDDI5xdUq9VYH2HyhUd6acxBZq27xDBsB4fhK05H7Lrk3EMFNhN-XyITyJHwlkCfKMaPzd5B2wHKIuMwFmY17Ab1OA9Mimza99EKgRfG-/s640/800px-Hofbra%CC%88ukeller_Mu%CC%88nchen_Gedenktafel.JPG" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYJD4i-hS6txUZv5ovTlfNCC3z8VDMeImj07GcDDI5xdUq9VYH2HyhUd6acxBZq27xDBsB4fhK05H7Lrk3EMFNhN-XyITyJHwlkCfKMaPzd5B2wHKIuMwFmY17Ab1OA9Mimza99EKgRfG-/s640/800px-Hofbra%CC%88ukeller_Mu%CC%88nchen_Gedenktafel.JPG" title="" width="415" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Translated into English, it reads:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">IN MEMORY OF THE CITIZENS from Perlach: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">JOSEPH LUDWIG ARTUR KOCH JOHANN KEIL SEBASTIAN HUFNAGEL ALBERT DENGLER ALBERT CANCER GEORG JAKOB JOSEPH JAKOB GEORG EICHNER KONRAD ZELLER AUGUST STÖBER JOHANN SPRUCE </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Following the military defeat of the Munich Soviet Republic, these workers and craftsmen were denounced and without legal judicial proceedings were taken by the Freikorps Lützow on 5 May 1919 to the garden of the Hofbräuhaus Keller and murdered. <span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span>
</span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2kInyjRTpGRqjiuYupyfGQdETT_H6tgL0QragQ26rriYZ-PdmTC7TLexl1RjXQmIwIg_FzC4waWhZ1fATGthH_GWPxkPEUv6p0N2nq2bHP2-ObVkDs9ig5NqLBhbkyUEPK0zlblb_LmGV/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2kInyjRTpGRqjiuYupyfGQdETT_H6tgL0QragQ26rriYZ-PdmTC7TLexl1RjXQmIwIg_FzC4waWhZ1fATGthH_GWPxkPEUv6p0N2nq2bHP2-ObVkDs9ig5NqLBhbkyUEPK0zlblb_LmGV/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The <span style="font-style: italic;">Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten</span> on <span style="font-style: italic;">Maximilianstraße </span>where the Thule Society was founded in the ea<span style="font-size: small;">rly 1920s and had its headquarters. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Members of the Thule Society, a right-wing, völkisch, anti-Semitic organisation, had got hold of the stamp of the Communist military chief of Munich, the twenty-one-year-old deserter from the navy Rudolf Eglhofer, and used it to forge orders and requisitions. Ten of the members of the Thule Society were taken as hostages from a meeting at the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten, and then, as the government forces converged on Munich, they were executed in the courtyard of the Luitpold gymnasium as a reprisal for the deaths of eight members of the Red Guard who had been killed at Dachau. </span><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Making-Adolf-Hitler-Birth-Nazism/dp/0826211178/ref=pd_bxgy_b_text_b" style="font-weight: bold;">The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazis</a><span style="font-style: italic;">, </span>Eugene Davidson (128)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>The ceremonial foundation of the Thule Society took place on 17 August 1918. The society met at the fashionable Hotel Vierjahreszeiten in Munich, in rooms decorated with the Thule emblem: a long dagger, its blade surrounded by oak leaves, superimposed on a shining, curved- armed swastika.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alan Baker, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Invisible-Eagle-Hidden-History-Occultism/dp/1852278633%3FSubscriptionId%3D1FHJNBQ7GCVACJ477K02%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dsp1%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1852278633" id="link_tb3">Invisible Eagle: The Hidden History of Nazi Occultism</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">It was here in March 13, 1935 that </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Lieutenant-Colonel Hoßbach, Hitler’s Wehrmacht adjutant, was ordered to
present himself the next morning in the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten in Munich. When he arrived,
Hitler was still in bed. Only shortly before midday was the military adjutant summoned to be told
that the Führer had decided to reintroduce conscription in the immediate future – a move which
would in the eyes of the entire world graphically demonstrate Germany’s newly regained
autonomy and cast aside the military restrictions of Versailles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kershaw <u>Hitler</u> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8JIGXGzcMMMIPMex_kjiZtMWqhHxXAUlzLCijsnvzSXyGCK5jEhbQS1r-dcUKBH83r8PK3NYNIOjK_gV0RgNmB_yXhqAVHWgwoCoLOmhvhzAvXBNcKtESSEchuS872PEB-HOBTCyrKRZ1/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten einst und jetzt" border="0" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="277" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8JIGXGzcMMMIPMex_kjiZtMWqhHxXAUlzLCijsnvzSXyGCK5jEhbQS1r-dcUKBH83r8PK3NYNIOjK_gV0RgNmB_yXhqAVHWgwoCoLOmhvhzAvXBNcKtESSEchuS872PEB-HOBTCyrKRZ1/w400-h328/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Richard Evans destroys David Irving's credibility when the latter referred to the hotel in <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Goebbels-Mastermind-Third-Walter-Frentz/dp/1872197132" style="font-weight: bold;">Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich</a> during the events of Reichskristallnacht in his attempts to absolve Hitler from all blame of the violence:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">WHAT of Himmler and Hitler? Both were totally unaware of what Goebbels had done until the synagogue next to Munich’s Four Seasons Hotel was set on fire around one a.m. Heydrich, Himmler’s national chief of police, was relaxing down in the hotel bar; he hurried up to Himmler’s room, then telexed instructions to all police authorities to restore law and order, protect Jews and Jewish property, and halt any on- going incidents. The hotel management telephoned Hitler’s apartment at Prinz- Regenten-Platz, and thus he too learned that something was going on. He sent for the local police chief, Friedrich von Eberstein. Eberstein found him livid with rage.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">In fact, Evans points out</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The only historical truth in this account was the assertion that Heydrich sent a telex to the German police authorities. Everything else was a blatant manipulation of the historical record. Even a cursory glance at the telex showed that it ordered the opposite of what Irving claimed it did. What Heydrich was telling the police was <span style="font-style: italic;">not</span> to prevent the destruction of Jewish property or get in the way of violent acts against German Jews.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">(57) <a class="l" href="http://www.amazon.com/Lying-About-Hitler-History-Holocaust/dp/0465021522">Lying About Hitler</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">This was also where Daladier and his entourage stayed September 29, 1938 during the Munich conference whilst Chamberlain and the Czech representatives went to the Regina Palast Hotel on Maximiliansplatz 5. Later that year after attending the midnight oath-taking ceremony for SS candidates on Odeonsplatz, Himmler retired here where he followed the news of the events of Kristallnacht. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span> </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>The hotel also plays a significant role in the Fleming novel </span><i>On Her Majesty’s Secret Service</i><span> after James Bond arrives in Munich from Zurich where he is met at the airport by his fiancée Tracy, who drives him to her “favourite hotel in the world.” Bond drinks at the hotel bar and makes plans to dine at Walterspiel’s which had once been located inside the hotel.</span></span></div><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">She got up briskly. 'I suppose I've got to get used to doing what you say. I'll drive to Munich. To the Vier Jahreszeiten. It's my favourite hotel in the world. I'll wait for you there. They know me. They'll take me in without any luggage. Everything's at Samaden. I'll just have to send out for a toothbrush and stay in bed for two days until I can go out and get some things. You'll telephone me? Talk to me? When can we get married? I must tell Papa. He'll be terribly excited.'</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">'Let's get married in Munich. At the Consulate. I've got a kind of diplomatic immunity. I can get the papers through quickly. Then we can be married again in an English church, or Scottish rather. That's where I come from. I'll call you up tonight and tomorrow. I'll get to you just as soon as I can. I've got to finish this business first.'</span></span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Recently Harry Kane <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-12714801/Harry-Kane-new-home-100m-Bayern-Munich-form-striker-chalking-1MILLION-tab-luxury-10-000-night-suite-August.html">racked up a £1 million tab </a>at his £10,000-a-night hotel suite here....</span></span><br /></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span></span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Editorial Offices of Münchner Neueste Nachrichten</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK5qWgk4_oEApdyxc1IMCo7SZJIMnbGqYLD_TyZq5eNxDc7DhIxhcixuSCthZ1f91V04xj-to4hzwI-WZ9W_uZYlz6OEJvNvcdbCRGWes-2UrQ914EUftUjuzpfrXtBIc-Tgi9Qhxtids/s1600/smyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fritz Gerlich" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK5qWgk4_oEApdyxc1IMCo7SZJIMnbGqYLD_TyZq5eNxDc7DhIxhcixuSCthZ1f91V04xj-to4hzwI-WZ9W_uZYlz6OEJvNvcdbCRGWes-2UrQ914EUftUjuzpfrXtBIc-Tgi9Qhxtids/s400/smyphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Memorial plaque to Dr. Fritz Gerlich, editor-in-chief and subject of film "Hitler: The Rise of Evil." From 1920 to 1928 he was editor in chief of the <i>Münchner Neueste Nachrichten</i> (MNN), a predecessor to today's <i>Süddeutsche Zeitung</i> in that its circulation was one of the largest in southern Germany. As editor, Gerlich opposed the Nazis whom he described as and Hitler's Nazi Party as "murderous". In the early 1920s, he had seen proof of Nazi tyranny already in Munich. Once a conservative nationalist, after the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch Gerlich decisively turned against Hitler and became one of his fiercest critics. Other critics of the Nazis at the newspaper were later arrested within days of Gerlich, includingFritz Buechner, who followed Gerlich as the editor of the MNN, Erwein Freiherr von Aretin, who was domestic editor at the MNN, and Cossmann, who wrote for the MNN, all of whom had steered the MNN to support a return of the monarchy. After the Nazis seized power in Germany, they quickly decided to remove Gerlich as shown in this scene from the film where he is arrested on March 9, 1933 and brought to the Dachau concentration camp, where he was murd<span style="font-size: small;">ered on July 1, 1934 during the Night of the Long Knives according to David Irving, through the orders of Hermann </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Göring:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Who, other than Göring, would have ordered the pickax murder of seventy-one- year-old ex-dictator Gustav von Kahr and Munich journalist Fritz Gerlich? Kahr had betrayed the 1923 beer hall putsch. Gerlich had claimed that Göring broke his word of honour to escape; Göring had sued him for libel and lost. Now both those old scores were settled, permanently.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Goring-Biography-David-Irving/dp/1872197205/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_3" id="wwFaceoutTitleLink3" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Goring: A Biography">Göring</a> (209)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;">After his death his wife received confirmation of her husband's death when his blood-</span>spattered glasses were delivered to her home. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDjkm6uABnWHz_Nh-nUkP68eefGDcxpG80BtSjqeu3YYmK5kBNgME0cR2jVRXk75UHpsc_AwLu7GzY2Fm0ng9PRRwYew7R0_Ig17XeESSBnMDCg9UHeYEE2DBgzFptwA_u0SfYx_N_be2e/s1600/z"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5558361869035499826" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDjkm6uABnWHz_Nh-nUkP68eefGDcxpG80BtSjqeu3YYmK5kBNgME0cR2jVRXk75UHpsc_AwLu7GzY2Fm0ng9PRRwYew7R0_Ig17XeESSBnMDCg9UHeYEE2DBgzFptwA_u0SfYx_N_be2e/s400/z" style="cursor: pointer; height: 265px; width: 268px;" /></a> <iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwa6J4_nedmqLyISbzbJ1rvKjhmJxCp-PyPztsNq0ZSypK__tsQ00uj00tVFKg-Wz9AYbvLtNLBVwpbkRuElQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">At Gerlich's former residence this plaque <span style="font-size: small;">was placed: "The journalist Dr. Fritz Gerlich lived in this house up to his arrest on 9.3.1933. As an opponent of the Third Reich he was murdered on 30.6.1934 in the KZ Dachau." The video on the right is from <span style="font-style: italic;">Hitler: Rise of Evil</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE9xSMLfT3LGVkMQAcOkBy0DpP26G9ZX7UK_pGW4hpADrDkbJ-I9LW68EUeRxc9tztZn7hcU4HoPX3NmRZgvJH3Bw0zw5PJJ6dBPIAqSrI0Iuh2YSlNdmducY6-QmgJYrQiNdQ2CkjoD61/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Nazis trashing Münchener Post" border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="362" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE9xSMLfT3LGVkMQAcOkBy0DpP26G9ZX7UK_pGW4hpADrDkbJ-I9LW68EUeRxc9tztZn7hcU4HoPX3NmRZgvJH3Bw0zw5PJJ6dBPIAqSrI0Iuh2YSlNdmducY6-QmgJYrQiNdQ2CkjoD61/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="357" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">SA men after ransacking the offices of the Münchener Post at Wittelsbacher Platz 2 on March 9, 1933. The </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">social-democratic </span></span></span></span></span></span>paper was one of the Nazis' most vocal opponents who the latter referred to as the "Munich plague" and the "poison kitchen." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Ron Rosenbaum writes of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span> <span style="font-style: italic;">'the lost safe-deposit box. A place where allegedly revelatory
documents - ones that might provide the missing link, the lost key to the Hitler psyche, the
true source of his metamorphosis - seem to disappear beyond recovery." </span>This
mythology was inspired by real events in Munich in 1933, when Fritz Gerlich, the last anti-
Hitler journalist in that city, made a desperate attempt to alert the world to the true nature
of Hitler by means of a report of an unspecified scandal. On 9 March, just as Gerlich's
newspaper, <i>Der Gerade Weg</i>, was about to go to press, SA storm troopers entered the
premises and ripped it from the presses.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Although no copy of the Gerlich report has ever been found, rumours have been
circulating for many years about the ultimate fate of the information with which Gerlich<u> </u>hoped to warn the world of the danger of Hitler, one of which involves a secret copy of the
report that was smuggled out of the premises (along with supporting documentary
material) by one Count Waldburg-Zeil. Waldburg-Zeil allegedly took the report and its
supporting documents to his estate north of Munich, where he buried them somewhere in
the grounds. According to Gerlich's biographer Erwin von Aretin, however, Waldburg-Zeil
destroyed them during the war, fearful of what might happen should they be discovered by
the Nazi authorities.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Rosenbaum informs us of an alternative version of these events, involving documents
proving that Geli Raubal was indeed killed on the orders of Adolf Hitler. According to von
Aretin's son, the historian Professor Karl-Ottmar Freiherr von Aretin, his father gave the
documents to his cousin, Karl Ludwig Freiherr von Guttenberg, co-owner of the
<i>Munchener Neueste Nachrichten</i>, who put them in a safe-deposit box in Switzerland.
Guttenberg was killed following his involvement in the attempted coup against Hitler on 20
July 1944. For the sake of security, he had not told anyone the number of the safe-
deposit-box account. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Baker <u>Invisible Eagle</u></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;">Maximilianeum </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMMUzP6XS5eCxEIponmXrbTtfa7K3TrLHo71AXzk7zdPGvFXgMenjF4FTsl5SCZuvJ3gsbeom0mDdg7koYoDzLMLvyGiBfj3dilp5bYZ_-hqitcjErTHw0PPLy1gL_xV4nvMgoL3CpgnIQ/s1600/output_ZqUOCe.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Maximilian II" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMMUzP6XS5eCxEIponmXrbTtfa7K3TrLHo71AXzk7zdPGvFXgMenjF4FTsl5SCZuvJ3gsbeom0mDdg7koYoDzLMLvyGiBfj3dilp5bYZ_-hqitcjErTHw0PPLy1gL_xV4nvMgoL3CpgnIQ/s1600/output_ZqUOCe.gif" title="" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">T</span></span></span>he palatial Maximilianeum </span></span><span><span>was initiated by King Maximilian II of Bavaria, who started the project in 1857 and is honoured in front by t<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">he
Maxmonument sculpted by Kaspar von Zumbusch, shown here as it appeared during the Third Reich
and today. It's located just down the road from Hitler's residence </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;">at </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thierschstrasse</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> 41 and the Nazis' publishing headquarters at </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Thierschstrasse 11. Ascending the throne during the German Revolution of 1848, Maximilian managed to restore stability to his kingdom with his reign characterised by attempts to maintain Bavarian independence during the wars of German Unification and to transform his capital city of Munich into a cultural and educational city.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Built as the home of a gifted students' foundation and has also housed the Bavarian Landtag (state parliament) since 1949 by leading architect Friedrich Bürklein, the building is situated on the bank of river Isar before the Maximilian Bridge and marks the eastern end of the Maximilianstrasse, one of Munich's royal avenues which is framed by neo-Gothic palaces influenced by the English Perpendicular style. Due to statical problems the construction was only completed in 1874 and the façade of the Maximilianeum which was originally planned also in neo-Gothic style had to be altered in renaissance style under the influence of Gottfried Semper. The façade was decorated with arches, columns, mosaics and niches filled with busts. The building was extended on its back for new parliament offices, several modern wings were added in 1958, 1964, 1992 and again in 2012. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span color="none"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-R6jB8I9s4pPhgi1410jGHhy-d6q6HGqC7JIz4XH8gIFHeAB0oAuIRzmD2rdrpJcjJMyViMf16xnW7_TWaxuEng-qcha5ciwWlEz5UEiFErpBOi6W49QOVmeZGlRQgs-mAF221oCq3eGm/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Maximilianbrücke" border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="436" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-R6jB8I9s4pPhgi1410jGHhy-d6q6HGqC7JIz4XH8gIFHeAB0oAuIRzmD2rdrpJcjJMyViMf16xnW7_TWaxuEng-qcha5ciwWlEz5UEiFErpBOi6W49QOVmeZGlRQgs-mAF221oCq3eGm/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The statue of Athena which stands on the bridge used as its model the daughter of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">renowned Munich
architect Friedrich von Thiersch. It would be </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Frieda Thiersch who would be responsible for </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>the
<span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-war-memorial.html">swastika-motif mosaics in the ceiling panels of the Haus der Kunst's front portico</a> and who also bound the text to Hitler’s speech
for the opening of the same House of German Art <a href="https://boingboing.net/2014/06/02/hitlers-bookbinder.html">as related by expert Michael Shaughnessy</a>. The fascination for Frieda Thiersch's work has remained unbroken to this day; her work remains sought-after collector's items, and the document portfolios in particular are so highly traded that large quantities of forgeries are in circulation. Both in terms of style and content, Frieda Thiersch's work is divided into two phases, which are also of interest to two completely different groups of collectors: on the one hand, the bibliophile works and on the other hand, the representational works after 1933, which pay homage to the monumental style, which despite all their technical perfection can be classified as largely artistically meaningless and which are very popular with collectors of Nazi paraphernalia. It is not known how Frieda Thiersch personally felt about the Nazis. What is certain, however, is that she used the system at least very uncritically and enjoyed being able to draw on the full potential of her work. Her long-term collaboration with Gerdy Troost, a close confidante of Winifred Wagner who was notorious for her unconditional admiration for Hitler, suggests that Frieda Thiersch didn't distance herself from National Socialist ideology either.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPEQvtha15e2V_Ch2dunlo6MBP1PlsaUszZs_hPPs-iMwn1-2E9M5x9vskz8BmZmVnbx0kMxtAtGD3Hb5W4Xm92jq9DP8iuj-VTTYWIRSvJqPkt-fk1o9vSqa6BVVJsnOI79Xp-mcMdiCl/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Hitler painting of Maximilianeum and today" border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="383" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPEQvtha15e2V_Ch2dunlo6MBP1PlsaUszZs_hPPs-iMwn1-2E9M5x9vskz8BmZmVnbx0kMxtAtGD3Hb5W4Xm92jq9DP8iuj-VTTYWIRSvJqPkt-fk1o9vSqa6BVVJsnOI79Xp-mcMdiCl/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler's supposed painting </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>of the Maximilianeum </span></span></span></span></span>and the view today. The palatial Maximilianeum was built as the home of a gifted students' foundation by King Maximilian II of Bavaria, who started the project in 1857. The building is situated on the bank of the Isar in front of the Maximilian Bridge and marks the eastern end of the Maximilianstrasse, one of Munich's royal avenues which is framed by neo-Gothic palaces influenced by the English Perpendicular style. It was only completed in 1874 and the facade of the Maximilianeum, which was originally planned also in neo-Gothic style, had to be altered in Renaissance style under the influence of Gottfried Semper, and decorated with arches, columns, mosaics and niches filled with busts. The purpose of the foundation went through its most turbulent time during the interwar years, surviving the abolition of the monarchy after the Great War </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>unscathed when Max II had decreed that the post of protector would pass from the King to the President of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3vOI5Mh-RO33X0OAAfmPjcnYy0KfnuskWIBcpFe8nyZGriPoHbO8Hy283Lpm7r9UBV7G4eE_8P1za6aTcY1m2JYrjRETbeNgohwRUnVMVmIdUhN9jCJym9Z0GVwAAHBkcDZjg4n5g696E/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252852%2529.gif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Inside the Maximilianeum" border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3vOI5Mh-RO33X0OAAfmPjcnYy0KfnuskWIBcpFe8nyZGriPoHbO8Hy283Lpm7r9UBV7G4eE_8P1za6aTcY1m2JYrjRETbeNgohwRUnVMVmIdUhN9jCJym9Z0GVwAAHBkcDZjg4n5g696E/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252852%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Looking out towards the town centre from inside during MUNOM 2010 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nevertheless, the great inflation of the </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>1920s dealt a heavy blow to the institution, during which it lost almost all its money which was valued at roughly 1.5 million Reichsmarks. As the foundation could not survive on the entrance fees of the visitors to the gallery, parts of the building were let and the students had to pay for the privilege of living in the Maximilianeum. The situation didn't improve during the Third Reich as the Foundation was not only still out of funds but it was also faced with massive attempts to bring it into line. Despite intimidation, the foundation managed to protect its independence and successfully thwarted all plans to have Nazi Party institutions move in. It didn't do so unscathed however as Eduard Hamm, who had been German Minister for Economic Affairs between 1923 and 1925, was arrested and abused on September 2, 1944, before apparently taking his own life on September 23, 1944, by jumping out of a window during a Gestapo interrogation. However, there were some Maximilianeers who joined the Nazi movement such as Theodor von der Pfordten, one of Hitler's henchmen who was killed during the Beer Hall Putsch in front of the Feldherrnhalle, and Franz Gürtner, German Minister of Justice between 1932 and 1941.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiHJaKwogxgCRShy-HyirLswSe2oRjZvniQwnhUgnGwh0JyNXna-U_zZA9SAOHgizxGSctwuT2gJIrrVr3Zvhs3WJKm-XjNeAP9Ko4Ym_LYHOHCJ4OgDNEg340Dmdw24GEqQyxycWMYl0/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252814%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Nazis outside Maximilianeum" border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiHJaKwogxgCRShy-HyirLswSe2oRjZvniQwnhUgnGwh0JyNXna-U_zZA9SAOHgizxGSctwuT2gJIrrVr3Zvhs3WJKm-XjNeAP9Ko4Ym_LYHOHCJ4OgDNEg340Dmdw24GEqQyxycWMYl0/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252814%2529.gif" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Outside the building on Apr<span>il 17<span>, 1944 during the <span>fu</span></span></span>neral ceremony of Munich Gauleiter Adolf Wagner<span> after his body had lain <span>in</span></span> lay in state in the Maximilianeum before being interred beside an Ehrentempel<span> next to </span>the Brown House and today. After attending the funeral ceremony<span> </span>at the Congress Hall of the German Museum in Munich<span>, Hitler </span>awarded
him the Golden Cross with Oak Leaves of the German Order and laid a
wreath. Goebbels delivered the eulogy. Another wreath from the Führer
was laid for the “commander of the guard on duty at the Eternal Guard”
at the northern pantheon at the Königlicher Platz, where Wagner was
buried on Hitler’s orders. Hitler appointed Wagner’s successor Giesler
as Bavarian prime minister, which made him the successor of Ludwig
Siebert, too. In a solemn ceremony at the Führerbau on the Königlicher
Platz, Hitler personally presented Giesler with his certificates of
appointment.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Shortly before the end of the war, the Munich Art Exhibition was held in the gallery space. Towards the end of the war, two-thirds of the building was bombed. After the war, the building was rebuilt by Karl Kergl. In 1949, the Bavarian State Parliament elected the building as its headquarters, which necessitated corresponding changes in the gallery space. The former Bayrische Landtag on Prannerstraße had already been badly damaged during the war. When the construction of the Maximilianeum became too small for its intended use, the east wings were added with offices and meeting rooms.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 130%;">German Research institute for Psychiatry </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIZFoqa6AuinfH6U-qeB8FjGtFfJ4AuxAZgq3iNCt2AjKHxo5_W4Cb-4Jww4Kxg5UczPYc6o1U-EBAbSNZNDvMxjXRwrWT7iH7si3tMCLWPXKZ8SgLKaWmYLi2OZ9vPssUwIVeIHE-zYwd/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie" border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="350" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIZFoqa6AuinfH6U-qeB8FjGtFfJ4AuxAZgq3iNCt2AjKHxo5_W4Cb-4Jww4Kxg5UczPYc6o1U-EBAbSNZNDvMxjXRwrWT7iH7si3tMCLWPXKZ8SgLKaWmYLi2OZ9vPssUwIVeIHE-zYwd/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Opened in 1917, the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie on Kraepelinstraße 2 served during the NS era in the intellectual preparation and “justification” of the murder of “lebensunwert”. In 1934 it sponsored the “Law for Preventing Hereditary Illness into the Next Generation” ("Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses") and approved of patient killings.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Research on eugenics was done primarily at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics in Berlin-Dahlem (directed by Eugen Fischer from 1927, its founding, to 1942, and by Otmar von Verschuer from 1942 to 1945) and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Genealogy and Demography of the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt (directed by Ernst Riidin) in Munich.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kristie Macrakis (125) Surviving the Swastika : Scientific Research in Nazi Germany</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji52OizrEYWuMWM0Cs5pBmrpXkrkL1Rdi__a8-FVD2qJRBE1aZQgcCM3_IdFaasYM32M5CSBj3mSDZlxniOtowzJzcemY-Idn0qmVb0ZfFQSgX-Rvps0nm_3vfaADXwa7WHx8SxWE7B-U/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252862%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GIF: Bayerische Vereinsbank" border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="502" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji52OizrEYWuMWM0Cs5pBmrpXkrkL1Rdi__a8-FVD2qJRBE1aZQgcCM3_IdFaasYM32M5CSBj3mSDZlxniOtowzJzcemY-Idn0qmVb0ZfFQSgX-Rvps0nm_3vfaADXwa7WHx8SxWE7B-U/s640/ezgif.com-optimize+%252862%2529.gif" title="" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Headquarters of the Bayerische Vereinsbank on Prannerstraße adorned with Hitler's visage and swastika during the morning roll for the April 10, 1938 elections and today, extensively remodelled. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Deutschen Museum</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMaJa1zq2f8RG24AxThY1w_gd6dJ36kmHWiDaj8kfdy-f3XhQjrEQ5k6PO0e1TZ-JWpjq0gKEyr83v77nT0kEO52KcW0g6uqN7XMt7tMlroTR2ZntgiefaL89Mh3xqnZd9jxh0CCLjzY/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMaJa1zq2f8RG24AxThY1w_gd6dJ36kmHWiDaj8kfdy-f3XhQjrEQ5k6PO0e1TZ-JWpjq0gKEyr83v77nT0kEO52KcW0g6uqN7XMt7tMlroTR2ZntgiefaL89Mh3xqnZd9jxh0CCLjzY/w433-h232/1myphoto.jpeg" width="433" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="background-color: none;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler toured this museum on April 1, 1935. The
museum had hosted a set of ideological Special exhibitions, which were
conceived in Munich as itinerant exhibitions. 1936 saw the opening of
the anti-Semitic and antisoviet propaganda exhibition "Der
Bolschewismus" in the presence of representatives from 37 states. It
had 350,000 visitors, who were brought in by special trains from
throughout Europe.<span id="content-start"> On the left, Joseph
Goebbels and other Nazi officials are greeted by saluting Germans as
they proceed toward the Bibliothek des Deutschen Museums for the
opening of <i>Der ewige Jude</i> on November 8, 1937. The initiator of the exhibition, as with </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Der
<i>Bolschewismus</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="content-start">, which opened a year earlier on November 7, 1936 in the library building of the German Museum, was the deputy Nazi Gauleiter of Munich -Upper Bavaria, Otto Nippold and carried out by the deputy regional propaganda director Walther Wüster, architect Fritz von Valtier with the painter Horst Schlüter responsible for the design. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU-LCFWb5hfwJoafYITsle2Lm1YnQ0U8fBsOjd45YzKlmD_lY9umBmLxGDNFlQPngPT0V_xTdGzFdcsryyi9LLeM4kh20IG6JS0Dt_3_deI1FfU63lSEOe0jdHe35jKnUlL_uiEZMSKiSl/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25287%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="283" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU-LCFWb5hfwJoafYITsle2Lm1YnQ0U8fBsOjd45YzKlmD_lY9umBmLxGDNFlQPngPT0V_xTdGzFdcsryyi9LLeM4kh20IG6JS0Dt_3_deI1FfU63lSEOe0jdHe35jKnUlL_uiEZMSKiSl/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25287%2529.gif" width="226" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span id="content-start"><span id="content-start">View from the "Uferstrasse" (now Museuminsel) to the library building of the German Museum, 1937. The huge poster of the propaganda exhibition "The Eternal Jew" was illuminated at night. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span>Over
the past decades the Deutsches Museum, one of the largest science and
technology museums in the world, has carefully maintained an
interpretation of its history during the Third Reich. In this portrayal,
the museum was caught between the opposing poles of either cooperation
with or resistance to the regime, which, in the end, meant that the
museum counted itself among the victims of National Socialism. In fact,
according to </span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Das Deutsche Museum in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus</i>
by Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Vaupel and Dr. Stefan L. Wolff, this
interpretation of the museum’s past as an apolitical, purely scientific and
technological educational institution, is nothing less than fictional. Here </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span id="content-start">the exterior facing the Isar, shown sporting Nazi flags and the logo for </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="content-start"><i>Der ewige Jude</i></span> exhibition, was extensively redeveloped in 1951 with the eagle replaced as shown.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">When the Nazis came to power, the Deutsches Museum was directed by ultimately by the museum founder Oskar von Miller. The local Munich Nazi party had been opposed to Miller as early as the end of the 1920s, especially after he had refused to allow a statue of Otto von Bismarck shown below to be erected on the museum grounds. Once the city government, controlled by the Nazis, refused to support the museum’s yearly board meeting (as it had long been accustomed to do) and after Hitler refused to accept the honorary post of museum </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR35et8dYsTTc37qKZT3ZgTVui_HRX6cYNLGRQF9p7TnAwlpB2Rxfzk6Q6LBZcFzEN9b2NA-A38jjJceU-fGIMt3nnVZJRbjUQxmysJSa9Uua0AWnwdxepsY-fPaZplu-opWzDmFKzDhk/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252873%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="481" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR35et8dYsTTc37qKZT3ZgTVui_HRX6cYNLGRQF9p7TnAwlpB2Rxfzk6Q6LBZcFzEN9b2NA-A38jjJceU-fGIMt3nnVZJRbjUQxmysJSa9Uua0AWnwdxepsY-fPaZplu-opWzDmFKzDhk/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252873%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span>president (an honour gladly assumed by every chancellor since 1923), Miller feared he would no longer be of any service to his museum and therefore resigned his post on May 7, 1933 on his 78th birthday. His successor was Jonathan Zenneck who had already taken on many of Miller’s responsibilities during the few months prior to the announcement and who, as a member of the German National People’s Party (DNVP), sympathised with the regime and supported the Civil Service Act allowing for the removal of those opposed to it and any defined as having Jewish ancestry. Zenneck was responsible for carrying out the law’s provisions among the museum staff resulting in two employees being fired, one for political reasons, the other on racial grounds. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Miller then installed publisher Hugo Bruckmann as the head of the governing body despite the latter </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">not possessing any particular qualifications for his position as the
head of the museum. He was r</span></span></span></span>elated to Miller by marriage however and had been one of the early supporters of the NSDAP and had known Hitler personally for a number of years. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"> After Miller’s death on April 9, 1934, the museum tried to persuade important Nazi politicians to support and work for the museum such as Fritz Todt, Inspector General for German Roadways who had organised the exhibition “Die Strasse” in Munich in 1934. Museum officials wanted to use both Todt’s fame and connections as “head engineer of the Third Reich” to redesign the museum’s exhibition on streets which would feature the politically relevant theme of the Reich’s autobahn-building efforts. Officials hoped that Todt could prove useful assistance in realising this project, particularly in providing the necessary funds. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuYmqTMFhByljTfjMksnHfngzuzVN4BxXNoIVvs-taInjja8tmOD9ANyXWC2loFZYX2nHHrfGwbtmdLcP5x3jszxUy0Wh3MgYBXo0wg9RHGtb4ULbgnWIC3gWro7-wsxI_yhnENtQiMQ2p/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-30+at+20.44.53.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuYmqTMFhByljTfjMksnHfngzuzVN4BxXNoIVvs-taInjja8tmOD9ANyXWC2loFZYX2nHHrfGwbtmdLcP5x3jszxUy0Wh3MgYBXo0wg9RHGtb4ULbgnWIC3gWro7-wsxI_yhnENtQiMQ2p/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-30+at+20.44.53.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Hitler
on his first official visit to the Deutsches Museum on January 4, 1935
accompanied by Bruckmann (left of Hitler). Hitler
was particularly interested in the congress hall, the
airships, road construction, automotive and shipbuilding departments where he was especially captivated with the model of the battleship <i>Deutschland</i>,
donated to the museum in August 1934 from the Imperial
Navy Office and represented a prime specimen of the new German weapon
technology.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifTJNU_HFl4OxM7k1mpDwmcmqescBuWjrCtVqjodCwfc32kq6fmowcopScVmW6DGoxlYh72gDxx3iK53WRt9Fxg9sGe3VS7c2vygvsXMhou31OTW6PMBxDvT6wNhgxRVVu83-gp3nvoznn/s1600/output_FqVmAQ.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="entrance to the exhibition "Der ewige Jude"" border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifTJNU_HFl4OxM7k1mpDwmcmqescBuWjrCtVqjodCwfc32kq6fmowcopScVmW6DGoxlYh72gDxx3iK53WRt9Fxg9sGe3VS7c2vygvsXMhou31OTW6PMBxDvT6wNhgxRVVu83-gp3nvoznn/s400/output_FqVmAQ.gif" title="entrance to the exhibition "Der ewige Jude"" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Nevertheless, after 1934 the library building housed several special exhibitions focusing specifically on contemporary technological developments, such as television or “New German Synthetic Materials.” For the first time in the museum’s history, these special exhibits were no longer based on historical criteria which had led Todt to describe the museum as an “attic stuffed with historical artefacts” and who accused the museum of lacking any connection to the real world. The library building also served as host to several other externally designed propaganda exhibits such as the infamous “The Eternal Jew” referred to above.</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Here Drake Winston is in front of the library entrance and as it appeared during</span> the exhibition "Der ewige Jude" in November 1937. The</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>exhibition
was held here in the Library of the Germ<span style="font-size: small;">an Museum until January 31, 1938 and was the largest pre-war anti-Semitic exhibit the Nazis held. It</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> emphasised supposed attempts by Jews to bolshevise Germany by revealing an 'eastern' Jew - wearing a kaftan, and holding gold
coins in one hand and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of
the world, with the imprint of the hammer and sickle. The exhibition
attracted 412,300 visitors which was over 5,000 per day, seeing 400,000 visitors by January 1938. Admission cost 50 pfennigs, or 35 pfennigs in advance. The exhibition received the possibly advertising-effective verdict “Young people are not allowed in”, but students from Munich schools <a href="https://www-tagesspiegel-de.translate.goog/wissen/am-vorabend-des-volkermords-1819414.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en">were guided through the exhibition</a> in classes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcdJLkwOhHDbZM4d2cM8iD09STh-qltxh1JJZ-YWh56swHKzTe4k9eK407ydGD8oT7dj2CQRP6VvlEVXyAx6jLv9Oo98l-CwNtKR-BFidr3c1yiU4rMaTJ2igI1-b-vW5w12CCxBiCfso/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252868%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="466" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcdJLkwOhHDbZM4d2cM8iD09STh-qltxh1JJZ-YWh56swHKzTe4k9eK407ydGD8oT7dj2CQRP6VvlEVXyAx6jLv9Oo98l-CwNtKR-BFidr3c1yiU4rMaTJ2igI1-b-vW5w12CCxBiCfso/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252868%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>According to Hoffmann, Broadwin, Berghahn (173),</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span> SS-Hauptsturmführer
Dr. Franz Hippler was the most eager and unscrupulous among Goebbels's
film experts who knew how to arrange the most disparate clips and most
antagonistic arguments into a triumph of dialectical destructiveness. It
was he who put together the morally most perfidious, intellectually
most under handed, and ideologically most perverse mishmash that has
ever been produced. This was <span style="font-style: italic;">Der ewige Jude</span> (The Eternal Jew), made in 1940. Only human scum could bring out such a diabolical work. Together with <span style="font-style: italic;">Jud Süß</span> (1940) and<span style="font-style: italic;"> Die Rothschilds</span> (1940), as well as the book by Hans Dieboro with the same title. <span style="font-style: italic;">Der ewige Jude </span>raised
the pogrom mood against the Jews to boiling point. These films and a
number of other books were calculated to justify in advance the mass
murder of the European Jews.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> <span id="btAsinTitle"><a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/military%20pdfs5/TheTriumphOfPropaganda-FilmAndNationalSocialism1933-1945.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;">The Triumph of Propaganda - Film and National Socialism 1933-1945</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-style: italic;">Der ewige Jude</span>
is certainly the "hate" picture of all time, and one of the great
examples of the way in which the film medium can be used as a
propaganda tool far greater than the printed or spoken word alone.
Fortunately, the film is inaccessible beyond a few film archives where
it is kept in the restricted division usually re- served for
pornography, which is exactly the genre to which this film belongs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hull (173-174) <span id="btAsinTitle"><a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/military%20pdfs8/FilmInTheThirdReich-AStudyOfTheGermanCinema1933-1945.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;">Film in the Third Reich - A Study of the German Cinema 1933-1945</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">In
1937 the three-man governing body was expanded to include five men
including Todt who sought to use the museum as an instrument for his own
political goals through the National Socialist Association for German
Technology (NSBDT), an organisation he himself led. He hoped to build a
new “House of Technology” on the Isar directly opposite the Deutsches
Museum, placing various technological developments in their different
political contexts. </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"> His plans remained unrealised after he died in a plane crash in 1942.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbxBx1_aDa-MC9fBveIvqY-x7Rxf4iQe8ebiEW5ZbTw9PPtGJv6L0KxOv_1LBMJiOMKqqfD-eTmrJl35gWsgJK-gFeNGecrABFF4CzJYcwDeOxdOw__-JKPaq8RWeAdjC3ZqiDPtCcWigH/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-30+at+20.44.38.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbxBx1_aDa-MC9fBveIvqY-x7Rxf4iQe8ebiEW5ZbTw9PPtGJv6L0KxOv_1LBMJiOMKqqfD-eTmrJl35gWsgJK-gFeNGecrABFF4CzJYcwDeOxdOw__-JKPaq8RWeAdjC3ZqiDPtCcWigH/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-30+at+20.44.38.png" width="640" /></a><span id="content-start"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="content-start">The state funeral for Hugo Bruckmann in the
courtyard of the Deutsches Museum on June 9, 1941 just before the
invasion of the Soviet Union. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="content-start"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHnwDRQdN_UtOkdAaBm2QJ_HDBGh52bIxmjqcHYKSEui9aJIp1UXxVzes0OWTPk7HHvFEUX00EQCahCYnohHphb3wlbQKLh-C5mt_N4M-DyhaktUAAvVmHfw_cf0tzN7UuOknTGBq5Daw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-11-16+at+21.49.51.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="489" data-original-width="640" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHnwDRQdN_UtOkdAaBm2QJ_HDBGh52bIxmjqcHYKSEui9aJIp1UXxVzes0OWTPk7HHvFEUX00EQCahCYnohHphb3wlbQKLh-C5mt_N4M-DyhaktUAAvVmHfw_cf0tzN7UuOknTGBq5Daw/s400/Screen+Shot+2017-11-16+at+21.49.51.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span id="content-start">The Nazi-era eagle and arms of Munich remain on the façade below the astronomical clock. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span id="content-start"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">In
the post-war period, these conflicts were stylised into a confrontation
with National Socialism in general. Those areas in which the Deutsches
Museum had sought to work with the regime were forgotten and repressed.
Following the war the museum had to be closed for repairs and temporary
tenants, such as the College of Technology and the Post Office used
museum space as their own buildings were being reconstructed. The Museum
was also home to the Central Committee of the Liberated Jews,
representing Jewish displaced persons in the American Zone of Germany
after the war.</span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Of the museum itself, Hitler had remarked June 13, 19<span style="font-size: small;">43 that</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>One
of the great attractions of the Deutsches Museum in Munich is the
presence of a large number of perfectly constructed working models,
which visitors can manipulate themselves. It is not just by chance that
so many of the young people of the inland town of Munich have answered
the call of the sea.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(318) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Table-Talk-1941-1944/dp/1929631669" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's Table Talk</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Deutsches Museum </span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Kongreßsaal</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN6k1fkHF02KSWAcy_U5-hquBbpIk2CNDTvMKej68cJcPx6iazTVQ19ppsRB_afc11zgMPvmiXstcGXkCY4Mk6KsqjP4jilSknk187vaykcfUtqkwVpepdJkfjvXUiCvWLtFZun8aft57L/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="640" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN6k1fkHF02KSWAcy_U5-hquBbpIk2CNDTvMKej68cJcPx6iazTVQ19ppsRB_afc11zgMPvmiXstcGXkCY4Mk6KsqjP4jilSknk187vaykcfUtqkwVpepdJkfjvXUiCvWLtFZun8aft57L/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Standing in front of the Congress Hall juxtaposed with how it appeared, decked out for the so-called "Tag der Deutschen Kunst" on July 18, 1937. Completed
in 1936 by architect German Bestelmeyer, this building in front of the
museum <a href="http://www.thirdreichruins.com/munich5.htm#dtmuseum">was used during the Third Reich for meetings, exhibits, speeches, and the state funeral of Gauleiter Adolf Wagner</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
eagles that are allowed to continue to adorn the building were
designed by Munich artist Kurt Schmid Ehmen who had
specialised in reichsadlers and swastikas (such as those found at the
"Ehrenmal" der Feldherrnhalle and Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg
and the Reich Chancellery in Berlin).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih34FrmIErh1UrgUEm5BLTnT7EqUX8VXI0wCtqOevsk8y2LZluWgMH3-Le9Dcdy9ocgQem0JK391AEdzCSrpjhH8MGe5h9PGg7HHA3OoYvlTOeCYLCivV6cldPTVhFNgLBbJ8qYR5qFhd-/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="724" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih34FrmIErh1UrgUEm5BLTnT7EqUX8VXI0wCtqOevsk8y2LZluWgMH3-Le9Dcdy9ocgQem0JK391AEdzCSrpjhH8MGe5h9PGg7HHA3OoYvlTOeCYLCivV6cldPTVhFNgLBbJ8qYR5qFhd-/s640/ezgif.com-resize.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nazi representatives in full regalia on April 17, 1944 to mark the funeral of Adolf Wagner, Gauleiter of Munich-Upper Bavaria. The funeral, held in the cavernous Kongresssaal of Munich's Deutsches Museum, featured the trappings and symbols of the party: the swastika draped over the coffin, the standards emblazoned with Deutschland Erwache, and the Nazi eagle and the site today during MUNOM 2017. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg104Nor_4FZdjc5bT4cfHztke94JLEFcgT2dH6Vnkg_vD7i11FsxswmtWPYylw6XVBKpdnPOBY_nITA_lmogM5vG37f_5HzNKsspx8IlhDBZ1nVPGeDebJcpmcJsWG9C7mRBa3TCmHvjY/s320/L_J_01_Saal.jpg" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg104Nor_4FZdjc5bT4cfHztke94JLEFcgT2dH6Vnkg_vD7i11FsxswmtWPYylw6XVBKpdnPOBY_nITA_lmogM5vG37f_5HzNKsspx8IlhDBZ1nVPGeDebJcpmcJsWG9C7mRBa3TCmHvjY/s320/L_J_01_Saal.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 210px; width: 287px;" /></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0CGhWoEAEU4X00jcOIkjBrMlMXsBBG1MLIFXLZZoTI7hekJ4fVOevm_Ys8u9OV6gSdQ4FU_-cVMpCDXJZpCyYJkP46hXElgb8g0Gs0xE2-Ov8ceC-UrzgvU4mdFRhnrT-6qGemybESw4/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-11-16+at+22.01.29.png" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="798" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0CGhWoEAEU4X00jcOIkjBrMlMXsBBG1MLIFXLZZoTI7hekJ4fVOevm_Ys8u9OV6gSdQ4FU_-cVMpCDXJZpCyYJkP46hXElgb8g0Gs0xE2-Ov8ceC-UrzgvU4mdFRhnrT-6qGemybESw4/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-11-16+at+22.01.29.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 210px; width: 329px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On the left Jonathan
Zenneck, director of the Deutsches Museum during the Third Reich until
1953, during his lecture on the occasion of the inauguration of the
congress hall on May 7, 1935. </span></span></span>The congress hall was Munich's largest concert hall until the completion of the nearby Kulturzentrum am Gasteig in 1985. Thereafter, a forum of technology was housed here, which included, <i>inter alia</i>, an IMAX cinema. In 2008, the Deutsches Museum bought back the building, which had been empty for years. Whilst its demolition was being debated, in 2016 it was announced that parts of the building from 2017 would be used as a nightclub for an initial five years. Much of its décor and interior remains as it was today, as shown with me on the right.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2lGyfBEk7zunBgxG52NCmf9QHbF9dbXZUxaud0464ZvcpYOj0wEO1ssVO4wYq2fXA_rm5Yat7kiBAzbqwi_QA0-iAYvf67a_tK7EHUqqLzRvh075V0kb-R3UFuCzQBkvu94PGZ7vSBQ/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2lGyfBEk7zunBgxG52NCmf9QHbF9dbXZUxaud0464ZvcpYOj0wEO1ssVO4wYq2fXA_rm5Yat7kiBAzbqwi_QA0-iAYvf67a_tK7EHUqqLzRvh075V0kb-R3UFuCzQBkvu94PGZ7vSBQ/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span> Connecting the Deutschen Museum and Kongreßsaal to the rest of the city on the other side of the Isar is the Ludwigsbrücke,<a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-feldherrnhalle.html" target="_blank"> over which the annual November 9 march would pass.</a> </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Because
the participants in the Hitler putsch had successfully marched across
the bridge, it was given a sacrosanct position in the Third Reich.
Hitler himself took care of its transformation and intervened massively
in the urban building policy around it as seen most clearly in the
Congress Hall. </span></span></span></span></span></span>The pylons are the only intact structure remaining of the original Ludwigsbruecke from before the war. On November 3 1935, Hitler delivered a speech at the official opening of the rebuilt Ludwig Bridge in Munich. It was his hope, he stated, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>that the many sad events which this bridge had been made to suffer in the past would not be repeated in future and that the train twelve years before would hopefully be the last dismal incident on this bridge. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZvx5n0m3dEcQeaPXrPrHYSvGeVfjYclE-V2iBqgj25ILIi5T5BVY7AG4eOUtOFL5qUwoPKmoeu82R-fTv_5vNrrtsSTQq9N5Pqb8dJMlc8huBjr8_MUxP2-3BBheigL5SPxXSSI0_YI5z/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZvx5n0m3dEcQeaPXrPrHYSvGeVfjYclE-V2iBqgj25ILIi5T5BVY7AG4eOUtOFL5qUwoPKmoeu82R-fTv_5vNrrtsSTQq9N5Pqb8dJMlc8huBjr8_MUxP2-3BBheigL5SPxXSSI0_YI5z/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">At the site before the Ludwigsbrücke where Julius Streicher is shown leading the Blutfahne held by Jakob Grimminger. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaJ2bJ9Prf8JErCSRkEzNip7TrYb-9RScwKLf1ZkQnYLLf9AqGf5fJjduPla19dOk7dN2nV5B23wiTZA7KUiNGAfVhitfjNHCbqMqo810dmPqDkHQ52oELAoz5dgDIwFJWjrgi9ib5Uk1L/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25287%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="397" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaJ2bJ9Prf8JErCSRkEzNip7TrYb-9RScwKLf1ZkQnYLLf9AqGf5fJjduPla19dOk7dN2nV5B23wiTZA7KUiNGAfVhitfjNHCbqMqo810dmPqDkHQ52oELAoz5dgDIwFJWjrgi9ib5Uk1L/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25287%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">It was here where <a href="https://jvpalatine.com/the-beer-hall-putsch/">Gregor Strasser’s SA unit</a> held the bridge as Hitler continued on towards the town centre until the news of the fiasco reached them, informing them that Ludendorff was dead and Hitler wounded and captured. Strasser displayed some of the experience he had gained in the war. Not wishing to become a martyr of a failed cause, he ordered his men into a tactical retreat as his column marched into the direction of the Eastern railway station, when, passing a stretch of woodland, they met a Munich SA detachment smashing their rifles against the trees. Strasser immediately ordered them to stop, telling them the guns would find their use another day. When the station came into sight, they closed ranks, seized a train, and vanished.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Here, for the first time, the Putschists were coming into contact with a large government force with a clear mission that it was in a position to execute. However, having gained false confidence at the Ludwigsbrücke, they had no intention of halting for anyone. Dr. Weber, the leader of Oberland, said flatly at the Hitler Trial:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Naturally we intended to march through the city and after the encounter at the Ludwigsbrücke we did not even consider (the possibility) of being halted by the Landespolizei. There the Landespolizei had given way after the merest pretence of resistance in that they stepped aside. We assumed that this would hap pen elsewhere. Aside from the distortion of what had happened at the bridge, Weber's statement indicates clearly the readiness of the Putschists to defy the authorities and their continued confidence that this could be done with impunity. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Harold J. Gordon (359-360) </span></span></span></span></span></span><i><a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=zml9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA360&lpg=PA360&dq=%22Weber%27s+statement+indicates+clearly+the+readiness+of+the+Putschists%22&source=bl&ots=ouBOgMM11D&sig=ACfU3U0kSXZrC3a-dgl7Ei2a9JHWp1YtTw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdlYCNjL39AhUegP0HHWmUCGgQ6AF6BAgJEAM">Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch</a></i> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdDdVYPH30lWJhy6HwBbXpfRyxdpOBjKQSPKEnuAuIRJEIqKRnPCAbeUM2HJLb690sSGnfjjnD_jMHHTxL0uD9subzYeKBL6rl0yAZcHltMxsc5_CwXZKCDff9liAiUUIz8Kro1c4Ms849/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25286%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="477" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdDdVYPH30lWJhy6HwBbXpfRyxdpOBjKQSPKEnuAuIRJEIqKRnPCAbeUM2HJLb690sSGnfjjnD_jMHHTxL0uD9subzYeKBL6rl0yAZcHltMxsc5_CwXZKCDff9liAiUUIz8Kro1c4Ms849/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%25286%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Looking the other way towards the Congress Hall. </span>According to William Shirer in <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a> (67), </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>it
was here on the Ludwig Bridge, which leads over the River Isar toward
the centre of the city, stood a detachment of armed police barring the
route. Goering sprang forward and, addressing the police commander,
threatened to shoot a number of hostages he said he had in the rear of
his column if the police fired on his men. During the night Hess and
others had rounded up a number of hostages, including two cabinet
members, for just such a contingency. Whether Goering was bluffing or
not, the police commander apparently believed he was not and let the
column file over the bridge unmolested.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQpY-BTu2-6Tsf1ngMhWFnY_VUpl5sZBTR-22atG-RKqi423jqo_k57hdyylIN1DFl6rviPGWuI1q2jhb8WuD_SEyfPo0t4TJA_O2nL-gT41Zg1iTu9fChVUAcSVgrPvwKlXQoi9lo01u8/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQpY-BTu2-6Tsf1ngMhWFnY_VUpl5sZBTR-22atG-RKqi423jqo_k57hdyylIN1DFl6rviPGWuI1q2jhb8WuD_SEyfPo0t4TJA_O2nL-gT41Zg1iTu9fChVUAcSVgrPvwKlXQoi9lo01u8/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 213px; width: 294px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKIlUVmgW8of0T2n5c5gjvLeqCV8wez0c5YH_A296N6MFE1L9xQSIRre-mOYvi0M4w-Q_4fOPqWdP1PKCvqNvAN2RzJRf8mbWcAtJUOQfStq_x0p-KsZq2p6XHeXBYowrq9Jki7n7qFxq0/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKIlUVmgW8of0T2n5c5gjvLeqCV8wez0c5YH_A296N6MFE1L9xQSIRre-mOYvi0M4w-Q_4fOPqWdP1PKCvqNvAN2RzJRf8mbWcAtJUOQfStq_x0p-KsZq2p6XHeXBYowrq9Jki7n7qFxq0/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 213px; width: 357px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
march turning along Rosenheimerstr. towards Ludwigsbrücke; behind the
last building on the left side was the Buergerbräukeller. The 'cauldron'
as it appears today can be seen in the background photo of the 1933
march in the centre as it reaches the bridge.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjPrmtxvTyIN-k1B737ExS5Yxkk0aZcRbmgQb0v4pjAnb_wyFop5Ktj_EaUUOi-b4M9i0KStq9J6MZoHPkpsCKXLTWpxF84pM8lNeJZ-MTh2QP4m3cA73wLSfozafbUPbJz6vnvXh0w4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler leading the procession over the Ludwigsbrücke with Müllersche Volksbad behind." border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="342" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjPrmtxvTyIN-k1B737ExS5Yxkk0aZcRbmgQb0v4pjAnb_wyFop5Ktj_EaUUOi-b4M9i0KStq9J6MZoHPkpsCKXLTWpxF84pM8lNeJZ-MTh2QP4m3cA73wLSfozafbUPbJz6vnvXh0w4/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="326" /></a><b><span>Hitler leading the procession over the Ludwigsbrücke with the Müllersche Volksbad behind. </span></b><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>According to William Shirer in <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a> (67), </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">it
was here on the Ludwig Bridge, which leads over the River Isar toward
the centre of the city, stood a detachment of armed police barring the
route. Goering sprang forward and, addressing the police commander,
threatened to shoot a number of hostages he said he had in the rear of
his column if the police fired on his men. During the night Hess and
others had rounded up a number of hostages, including two cabinet
members, for just such a contingency. Whether Goering was bluffing or
not, the police commander apparently believed he was not and let the
column file over the bridge unmolested.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>According to Hitler himself at his trial in 1924, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">On
Ludendorff’s right side Dr. Weber marched, on his left, I and [Max
von] Scheubner-Richter and the other gentlemen. We were permitted to
pass by the cordon of troops blocking the Ludwig Bridge. They were
deeply moved; among them were men who wept bitter tears. People who had
attached themselves to the columns yelled from the rear that the men
should be knocked down. We yelled that there was no reason to harm these
people. We marched on to the Marienplatz. The rifles were not loaded.
The enthusiasm was indescribable. I had to tell myself: The people are
behind us, they no longer can be consoled by ridiculous resolutions.
The Volk want a reckoning with the November criminals, as far as it
still has a sense of honour and human dignity and not for slavery. In
front of the Royal Residence a weak police cordon let us pass through.
Then there was a short hesitation in front, and a shot was fired. I had
the impression that it was no pistol shot but a rifle or carbine
bullet. Shortly afterwards a volley was fired. I had the feeling that a
bullet struck in my left side. Scheubner-Richter fell, I with him. At
this occasion my arm was dislocated and I suffered another injury while
falling. I only was down for a few seconds and tried at once to get up.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Stackelberg & Winkle (86) </span><span class="sr" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000SJYR2K/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_sr_1?pf_rd_p=1278548962&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0415222141&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=1M3J6CXND81G9XB1XZKE">The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSuZYInWAJtLi6ghstGKhl8OnxcvZmLir4Toh1Rhyt3EXfI3CiZCKmaOIHeq21vGnnfARJYCrwtKFHyyZhyMjtc-LVP2sbGpCeoMvtPcF3Vxd_Hqyes_53A2tc2fTBY3qR1Ox7-p94yV0/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252872%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="658" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSuZYInWAJtLi6ghstGKhl8OnxcvZmLir4Toh1Rhyt3EXfI3CiZCKmaOIHeq21vGnnfARJYCrwtKFHyyZhyMjtc-LVP2sbGpCeoMvtPcF3Vxd_Hqyes_53A2tc2fTBY3qR1Ox7-p94yV0/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252872%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The Bismarckdenkmal of Fritz Behn was formerly in front of
the Deutschen Museum during the Nazi era but has since been relegated
across the Isar and museum itself south of the </span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8229803795897230919#editor/target=post;postID=8227908803419763028;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=1;src=postname" target="_blank">Ludwigsbruecke</a> on the Boschbrücke. During a meeting of the Deutschen Museum board of directors, the industrialist Paul Reusch proposed to erect a statue of former Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in the museum's hall of honour. Although the proposal seemed consistent in the face of conservative and mostly monarchist executive and board members, </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">museum founder Oskar von Miller</span></span></span></span> rejected him, arguing that Bismarck himself had done nothing for science and technology, so that such an honour would be political in nature, which would contradict the non-political viewpoint of the museum. It is likely that Miller's rejection of traditional Bavarian resentment against all Prussian played a role - in Bavaria, the idea was popular that Bismarck had tricked Ludwig II into accepting Bavarian subordination within the new German state. The debate smouldered until 1931 largely within the museum; only when the Munich City Council dealt with the monument question in 1931 did it become a political issue. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl_xz1uTTyKdUbaW7kybdBE_cgGPSKuckuw6xrI2ekvIw6-CjVvE1ZfTRL0tm23ezvtsMWh9N2S3-NEdwJzS2HyfdaRcd4MD951pwdVCHbX35uUvaLe8gEVsAi7sGTyrewFaoqaRNT3o7s/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="435" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl_xz1uTTyKdUbaW7kybdBE_cgGPSKuckuw6xrI2ekvIw6-CjVvE1ZfTRL0tm23ezvtsMWh9N2S3-NEdwJzS2HyfdaRcd4MD951pwdVCHbX35uUvaLe8gEVsAi7sGTyrewFaoqaRNT3o7s/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Miller was the target of public polemic accusations by the Nazi faction and especially from Hermann Esser, Nazi propaganda leader. After the above-mentioned City Council meeting, the National Socialists published newspaper articles in which they accused Miller of lacking patriotism; the fact that not a few Bismarck was considered a symbol against the republican order, was downplayed. In particular, the Miller opponents tried to intervene on the Munich City Council, as the city co-financed the museum. Due to the carefully balanced organizational structure, however, these efforts were unsuccessful. The city council just passed a resolution that the monument should be placed in front of the museum. Since March 1931, the question has been discussed in public. The subject received additional explosive force when the sculptor Fritz Behn, who had designed the statue, set it up in surreptitiously on the morning of September 12, 1933, and laid a wreath.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQEnYsI1vSRRlZI-FuXfPH04yQQ-FpMnkv5iMsGoLNgkqgcW74K9Zmi9Y00euCLZopx1tPVRwPQStulBW0QpvGLxROOcvVjE_r0_FtLUA4ay2hV-eJKiKuyS6YmppCmpgBp7rXzeTTs3Zq/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-14+at+19.38.50.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQEnYsI1vSRRlZI-FuXfPH04yQQ-FpMnkv5iMsGoLNgkqgcW74K9Zmi9Y00euCLZopx1tPVRwPQStulBW0QpvGLxROOcvVjE_r0_FtLUA4ay2hV-eJKiKuyS6YmppCmpgBp7rXzeTTs3Zq/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-14+at+19.38.50.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The largest thermometer in Germany on the Deutschen Museum's tower in 1930 and seen from the <span style="font-size: small;">Boschbrücke today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDgojwvPWGv0aLPcUAFy1J3_85eU_YJCuiuUcjotQ9I5MxkR5NLMcbnsGQl412AaFGg5SNaFVVuBYk2dNC4ELSdgDHcqSvQ7qVMOdrJ0ojlbr-SG-Erz64wG_ioXAf-2aMvmBtza9U0fM8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-30+at+20.44.12.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDgojwvPWGv0aLPcUAFy1J3_85eU_YJCuiuUcjotQ9I5MxkR5NLMcbnsGQl412AaFGg5SNaFVVuBYk2dNC4ELSdgDHcqSvQ7qVMOdrJ0ojlbr-SG-Erz64wG_ioXAf-2aMvmBtza9U0fM8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-30+at+20.44.12.png" width="640" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Entrance to the <i>Deutsches Museum: Verkehrszentrum </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Jrb3EIu7Y-FQ_NPPgmWi3uYAwfngDZ5M7j_9nqVGCmL0dc95FCm_rWMhlKuFQ7vlJmip4-ceB_8qYPLi-Id5wWK_d9hbStpjsnOCXJ9ANQsKAog9b78A_dyahHcf2k5Rm4vuRmPLs-vO/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252810%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="378" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Jrb3EIu7Y-FQ_NPPgmWi3uYAwfngDZ5M7j_9nqVGCmL0dc95FCm_rWMhlKuFQ7vlJmip4-ceB_8qYPLi-Id5wWK_d9hbStpjsnOCXJ9ANQsKAog9b78A_dyahHcf2k5Rm4vuRmPLs-vO/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252810%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span> View of the 1938 automobile exhibition. At the end of the hall alongside the Nazi eagle are busts of Benz, Daimler, Maybach and Bosch. After Hitler had made </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">made another official visit to the Deutschen Museum in April 1935 to see a new temporary
exhibition, it was with some trepidation that Hugo Bruckmann led the
Führer through the dated automobile division. But because Hitler was
interested in introducing mass mobilisation to Germany, officials hoped
that the exhibit could be updated and made more relevant, following the
political trend of the times. Thanks to the assistance of two men who
sat on the museum’s governing boards, the museum could announce that
Hitler had promised two million Reichsmarks for the revision of both the
automobile and flight divisions which would be used to open a new
building with exhibition space in 1938 and financed the new automobile
exhibit. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span>The
exhibition served as a model for the redesign of the land transport
exhibition in the Deutsches Museum. The revised land transport
exhibition of the Deutsches Museum consisted of two halls, one of which
was the so-called Reichsautobahnschau. </span></span></span></span></span>The almost exclusive focus on the German autobahn led many at
the time to refer to the exhibit ironically as the “German autobahn
show” which seemed to move away from earlier museum practices, which
focused displaying only masterpieces of science and technology. The
display of a shovel that Hitler had used to break ground at the
beginning of the autobahn project near Frankfurt am Main did not meet
this criterion, nor did the Mercedes that was on display in the
automobile division because it had once been the Hitler’s. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="392" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinpsA678ZbWWYrG7YiNxTfD94ryMWLOybo_H1RPDIECDkfN2a9OOo9092Shf8deB2Ol_IKpFxRHjOb9WgOJz44KtXsHYjavXbZIqdYaTjXUSwXRsxXlyJmAmFgri-M5kTC0wLw1e4QEa2D/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25285%2529.gif" width="400" /></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Nearby across the Bavaria Park is the Ruhmeshalle, shown after the war and today with the statue of Bavaria behind. Located on the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Theresienwiese, this was the site of one of Hitler's early showdowns against the ruling powers which </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">came on May 1, 1923, the traditional International Workers' Day. Informed that Communists and Socialists planned big rallies for May Day, Hitler and the Nazis decided to thwart and attack them. Drawing their weapons out of the Reichswehr arsenal-where they had been stored under special arrangement with the army-Hitler's men assembled on Theresa's Meadow, the massive field where the Octoberfest is held every year. But the Nazis were kept a great distance from their leftist adversaries and were eventually surrounded by police and the Reichswehr. Along with their right-wing allies, Hitler's men were forced to stand down and return their weapons to the Reichswehr armoury. This was ... a nasty propaganda defeat for Hitler- the only one he would suffer in the months leading up to his putsch. Nursing his wounds, Hitler withdrew for several weeks to his preferred Alpine retreat, Berchtesgaden, near the Austrian border.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: right;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Peter Ross Range, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i>1924: The Year That Made Hitler</i></div></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTE1r2OSF9wYXIF6G_7n9BDKJD75UmXU40jsOAFtSTx-joNiDki8_uS2Uz6_jr7EByJfGBalt5_brEX6oJRG-fCv5BqvTqG2m70ciIIOfspzSbAOSy5TMMcX2LEDWL19658rS5au9GnMKK/s320/image-609737-galleryV9-nzwb-609737.jpg" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTE1r2OSF9wYXIF6G_7n9BDKJD75UmXU40jsOAFtSTx-joNiDki8_uS2Uz6_jr7EByJfGBalt5_brEX6oJRG-fCv5BqvTqG2m70ciIIOfspzSbAOSy5TMMcX2LEDWL19658rS5au9GnMKK/s320/image-609737-galleryV9-nzwb-609737.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="227" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>This is of course has traditionally been the site of Munich's Oktoberfest which during the Third Reich became thoroughly Nazified. From the beginning in 1933, the Nazis set the price for beer to ninety pfennigs. In addition, the Nazi-dominated city council waived the previously mandatory opening meal of the councillors. Instead there was an "unemployment benefit" every year with fried meat and Oktoberfest measure. Hitler, who is said to have been a strict teetotaler, never showed up at Oktoberfest. However, the fact that the dictator also knew about the Oktoberfest's propagandistic value is evidenced by a "Führer" order from 1938 in which he swarned against any possible redesign of the Theresienwiese, rejecting earlier plans by Nazi architects who planned to demolish the Hall of Fame and Bavaria. According </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">to the dictator, the Oktoberfest was "something sacred for the people of Munich, an old </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">tradition is associated with it and it must not be touched". Other top Nazis did use Oktoberfest to show their alleged closeness to the people; after first publicly having the fish, Hermann Göring laid siege to the crowd and distributed pretzels and chocolate hearts to cheering children in a beer tent. Goebbels too attended as one of the invited guests. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">After the first Oktoberfest Sunday in 1935, when a huge pageant meandered through Munich city centre on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the Oktoberfest, the <i>Völkische Beobachter</i> remaked on a "pageant that became the triumphal procession of the fraternization of peasants and townspeople" in which the Hitler Youth marched "welcomed by lively calls". The motto that year, "Proud City - Happy Country," demonstrated the alleged overcoming of the classes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbKrX7AJuehyYVvyvVAwpnWhU9crFkBGB_9PrzIv2R-AZFR7DvtM0_gXHEkdNqOw0wQ1mzXxl0QWdHd2O7_neu59u7U7qrLct5xjHyRExLgXYNIEeR-pZ3bLlg2_lKVvbXaYd12uMBzQ1s/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25283%2529.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbKrX7AJuehyYVvyvVAwpnWhU9crFkBGB_9PrzIv2R-AZFR7DvtM0_gXHEkdNqOw0wQ1mzXxl0QWdHd2O7_neu59u7U7qrLct5xjHyRExLgXYNIEeR-pZ3bLlg2_lKVvbXaYd12uMBzQ1s/w461-h288/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25283%2529.gif" width="461" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span>The site directly after the war and today</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The majority of the sellers and innkeepers quickly adapted to the new regime; Standl owners boasted of "real German cheese", "German fruit" or "German grape must". Nevertheless, there were also forms of protest against the unjust state at the Oktoberfest: in the fall of </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">1938, for example, one </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">operator of a children's railway</span></span></span></span></span></span> by the name of Schieri incurred the regime's wrath when he had distributed hundreds of flags with the papal coat of arms to children in front of his ride. A Nazi party member who became aware of this denounced the him to the Nazi district leadership. The Gestapo immediately confiscated the remaining flags and interrogated the man who eventually claimed that he "did not look at" the gift flags at the time of purchase. Loyalty to the line was also the decisive criterion for the Nazis when awarding contracts at the Oktoberfest. Entrepreneurs who refused to face the dictatorship lived dangerously or had to fear for their economic existence. This was also felt by the Munich confectioner Gerlinger, who had supplied the town's "Glückshafen" booth at Oktoberfest in previous years. Despite multiple </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">threats, the baker refused to join the NSV. In June 1937, a Nazi official asked the city to exclude Gerlinger from future orders for the Oktoberfest "because he is to be regarded as an opponent of the National Socialist state". Another confectioner then got the order. As early as 1936, one of the best-known Munich brewer dynasties, the Jewish Schülein family, had to flee to America from the Nazis. Hermann Schülein had brought Löwenbräu through the difficult twenties. His father Josef, who was also called "King of Haidhausen" because of his charity and employee-friendliness, had once merged Unionbräu, which he had founded, with Löwenbräu. In 1933 the Nazis banned Jews from working at the Oktoberfest.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMrZRJ4GDygAUOQKkz6L-SdPvuc2w8Ldi8KsnDIPkV9_veeo2GRa72khyphenhyphenXhv0HqSn-biqg_Nq0MJAcVdhaOGQ8KAf1i70wGMlj5qp1ibGkFhfSTEMsqrM58eK0aWK6n9DheTj4bNijauXs/s1600/image-609735-galleryV9-oytg-609735.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMrZRJ4GDygAUOQKkz6L-SdPvuc2w8Ldi8KsnDIPkV9_veeo2GRa72khyphenhyphenXhv0HqSn-biqg_Nq0MJAcVdhaOGQ8KAf1i70wGMlj5qp1ibGkFhfSTEMsqrM58eK0aWK6n9DheTj4bNijauXs/s1600/image-609735-galleryV9-oytg-609735.jpg" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span>Souvenirs added
swastikas to their depictions of the <span style="font-style: italic;">Münchner Kindl </span>(Munich
Child),
the festival’s trademark. By 1936, swastika flags had replaced the
traditional Bavarian blue and white banners. In 1938, even the
festival’s name had changed. It was now called the Greater German
Folk Festival in honour of Austria’s recent ‘return’ to the Reich.
Throughout Germany, <span style="font-style: italic;">Fasching </span>(Mardi Gras) parades were similarly
infused with Nazism, nowhere more so than in Cologne, home of the
renowned <span style="font-style: italic;">Karneval. </span>While the regime dictated that carnival organizers
had to make sure a ‘happy mood’ reigned, the most menacing face of
Nazism was readily apparent: floats carrying anti-Semitic slogans and
stereotypical representations of Jews, such as ‘Deviserich’, the Jewish
banker, joined the parade from 1935 onwards. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Semmens (65) <u>Seeing Hitler's Germany- Tourism in the Third Reich</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In 1938 during the Munich conference, the instrumentalisation of the Oktoberfest by the Nazis reached its peak with the Nazis renaming Oktoberfest the "Großdeutsches Volksfest" with thousands of Austrians and Sudeten Germans enlisted to participate in it for propaganda purposes. During the war it did not take place given the fear of allied air raids. For three years after the war Munich celebrated only the "Autumn Fest" during which time the sale of proper Oktoberfest beer—2% stronger in gravity than normal beer—was not permitted; guests could only drink normal beer.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoMksmvvBxW_Xj5O7bjA85_ruxhf3sXeVLJ352Xlhg8-D09T24g4QSalVKrQ6Au7NjxdaNGOfNFjAQT9JlrxqatZoQ1GsPn-xDeM6ft4V3FgVok_bvk4I2C0NI0iYQOWWrgHAf4ZthZWJQ/s1600/ezgif.com-crop%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="391" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoMksmvvBxW_Xj5O7bjA85_ruxhf3sXeVLJ352Xlhg8-D09T24g4QSalVKrQ6Au7NjxdaNGOfNFjAQT9JlrxqatZoQ1GsPn-xDeM6ft4V3FgVok_bvk4I2C0NI0iYQOWWrgHAf4ZthZWJQ/s400/ezgif.com-crop%25282%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">The statue of Bavaria with the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Ruhmeshalle in the background </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">in 1945 with American soldiers sitting in the left foreground and my bike in front today.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">More recently, Oktoberfest was the target for a right-wing terrorist attack when, on September 26, 1980, twelve people were killed and 211 injured by the explosion of an improvised explosive device at the main entrance. The attack remains the second-deadliest in Germany since the war and was attributed to the right-wing extremist and geology student Gundolf Köhler who was killed while placing the bomb; however, doubts remain as to whether he acted alone by many, including local politicians, victims and various journalists and attorneys given the known connections between Köhler and the Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann, a known neo-Nazi militia, which were all but ignored in the final report. Additionally, numerous accounts of the attack itself mentioned Köhler speaking to two individuals wearing olive parkas immediately prior to the explosion as well as statements that a second individual was seen with Köhler looking into the plastic bag that the IED was believed to be in.The last remaining pieces of evidence from the attack such as shrapnel from the IED were disposed of in 1997, causing further controversy due to the political background of the attack and the lingering questions surrounding the official investigation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwOhqfpo_Lj4-ErdEMT4EQtjbNknaZi-bfRfmXhjYu4_rd3Arrxjl-vgElIFi7_LNvlAicCBSNOGY3udv8kj-25BuIfULFbxZ5KgtTZ8sH9mFI5MLwB1NSRf97ny9Mj2dv-lalkhuTXWkn/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25284%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="495" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwOhqfpo_Lj4-ErdEMT4EQtjbNknaZi-bfRfmXhjYu4_rd3Arrxjl-vgElIFi7_LNvlAicCBSNOGY3udv8kj-25BuIfULFbxZ5KgtTZ8sH9mFI5MLwB1NSRf97ny9Mj2dv-lalkhuTXWkn/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25284%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">The
Ruhmeshalle (Bavarian Hall of Fame) in ruins after the war and today, in front of which stands Ludwig Schwanthaler's nineteen metre high <i>Bavaria</i> from whose head one can have a remarkable view. Built in 1850, the <i>Bavaria</i> is considered the first colossal sculpture of modern times, The <i>Bavaria</i> with its unmistakably Old Germanic features through its clothing with simple dress and bearskin is the only large bronze that can be walked on in Germany. In its cavity one can climb a steep spiral staircase to a viewing platform within its head. The Hall of Fame was rebuilt from 1965 to 1972; in 1966, the Council of Ministers of the Free State of Bavaria decided to preserve the building and continue to honour personalities from Bavaria who had made a contribution to the people and the state. The
area its in, Versammlungsplatz, was one of the main preferential
rendezvous points of the left political spectrum since 1818. On
November 7, 1918 it was the scene of the demonstration for the end of
the Great War, leading to the collapse of the monarchy and to the
proclamation of the Free State of Bavaria. In February 1919 the place
was the starting point of the protest march against the murder of Karl
Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg. From 1922 the socialist trade unions
met here and its demonstrations on May 1, 1923 were threatened by armed
National Socialists and banned in 1924, 1925 and 1932. From 1933 May 1
was taken over by the Nazis as the 'Day of German Work' on the
Theresienwiese.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfHwrro5Ms5zQVsaLV-IVOoO7g5pT8-RfNSaLhg9yutsTysmL3uz7eqLTKNCfU0W4U4W7hi7r4FL0vyk69yv5iMjb9V0BZkgWWnYRfXfaORJR3QakY0zAK25XS0pzmr1GmTtwgtFBgNX8/s1600/omyphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfHwrro5Ms5zQVsaLV-IVOoO7g5pT8-RfNSaLhg9yutsTysmL3uz7eqLTKNCfU0W4U4W7hi7r4FL0vyk69yv5iMjb9V0BZkgWWnYRfXfaORJR3QakY0zAK25XS0pzmr1GmTtwgtFBgNX8/s400/omyphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span>King Ludwig intended to create a hall of fame that honours laudable and distinguished people of his kingdom including the Palatinate, Franconia and Swabia, as he did also in the <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Walhalla">Walhalla memorial</a> for all of Germany and the Hall today houses the marble busts of noteworthy
Bavarians including a recent one of von Stauffenberg. The bust itself
appears to have been mutilated; a probable example of the debate whether
his actions in launching the July Plot were those of an hero or
villain. A controversial new biography from 2019 </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> by Thomas Karlaufhas, </span></span></span></span></span></span><i>Stauffenberg. Porträt eines Attentäters,</i> makes the point that Stauffenberg did not try to kill Hitler because of the extermination of the Jews, his repudiation of the regime he had earlier loyally served, or to renounce any land taken during the Nazi regime. He did it simply because Hitler was losing the war; the July Plot after came six weeks after D-Day, and Stauffenberg and the other plotters simply wanted to gettid of their leader in the hopes of being able to negotiate with the British and Americans, hopefully being able to ward off the Soviets and keep as much of their loot as possible. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">NSDAP Publishing House</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div face="Georgia" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAmwx9RsX1Qh32pwx-cUNAjEXhdnSz8JjyPSsE1ygaAvsFrJjWmQeKBwPKHlGshhM55tM2hdrekB4l7lazVyZuDE9Pn0oYp3_buxkOHWu4nqOXhUwjalfW0gu0G7u2VZ590Bucc3HLFF9c/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAmwx9RsX1Qh32pwx-cUNAjEXhdnSz8JjyPSsE1ygaAvsFrJjWmQeKBwPKHlGshhM55tM2hdrekB4l7lazVyZuDE9Pn0oYp3_buxkOHWu4nqOXhUwjalfW0gu0G7u2VZ590Bucc3HLFF9c/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" width="297" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Thierschstraße
11-17, the former headquarters of the Reich Chief for the Press and
President of the Reich Chamber <span style="font-size: small;">of the Press. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;">On December 17, 1920 the Nazis acquired the previously insignificant
company and founded, in the summer of 1923, its own publishing house. Up
until 1933 it formed the party's financial backbone. This was where<span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Mein Kampf</span> and other Nazi publications were produced, including the party newspaper<span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Völkischer Beobachter</span><span style="font-style: italic;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">an
anti-Semitic gossip sheet which appeared twice a week. Exactly
where the sixty thousand marks for its purchase came from was a
secret which Hitler kept well, but it is known that Eckart and Roehm
persuaded Major General Ritter von Epp, Roehm’s commanding
officer in the Reichswehr and himself a member of the party, to
raise the sum. Most likely it came from Army secret funds. At the
beginning of 1923 the Voelkischer Beobachter became a daily, thus
giving Hitler the prerequisite of all German political parties, a
daily newspaper in which to preach the party’s gospels.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Shirer <span style="font-style: italic;">(42) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0671728687%26tag=httplairspacl-20%26lcode=sp1%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0671728687%253FSubscriptionId=1KDHEGDEXZNBKYAEECR2" id="link_tb11">Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>The headquarters of the publishing house was a poorly representative, three-story building at Thierschstrasse 11 near Munich's Isartorplatz. In 1918 the sheet became the property of the Thule Society. The “ völkisch ” anti-Semite Rudolf von Sebottendorfacquired the publisher's license for the newspaper from his widow Friederike Eher for 5,000 Reichsmarks and from July 1918 also took over the editing. On September 14, 1918, Sebottendorff's wealthy friend Käthe Bierbaumer from Freiburg im Breisgau was entered in the commercial register as the owner of the Franz Eher Nachf publishing house and on September 30, 1919, it became the "Franz Eher Successor GmbH". In August 1919, the name was changed to Völkischer Beobachter. With a print run of around 7,000 copies, the paper accumulated debts of 250,000 marks by the end of 1920 and was facing bankruptcy. On December 17, 1920, the Nazis acquired the then ailing paper for 120,000 marks. The following day, the VB publicly operated as the Nazis' party newspaper, financed through the mediation of the anti-Semitic writer Dietrich Eckart by Major General Franz Ritter von Epp , who provided a loan of 60,000 marks, apparently from a secret fund of the Reichswehr to support right-wing extremist organizations. </span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif53xmZgGrLHlnFGjff8jWBBbbCZD734AZJkH-8fsHc3vuvLs9WO8NdWos00aNDTiiaYLJpnRsngEE2k2NfziBHpKn0-SP_XJjdUjyC_zqGIKAMkKn8ogoTt1hlPUtN2dEqwXnz_V1x75y/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-05-13+at+11.13.55.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif53xmZgGrLHlnFGjff8jWBBbbCZD734AZJkH-8fsHc3vuvLs9WO8NdWos00aNDTiiaYLJpnRsngEE2k2NfziBHpKn0-SP_XJjdUjyC_zqGIKAMkKn8ogoTt1hlPUtN2dEqwXnz_V1x75y/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-05-13+at+11.13.55.png" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span>At the site of the building today. Hitler himself wrote numerous articles up to 1922, but was later only rarely active as an author. He remained editor until April 30, 1933. The circulation increased enormously with the success of the National Socialist movement, in 1931 it reached over 120,000, exceeded the million mark in 1941 and is said to have amounted to 1.7 million copies in 1944. From </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>February 1941, the paper gave up the Fraktur typeface that had been
generally used in Germany up to that point and was set entirely in the
modern <i>antiqua</i>, which the Nazis described as "tasteful and clear" and
which should correspond to the "world status of the Reich" claimed by
the propaganda. </span></span>A few days before the German surrender , the Völkischer Beobachter ceased its publication at the end of April 1945. The last edition of April 30, 1945 was no longer delivered. </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Its assets were transferred after the war
to the Bavarian State and the publishing house was liquidated in 1952. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYQ2O2MAP-nR8q7Q6XM8m9W0mte4NQL7S84JGMSeiprt6zVtwtEhwpAN-HmWINTUyaOPUlQJgEf36gu8_eB-k4Jc6z9tjcoZ46ZYacFsj-Hb9Wf7gBYNhkjsSuX1YjSyauUzn5IGLsbMY/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYQ2O2MAP-nR8q7Q6XM8m9W0mte4NQL7S84JGMSeiprt6zVtwtEhwpAN-HmWINTUyaOPUlQJgEf36gu8_eB-k4Jc6z9tjcoZ46ZYacFsj-Hb9Wf7gBYNhkjsSuX1YjSyauUzn5IGLsbMY/s400/myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1933 edition of <span style="font-style: italic;">Mein Kampf</span>
lent me by a student's mother. Her own grandfather had actually
read the first book and I'd love to know what the exclamation
marks and underlined passages refer to. He had been denied a
promotion in a letter I saw due to his un-national socialist
beliefs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bergverlag Rudolf Rother</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8ATOhwgRsnRZK8OdDvnpFn1yLz-YZBJ5fd02JykSbJHOEUCd8LMS3X_x9bcMEKv42WPom8uKHUC7SFXgdu56m292sw8o1SR9E0mpa1T9cU_e5DiGWPciwwkPnYlQZX47OmU6zJ7tboJE/s1600/7myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8ATOhwgRsnRZK8OdDvnpFn1yLz-YZBJ5fd02JykSbJHOEUCd8LMS3X_x9bcMEKv42WPom8uKHUC7SFXgdu56m292sw8o1SR9E0mpa1T9cU_e5DiGWPciwwkPnYlQZX47OmU6zJ7tboJE/s640/7myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>At another publishing house, the metal grills at the office at Landshuter Allee 49 retain the swastikas:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_IK2I_96lOkXXrf-iihDE5XvTp2LfhQXKqWp8VFW1mm-OArNnJl-2T_AWnZh6qU-nVnrg1-n41WwjHMTSgY92ExZlwgwQXTXv2KJ5pCIQQcZkNdwVszSo-PzLW9-hYgj-HW2KI8CkBQ8/s1600/6myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_IK2I_96lOkXXrf-iihDE5XvTp2LfhQXKqWp8VFW1mm-OArNnJl-2T_AWnZh6qU-nVnrg1-n41WwjHMTSgY92ExZlwgwQXTXv2KJ5pCIQQcZkNdwVszSo-PzLW9-hYgj-HW2KI8CkBQ8/s640/6myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>This was the office of Bergverlag</span></span><span><span><span><span> Rudolf </span></span> Rother. During the war, publishing activities were stopped and the publishing house was <a href="https://www.wanderglueck.rother.de/2020/01/13/historie/">destroyed in a bombing in 1945</a> and rebuilt in 1948. Since 1950 the company has published the Alpine Club Guides in cooperation with the German Alpine Club (DAV), the Austrian Alpine Club (ÖAV) and the South Tyrol Alpine Club. Rother published a "famous series of English language guides" covering most of the popular walking destinations in the Alps and Europe. The company was founded on November 16, 1920 in Munich by Rudolf Rother, a bookseller and mountaineer, and is one of the oldest and most important specialist Alpine publishers. The publishing house was based on Verlag Walter Schmidkunz, which went out of business and in which Rother was a co-owner. After the firm had sold its in-house mail-order service, the magazine Bergwelt ("Mountain World") and its own printers in the 1980s, the family business was taken over in 1990 by Freytag-Berndt & Artaria.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2wtmtO2tLGoKcQYPzgQEn4O5N1TAj71D2cnlDqahsJJ5IDJhxPER11cfoG1cYhnh07mMdgRVyG5bbqJwNZmMBDImLRKKt08rB-v9reL5AmyeHToucN-DGYPOOhMj7P85rJejfoVi31NhzZBOeQ3v4pyLR-1wtlBw0fmXR88mIbWjjaQhXm2P9o3JjHQ/s616/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-08-02T203621.438.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="616" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2wtmtO2tLGoKcQYPzgQEn4O5N1TAj71D2cnlDqahsJJ5IDJhxPER11cfoG1cYhnh07mMdgRVyG5bbqJwNZmMBDImLRKKt08rB-v9reL5AmyeHToucN-DGYPOOhMj7P85rJejfoVi31NhzZBOeQ3v4pyLR-1wtlBw0fmXR88mIbWjjaQhXm2P9o3JjHQ/w640-h370/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-08-02T203621.438.gif" width="640" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler visiting the Orthopädischen Klinik at Harlachinger Straße 12, on July 4, 1937</span></span></span></span></span>. Another photo taken from the other side <a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101702529-img?_gl=1*164r0bf*_ga*MTQ0OTU0NTc3Ni4xNzEwMTYxNDU1*_ga_7147EPK006*MTcxMDI4MTcxNi4xLjEuMTcxMDI4MTc0Mi4wLjAuMA..*_ga_P1FPTH9PL4*MTcxMDI4MTcxNi4xLjEuMTcxMDI4MTc0Mi4wLjAuMA..">can be found here</a>.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Atelier Josef Thorak</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3w2P_BV34PdTbyb4sIxdf0rbPe4PkQn5Ev4GCmr626SEke5MSoKkztGXDKM2X9OKde_x56KdJUOfq4Ez91jvPtpF7ceky6r1ZwcOrd8IJzkcO8st9caPL-lGOD1PytvjSaoOUL9FS_OU/s1600/at1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="342" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5759756701867551842" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3w2P_BV34PdTbyb4sIxdf0rbPe4PkQn5Ev4GCmr626SEke5MSoKkztGXDKM2X9OKde_x56KdJUOfq4Ez91jvPtpF7ceky6r1ZwcOrd8IJzkcO8st9caPL-lGOD1PytvjSaoOUL9FS_OU/w259-h342/at1.jpg" style="height: 285px; width: 216px;" width="259" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">In 1937, Hitler commissioned the leading Nazi architect Albert Speer to plan <a href="https://kunsthaus-dahlem.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Das-Staatsatelier-Arno-Breker.pdf">the construction of a studio</a> for the sculptor Josef Thorak, who was considered <a href="https://www.stadt-salzburg.at/ns-projekt/ns-strassennamen/josef-thorak/">one of the most important sculptors</a> of National Socialism. The construction costs were borne by the Bavarian financial administration. The building was built in Baldham between 1938 and 1941 and its executive architect was Josef Schatz. The building always remained the property of the state, which is why it was also called the state studio. Here, Thorak worked on monumental, often larger-than-life sculptures which included, among other things, work for the Nuremberg Nazi Party Rally Grounds, the Monument to Work (a stone-turning group dedicated to the Reichsautobahn), a larger-than-life bust of Hitler, as well as statues of Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Matthias Grünewald, Nicholas Copernicus and Frederick the Great. Horses were kept as models for his horse sculptures in an outbuilding. In March 1942, Goebbels and the Italian Minister of Popular Culture Alessandro Pavolini visited the sculptor here in his studio. In 1943, Leni Riefenstahl produced the short documentary Josef Thorak, Workshop and Work , directed by Arnold Fanck and Hans Cürlis, which shows Thorak's studio and some of his works. There are various sources that discuss the use of forced labor in and at the Thorak studio. The Dutch journalist Nico Rost reported in his diary <i>Goethe in Dachau</i> from the Dachau concentration camp in October 1944 about two fellow prisoners whom Thorak had requested as forced labourers for "his studio near Garmisch-Partenkirchen " ("They'll send me immediately, at the cheapest price , two skilled sculptors!”). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmy0_aGXyYwyupMMjBnucg24JFXLF5ZnlDxtPywIR906sbpadZzSrOjh4-h0Pq4TlKm5qeXridN9eS5D_bI9iBJEbEcMiECLY1OAvXZCUA3mmBLwfnJNSg414PgH94Abp8PrHWhnQECMY/s1600/at3.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5759756718643218898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmy0_aGXyYwyupMMjBnucg24JFXLF5ZnlDxtPywIR906sbpadZzSrOjh4-h0Pq4TlKm5qeXridN9eS5D_bI9iBJEbEcMiECLY1OAvXZCUA3mmBLwfnJNSg414PgH94Abp8PrHWhnQECMY/s400/at3.jpg" style="height: 286px; width: 216px;" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">However, the two prisoners were ultimately not sent to Thorak, but were transferred to other concentration camps. According to the historian Johannes Hofinger, Thorak's request meant the studio in Baldham. In response to Thorak's acquittal before the Munich tribunal in 1949, the tribunal received a submission from Max R., according to whose statement he "had to work as a political prisoner with others from the Dachau concentration camp in Thorak's Park in front of the studio." There was also a railway siding on the site for transporting sculptures, which was built by forced labourers. The building, which allowed for sculptures up to 17 metres in height to be produced from one piece, was was created by Albert Speer and now serves as a branch of the Bavarian State Archaeological Collection. Speer would later write how Thorak was "more or less my sculptor, who frequently designed statues and reliefs for my buildings" and "who created the group of figures for the German pavilion at the Paris World's Fair." In fact, Breker only used the atelier sporadically or for a short period of time as increasing bombings and associated damage to the building made its use impossible. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCyaiGf-K3EkaefXYXMcPzrhKzOkTnrRtGDq02SFCvHoDQODFNgnXAMOoGOL0673q-Yqsb7noAdvkJYT9NvQP6Z1VPiZsSksX7FGtqFepVQeQsotBByb5Ii9RxgDstL0Hbxxl21i8aAeM/s1600/at2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5759756711943168162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCyaiGf-K3EkaefXYXMcPzrhKzOkTnrRtGDq02SFCvHoDQODFNgnXAMOoGOL0673q-Yqsb7noAdvkJYT9NvQP6Z1VPiZsSksX7FGtqFepVQeQsotBByb5Ii9RxgDstL0Hbxxl21i8aAeM/s400/at2.jpg" style="height: 288px; width: 207px;" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Instead, Breker’s main workplace was Schloss Jäckelsbruch, a manor Hitler personally presented to him on the occasion of his fortieth birthday in 1940. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Thorak had already moved out of his studio before the end of the war. The building then served as a storage facility for some exhibits from Munich museums to protect them from the bombs. On May 5, 1945, German General Hermann Foertsch and American General Jacob L. Devers negotiated the surrender of Army Group G in the Thorak studio. That same day, Foertsch signed the unconditional surrender at the Hitler Youth home in the neighbouring town of Haar, although the exact location of the signing is disputed. The American flag was raised on the Thorak Building. In the following years the building served as an officers' mess for the American Armed Forces and was also called the White Horse Inn because of Thorak's horse sculptures . In 1947 the military withdrew, but destroyed the horse sculptures in the park and a bronze sculpture of Mussolini. From 1947 to 1949 the building was used as refugee accommodation, later as a school (the so-called <i>Waldschule</i>) and even as a church. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">In 1954, Ilse Kubaschewski had the building converted into a film studio. Her production company KG DIVINA-FILM GmbH & Co. (originally Diana-Film) produced numerous films in the Divina Studio Baldham until 1962, including the films Verrat an Deutschland (1955), <a href="https://archive.org/details/kirscheninnachba0000illu">Kirschen in Nachbars Garten</a> (1956), <a href="https://yewtu.be/watch?v=-DG-1GFfsuw">Wo die alten Wälder rauschen</a> (1956), <a href="https://yewtu.be/watch?v=OKNG8ZjKXpA">Das alte Försterhaus</a> (1956), Weißer Holunder (1957), <a href="https://yewtu.be/watch?v=a_n9cvlL8jM">Nachts, wenn der Teufel kam</a> (1957), Heute blau und morgen blau (1957), Die Landärztin (1958), Heimatlos (1958), <a href="https://yewtu.be/watch?v=fyZ6nkD2kBs">Der Haustyrann</a> (1959), Heimat – Deine Lieder (1959), <a href="https://yewtu.be/watch?v=hjWdYHX_bQg">Der Gauner und der liebe Gott</a> (1960) und <a href="https://yewtu.be/watch?v=08MUvcbCHHw">Freddy und der Millionär</a> (1961). The well-known actors and directors who worked in Baldham during this time included Mario Adorf , Karlheinz Böhm , Hans Clarin , Hans Jürgen Dietrich , Erich Engels , Heinz Erhardt , Gert Fröbe , Joachim Fuchsberger, Barbara Gallauner , Marianne Koch , Paul May , Willy Millowitsch , Freddy Quinn, Robert Siodmak , Grethe Weiser and child actors Elmar and Fritz Wepper. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRzV2VGrhG2XODMwH4YPB_6cacHN231zaPM7D-7XYwg4QmnTdLUev3LEwM9WNyLagY0uRR9JPumlR_TotLZ7YUIXhfDKHSKVtIEAOPvPQQK6zdgzUUZjNN2Dc9Tmj_m_Nvr8xhjCT-rzM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-16+at+12.57.56+PM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRzV2VGrhG2XODMwH4YPB_6cacHN231zaPM7D-7XYwg4QmnTdLUev3LEwM9WNyLagY0uRR9JPumlR_TotLZ7YUIXhfDKHSKVtIEAOPvPQQK6zdgzUUZjNN2Dc9Tmj_m_Nvr8xhjCT-rzM/w408-h450/Screen+Shot+2014-03-16+at+12.57.56+PM.png" width="408" /></a><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>Located just behind a children's playground today. The area is now completely fenced in and generally not freely accessible. Whilst today the entrance is from Fichtenstraße to the south, in Thorak's time it was from the Waldstraße to the north. Massive stone pillars on the forest road, which delimit a gate entrance, are still a reminder of this. The building is not open to the public, but the opening of a museum or permanent exhibition has been discussed several times.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Hitler
visited Thorak’s Berlin studio in 1936 and the two men discussed
“great projects.” In January 1937, Thorak wrote Adolf Wagner—a
Gauleiter and the Bavarian minister of interior, education, and
culture—and requested a new studio, reporting, of course, on his recent
meeting with Hitler.This initiative paid off, and in October, Wagner
accompanied the recently appointed professor at the Munich Academy to
the lake region fifteen kilometres southeast of Munich to inspect
potential sites. This led to the construction of (the first) studio at
Baldham, which was paid for with state funds—a sum in excess of RM
215,000.298 The initial structure, however, was soon perceived as too
small, and the following year, Hitler commissioned Albert Speer, a good
friend of Thorak’s, to design another. The new atelier was so
large—over four stories high—that it easily accommodated figures with
heights in excess of fifty feet, as was the case for the Autobahn
monument. The massive stone atelier, which postwar experts considered
razing but deemed “virtually indestructible,” cost around RM
1,500,000.300 This structure reflected the usual grand patronage of the
Nazi leaders, but also their typical means of proceeding: after the
war, the man who owned the land used for the Thorak structures claimed
that it was “earlier his family property which he had sold only under
pressure.” Such considerations were of slight importance at the time,
however, and amidst the construction of Speer’s building in February
1939, Thorak held a huge party (ein Richtfest) which attracted a throng
of Nazi Germany’s political and cultural luminaries.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Petropoulos (265-266) <a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/military%20pdfs7/TheFaustianBargain-TheArtWorldInNaziGermany.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;">The Faustian Bargain - The Art World in Nazi Germany</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFvYrvvgJM_1qRqR0k7bWSzl2zDkW1vlqgrtp3vzOgqcexdXYPC8tMkonHl8xLwKu3eYWIl05oqNcKs2L0FEREGNjmXJ3p_CIwfu8fW-mNhmSg7y-LVMQOh-34zWzeYDOYgi9Nv2xGTXI/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFvYrvvgJM_1qRqR0k7bWSzl2zDkW1vlqgrtp3vzOgqcexdXYPC8tMkonHl8xLwKu3eYWIl05oqNcKs2L0FEREGNjmXJ3p_CIwfu8fW-mNhmSg7y-LVMQOh-34zWzeYDOYgi9Nv2xGTXI/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">During
the war, St. Joseph was nearly destroyed by a bomb attack on June 13,
1944 although, as shown here, the tower suffered little damage. The
entire interior decoration, whose main historically significant pieces
were the 14 monumental stations of the cross by Gebhard Fugel, were
destroyed. The heavily war-torn St. Joseph church was rebuilt in a
simplified manner. Until the reopening in 1952, services took place in a
wooden emergency church. The stucco in the barrel vault was only
installed 1983. The 1945 watercolours by G. Reitz show the extent of the
wartime damage. </span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5JeolHAOilyd1SKXiz2GxBklSyxctJQ5jLMyxr-lNdv1g7lZpSBAXbvHj8s03ju46vi_e1uhDz9qkrSZQj4r39voBTjTI206imeQKyh5X1Digz7aUJ-fG1oU-Pu0Pz6UGxy8oForidgZk/s1600/template+copy.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="917" data-original-width="965" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5JeolHAOilyd1SKXiz2GxBklSyxctJQ5jLMyxr-lNdv1g7lZpSBAXbvHj8s03ju46vi_e1uhDz9qkrSZQj4r39voBTjTI206imeQKyh5X1Digz7aUJ-fG1oU-Pu0Pz6UGxy8oForidgZk/s400/template+copy.jpg" width="400" /></a>The actual site
of the trial of the participants in the so-called Beer Hall putsch in
the barracks of the Infantry School on the corner of Blutenburgstraße
and Pappenheimstraße is much reduced. The inset photo was taken March 22, 1924 and shows
Erich Ludendorff leaving the building with my bike outside the same
entrance today. <a href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Hitler-Ludendorff-Prozess,_1924">Here the main hearing took place</a>, partly in camera, over
25 days of trial
from February 26 to April 1, 1924 against the defendants Hitler, Ludendorff, Ludendorff's step-son Heinz Otto Kurt Pernet, Ernst
Pöhner, Wilhelm Frick, Ernst Röhm, Hermann Kriebel, Friedrich Weber,
Wilhelm Friedrich Karl Brückner and Robert Wagner. Originally the trial
was to be conducted in the courthouse on Mariahilfplatz before
eventually it was decided to set the trial in the rooms of the former
war school on Blutenburgstraße. The site was heavily bombed and the top
photo shows all that is left of the building today. The conduct of the
negotiations by chairman Neithardt was marked by excessive benevolence
towards the accused. Hitler himself was given opportunities for long
propaganda speeches. In addition, Neithardt's questions were often asked
in such a way that the defendant's statements were actually offered.
This indulgence towards the defendants led to deep unease within the
state government. Neithardt however enjoyed the support of the
right-wing conservative Minister of Justice Franz Gürtner. The public
was largely on the side of the defendants. Corresponding opinions in the
courtroom were tolerated by the chairman. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5SXkVdULksEp6xqffGYGA1YerPq5OTesmE1C0KH7ZRo1UvssiMPM5m06bItQgb-xNOK4qXP7Wv-6yhhZkcZqfu2qNZ4P4xvwqgtxRuTy-sDJfOaZWnSvQyxeinaV2GaTV4OXTl8rFrF1w/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-02-13+at+18.55.20.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="572" data-original-width="381" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5SXkVdULksEp6xqffGYGA1YerPq5OTesmE1C0KH7ZRo1UvssiMPM5m06bItQgb-xNOK4qXP7Wv-6yhhZkcZqfu2qNZ4P4xvwqgtxRuTy-sDJfOaZWnSvQyxeinaV2GaTV4OXTl8rFrF1w/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-02-13+at+18.55.20.png" width="211" /></a>The
building during the trial which proved an international media sensation. Hitler was
eventually convicted of high treason only to the minimum legal sentence
of five years imprisonment and a fine of 200 gold marks, as Kriebel,
Weber and Pöhner. Brückner, Röhm, Pernet, Wagner and Frick were each
sentenced to one year and three months imprisonment and 100 gold marks
as punishment. Ludendorff was acquitted based on the lie that he had
enjoyed no knowledge of Hitler's plans. The convicts Hitler, Pöhner,
Weber and Kriebel were promised by order of the People's Court after
serving another sentence of six months probation for the remainder of
the sentence. For Brückner, Röhm, Pernet, Wagner and Frick this
probation was approved immediately. The prosecution had requested a
sentence of eight years for Hitler. Of the mandatory expulsion of Hitler
as a foreigner under Section 9 (2) of the Law for the Protection of the
Republic, the People's Court expressly dismissed it. Likewise, it did
not take into account that Hitler, convicted of breach of the peace in
1922, was already under probation and therefore could not have been
granted probation again. </span></span></span><span>The
people's courts were the first and last instance in Bavaria for the
cases assigned to them, so that no legal remedy was available against
their judgements making the verdict immediately final. From Hitler's
perspective, there were three positive benefits from this otherwise
ludicrous attempt to seize power. First, the putsch brought Hitler to
the attention of the German nation and generated front page headlines in
newspapers around the world. It gave Hitler a platform to publicise his
views and create his myth. The second benefit to Hitler was that he
used his time in prison to produce </span><i>Mein Kampf</i><span>,
which was dictated to his fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf
Hess. On December 20, 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was
released. The final benefit to Hitler was the insight that the path to
power was through legitimate means rather than revolution or force.
Accordingly, the most significant outcome of the putsch was a decision
by Hitler to change his tactics, which would demand an increasing
reliance on the development and furthering of Nazi propaganda.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZb7gkzfjoFk4xgWLnA4BS-mp-NIwixFF3KaTxp_9-t3JeK4Uvr9YIIpHakz_nRmEifJbXZcsdH2BRKG1Af3s4Yjwo7woj5H9zUwUEcWzotczGl2vrWC-M03Fqlb4erOUDz87KXpAxNkTI/s1600/template+copy.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="917" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZb7gkzfjoFk4xgWLnA4BS-mp-NIwixFF3KaTxp_9-t3JeK4Uvr9YIIpHakz_nRmEifJbXZcsdH2BRKG1Af3s4Yjwo7woj5H9zUwUEcWzotczGl2vrWC-M03Fqlb4erOUDz87KXpAxNkTI/s320/template+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a> This
marker represents the site of the neighbouring barracks, destroyed during the war.
During the time of the putsch, co-conspirators under Gerhard Rossbach
mobilised the students, cadets and officer candidates of the Reichswehr
of this officers infantry school to seize a number of objectives. </span></span><span><span><span><span>Rossbach had been</span></span>
a Freikorps leader and organiser of various nationalist groups after
the Great War and is generally credited with inventing the brown
uniforms of the Nazi Party after supplying surplus tropical khaki shirts
to early troops of the Sturmabteilung (SA).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0TYUA6WUBMHtuyKKDKih0x63Jp5bh_EZx7pZsyKZizTT1D9AGESW-auTOyI8qeLHRhLmFvYBadkXlI9mml0w3mu5yppZX9No_vH74hOrzg_y0nqYGCDRP-gexcVcKnboMvYZplN0kINgV/s1600/output_rCZQFl.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0TYUA6WUBMHtuyKKDKih0x63Jp5bh_EZx7pZsyKZizTT1D9AGESW-auTOyI8qeLHRhLmFvYBadkXlI9mml0w3mu5yppZX9No_vH74hOrzg_y0nqYGCDRP-gexcVcKnboMvYZplN0kINgV/s400/output_rCZQFl.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span>The Bavarian State Chancellery serves as the personal offices of the chancellery staff. It serves to </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>coordinate the activities of the state ministries and prepares the resolutions of the state government.</span></span></span></span>was
created in 1933. During the Weimar Republic, the Prime Minister was
also the Bavarian Foreign Minister. The Foreign Ministry, which had
hardly any powers of its own, effectively represented the authority of
the Prime Minister. It was only after the Nazis had taken power in
Bavaria in March 1933 that the Foreign Ministry was abolished and
replaced by the State Chancellery. During the Nazi era the State
Chancellery was of little importance because, on the one hand, Germany
had become a unified state in which the states were only Reich provinces
and, on the other hand, they were associated with the Gau leadership of
Munich-Upper Bavaria and the authority of the Reich governor Franz von
Epp (the so-called Reichsstatthalterei). After the war, Anton Pfeiffer
took over the management of the Bavarian State Chancellery, first as
State Councillor. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiorHEo_sNdGcx7IXu6Yi6DidCdrwDEHb2CsDjg1d1HSxXI3opRUDbb3opUvwmv4wpFOzPjfuqUiRA1vJKz5Xf5nAA6_GmbsvrtMjPhCzeClZWEIFrYKTVnqNEBHPeP8gdHPVI_o5anHRbohZTNpnQLAXmQj-4xE1p8ojxd_NLOG_poUTyDTi0_QLQ3hw/s394/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(39).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="320" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiorHEo_sNdGcx7IXu6Yi6DidCdrwDEHb2CsDjg1d1HSxXI3opRUDbb3opUvwmv4wpFOzPjfuqUiRA1vJKz5Xf5nAA6_GmbsvrtMjPhCzeClZWEIFrYKTVnqNEBHPeP8gdHPVI_o5anHRbohZTNpnQLAXmQj-4xE1p8ojxd_NLOG_poUTyDTi0_QLQ3hw/w325-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(39).gif" width="325" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Photo
taken by the men of the American 14th Armoured Division on the steps of
the building upon their entry into Munich. After their destruction in
the war, the two side wings were demolished, and the central building
was a ruin for decades. The central dome of the former Bavarian Army
Museum, which had been built in 1905 at the site of the Hofgartenkaserne
barracks and was demolished during the war when the two side wings were
torn off, left the central building a ruin for decades. By 1982,
however, the 52 metre high dome with its copper coverage was restored by
the team of architects J. Diethard Siegert and Reto Gansser, but not
after considerable controversy due to the modernity of the project since
it was located very close to the Residenz and would impact the visual
integrity of the Hofgarten. There were also demonstrations to protect
the remains of the arcades of the perimeter galleries on the north side
that remained standing. Art historian Gunter Schweikhart said in May
1987 that an exact reconstruction of the original building should be
given "in terms of its historical and architectural importance as an
especially valuable monument." Nevertheless, the Bavarian state office
for monuments and their preservation defended the project which was
finally completed in 1993. The sides are upposed to stairs that seem to
rise to the sky, covered by two completely glazed facades, creating a
contrast with the ruin that remained standing. The arcades of the north
side were respected, but given a more modern form using a metal
structure and glass cover. The final area of the building was 8,800 m2
and the access plaza was dedicated to all those killed in the war.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh45z4JrhmS0CFVQ1xO6w-Rd1ksczy5t3u-QlVIcDLl0L8aPAtEsf9Fiu_rCKqTzAA0med7YjJ4Rc9azdNslIEIPDbNbHUt5sC5VCpefK893UG6hxT3LOYzNtzwOlj1NdZlMT8WA4LZjTnb/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="559" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh45z4JrhmS0CFVQ1xO6w-Rd1ksczy5t3u-QlVIcDLl0L8aPAtEsf9Fiu_rCKqTzAA0med7YjJ4Rc9azdNslIEIPDbNbHUt5sC5VCpefK893UG6hxT3LOYzNtzwOlj1NdZlMT8WA4LZjTnb/w787-h300/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="787" /></a> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>The
remnants of some renaissance arcades of the Hofgarten in the north were
integrated to the building. The two new wings are covered in full
length with glazed stairs in the style of Jacob's Ladders, giving the
impression of ship stairs. At the request of then-Prime Minister Max
Streibl an intimate space with wood panelling and furnishings,
("Zirbelstube") was inserted after the reception room of the Prime
Minister, who caused a stir because of the high costs involved. The
building comprises about 8,800 m². To the east of the building the
Köglmühlbach </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>stream </span></span></span>flows
past above ground. In front of the west side of the courtyard is the
war memorial and the equestrian statue for Duke Otto I Wittelsbach. </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitrrrAYtSKmZrch3a1p4rVpEs4MNV1Inban5nYQ0GLxxNwEKTLuupX0lN_yd1zDVuqtdGExEmeXkt5k3b36B20C2LqxtK4DqBJyGEFYmHFAu-2c8lAWuX5oFrby2JIoQKEO4CZtie4dPV0/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitrrrAYtSKmZrch3a1p4rVpEs4MNV1Inban5nYQ0GLxxNwEKTLuupX0lN_yd1zDVuqtdGExEmeXkt5k3b36B20C2LqxtK4DqBJyGEFYmHFAu-2c8lAWuX5oFrby2JIoQKEO4CZtie4dPV0/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>From
1905-1945, this housed the Bavarian Army Museum, founded by Ludwig II.
Destroyed during the war with only the dome remaining, it has since
been rather impressively reconstructed and is now used by the Bavarian
government.</span> In front of the building, beneath a Travertine slab, is a crypt commemorating the unknown soldier. <span><span><span><span>The
mausoleum, adorned with the names of the dead and the dedication “To
Our Fallen” on one side of the chamber and the assurance “They Will Rise
Again” on the other, leads down to a sunken crypt-like space enclosing
the full-size sculpture of a soldier in battle-dress laid out upon the
altar of the fatherland. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>All
the names have become a sign for men of one fate, as it were traces of
the mythos of the fallen. . . . The view upon all the names of one
mission [Berufenheit] of itself awakens in us the need for a figure in
which the fate of the many, who have become one, is allegorically
[gleichnishaft] embodied. We are prepared to descend into the crypt
located below the altar-tomb-block. In it is the sought-for image of the
one who represents all: a young warrior in his repose of death...</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgta-QaNmoVXquYOXpdQLFzJAfOQ2H9SqEcVkCFKmiPXCMseHJtsdINURM3qjUklaMhZHBirgViqwedb1yhE6XK1hHfMJo7oGvqOTyE0pzglaMhEUXJ0TLfCR3P4eLdTogYmj-xBkrlsqQO/s320/1ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="350" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgta-QaNmoVXquYOXpdQLFzJAfOQ2H9SqEcVkCFKmiPXCMseHJtsdINURM3qjUklaMhZHBirgViqwedb1yhE6XK1hHfMJo7oGvqOTyE0pzglaMhEUXJ0TLfCR3P4eLdTogYmj-xBkrlsqQO/s400/1ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /> </span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> [T]he
way in which the Munich memorial addresses [anspricht] the individual
is fundamentally different from the effect that the individualistic
figurative memorial [of the nineteenth century] exerts on the
individual. For one comes to the single figure after having crossed the
chamber of the community, whose walls hold the columns of names of the
sacrifices [Opfer] and the supporters of a new national community
[Volksgemeinschaft]. And the individual, whose image the crypt harbours,
is indeed not an individual, but rather a symbol of all who fell . . .
that is why we feel the symbol always as a person . . . in the ordinary
sense proper to the concept. Persona comes from <i>personare </i>and
that means “to sound through.” The whole sounds through the one, through
whom he existed and for whose sake he fell: his nation [Volk].</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Hubert Schrade, <i><a href="https://www.booklooker.de/B%C3%BCcher/Angebote/autor=Schrade+Hubert&titel=Das+deutsche+Nationaldenkmal.+Idee+-+Geschichte+-+Aufgabe">Das deutsche Nationaldenkmal</a></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMfDI81spQn68ODYw-NV-2eNwp2ycKgflhP06CtLNrwRKvIAuOnC5nZw40Gjz96jDCka3kEjQPuSoYq9pFSHasCqi4Lz9MvwP8M6omoMtSfELgWHCOLqOzfMkKc8ex1jWmz3Xiudi0jWxtt5mhNEQWAXi7VMlNMkwtau9D8M48ZWmyvSApZWc3jroPkq5m/s377/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(51).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="377" height="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMfDI81spQn68ODYw-NV-2eNwp2ycKgflhP06CtLNrwRKvIAuOnC5nZw40Gjz96jDCka3kEjQPuSoYq9pFSHasCqi4Lz9MvwP8M6omoMtSfELgWHCOLqOzfMkKc8ex1jWmz3Xiudi0jWxtt5mhNEQWAXi7VMlNMkwtau9D8M48ZWmyvSApZWc3jroPkq5m/w412-h343/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(51).gif" width="412" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>David
Lloyd George visiting the tomb in September 1936 before meeting Hitler
at Berchtesgaden. Although wartime Prime Minister and shaper of the
Treaty of Versailles, Lloyd George had been consistently pro-German
after 1923, in part due to his growing conviction that Germany had been
treated unfairly at Versailles. He supported German demands for
territorial concessions and recognition of its Great Power status,
paying much less attention to the security concerns of France, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, and Belgium. In a speech in 1933, he warned that if
Hitler were overthrown, communism would take over Germany. In August
1934, he insisted Germany could not wage war and assured European
nations that there would be no risk of war during the next ten years.
After his meeting with Hitler, the latter said he was pleased to have
met "the man who won the war"; Lloyd George was moved, and called Hitler
"the greatest living German". Lloyd George also visited Germany's
public works programmes and was impressed. On his return to Britain, he
wrote an article for the Daily Express praising Hitler, stating that
"[t]he Germans have definitely made up their minds never to quarrel with
us again." He declared Hitler "the George Washington of Germany"; that
he was rearming Germany for defence and not for offensive war; that a
war between Germany and the Soviet Union would not happen for at least
ten years; and that Hitler admired the British and wanted their
friendship but that there was no British leadership to exploit this.
However, by 1937, Lloyd George's distaste for Neville Chamberlain led
him to disavow Chamberlain's appeasement policies.</span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe5Of0SGDZ3c3RqoVS_lmkG-LQt5oayrsDtGr6e5Uex7pjCbKTb1khTv3ze8pOMUMpclsVbDzI3SkSv080FcQturgGlCOOsOARveYzCt-UroBTrV4zg-WLlnfhb0xGtXEM_7SlNamRD2sVMsJD2_bZufQP6rJQgZBoNDZ1s5SwYLMxJDFe70WEPL-ypg/s341/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-17T155955.076.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="323" height="443" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe5Of0SGDZ3c3RqoVS_lmkG-LQt5oayrsDtGr6e5Uex7pjCbKTb1khTv3ze8pOMUMpclsVbDzI3SkSv080FcQturgGlCOOsOARveYzCt-UroBTrV4zg-WLlnfhb0xGtXEM_7SlNamRD2sVMsJD2_bZufQP6rJQgZBoNDZ1s5SwYLMxJDFe70WEPL-ypg/w420-h443/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-17T155955.076.gif" width="420" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>GIF<span>: </span>The tomb of the Unknown Soldier <span>during the war</span> and today.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span> <span>Originally erected </span><span>in front of the former Army Museum (now the Bavarian State Chancellery) in the Hofgarten</span><span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>in<span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>1924
to commemorate the two million dead of the Great War, the 'Dead
Soldier'
sculpted by Bleeker now dedicated to the dead of both world wars. It
was also used as a backdrop for nationalist and militaristic propaganda
during the Nazi era. Annual remembrance days for war heroes were
organised here by both the Wehrmacht and the Nazi party from 1934
onwards. This war memorial modelled on a megalithic tomb was already one
of the most visited war memorials in Germany even during the Weimar
Republic. Its centrepiece is a crypt in which Bernhard Bleeker’s
idealised figure of the “dead soldier” is laid out, representing the
13,000 Munich soldiers who fell in the Great War and whose names were
once engraved on the walls of a further walkway that circumscribed the
memorial. Damaged during the war, the war memorial was restored on the
orders of the American military government, albeit without the names of
the 13,000 dead. In the 1950s an inscription was added commemorating the
fallen soldiers and civilian victims of the years 1939 to 1945. This
dedication reflects the desire of the population to continue
commemorating the war dead even after 1945, although its portrayal of
both the city and its population exclusively as victims represents a
very one-dimensional view. To this day military ceremonies in honour of
the dead are still held regularly at the war memorial.</span></span></span>
<span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Directly in front is the </span>Memorial for the Resistance</span></span></span></span></span> </span><br /></span>
</div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsgzlHXRMydmTiPkFCZ5ZCigE-_lib1h0bLbnX78RN8_JQr2mJEcqQJQlN15z9p6QC4Y9R0smRT1tJT-EP1fofswof0tO8RLCNcCF-WqYiv3DlI4IbzecTs0n5MrztSUoyFKQGWQTZzhI/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsgzlHXRMydmTiPkFCZ5ZCigE-_lib1h0bLbnX78RN8_JQr2mJEcqQJQlN15z9p6QC4Y9R0smRT1tJT-EP1fofswof0tO8RLCNcCF-WqYiv3DlI4IbzecTs0n5MrztSUoyFKQGWQTZzhI/w400-h195/myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Leo Kornbrust’s</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> memorial was unveiled on July 24, 1996 by the Bavarian Minister president Dr. Edmund Stoiber. </span><span style="font-size: normal;">It is engraved on one side with a line of block letters reading "</span><span style="font-size: normal;"><i>Zum erinnern zum gedenken</i></span><span style="font-size: normal;">" ("To Recall and to Commemorate") under which is a reproduction of a handwritten letter by </span><span style="font-size: normal; font-style: italic;">Generalfeldmarschall </span><span style="font-size: normal;">Erwin von Witzleben who was arrested the day after the attempted July plot. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span id="result_box" lang="en" style="font-size: small;"><span class="hps">We will not</span> <span class="hps">pass judgement on the</span> <span class="hps">various possible</span> <span class="hps">forms of government</span> as <span class="hps">only one</span> <span class="hps">will</span> <span class="hps">be raised</span> <span class="hps">clear and unambiguously</span>: every person has <span class="hps">a right to</span> <span class="hps">a useful and just</span> <span class="hps">state</span> <span class="hps">that guarantees the</span> <span class="hps">freedom</span> <span class="hps">of the individual and</span> <span class="hps">to he general welfare</span>. <span class="hps">Freedom of speech,</span> <span class="hps">freedom</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">religion, the protection</span> <span class="hps">of individual citizens from</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">arbitrary will of criminal</span> <span class="hps">regimes of violence</span>. <span class="hps">These are the</span> <span class="hps">foundations of the new</span> <span class="hps">Europe</span><span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">During
his trial he was forced to appear in court without his belt and false
teeth. On August 8, 1944 he was executed by being hanged by piano
wire from a meat hook. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin-252zsQ-3lPI2AMtTl-UaZXDXylXLYkOhqJXcgxgiD0k-w3-UIoHIRoAbCQcFF8uE6UJ000_CxWYKob9xAKuy0N1AoQ1Puza1OaR_mzfQxrmQ18V6yRR3-8qYeBQ0ZcYsGlh06yyOKrH/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%25288%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="446" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin-252zsQ-3lPI2AMtTl-UaZXDXylXLYkOhqJXcgxgiD0k-w3-UIoHIRoAbCQcFF8uE6UJ000_CxWYKob9xAKuy0N1AoQ1Puza1OaR_mzfQxrmQ18V6yRR3-8qYeBQ0ZcYsGlh06yyOKrH/w436-h303/ezgif.com-optimize+%25288%2529.gif" width="436" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">In
the centre of the Hofgarten is its pavilion, the Diana temple- or
Hofgartenbavaria- designed by Heinrich Schön the Elder in 1615 shown
after the war and today. Its roof is adorned with a copy of the Tellus
Bavaria bronze statue by Hubert Gerhard from 1623; the original is now
set up as part of the bronze collection in the Vierschäftesaal of the
Munich Residenz. The goddess Bavaria is used an allegory with the five
attributes that symbolise the wealth of the state- a salt cellar for the
important international trade, a deerskin for the hunts with their
abundance of meat, the trap for the abundance of fish in the waters, the
sheaf of grain for the well-behaved the peasants who paid the tithe and
the Kurapfel for political power in the circle of princes. The copy was
made in 1594 by Hans Krumpper. From July to November 1937, <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-war-memorial.html">the "Degenerate Art" </a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-war-memorial.html">propaganda exhibition </a></span></span></span></span></span>organised by the Nazis took place in the northern Hofgartenarkaden shown just behind. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">After
the war when the Hofgarten was destroyed, a compromise was found
between the stylistic elements of an English landscape garden and the
original design of the 17th century. </span></span></span></span></span></span><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXDEVPv7Gpr2C8tZiDlnCLiEfrm6jC1magdbiRxzwV3mxArDifg1MCqV3Xsp5ha4iBiDC1wvoEXd7-fPjnxniuLYNInnVOWLDcvcLRlPS3OhNTb14hhnJTnvieqtBDiVb6IBAHlUrSLIyz/s472/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252814%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="472" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXDEVPv7Gpr2C8tZiDlnCLiEfrm6jC1magdbiRxzwV3mxArDifg1MCqV3Xsp5ha4iBiDC1wvoEXd7-fPjnxniuLYNInnVOWLDcvcLRlPS3OhNTb14hhnJTnvieqtBDiVb6IBAHlUrSLIyz/w430-h250/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252814%2529.gif" width="430" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Another Munich temple, the Monopteros in the English Garden, where the infamous Unity Mitford
shot herself the day England declared war on Germany; a few yards away
is the Chinesischer Turm, the original </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">structure having burned down when a phosphorus bomb was dropped</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> on July 13, 1944 and reconstructed in 1952 by the architect Franz Zell. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Hitler
had gifted Mitford a box at the Olympic Games and had her chauffeured
to the Richard Wagner Festival in Bayreuth. When he announced the
annexation of his homeland to the German Reich, she was allowed to stand
next to him leading her to write home to her sister that “I think I am
the happiest girl in the world.” As her father David Bertram Ogilvy
Freeman-Mitford, second Baron Redesdale complained, "I'm normal, my wife
is normal - but one of my daughters is crazier than the other." One
married a duke, two became writers, Diana left an heir to the Guinness
brewery to live with Sir Oswald Mosley, leader of the fascist British
Union, Jessica married a red nephew of Churchill and fought with
the communists in the Spanish Civil War and Unity- <a href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/the-nazi-from-swastika-ont-how-canadas-most-unusually-named-town-spawned-a-notorious-hitler-fangirl">born in Swastika, Ontario</a>!- became a Hitler
groupie. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhciDX4Xcc9F33ozjU_DYItzUW3_7IiTI2MqwVdMEvaO7C3wgxiiA3q6vqt6BSXcuoaa5mxandgwBFKLRZkk_p2Zs-DQGV2e8k2PRziv6ugXOoL75faesTx7SKxErVnHSskrf58NyzJ28UC/s413/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252815%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="413" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhciDX4Xcc9F33ozjU_DYItzUW3_7IiTI2MqwVdMEvaO7C3wgxiiA3q6vqt6BSXcuoaa5mxandgwBFKLRZkk_p2Zs-DQGV2e8k2PRziv6ugXOoL75faesTx7SKxErVnHSskrf58NyzJ28UC/w463-h306/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252815%2529.gif" width="463" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
1933 Unity, accompanied by her older sister Diana, came to Germany for
the first time to attend the Nazi party rally in Nuremberg. Unity soon
settled in Munich and began to learn German. In February 1935 she met
Hitler for the first time in his regular pub, the “Osteria Bavaria” on
Schellingstrasse. Hitler was enthusiastic about the 20-year-old, six
foot, elegant blonde beauty, as she fully corresponded to his Aryan
ideal of beauty. <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/unity-mitford-mehr-als-nur-hitlers-groupie-a-1134863.html">According to Michaela Karl</a>, Hitler and Mitford met more
than 140 times between 1935 and 1939 - every ten days on average which
continues to give rise to speculation. Winifred Wagner admitted her
jealousy when she described Mitford as having “looked like a baby, so
innocent. But somehow it was terribly annoying." Nazi foreign press
chief Ernst“ Putzi ”Hanfstaengl was even more biting, damning her as a
"beautiful, blond cow with a measure of malice." Leni Riefenstahl, who
is also said to have close ties to the dictator, is said to have even
spoken to him about the rumours only to be told that whilst she was
beautiful, his feelings were such that he could only marry a German
girl. No doubt Hitler saw in her a strategic signal to hoped-for ally
England, whilst being well aware of the fact that his effect on female
followers mainly depended on the fact that he was a bachelor. Mitford's
enthusiasm for Hitler and Nazism did not arise simply from
naive enthusiasm but would see her describing herself as a “Jew hater”
in a letter to the editor of the Nazi propaganda paper “Der Stürmer”. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEzbGd9apWgDYR8PdHuBT9mMvvLxd3TzBiKThEd7zGWkMetNyhlTmOzTPiIY1n-oeZ6rNV7PtxXjFX2iLItF3aQmISoMCtqKbBF9eu5l52VxavuRWvVo5JMBPaoS-jz2FtLmATnEmN1h9B/s392/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252813%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="274" height="507" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEzbGd9apWgDYR8PdHuBT9mMvvLxd3TzBiKThEd7zGWkMetNyhlTmOzTPiIY1n-oeZ6rNV7PtxXjFX2iLItF3aQmISoMCtqKbBF9eu5l52VxavuRWvVo5JMBPaoS-jz2FtLmATnEmN1h9B/w355-h507/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252813%2529.gif" width="355" /></a>She
justified Hitler's war plans by the racial theory that Poles and Czechs
were "not a superior race, and therefore they unfortunately have to be
ruled by other nations". But on September 3, 1939, the day Britain
declared war on Germany, she put a photo of herself, a letter to Hitler
and the party badge he had given her in an envelope and shot herself in
the head. She survived, was relocated to Switzerland and even overcame
her partial paralysis before she died in Scotland in 1948 from the
effects of meningitis. Michaela Karl claims it was not a suicide, but
murder. Unity Mitford had little reason to kill itself, whilst their
opponents had every reason to get rid of "the English whisperer". Such
enemies included Reich Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop who
blamed Unity Mitford for the failure of German-English relations, which
the former ambassador to the Court of St. James regarded as his own
domain. And</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
in Joseph Goebbels's diary also gives cause for thought: “The Führer
very much regrets the fate of Lady Mitford, who is paralysed on one side
as a result of her suicide attempt. But nevertheless the Führer must of
course protect himself against any possibility of espionage. And that's
what he did in this case." In fact, it has been established that Unity
Mitford was being monitored. Although the files of the Munich Gestapo
were lost, a resident registration card dated September 2, 1939 reads
"currently in custody at Gestapo, Brienner Str. 50." An act of
desperation by Mitford to forestall permanent internment would also be
conceivable. But there is also a lack of solid evidence for this theory
according to Karl who points out that a theatrical suicide attempt would
have suited the British woman's exalted character. After the war, Unity
Mitford's sisters tried to forget about their affair with Hitler's
ideology with Unity was reduced to the role of the apolitical
enthusiast. There are in fact rumours that she was taken to a private
maternity hospital in Oxford where, in absolute secrecy, she <a href="https://archive.org/details/hitlers-british-girl-2007/Hitler's+British+Girl+(1-5).mp4" target="_blank">gave birth to Hitler’s love child</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBCAcfYSFw8Z0a0XXjG7Q7KMRJs3K8gbiHGVbvc7cLpQp9JmVrDa2ojHI3TMDP0IdZW-VxhHgLcr6nx6PvkQMggu2IO6qIORF_CuFFKwSUSuQmE2kj6RWggCCZoSzlL4P9eBO9GRHSz5w6/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="419" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBCAcfYSFw8Z0a0XXjG7Q7KMRJs3K8gbiHGVbvc7cLpQp9JmVrDa2ojHI3TMDP0IdZW-VxhHgLcr6nx6PvkQMggu2IO6qIORF_CuFFKwSUSuQmE2kj6RWggCCZoSzlL4P9eBO9GRHSz5w6/s400/ezgif.com-resize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Formerly the <b>ϟϟ-Deutschland-Kaserne </b>the monumental main building of today's Ernst-von-Bergmann barracks <span>at </span>Neuherbergstraße 11 was built for the </span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ-<span style="font-style: italic;">Standarte 1 Deutschland</span></span></span> between 1934 and 1938, according to plans by Oswald Bieber. This was an armed union of the so-called "</span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span>-Einsatzgruppe", which later appeared in the "Waffen-</span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span>" which served primarily as a representative and guardian of the regime before the war. The </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ-<span style="font-style: italic;">Standarte 1 Deutschland</span></span></span></span></span>
was permanently outside the barracks as a result of the Sudeten crisis
from October 1938 onwards, and from the beginning of the war was
involved several times in war crimes. The "</span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span> Barracks Freimann" served as an accommodation and training place for the</span></span><span><span><span><span> ϟϟ</span></span> during the war; </span></span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span>-Flak units were also stationed here. Whil<span>st</span> the </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> men were housed in the barracks, </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> leaders and sub-leaders lived with their families in a settlement built south of the barracks <span>which can still be seen in the </span>residential buildings <span>on</span> today's Kleinschmidtstra<span>ß</span>e. During the war, an external camp of the Dachau concentration camp, whose relatives had to work for </span></span><span><span><span><span> </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
administration, was placed within the barracks. Other concentration
camp prisoners were housed in a concentration camp outside the barracks
and had to carry out <span>labour</span> for the Dyckerhoff & Widmann </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span> construction </span></span>company</span></span>.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_bjW5onz8j1KW_UoVR_1AGPcNm3bRVW9c637vYSNGKU8WwvHaxSdBY2s72H4olWq86hKGR7rYhjmayQxd2XPteqmzDb2ydKrbYa9meRRCPEO3cK9f-iEtsaewAWOT250euXMvqZ_CjFob/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252817%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="400" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_bjW5onz8j1KW_UoVR_1AGPcNm3bRVW9c637vYSNGKU8WwvHaxSdBY2s72H4olWq86hKGR7rYhjmayQxd2XPteqmzDb2ydKrbYa9meRRCPEO3cK9f-iEtsaewAWOT250euXMvqZ_CjFob/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252817%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>View
of the parade ground with the eight-storey tower next to the former
main guard at Ingolstädter Strasse in 1939. The externally plain and
spacious barracks construction, also known as the </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Barracks Freimann, was erected in reinforced concrete. The functional architecture of the </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> barracks differ<span>ed</span> in terms of the costly materials used, the elaborate construction techniques and the renouncement of a<span>ny </span>façade ornamentation, which were mostly constructed as brick buildings and had decorative elements. The </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ-<span style="font-style: italic;">Standarte 1 Deutschland</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
had taken part in the annexation of Austria and later the occupation of
the Sudetenland before contributing to the annexation of Bohemia and
Moravia in March, 1939. It was ordered by Hitler that it should be
expanded to a division but the war interrupted this plan. It took part
in the invasion of Poland attached to Panzer-Division Kempf and
following that campaign it was used to form ϟϟ-Division
Verfügungstruppe, later renamed <i>Das Reich</i>. It was as this
division which is notorious for having descended on the village of
Oradour-sur-Glane, France, in reprisal for partisan attacks. After
assembling the villagers, the troops separated the men from the women
and children, then shot the men as their families looked on. After this,
the troops herded the women and children into a local church, locked
the doors, and set the structure ablaze with hand grenades. A total of
642 died. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtcY-NVjtWZfL6Jtxr6MxDUUxAiFL9e3tbH0CV1M3R4Ag_2l1TQUONFuH1wlI0aQMYh3cbRWjNT_NKUHzaQlWuz6e3hS7kqasRezViyjipTeEcva05cLXMfehT0XypjVkgAf-kKi4VIDD2/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252816%2529.gif" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="437" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtcY-NVjtWZfL6Jtxr6MxDUUxAiFL9e3tbH0CV1M3R4Ag_2l1TQUONFuH1wlI0aQMYh3cbRWjNT_NKUHzaQlWuz6e3hS7kqasRezViyjipTeEcva05cLXMfehT0XypjVkgAf-kKi4VIDD2/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252816%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 255px; width: 344px;" /><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnTwplwh9BpS6Hf6_ITsjVS6mrM_XUxaV5kqJ-UCgdAWNNBTQ37vOu0uKeeaHuzmbbr3YOoi6tDtk0x8-X4fEyS1NbOCtaMIep0sX4LTbSYKw2jxDQCdw9zn-xOjItm7-Tp3a2ceFQ7a18/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252812%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="445" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnTwplwh9BpS6Hf6_ITsjVS6mrM_XUxaV5kqJ-UCgdAWNNBTQ37vOu0uKeeaHuzmbbr3YOoi6tDtk0x8-X4fEyS1NbOCtaMIep0sX4LTbSYKw2jxDQCdw9zn-xOjItm7-Tp3a2ceFQ7a18/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252812%2529.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Photos
taken of the building in the late afternoon of April 30, 1945 by First
Lieutenant Clifford E. Conner, 3rd Platoon Commander, D CO., 20th Tank
Battalion. The photo on the right shows battle damage and a knocked-out
German .88-mm gun which had, for a time, protected the building's
perimeter wall. An armoured division of the American Army, which entered
the country on April 30, 1945, took the barracks after <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2002/02/blog-post.html">fierce fighting in the Lohhof Panzerwiese area</a>.
From 1948 the barracks "Warner Kaserne", used by the Americans until
1968, was named after Henry F. Warner, who had fallen in the Ardennes on
December 21, 1944, to which the Congress of the United States
posthumously published the "Medal of Honour, the highest Am<span>erican awar<span>d for<span> </span></span></span>bravery. In addition to military use, </span></span><span><span><span>UNESCO used the buildings to accommodate </span><span style="font-size: normal;">dispersed person<span>s<span> </span></span></span></span></span><span><span>and the headquarters of the International Refugee
Organisation (IRO) on the site until 1951. The international refugee
organi<span>s</span>ation supported the approximately 3,800 DPs of different
nationalities living here (as of October 1950) during the intended
departure. </span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Eb7DTnUNYMpgO2xl-MVcVEXJO6N5-9Dwr71VFOtVLinTEKKgUnCCKu5ybaitiieABgUmuTnEps6TW7iRpmmTf_UCWUPM6tnYbyROOP0yS4Mwj3nQV28qx7hBj7Frz4TcXKfppJiQqhsI/s640/output_4r8wjQ.gif" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Eb7DTnUNYMpgO2xl-MVcVEXJO6N5-9Dwr71VFOtVLinTEKKgUnCCKu5ybaitiieABgUmuTnEps6TW7iRpmmTf_UCWUPM6tnYbyROOP0yS4Mwj3nQV28qx7hBj7Frz4TcXKfppJiQqhsI/s400/output_4r8wjQ.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /> </span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Standing in front of the <b>Funk-Kaserne</b>,
dating from 1936, now used by the Bundespolizeiinspektion für
Kriminalitätsbekämpfung München who have the chutzpah to use Nazi
permises which openly displays a Nazi symbol on property open to the
public yet will demand that tax-paying citizens are forbidden from
taking photographs of it.</span></span><span> The <span>funkkaserne was</span>
erected as a Luftwaffe news barracks in the course of the armament of
the Wehrmacht from 1936 to 1938. The buildings survived the war largely
without damage. In the post-war years until May 1955, the American army
and the UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) operated
the largest southern German Resettlement Center for Displaced Persons, a
transitional accommodation for predominantly Eastern European forced
labourers, who were sent to Germany during the war. Pioneer barracks of
the Bundeswehr From 1956 to 1992 the area was a barracks of the army
of the Bundeswehr. Despite the sole use as a pioneer barracks, the name
"Funkkaserne" was retained. Lastly, it was the pioneer battalion 210,
the pioneer battalion 220 - a training unit a few kilometres away in the
Prinz Eugene barracks, and the Panzerpionierkompanie 560. The pioneer
battalion 210 (heavy pioneer battalion of the 2nd corps) was <span>intended<span> </span></span>to make blasting shafts with drill vehicles in the event of a war. </span></span></span><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguXNBb_nDmdKmnxxOloG5Ohf-M9_B4B_dIl8FFA3TqXCwg191c8TCY-JyKe18l8b0S9EuJWHKSHK82eN0nMri3YJWntD6COHmCbMjEW_p_MyaZuzoIwMeur6Gf0EKsXVXKs4MWUBLSvBo/s640/amyphoto.jpeg" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguXNBb_nDmdKmnxxOloG5Ohf-M9_B4B_dIl8FFA3TqXCwg191c8TCY-JyKe18l8b0S9EuJWHKSHK82eN0nMri3YJWntD6COHmCbMjEW_p_MyaZuzoIwMeur6Gf0EKsXVXKs4MWUBLSvBo/w477-h293/amyphoto.jpeg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="477" /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>According to rumours, <span>it</span>
was planted for the use of Atom mines stored at the US 10th Special
Forces Group in the Flint Barracks in Bad Toelz. The military use of the
barracks ended with a final meeting in March 1992 in the presence of
the then Secretary of State and later Bavarian Minister-President
Günther Beckstein, the first major Munich Bundeswehr property to be
abandoned in the course of the reduction of troops. After a canal and an
old canal restoration and a dismantling of the rail connection from
military times to the railway line from Freimann to Schwabing, the
demolition work for the former barracks building began at the end of
2010 and a new construction is planned for the year 2016. An area of
8.72 hectares in the north-east corner of the former barracks area was
excluded from the urban transformation and remained the property of the
federal government. It is still used by the Federal Police for
accommodation and services buildings and is to be compacted in <span>favour</span> of additional residential buildings. </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>Just
outside the reichsadler remains, shorn of its swastika (although traces
are left). Even though it is allowed to openly appear outside th<span>e walls of the former base, I was told <span>not to take photos of it (which of course I ig<span>nored)</span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqNG-CJ77OTelWVU8ahukvSeyePkilaKVQzUV0xo4hOeAbbcN7wxWFTT9wzRBUk9OQol0RUscjbOhrr_YaMo_SYBti8nADxwf_wqOQWE8HkXI1vxvMKElKJKP3ta_8HVBfWfKU1jDkg0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-05-30+at+16.45.28.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqNG-CJ77OTelWVU8ahukvSeyePkilaKVQzUV0xo4hOeAbbcN7wxWFTT9wzRBUk9OQol0RUscjbOhrr_YaMo_SYBti8nADxwf_wqOQWE8HkXI1vxvMKElKJKP3ta_8HVBfWfKU1jDkg0/w400-h110/Screen+Shot+2015-05-30+at+16.45.28.png" width="400" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>Formerly
the Karl-Liebknecht-Kaserne before being renamed the
Adolf-Hitler-Kaserne, this is where Hitler stayed after returning to
Munich after the Great War during his affiliation to the infantry in the
Lothstraße 29 and stayed there officially until May 1, 1920. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>By
that time from the summer of 1919, in addition to the 2nd Infantry
Regiment, there were also a number of companies from the Bavarian Army
which were being liquidated. Eventually however the engineer battalion
and the first battalion of the 19th Infantry Regiment of the Reichswehr
were housed in the Oberwiesenfeld barracks. </span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>As a result </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>on
the occasion of Hitler's birthday in 1934 the Reichswehr sent birthday
greetings in which Blomberg wrote that the barracks of the First
Battalion of Infantry Regiment 19 (Munich), one of the traditional
troops of the famous List Infantry Regiment in which Hitler had fought
as a volunteer, was to be given the name “Adolf-Hitler-Kaserne.”</span></span></span> Until denazification in 1945, the barracks in Lothstraße therefore held the name Adolf-Hitler-Kaserne. </span></span></span></span></div><div style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaNZZVLysavU4OsGLjD5_QVfMWasoP2CR3RzX5QD_cY2IGuFyspD-DmP2093ABxLaCnKA7-Jo99Ok8fJahi_R6gSljhWN8PDgLzEZeYfjfEwrpGEWr6TeTuLlKSEA_mEwXLFo-F6Z9MkjAOkVUkpGM8Fu2rwueit-EU1uTurpqzHF9IAqeJRbPcOcGGw/s392/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(49).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="392" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaNZZVLysavU4OsGLjD5_QVfMWasoP2CR3RzX5QD_cY2IGuFyspD-DmP2093ABxLaCnKA7-Jo99Ok8fJahi_R6gSljhWN8PDgLzEZeYfjfEwrpGEWr6TeTuLlKSEA_mEwXLFo-F6Z9MkjAOkVUkpGM8Fu2rwueit-EU1uTurpqzHF9IAqeJRbPcOcGGw/w400-h313/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(49).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span> <span><span>In the foreground is the war memorial </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>erected in 1923 by Hermann Broxner, </span></span></span>dedicated
to those of the Königlich Bayrisches Infanterieregiment Nr.2 Kronprinz
who fell 1682-1918 on the corner of Winzererstrasse, Lothstrasse and
Georgenstrasse at what had formerly been Vimyplatz. Today a block of
flats, the buildings behind had served as the Adolf Hitler Kaserne. The
barracks themselves date from the typhoid epidemic of 1893 when the
Hofgarten and Seidenhaus barracks subsequently closed, making it
necessary to move the infantry body regiment stationed there to the <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/12/adolf-hitler-strasse-and-karolinenplatz.html">Türkenkaserne barracks</a>.
Battalions of the 1st "König" Infantry Regiment and the 2nd "Kronprinz"
Infantry Regiment were housed in the Turkish barracks as well as on the
Marzplatz. During the Nazi era in connection with the marshalling yard
planned further to the northwest, there were unrealised plans to build a
new freight yard with a wholesale market hall, slaughterhouse and
cattle yard and a thermal power plant here. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglb6WtvVv4nBgHpz94TJYV5O17GNZpUNm4psPt6_YuYOcD-WaI_Cwlm_aWNwl_A0Ya3UbMCCPh7wp3s_TadgmTHCDb6mpQIn62lEwYdjqqK6UJCEBBnffrduZ4F81uvsZFJ_7dlDRDXZ3uCVr4UHlKyoVnRZJBOZxoIASkq-2YQ0TAnIpJBINHD7PknQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(50).gif" data-original-height="222" data-original-width="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglb6WtvVv4nBgHpz94TJYV5O17GNZpUNm4psPt6_YuYOcD-WaI_Cwlm_aWNwl_A0Ya3UbMCCPh7wp3s_TadgmTHCDb6mpQIn62lEwYdjqqK6UJCEBBnffrduZ4F81uvsZFJ_7dlDRDXZ3uCVr4UHlKyoVnRZJBOZxoIASkq-2YQ0TAnIpJBINHD7PknQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(50).gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 356px;" /><span> <span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCTTG5vRGBjvfsLv04p14wtrxwh2JrYTUjJ4ZQoJnACVGsjX40AW72axiEEZPjkG4IK1JdxfOq883yk52NkUYrHKboYF9j-Br49grWlQFi7mPOqVJfVuNFyaRduz0IuTDgGt5G-78DXvxUEyRHlWw_ifqjwkngFwhDZZ53u77VdV_WMJYmU2syDSuEEw/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(51).gif" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCTTG5vRGBjvfsLv04p14wtrxwh2JrYTUjJ4ZQoJnACVGsjX40AW72axiEEZPjkG4IK1JdxfOq883yk52NkUYrHKboYF9j-Br49grWlQFi7mPOqVJfVuNFyaRduz0IuTDgGt5G-78DXvxUEyRHlWw_ifqjwkngFwhDZZ53u77VdV_WMJYmU2syDSuEEw/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(51).gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 267px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span> The barracks as seen at the end of the war in photographs taken by the 14th Armoured Division. <br /></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNNLtU_8ejOwQOfYuUxyAxZMVwfVCUs_668SrVRoYvfI37gf0YkygtDmlCpAHa0-cuRnfjCpdoDe1vn2-oi526utvjAEMfxag7LpEsxMDPD-MQu3Qj7S5talsV9qpAiFLc7oUbvC8DW_J4XNE4bzRGnTKyXVb_F1EFxSbZB0e82dgaA365iD_S2v0uNA/s364/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(53).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="259" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNNLtU_8ejOwQOfYuUxyAxZMVwfVCUs_668SrVRoYvfI37gf0YkygtDmlCpAHa0-cuRnfjCpdoDe1vn2-oi526utvjAEMfxag7LpEsxMDPD-MQu3Qj7S5talsV9qpAiFLc7oUbvC8DW_J4XNE4bzRGnTKyXVb_F1EFxSbZB0e82dgaA365iD_S2v0uNA/w271-h380/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(53).gif" width="271" /></a></span></span>The barracks buildings at Oberwiesenfeld were largely spared by the wartime bombs, although many were later demolished. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>In
addition to barracks, there were numerous other military facilities
here, such as the former clothing office of the 1st Army Corps with the
associated living quarters and the military housing complex along
Barbarastraße, the St. Barbara Garrison Church and the municipal Wehramt
(today the Munich City Archive) at Winzererstraße 68. The eastern part
of the barracks in this area which includes Infanteriestrasse,
Barbarastrasse, Elisabethstrasse, Winzererstrasse, and Lothstrasse
received residential and commercial development in the 1950s and 1960s
and the area today is used by the Munich Federal Police Directorate.
From this section of the former barracks, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423105010/http://www.geodaten.bayern.de/tomcat_files/denkmal_start.html">listed buildings still exist </a>on the corner of Elisabethstrasse/Theo-Prosel-Weg and on the corner of Lothstrasse/Winzererstrasse.</span></span></span>Some
remaining sites include two buildings in the north-west of the former
barracks currently are used by various Munich companies. The former
officers' riding arena is now the venue. The former administration
building at Lothstraße 29 at the corner of Winzererstraße serves as the
headquarters of a publishing house. In addition, there administration
building with the officers' mess at Elisabethstraße 79 on the corner of
Theo-Prosel-Weg is a listed building. Apartments that used to belong to
the pioneer department were rented to Munich families until the
beginning of 2010. The demolition of the three-story row of houses near
the former casino began in April 2010.</span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR4GjrABknUZ_fQvAYYpDH_1CKsYoSypbyb5hcV80x0ZxC9kr2O5kxLjtF3D2H9_fWbB15SMB9v3k4EZXXRElnna7c378cKRAO0qbQRFurViLYQapqIQGzBHSo3Aa784opiVJmo7tFdrM/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR4GjrABknUZ_fQvAYYpDH_1CKsYoSypbyb5hcV80x0ZxC9kr2O5kxLjtF3D2H9_fWbB15SMB9v3k4EZXXRElnna7c378cKRAO0qbQRFurViLYQapqIQGzBHSo3Aa784opiVJmo7tFdrM/w400-h189/myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Currently
serving as the Bundesfinanzhof, the highest tax court, from 1933
the judgements here provided the legal justification for the
expropriation of political opponents and Jews, the latter through the
"Reichsfluchtsteuer".</span> As the Reichsfinanzhof, under the Nazis it was the supreme
court in tax matters. In final appeal proceedings it hands down
decisions in cases especially referred to it by law. The Senate of
the Reich Finance Court, composed of five members, including the
chairman, decided in legal complaint cases. At the final vote the
case was decided by the votes of at least three members, including the
chairman. The Reich Finance Court was the supreme authority in
respect to real property taxes, in so far as the taxes are
administered by state offices and <i>Oberfinanzpräsidenten</i>. In addition, upon application of a state government, the Reich Finance Minister could designate the Reich
Finance Court as the supreme court for the taxes of the states, communes, communal associations and religious societies.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBE1Ui3o3YQDlNBw4KcVz8Gy7qmSHwXW5YFG6l2TDZukQjgZK3PSMwD5ttiCx8oCwg5Oyn1oJ80Zc8YjA5GbpuL7-CYLJuN82CYoIbXk_JudOb06TK-oJ1xQf6GdxTir0y8l94jD6J_t5n/s1600/unnamed.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBE1Ui3o3YQDlNBw4KcVz8Gy7qmSHwXW5YFG6l2TDZukQjgZK3PSMwD5ttiCx8oCwg5Oyn1oJ80Zc8YjA5GbpuL7-CYLJuN82CYoIbXk_JudOb06TK-oJ1xQf6GdxTir0y8l94jD6J_t5n/s400/unnamed.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The former site of the Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund (NSDDB). One
of the responsibilities of the National Socialist Association of German
Lecturers, founded in 1935 </span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>as a professional association of university lecturers designed to keep
them in line with Nazi ideology</span></span></span> and located at what is today
Max-Joseph-Straße 4. It was to push for the dismissal of politically
undesirable university lecturers, to run the universities according to
dictatorial principles and to make the curriculum conform with Nazi
ideology. The conditions for bringing the universities into line were
favourable in Munich, for even before 1933 the National Socialist German
Students’ Association at the Technical University had held almost half
the seats on the Students’ Committee.</span> </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Students
eventually had to be members of the <span style="font-style: italic;">Nationalsozialistischen deutschen Studentenbund</span>. The NSDStB, headed
from 1928 to 1933 by Baldur von Schirach,
served to promote the Nazi
way of life through indoctrination with Nazi philosophy, and
included physical training and military drills. </span></span></span>Universities were purged of Jewish, liberal, and social-democrat personnel who were harassed, dismissed,
forced into exile and retirement, and even
imprisoned and replaced by inexperienced and unqualified but reliable Nazi
professors. This was a terrible loss for Germany which had held a position of world
leadership in science but gave Britain and America
many scientists, such as Albert Einstein,
who were forced into exile. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU_oWPxEXSl8ExwtVfDSYRajoF0k401YqcuxkxIrygpZY3zctu-tBVMHX8ZTouWQukMBhqZFBrzi13lpaNbYj3j8XNn1evX4TIajAVDheGmCdVzZlJPWXOPz9noNUJBPBtu-z2HjPWB0o5/s1600/34896e62c7-NSDB-01-01.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="556" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU_oWPxEXSl8ExwtVfDSYRajoF0k401YqcuxkxIrygpZY3zctu-tBVMHX8ZTouWQukMBhqZFBrzi13lpaNbYj3j8XNn1evX4TIajAVDheGmCdVzZlJPWXOPz9noNUJBPBtu-z2HjPWB0o5/s200/34896e62c7-NSDB-01-01.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>University teachers were controlled by the NSDDB.
The new curriculum emphasised the basic
elements of Nazi ideology- racism, nationalism, Germanic culture, duty,
loyalty to the
Führer, soldierly spirit, obedience and discipline. Students were often
required to put aside their books and spend months in military training
and labour camps. With continual rounds of marches, rallies and other
party
activities, the desperate professors had to
ease their requirements drastically in order
to graduate sufficient numbers.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>
<span style="font-size: small;">The educational reforms instituted by
the Nazi regime had catastrophic results.
The traditional German humanism was replaced with politico-racial
institutions dedicated to militarism, racial hatred and aggressive
expansionism. Many young people
began to question the value of obtaining the
once-prestigious <span style="font-style: italic;">Abitur—the </span>graduation
certificate needed to enter a university. By
the late 1930s, many students were dropping
out of school to work as craft apprentices or
industrial trainees. Education—from elementary schools to the universities—became
merely an appendage of the Propaganda
Ministry, intellectual standards declined
precipitously and a whole generation was
the victim of odious indoctrination. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span>
LePage
(93) </span><span><span>
</span><span><span><u>Hitler Youth</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV2oVrmZLmLfshAeE0cP9YeJ9hzfCt6z99NC8a-F404lCE-Bx8fCD9fzQx1VNny5RQtrmwGk0w5N0ZEZtR8lRqLdsMb3EJZZ4RT5XOXRlYQ9jL77iK-7y8tWnMbTSM88md2Gh5IxRon-2o/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252850%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="502" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV2oVrmZLmLfshAeE0cP9YeJ9hzfCt6z99NC8a-F404lCE-Bx8fCD9fzQx1VNny5RQtrmwGk0w5N0ZEZtR8lRqLdsMb3EJZZ4RT5XOXRlYQ9jL77iK-7y8tWnMbTSM88md2Gh5IxRon-2o/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252850%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>T</span>he main building of the Reichszeugmeisterei, built by Paul
Hofer and Karl Johann Fischer, in Tegernseer Landstraße 210 with <span>Nazi </span>flags and a Reichsadler over the entrance portal. The Nazi leadership
demonstrated power and rule with the monumental building in the "<span>rot</span>
Giesing". In 1934, the Nazis bought the site between Tegernseer
Landstrasse, Peter-Auzinger- and Soyerhofstrasse, which had once
belonged to the car body builder Beißbarth. Two years later, the party
bought the Warthof, which had been used as an evangelical orphanage
since 1911. The buildings of the Reichszeugmeisterei, the Reichsautozugs
Deutschland and the Bavarian auxiliary railway were built on the huge,
traffic-heavy situated area from 1935 onwards. In addition to
service buildings and housing blocks for the accommodation of the
employees, a remote heating installation with a widely visible roof was
also installed. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span>The
Reich General Ordnance Depot "was one of the
largest concrete skeleton constructions erected during the Nazi period"
(Kopleck, 73) which housed party vehicles. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Today can be seen the traces
of the <span style="font-style: italic;">reichsadler </span>
above the entrance and, along the sides, surviving reliefs depicting
German enterprise. The Reichszeugmeisterei was the Nazis' central procurement
office and developed into its largest service <span>centre, inspecting </span>the production and distribution of all official equipment and uniforms, such as the brown shirt, <span>Nazi</span> flag and party badge. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrYiRD0dV1ej2ED_xNm5iRIQ_KRZEY141Mcz3O1Hge0P_SZD2dH654w7T_0yfQnkzwX6OX-9OxfNOJknxkJ4blqhBJRpf0IDsExJj-9xV4K1h1IYgV704sN7pVyRDhV9TpSu0Jh-2Mv81B/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252851%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="361" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrYiRD0dV1ej2ED_xNm5iRIQ_KRZEY141Mcz3O1Hge0P_SZD2dH654w7T_0yfQnkzwX6OX-9OxfNOJknxkJ4blqhBJRpf0IDsExJj-9xV4K1h1IYgV704sN7pVyRDhV9TpSu0Jh-2Mv81B/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252851%2529.gif" width="400" /></a>After the <span>war</span>,
the US Army confiscated the largely indestructible buildings as a
barracks, and in 1948 it was named after corporal Francis X. McGraw,
who had fallen in the Rhineland in 19<span>44</span>. The McGraw barracks were the seat of the military government for Bavaria. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Nazi
uniforms and regalia were designed, manufactured, controlled and sold
by the Reichszeugmeisterei<span>,</span> literally the National Material Control
Office, which can be thought of as a government procurement office. The
Reichszeugmeisterei was established at almost the moment that Hitler
took over the government of Germany. By July 1934, the RZM was in place
with a director, staff and offices in Munich at Tegernseer Landstrasse
210. Officially, it had the solitary purpose of selecting suppliers and
sellers of certain NSDAP uniform-related products. It had exclusive
legal authority to design and control quality and costs of uniforms,
badges, medals and other regalia. Since its mission was on behalf of the
Nazi Party as a branch of the Treasury Department, its
jurisdiction included material for use by both the Gliederungen der
NSDAP and Angeschlossende Verbände. Secondarily, the RZM was charged with making sure
that the production of all that they ordered was carried out in “Aryan”
manufacturing plants, with materials of German origin whenever
possible. Producers authorised by the RZM were not allowed to employ
“non–Aryan” workers, and had to give preference to Nazi Party members
when promoting workers and dealers. Each firm authorised to produce or
sell RZM material was issued an RZM registration number and it was
required that the number appear on all finished products they made or
sold. </span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span>Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3XbU1HEyfFkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hitler+Youth,+1922%E2%80%931945:+An+Illustrated+History&source=bl&ots=9ULjg75_n-&sig=qRvj8VMEP9aKhi8dVaUcvuufJc0&hl=en&ei=009zTanKEsv1sgbZ0Y2EDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA"><i>Hitler Youth</i>, <i>1922</i>-<i>1945</i></a>, pp50-51</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a data-mce-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL3sxKZ3TkeZEo0I7WW8afD9slvSAxLs90QmQPBldUm5tNgqs2FN8MDRz0ssuXPXd8gnQZC0J-UyaZC3bPMJK7IPIpm-LKKI9FnnQi0lCmlh9Dl5AEAtaDTAegaqilBfIrMNjOb-6yU20/s1600/union_02_2.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL3sxKZ3TkeZEo0I7WW8afD9slvSAxLs90QmQPBldUm5tNgqs2FN8MDRz0ssuXPXd8gnQZC0J-UyaZC3bPMJK7IPIpm-LKKI9FnnQi0lCmlh9Dl5AEAtaDTAegaqilBfIrMNjOb-6yU20/s1600/union_02_2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL3sxKZ3TkeZEo0I7WW8afD9slvSAxLs90QmQPBldUm5tNgqs2FN8MDRz0ssuXPXd8gnQZC0J-UyaZC3bPMJK7IPIpm-LKKI9FnnQi0lCmlh9Dl5AEAtaDTAegaqilBfIrMNjOb-6yU20/s1600/union_02_2.jpg" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL3sxKZ3TkeZEo0I7WW8afD9slvSAxLs90QmQPBldUm5tNgqs2FN8MDRz0ssuXPXd8gnQZC0J-UyaZC3bPMJK7IPIpm-LKKI9FnnQi0lCmlh9Dl5AEAtaDTAegaqilBfIrMNjOb-6yU20/s1600/union_02_2.jpg" width="318" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" data-mce-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf9NHZ9CQK2KScSPTVj2dCFjG_UoE6yZXtYo7pFp8zbEb96FL9k1rf-jmI7yewoMtQLzbPai9OtMN3IHZrmyfFWkyTEyuV0bxjcjI22Sc_Cyz_xw33PquDmz9adjfJGlU6NdGt8lm9Dqo/s320/7043.jpg" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf9NHZ9CQK2KScSPTVj2dCFjG_UoE6yZXtYo7pFp8zbEb96FL9k1rf-jmI7yewoMtQLzbPai9OtMN3IHZrmyfFWkyTEyuV0bxjcjI22Sc_Cyz_xw33PquDmz9adjfJGlU6NdGt8lm9Dqo/s320/7043.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>In
1895 Josef Schülein established the Unionsbrauerei in Haidling which
quickly developed into one of the largest breweries of Munich. Because
Schülein was a Jew, its beer was often defamed as “<a href="https://www.nordbayern.de/region/roth/schuleins-judenbier-schmeckte-den-nazis-nicht-1.7853224">Jew beer</a>”
and he himself was forced to sacrifice his position on the Supervisory
Board of Löwenbräu in 1933 and retired to his Kaltenberg estate, where
he died on September 9, 1938. He was buried at the New Israelite
Cemetery in the north of Munich. Five of his children had already
emigrated with their families in 1938, including his son Hermann, who
had become manager in the Liebmann Breweries in New York. The youngest
son Fritz was arrested on the evening of Kristallnacht in Kaltenberg and
was able to flee to the US after undergoing "protective custody" in the
Dachau concentration camp; the Kaltenberg Castle family estate was
"aryanised" and only returned in 1949. In Berg am Laim, a district in
Munich, a small street and a square (where the Schülein fountain,
donated in 1928, stands) were named after Schülein. Schüleinstraße and
Schüleinplatz were renamed into Halserspitzstraße and Halserspitzplatz
by the Nazis. On August 7, 1945 the name after Schülein was given again.</span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><b><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Ehemaliger Flughafen Oberwiesenfeld</span></span></span></b></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4SHfZp3RQXLEd1T75YZynTraSqNY2C_hqBs5OiP8U5L_6HKLWExP3ENncBV7QFMJJtKWy9SzGE8n42xQPaJ3vTBwcjdzTNISdNdoR3wBsXo1-HSXYqYdMbsKESd6G3qmGVxbPmgYvOI8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4SHfZp3RQXLEd1T75YZynTraSqNY2C_hqBs5OiP8U5L_6HKLWExP3ENncBV7QFMJJtKWy9SzGE8n42xQPaJ3vTBwcjdzTNISdNdoR3wBsXo1-HSXYqYdMbsKESd6G3qmGVxbPmgYvOI8/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> The <span>a</span>irport administration buildings with a Junkers D 1758 in 1931.<span> </span>As early as the late 19th century, the military field <span>a<span>t </span></span>Oberwiesenfeld was <span>identified</span>
as a suitable location for the emerging air traffic. In 1890 the
"Luftschiffer-Lehrabteilung" of the Bavarian army was founded. On the
drill field, hot air balloons and zeppelins <span>took off</span>
and landed as did, from 1909, simple aircraft. After the First World
War its use was limited to civil aviation. The equipment of the airfield
was very modest, as there were missing buildings for the repair of the
airplanes and for waiting passages. In 1927, the city council of Munich
issued a planning contract, which envisaged the expansion of
Oberwiesenfeld as an "airport of the first order". After completion of
the hangar and the modern administration building, the aeroport was
opened on May 3, 1931 by Lord Mayor Karl Scharnagl. Due to the rapidly
increasing number of passengers, it was already clear shortly after the
opening that the airport on the Oberwiesenfeld would soon be too small.
Due to the adjacent development, the airport could not be extended.
After the completion of the new Munich-Riem traffic lane in 1939, the
Luftwaffe used the Oberwiesenfeld airport<span>.</span> After the war it was confiscated by the American armed forces and then used by private pilots until the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">airport buildings were demolished in 1968 in the course of the design of the Olympics park<span> for the 1972 Munich Olympic Games</span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQHNledxO6DfkXi7tRQjNRAPwIB6FwjF0f0QW5KsdSWyFzt7qxwrZEiaKoK3yQCIJ69EGE-OHS1U2edA3zy57NBT5oFMYImWo-EpMM2US4c0YGZQ3xIAoRVBd3IypVsQtQVgQ0FP5vW78/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQHNledxO6DfkXi7tRQjNRAPwIB6FwjF0f0QW5KsdSWyFzt7qxwrZEiaKoK3yQCIJ69EGE-OHS1U2edA3zy57NBT5oFMYImWo-EpMM2US4c0YGZQ3xIAoRVBd3IypVsQtQVgQ0FP5vW78/w400-h133/1myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Standing
outside Reinhard Heydrich's former home at Zuccalistraße 4 near
Nymphenburg castle. In September 1932 the Security forces had its seat
at this small villaas well. Of this house his
wife Lina wrote "[w]hen unexpected visitors arrive, the architecture
of the house makes it possible for us to make everything disappear
in time. Our dog gives us plenty of warning."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span>At
the end of the war, Heydrich's widow returned to the island of
Fehmarn with her surviving children. She owned and ran a hotel and
restaurant. The Finnish theatre director and poet Mauno Manninen was a frequent guest at the hotel. He took pity on the
difficulties she experienced as a result of her infamous name and
offered to marry her to enable her to change it. They married in 1965
but did not live together. She died on August 14, 1985.</span></span><br /><a href="http://tracesofevil.blogspot.com/search/label/Prague?updated-max=2008-01-18T20%3A12%3A00-08%3A00&max-results=20"><span style="font-weight: bold;">See the special Prague section on Operation Anthropoid</span></a></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Schloss </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nymphenburg</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdarhJ4jdSPqoKK19H5A4v1_BtmUp8HE3OGgYoB3WcyUoaTlaqz-A0ojUDjGhLAwqb8X7-vcthcRsiLZqk1td1M4t4UqgC_oWqZlLF9VPcCNOy2ySndwDp8SphsIlwFkTkjhyphenhyphenAcqB34mnS/s1600/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="429" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdarhJ4jdSPqoKK19H5A4v1_BtmUp8HE3OGgYoB3WcyUoaTlaqz-A0ojUDjGhLAwqb8X7-vcthcRsiLZqk1td1M4t4UqgC_oWqZlLF9VPcCNOy2ySndwDp8SphsIlwFkTkjhyphenhyphenAcqB34mnS/w459-h312/ezgif.com-crop+%25281%2529.gif" width="459" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Huge Nazi flags in front and the wife at the site today. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Within
walking distance of Heydrich's house is this, the biggest Baroque
palace in Germany, and site of the 1938 Nazi production of</span><span> "De Nacht van de Amazonen"seen during the 1930s and today. </span></span></span></span></span></span>The
opulent façade and intricate interiors of Schloss Nymphenburg, a
Baroque palace in Munich, Germany, belie its complex historical
significance, particularly during the Nazi era. Far from being a mere
architectural marvel, the palace served as a potent symbol and a
functional space for the Nazis. Hobsbawm argues that symbols and
architecture often serve as "invented traditions," created or repurposed
to establish a sense of continuity with a selectively interpreted past.
In the case of Schloss Nymphenburg, the Nazis sought to connect their
ideology with the grandeur and authority symbolised by the palace,
thereby legitimising their regime. The palace, originally built as a
summer residence for the rulers of Bavaria, was transformed into a space
that hosted important Nazi meetings and events. The appropriation of
such a historically significant site allowed the Nazis to project an
image of power and historical continuity, aligning themselves with the
perceived greatness of the German past. Indeed, the palace wasn't merely
a backdrop but an active participant in the shaping of Nazi ideology;
its halls and rooms were the settings for discussions, decisions, and
proclamations that would have far-reaching consequences. Evans notes
that the palace served practical purposes, including hosting foreign
dignitaries and serving as a locale for party functions. The grandeur of
the palace was exploited to impress and intimidate, a tactic that was
part of the larger Nazi strategy of using spectacle as a means of
control. The Nazis were keenly aware of the power of aesthetics and used
Schloss Nymphenburg as a stage on which to perform their political
theatre. The palace was more than a symbol; it was a tool, repurposed to
fit the needs of a regime keen on using every available resource to
propagate its ideology.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjAtU253bryA38RG9RDGBqQtt5fJmub5YGiCsXQaudAjn9Ghzsque-AIgJSluvhuTv0uCAYQeVqvt2sDWqYkyeSdAcGHlSbYi4m-t7vDeplv5bjo8RznHv9XWXVZKTBn0KglsBy4BxCXeOXJ-OsEvB6zBmLpDbQCBaUY7OsP4YXPABcQPiDivGheKg-X3f/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%20(1).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="320" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjAtU253bryA38RG9RDGBqQtt5fJmub5YGiCsXQaudAjn9Ghzsque-AIgJSluvhuTv0uCAYQeVqvt2sDWqYkyeSdAcGHlSbYi4m-t7vDeplv5bjo8RznHv9XWXVZKTBn0KglsBy4BxCXeOXJ-OsEvB6zBmLpDbQCBaUY7OsP4YXPABcQPiDivGheKg-X3f/w457-h340/ezgif.com-optimize%20(1).gif" width="457" /></a></div>This
transformation of Schloss Nymphenburg into a Nazi stronghold also had
implications for the German populace and the international community. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>On the right </span></span><span><span><span><span><span>the site is shown during the so-called <span style="font-style: italic;">Day of German Art Festival</span> during the weekend of July 14-16, 1939. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The
appropriation of a cultural landmark for political purposes served as a
powerful propaganda tool. By associating themselves with the palace,
the Nazis were not just claiming a physical space but were also staking a
claim to German history and culture. This association wasn't lost on
Germans, for whom Schloss Nymphenburg was a symbol of national heritage.
The palace's new role as a Nazi edifice made it complicit in the
regime's actions, turning it from a neutral architectural marvel into a
politically charged site. Mazower contends that the Nazis were masters
of manipulating public opinion through carefully orchestrated displays
of power and authority. Schloss Nymphenburg, with its historical
significance and architectural grandeur, provided the perfect setting
for such displays. The palace became a stage where the Nazi vision for
Germany was articulated and performed, a vision that was disseminated
through propaganda to reach even those who had never set foot in the
palace. The use of such a culturally significant site for political
purposes had a profound impact on how the Nazi regime was perceived,
both domestically and internationally.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Whilst
the symbolic and utilitarian roles of Schloss Nymphenburg have been
well-documented, the palace's influence on Nazi ideology and
policy-making is an area that merits further exploration. The palace was
not merely a venue for official functions and propaganda; it was also a
space where key decisions were made and ideological tenets were
formulated. Arendt posits that totalitarian regimes often use grand
settings to create an aura that enhances the gravity of their
ideological pronouncements. In the case of Schloss Nymphenburg, the
palace's historical weight and architectural splendor provided an ideal
setting for the formulation and dissemination of Nazi policies. The
palace's grand halls and opulent rooms were more than mere venues; they
were spaces that lent an air of authority and legitimacy to the Nazi
regime's ideological constructs. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYjRB2LT2c-Bc4HMXVSfybORs3_PNqDSymkglu3FJao2vpkQk442fvXedBj8bhTNECHGAB08stjdgl5GIX29yHrlVinZV_o4-wPUjMHeN9INxFwyRuc54aI1rrCkUtH3bhSPnfThxvu9MYm0vz68DY9rvwDTyNMikb15KQ-YmyUCefMLSiCkUvXPLAi84O/s320/ezgif.com-optimize(3).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="320" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYjRB2LT2c-Bc4HMXVSfybORs3_PNqDSymkglu3FJao2vpkQk442fvXedBj8bhTNECHGAB08stjdgl5GIX29yHrlVinZV_o4-wPUjMHeN9INxFwyRuc54aI1rrCkUtH3bhSPnfThxvu9MYm0vz68DY9rvwDTyNMikb15KQ-YmyUCefMLSiCkUvXPLAi84O/w399-h274/ezgif.com-optimize(3).gif" width="399" /></a></div>The palace also served as a meeting place for high-ranking Nazi officials, including Hitler, Himmler, and Goebbels. On the left </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>is shown Rudolf Heß at the site and today with Drake Winston. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These
meetings were not mere social gatherings but were instrumental in
shaping the policies and strategies of the Nazi regime. The choice of
Schloss Nymphenburg as a meeting place was not arbitrary; it was a
calculated move designed to lend an air of historical gravitas to the
regime's decisions. Moreover, the palace was a space where international
diplomacy was conducted. Shirer notes that Schloss Nymphenburg was
often used to host foreign dignitaries and diplomats, serving as a stage
where the Nazi regime could present itself as a legitimate and
authoritative government. The palace's grandeur was not just for
domestic consumption but was also intended to impress and intimidate the
international community. The choice of such a historically significant
venue for diplomatic activities was a clear signal of the regime's
aspirations for international recognition and respect.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Furthermore,
the palace was not just a passive setting but was actively used to
propagate Nazi ideology. Artworks and historical artifacts within the
palace were carefully curated to reflect the regime's worldview. This
was part of a broader strategy to rewrite history and redefine German
culture in terms that were consistent with Nazi ideology. The palace,
with its rich history and cultural significance, was an ideal venue for
this revisionist exercise.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVLJBayibK7rVboEL7bEtHMuDY-X28q7F9suZgqks2Kk8REOE4Ym5Y1NJZ_8iQFcGawmyfIzlrFhrki0AY5LCZ7ZfognXz4Zn5E9BUwiOFb7LlHgV1ZDX0_8tLCUqMpnEMOiu59AH2E4Fi/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="614" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVLJBayibK7rVboEL7bEtHMuDY-X28q7F9suZgqks2Kk8REOE4Ym5Y1NJZ_8iQFcGawmyfIzlrFhrki0AY5LCZ7ZfognXz4Zn5E9BUwiOFb7LlHgV1ZDX0_8tLCUqMpnEMOiu59AH2E4Fi/w799-h342/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="799" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Kershaw
observes that the Nazi regime was keen on cultivating a sense of
national pride and unity, and historical sites like Schloss Nymphenburg
were instrumental in this endeavour. The palace was not just preserved
as a relic of the past but was actively incorporated into the Nazi
narrative. Its history was rewritten to emphasise aspects that were in
line with Nazi ideology, such as martial prowess and Aryan heritage,
whilst downplaying or erasing elements that did not fit this narrative.
This selective curation was not an isolated act but part of a larger
strategy to reshape German identity in accordance with Nazi principles.
The palace also served as a repository for artworks and cultural
artifacts that were deemed to be of significant value to the German
people. These items were not just preserved but were also displayed in a
manner that reinforced the Nazi worldview. Burleigh notes that the
regime was highly selective in its choice of artworks, favouring those
that depicted themes of heroism, struggle, and racial purity. This
curation was not a mere aesthetic choice but a calculated move to
influence public perception and to instill a sense of national pride
that was aligned with Nazi values. Moreover, the palace was used as a
venue for cultural events that were designed to propagate Nazi ideology.
These events were not mere entertainments but were imbued with
political significance. They were carefully staged to convey specific
messages and to elicit emotional responses that would reinforce the
regime's ideological tenets. The choice of Schloss Nymphenburg as the
venue for these events was deliberate, leveraging the palace's
historical significance to lend an air of authenticity and gravitas to
the proceedings.<br /></span></span></div></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEhL_0VUDqjb62_hFWkP-cZERn_cfg0xiffR6rreSgj-7KpZIcR6UQ_BIqPCm2XLGqkss8XNeVOCBK8-Ge6z6E_6XlvJsyKox1l4KyYq1ye_D0N-sfZi190URpiU15ePtWnrCg2JK1sB4s/s1600/y"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5557158480295669026" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEhL_0VUDqjb62_hFWkP-cZERn_cfg0xiffR6rreSgj-7KpZIcR6UQ_BIqPCm2XLGqkss8XNeVOCBK8-Ge6z6E_6XlvJsyKox1l4KyYq1ye_D0N-sfZi190URpiU15ePtWnrCg2JK1sB4s/s400/y" style="cursor: pointer; height: 242px; width: 310px;" /> </a><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='290' height='242' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyRLaTj9B080bhqQt2oN8OyOmeRD3K9SPCSB4653EwjeXnhEXaktWt7030alSErhbDEmcMaH7yeFucOEjDLsA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Rarely
seen amateur colour footage filmed in Friedberg and Munich in 1938
showing the night masquerade "De Nacht van de Amazonen." The mayor of
Munich obtained from the local Gauleiter the permission for the girls on
the chariots to parade with sexy costumes. It took place on July 27,
1936, July 31, 1937, July 30, 1938, and July 29, 1939. In the post-war
years, it was concealed and forgotten, until in 1989 Herbert
Rosendorfer's novel of the same title brought the event back into the
public consciousness.</span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Q8TdYSQj2KJcg2xM57VW2or5-1XpePqIwt_39HUQcs1i5IwebGrxowjbZG80F_vPz6CS3L5h1ZnN2v7mOM0FfanjYrgJHGMBfcsvn7L6oYH_LKS1rLX6QLjVLzaWl9NCtaMWuhC4HHip/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-02-17+at+16.02.51.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="293" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Q8TdYSQj2KJcg2xM57VW2or5-1XpePqIwt_39HUQcs1i5IwebGrxowjbZG80F_vPz6CS3L5h1ZnN2v7mOM0FfanjYrgJHGMBfcsvn7L6oYH_LKS1rLX6QLjVLzaWl9NCtaMWuhC4HHip/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-02-17+at+16.02.51.png" width="237" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>New York correspondent </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Ernest R. Pope</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
described the two and a half hours of scene after scene in the park
behind the Nymphenburg Castle in 1936 consisting of over one hundred
practically naked girls took part, 700 horses and 2,000 performers -
including many ϟϟ guards, wearing costumes of the 17th century. The
women, clad in the tightest pair of panties, held spears in their hands
and sat dispassionately as Amazons on horses. Others, also in panties </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>with butterfly wings on their arms</span></span></span>,
danced in the grass in the glare of searchlights set up by Wilhelm
Hindelang. Under the motto "The festival stands and falls with the
lighting" he worked out the lighting plans and provided lighting
effects, in particular the coloured lighting of the water features and
groups of trees by underwater floodlights and mercury vapour lamps. The
installed power cables at Nymphenburger Park doubled to more than 7000
metres. In the western half of the stage, 38 towers measuring 40 x 40 cm
and nine metres in height were built. In addition, four towers were
built for large floodlights in the size of 1.90 x 2.50 metres and
eighteen metres height and sixteen pieces about twenty metres high light
power masts on the ground floor paths. Along the linden-lined high
avenue on the central canal 103 further headlights were installed. Much
of the lighting and the telephone system for the direction and lighting
instructions were provided by the Wehrmacht. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsqPlMdSwAfi58RjjYqto6moKTaXS2RyxrVh81VS5Ltx18_TuUm0NmmsQ9KswXrnY7uH8LJz22vGbHDK8XMUfHnpf-05-1ShKyP_goq4yv8X6fLN2gczIsyyqZY7ncdNC78abWAkf-t0rE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-02-17+at+16.21.40.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="179" data-original-width="493" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsqPlMdSwAfi58RjjYqto6moKTaXS2RyxrVh81VS5Ltx18_TuUm0NmmsQ9KswXrnY7uH8LJz22vGbHDK8XMUfHnpf-05-1ShKyP_goq4yv8X6fLN2gczIsyyqZY7ncdNC78abWAkf-t0rE/w767-h278/Screen+Shot+2018-02-17+at+16.21.40.png" width="767" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Gl9ZsbEjn9Pj-N6VBwAAApvLZOIhmpJaCCJgU4hDLgAP4fyxYVA325W_5IJiLt0BuedFF7PE34Frg-EVIrpm7ZIkc6BUNp08tbAQ-JnmjWoVK_UbrGyUwGqlcCYiEzAQr_EirrEzpCRS/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-02-17+at+16.21.52.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="378" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Gl9ZsbEjn9Pj-N6VBwAAApvLZOIhmpJaCCJgU4hDLgAP4fyxYVA325W_5IJiLt0BuedFF7PE34Frg-EVIrpm7ZIkc6BUNp08tbAQ-JnmjWoVK_UbrGyUwGqlcCYiEzAQr_EirrEzpCRS/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-02-17+at+16.21.52.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span> Other
women still wore nothing but silver paint on their bodies, posing on
horse-drawn carriages as naked goddesses- Diana, the goddess of the
hunt; the Amazon queen, wearing a large feathered helmet; Venus, the
goddess of love, painted silvery in front of a shell; even a Chinese
temple goddess. Christian Weber increasingly turned to his knowledge,
which he had won in 1937 when visiting the Paris World's Fair that "the
naked German girls look better than the French." For the Night of the
Amazons he concluded that "all we have to do is take them off and put
them in the spotlight." From 1938, the number increased only with
skin-coloured briefs-dressed girls. For the first time, 150 bronzed male
and female participants were deployed, who under significant health
risks from top to bottom were painted with gold-coloured theatrical
make-up. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The police were at times unable to restrain the masses outside the area.</span></span></span>
Every year members of the Gestapo meticulously searched the spacious
area of the Nymphenburg Palace. Finally, the presence of Hitler was
hoped for </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>although he preferred instead the Bayreuth Festival that took place at the same time</span></span></span>.
Prince Adalbert of Bavaria who lived with his family in Nymphenburg
Palace, described the prevailing excitement. His family and he was
forbidden to open window during this period or to receive visitors. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu2IFmb-GZ4wDT3vzoTri2QGcSI39iDYMUXJF5my52z4PxYelzJm1WHz5mwNS3mw6wpBEW31IuEi2d5INX9TVkoMCBEeUZ4We7zz73QkSTou_1DK_v-SEvRcQ8dMbb0mLe9hpWAV8wvSd4/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252894%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="600" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu2IFmb-GZ4wDT3vzoTri2QGcSI39iDYMUXJF5my52z4PxYelzJm1WHz5mwNS3mw6wpBEW31IuEi2d5INX9TVkoMCBEeUZ4We7zz73QkSTou_1DK_v-SEvRcQ8dMbb0mLe9hpWAV8wvSd4/s640/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252894%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA2Fd4pNmejqxljeNhg6-3-Wjmh4d8NaDjdPbHDXoDlwl8wS7SPNQih5kkeihU72WKy9eeUhcSGPVszSUQ8kQy107e0gVx0c4PnB5_xxAgt8V0Ht3W18dbixEIFKTVZytuucEng5FNEa7J/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252893%2529.gif" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA2Fd4pNmejqxljeNhg6-3-Wjmh4d8NaDjdPbHDXoDlwl8wS7SPNQih5kkeihU72WKy9eeUhcSGPVszSUQ8kQy107e0gVx0c4PnB5_xxAgt8V0Ht3W18dbixEIFKTVZytuucEng5FNEa7J/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252893%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 269px;" /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMRpEJqublxItaK1k-Exxbwr1tdNBG7IQIWMAbmNgzldEv5r9kAoqUfzYD-wefmuvIqmc93Ob-Pi7hMKNLK_fSTQO05aTmdc9Typrwk2HbBfpukYCO6DeGLEbN1JjdsPCUtwqe9D7Pd9mE/s320/ezgif.com-crop+%25283%2529.gif" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMRpEJqublxItaK1k-Exxbwr1tdNBG7IQIWMAbmNgzldEv5r9kAoqUfzYD-wefmuvIqmc93Ob-Pi7hMKNLK_fSTQO05aTmdc9Typrwk2HbBfpukYCO6DeGLEbN1JjdsPCUtwqe9D7Pd9mE/s320/ezgif.com-crop+%25283%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 378px;" /><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>The palace was one of the location sites for Last Year at Marienbad (another covered here being <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/2002/02/blog-post.html">Schließheim palace</a>)
including the iconic scene where the people cast long shadows but the
trees don't because the shadows were painted and the scene shot on an
overcast day.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span>Grünwalder Stadion </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbbiQSEpf8CLvzqMEyfjKFFPUz-vktAQppyDU4NAkBge74AUkKYs2SSQGwJgkMx0ZydSDYL1cDEZO3vydoZHbJ6udWEXkDhNLzZe8P5TnI4UdM5IiKAEy6W9tF2MHQwiV0xu6cMDXvol-lbDR1xAVTAlrthO1UeN_kd-3j0YjQJucQFBWSrZJzzSdgjg/s408/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(2).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Grünwalder Stadion" border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="408" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbbiQSEpf8CLvzqMEyfjKFFPUz-vktAQppyDU4NAkBge74AUkKYs2SSQGwJgkMx0ZydSDYL1cDEZO3vydoZHbJ6udWEXkDhNLzZe8P5TnI4UdM5IiKAEy6W9tF2MHQwiV0xu6cMDXvol-lbDR1xAVTAlrthO1UeN_kd-3j0YjQJucQFBWSrZJzzSdgjg/w400-h265/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(2).gif" title="Grünwalder Stadion" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>Grünwalder Stadion <i>einst und jetzt</i>. It was built in 1911 and was the home ground for TSV 1860 München until 1995.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>
In 1937, 1860 Munich had to sell the stadium to the city, which later
bought it after it was <a href="https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/panorama/Bombenfund-im-Gruenwalder-Stadion-So-viele-Blindgaenger-lauern-noch-bei-uns-im-Boden-id20300261.html">destroyed during the war </a>when, i</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>n
the autumn of 1943, the stadium was heavily hit by two Royal Air Force
bombs. During the first attack on September 7, an explosive bomb
destroyed the western half of the seat base. Parts of the hall were
destroyed by two more explosive bombs. The second attack on October 2
left behind seven large bombs on the field, the caster and the ramparts.
The eastern part of the main tribune was now also destroyed. The wooden
roof of the hall was completely burnt down, the western part of the
grandstand was closed, the eastern part had survived the attacks with
only slight damage. TSV 1860, FC Bayern and FC Wacker were moved to the
Dantestadion after the first attack. When this was also hit by bombs,
the clubs had to look for other places. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3lBqahmmS4klC3VsbwrY37LrrfvWjVu8zhmrFut-rQf1Y9uDt9hi2hs519m5VwljiR4nhWAiOpJjgVv1xcUQXhXSkNXNrOnPPDiNIerXrz-z49S8XW6booPhiyI9Y5kf7SS5KhpdGjlQlhKdNcLUCJt2oYI_SwqimHuJIyxjayKU8TOMuDQJA5aeaLA/s287/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(8).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="287" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3lBqahmmS4klC3VsbwrY37LrrfvWjVu8zhmrFut-rQf1Y9uDt9hi2hs519m5VwljiR4nhWAiOpJjgVv1xcUQXhXSkNXNrOnPPDiNIerXrz-z49S8XW6booPhiyI9Y5kf7SS5KhpdGjlQlhKdNcLUCJt2oYI_SwqimHuJIyxjayKU8TOMuDQJA5aeaLA/w348-h289/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(8).gif" width="348" /></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Aerial
photograph on the left showing the result of two air raids on July 19, 1944 leaving a crater
circled in yellow and today. Whilst the air war was increasingly
affecting the people of Munich and turning their hometown into a
landscape of ruins, FC Bayern celebrated its only two Gauliga
championships during the Nazi era. By now the league was reduced to
southern and upper Bavaria. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">During construction work inside the stadium began the day after the
last home game of the A-Jugend der Sechzger on May 20 2012, the
discovery of a dud from the war, which<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/weltkriegsbombe-im-gruenwalder-stadion-in-muenchen-entschaerft-a-835192.html"> lay under the penalty area</a> in front of the east curve, caused a stir.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="text-align: left;"> The 225 kilogramme bomb was found only one metre under the turf of the penalty area last week. </span><span style="text-align: left;">Police
closed off the site and evacuated surrounding buildings before a team
of experts got down to work defusing and removing the bomb. Thirty
minutes later the scare was over. </span><span style="text-align: left;">Until
the opening of the Olympic Stadium in 1972 and the moving of FC Bayern
to its new ground, the Grünwalder Stadion was home to both Munich clubs
and served as venue for fourteen international games. For decades, stars
like Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Sepp Maier or even Brazilian
legend Pelé literally ran only a few inches above a fully functioning
bomb.</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div><div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjujEYsTMVBJ_oWGMlYQlY37Yb5bfIUzDWtthJBRGOLCT9KtFHhmPa9Eia2nmKm4RVmjvbNx9vz4In7WAEL9StT0ZRpBTFDGJJmbBb8oE6qO3r_3pM8dKo4WtxgCfqDr3m3cRGq_hONIBCPPMkiNfrwUAaVTYaqd1t6WkISqo8F0jp-osYy_j937Pn0ag/s350/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(7).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="350" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjujEYsTMVBJ_oWGMlYQlY37Yb5bfIUzDWtthJBRGOLCT9KtFHhmPa9Eia2nmKm4RVmjvbNx9vz4In7WAEL9StT0ZRpBTFDGJJmbBb8oE6qO3r_3pM8dKo4WtxgCfqDr3m3cRGq_hONIBCPPMkiNfrwUAaVTYaqd1t6WkISqo8F0jp-osYy_j937Pn0ag/w400-h260/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(7).gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">TSV 1860 München giving the Hitler salute. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Alongside Werder Bremen and VfB Stuttgart, 1860 Munich was <a href="https://www.planet-wissen.de/gesellschaft/sport/fussballgeschichte/pwiefussballimnationalsozialismus100.html">one of the first major German football clubs</a>
to show a clear sympathy for the Nazis even before 1933. In the case of
1860, Nazi Party and SA members such as Fritz Ebenböck, Sebastian
Gleixner and Emil Ketterer took over almost all important posts in the
association. As early as September 1933, the club decided to adopt the
so-called Führerprinzip at a general meeting of the gymnastics club and
in March 1934 all departments joined the Nazi "Turn- und Sportverein
München von 1860". Under the new head of the association,
SA-Sturmbannfuhrer Fritz Ebenböck, a new uniform statute was also
passed, which also included the "Aryan paragraph" which meant the end
for the few remaining Jewish members of the club. In 1942, TSV won its
first national title with the Tschammerpokal (forerunner of the
DFB-Pokal), named after Reichssportführer Hans von Tschammer und Osten
who, from 1933, served as Reich sports leader and commissioner in the
German Reich and as chairman of the "German Reich Association for
Physical Exercise" (DRL) and the " National Socialist Reich Association
for Physical Exercise." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG-_p3_A49EQ22Lqu8BseOCZjZVZiN29kQHs9l5WjhHx0Ds5ulnOQu8ftW_I7OY2YJq_tg5JxAU6GIf4u28d8ltnzkhSBdyfKnNKNyXakd68dr7GTBTTQN1FVZOjyWpJJfPe42KpSVsp-9rGNFTqk0Sdv_HHqPbPoQ18UHqLms0JOwi5sNFcw4Yj54cg/s285/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(9).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="190" data-original-width="285" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG-_p3_A49EQ22Lqu8BseOCZjZVZiN29kQHs9l5WjhHx0Ds5ulnOQu8ftW_I7OY2YJq_tg5JxAU6GIf4u28d8ltnzkhSBdyfKnNKNyXakd68dr7GTBTTQN1FVZOjyWpJJfPe42KpSVsp-9rGNFTqk0Sdv_HHqPbPoQ18UHqLms0JOwi5sNFcw4Yj54cg/w400-h267/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(9).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Whilst
1860 was initially able to prevent itself from being occupied by the
Nazis, Nazi city council member Sebastian Gleixner, "<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TSV_1860_M%C3%BCnchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en#:~:text=Historical%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Bavaria%20%E2%80%93%20TSV%20Munich%20from%201860">one of the most ruthless ringleaders of the Nazi Party in Munich</a>",
took over as head of the football department as a high-ranking NS
functionary. The club's relationship with the Nazi Party allowed it to
save itself from bankruptcy in the 1930s. The
last game of the war took place as late as April 23 1945, when FC
Bayern Munich, ‘Gaumeister’ of 1945, beat their local rivals TSV 1860
Munich 3–2. Below, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">1860
has always had problems with neo-Nazis amongst their fan scene,
gathering in Block 132 of Allianz Arena in the middle of the north curve
where one can find stickers emblazoned with the slogan "National
Socialists - Nationwide Action" or </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">"Shit §86a" - a reference to the article banning unconstitutional symbols. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Neo-Nazis groups such as the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">"Feldherren" or "Kraken" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">have also distributed leaflets promoting "Heroes' Memorial March" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt34FlUpPqffGfABzXcTgW833I2krxxaNmbRrrt-OIuFytedLXyirV11V9ct3YpFIx6uipv6tVE8iefV-eOLeOzJt_oVn1HfBnI_rlVedYW5g4ISjgt77shNwFC9p0GjahcCL8RdGTqTriFjlC3GeHzzxyaOrSosxj16l8J6Wbw4ckQncUsWHcR3n2MA/s1090/Screenshot%202023-02-23%20at%2013.53.36.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="690" data-original-width="1090" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt34FlUpPqffGfABzXcTgW833I2krxxaNmbRrrt-OIuFytedLXyirV11V9ct3YpFIx6uipv6tVE8iefV-eOLeOzJt_oVn1HfBnI_rlVedYW5g4ISjgt77shNwFC9p0GjahcCL8RdGTqTriFjlC3GeHzzxyaOrSosxj16l8J6Wbw4ckQncUsWHcR3n2MA/s320/Screenshot%202023-02-23%20at%2013.53.36.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Playing amateur team composed of members of ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Amongst the hundred or so who make up these groups include well-known neo-Nazis such as <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/urteil-neonazi-wiese-zu-sieben-jahren-haft-verurteilt-a-354653.html">convicted right-wing terrorist Martin Wiese</a>
who, in 2003, planned a bomb attack on the Jewish centre in Munich.
They can be recognised wearing Thor Steinar or other Nazi cult brands,
either bald or have their hair cropped short, and have been heard
singing songs such as "Ajax is a Jewish club" or "Augsburger Zigeuner
[gypsy]." To this day, TSV 1860's Nazi-related role during the Nazi era
is still not mentioned on it's <a href="http://www.tsv1860.de/tsv-1860/verein/geschichte">official website</a>. However, the association now supports the fan group "<a href="https://www-loewen--fans--gegen--rechts-com.translate.goog/?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en">Lion Fans Against the Right</a>" in existence since 1995 , and also the time-sensitive book project "<a href="https://www-merkur-de.translate.goog/lokales/muenchen/maxvorstadt-ort43329/projekt-gegen-rassismus-bayern-und-loewen-gemeinsam-rot-und-blau-gegen-braun-zr-9721844.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en">The Lions Under the Swastika</a>". </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>TSV
1860 München had no
problem cleansing itself from the Jews and non-Germans at the time they
were asked to, which gives FC Bayern the claim to enjoy a clear
advantage today, in the
pride that they should have over the resistance to the movement but
which they downplay apparently fearing financial blowback from Arab
countries.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="float: left; margin: 0px 0px 5px 10px;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='350' height='300' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dygsXHfu0rao1g7UekLuYeuqhQfQ10ECASPjaxkvoY6hwJj4UgGOrHjd862OZwaRp9Mk44PX--paMgE2Sv0' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The stadium is immortal for serving as the site of <i>The Philosophers' Football Match</i>, a Monty Python sketch originally featured in the second <i>Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus, </i>one
of two 45-minute Monty Python German television comedy specials
produced by WDR for West German television. The two episodes were first
broadcast in January and December 1972 and were shot entirely on film
and mostly on location in Bavaria where the </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Pythons attended Oktoberfest and Olympiastadion in Munich, and also visited the nearby Dachau concentration camp.</span></span></span></span></span>This
sketch depicts a football match supposedly in the Olympiastadion at the
1972 Munich Olympics
between philosophers representing Greece and Germany. With just over a
minute of the match remaining Archimedes cries out "Eureka!", takes the
first kick of the ball and rushes towards the German goal. After several
passes through a perplexed German defence, Socrates scores the only
goal of the match in a diving header off a cross from Archimedes. The
Germans dispute the call, with the match commentator stating that "Hegel
is arguing that the reality is merely an <i>a priori </i>adjunct of
non-naturalistic ethics, Kant via the categorical imperative is holding
that ontologically it exists only in the imagination, and Marx is
claiming it was offside." In fact, the replay shows that Socrates was
indeed offside but, nevertheless, the Greeks win.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQkwUsDAvnKUmkQP6g-eFKWCM8G7py9y_oOfJ4W-nAUSb2m0kH9FLkdHD3k3k_ODe4JfHt4_4Ssb1n3Dlqj3PqAMJo94k42ELKkTfNdsbGfRdJbpUNZmoVeAQgre-oIZSU3f_FDUnmeLL8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="612" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQkwUsDAvnKUmkQP6g-eFKWCM8G7py9y_oOfJ4W-nAUSb2m0kH9FLkdHD3k3k_ODe4JfHt4_4Ssb1n3Dlqj3PqAMJo94k42ELKkTfNdsbGfRdJbpUNZmoVeAQgre-oIZSU3f_FDUnmeLL8/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The Grünwald Sportschule still appears to have its Nazi-era statues at its entrance </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcgFJg1BMga8TiKaWQRvQh-LVgWTjiPLcJhcY1wKMW8dB0CUZinav74Bhi7T7R45C6GRdCnJs0TFmcfnK9tWEgpglUnhH3ZB9jnnU4oCuCrSAEI0gNCwYq4ZVe2AlVyhraB_SdinIDMYp_AjD0Ne3aK7TMdIPisPkUQHReFpI5nE_90GmE7L2MK2JFdA/s1484/Screenshot%202023-02-23%20at%2012.28.07.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="838" data-original-width="1484" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcgFJg1BMga8TiKaWQRvQh-LVgWTjiPLcJhcY1wKMW8dB0CUZinav74Bhi7T7R45C6GRdCnJs0TFmcfnK9tWEgpglUnhH3ZB9jnnU4oCuCrSAEI0gNCwYq4ZVe2AlVyhraB_SdinIDMYp_AjD0Ne3aK7TMdIPisPkUQHReFpI5nE_90GmE7L2MK2JFdA/w413-h265/Screenshot%202023-02-23%20at%2012.28.07.png" width="413" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>With Drake Winston at Allianz Arena, home of the rival Munich team, Bayern München, whose history is quite different. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In
1900, the “Männerturnverein München 1879” was turned into “Fußball-Club
Bayern München e.V.”. The founders wanted to be pioneers, creating this
team
with the idea of making it a tolerant, liberal and cosmopolitan club. In
order to name it in a way relating to the region the headquarters were
going to be, the name “FC Bayern München” seemed suitable. The founders
on the other hand, were not from Munich, instead originating from Baden,
Sachsen, Berlin or Dortmund. They were a team made up of students,
artists and/or merchants. Four of the members, Benno Elkan, Josef
Pollack, Walter Bensemann and Gus Manning were of Jewish heritage. They
were essential to the planning and execution of founding this soccer
club. </span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjs1PoeDQHU5O8KaIpzaySZqyKAcgGFPaYM7MFKYtZbwX-xXHqQQJH51A1tgl8m_Bmr4ZoYWea2q2rhxzi8tsuwgbK_nqwUBQMNzeAC5IWgu1ySVOlw3IYgi3IbxOc9b_ztSdZZosvep9W5BOGGvWp1nWcevaRxTi6uM2zf2yd9P6H0I1-EOInajq0-Ew=s375" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="375" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjs1PoeDQHU5O8KaIpzaySZqyKAcgGFPaYM7MFKYtZbwX-xXHqQQJH51A1tgl8m_Bmr4ZoYWea2q2rhxzi8tsuwgbK_nqwUBQMNzeAC5IWgu1ySVOlw3IYgi3IbxOc9b_ztSdZZosvep9W5BOGGvWp1nWcevaRxTi6uM2zf2yd9P6H0I1-EOInajq0-Ew=w400-h255" width="400" /></a></div>Drake
on the right in front of the recreated boardroom with its trophy
cabinet at the Bayern Munich museum, made to appear as if it continues
to look out over the training facilities at Sabener Strasse. Bayern had
been founded in the Bohemian quarter of Schwabing; of the club's
founding charter from 1900, two out of seventeen signatories were
Jewish- and were very much a Jewish club before the second world war,
with a Jewish president, Kurt Landauer, and a Jewish manager. T</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>he club’s trainer, Richard Bombi, and the youth leader, Otto Beer, were also Jewish as were other
coaches and football instructors Izidor Kürschner, Kalman Konrad and
Leo Weisz.</span></span></span></span> Landauer professionalised the
club by investing in professional coaches, sports facilities and youth
work, creating the basis for the German football championship in 1932. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A
player at the club at the time, Josef Mauder, was an artist who
began creating mocking caricatures of the men who came to the club, asking for
background checks of the members in order to rid the club of any
non-Germans, or more importantly Jews. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Landauer was powerless, as he was Jewish, so the players decided to take
action. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In his poems, he claims that
ancient Greeks and Romans would have been ashamed of these men, and
would have “spanked” them.</span></span></span></span> Trainers from the
United Kingdom and Jewish physical coaches from Austria-Hungary such as
Richard "Little" Dombi, who went on to manage Barcelona and Feyenoord,
helped Bayern Munich develop the Scottish flat and short pass as well as
the technical refinements of the "Donaufußballs". In addition,
Landauer, in conflict with the the German Football Association (DFB),
drew up the introduction of professional football together with Walther
Bensemann, the Jewish founder of the magazine "Der Kicker". Landauer had
to resign, along with a number of other Jewish members and officials,
when Hitler seized power a few months later and fled to Switzerland
after 33 days in the Dachau concentration camp. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWbUKWC9eX_BaOUChJtz4HAovljhiwKejMMUMJtC3T_LH2dtsOaB5UQpb1fcSHDt0-8-qnmeLA9X3e36l8Jo-LqpyBXftCWc37_owL0I4Qewmzmsc7tzC5pAPIOZY1oSRahfR5qo6ixFs/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-01-21+at+11.31.02.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="327" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWbUKWC9eX_BaOUChJtz4HAovljhiwKejMMUMJtC3T_LH2dtsOaB5UQpb1fcSHDt0-8-qnmeLA9X3e36l8Jo-LqpyBXftCWc37_owL0I4Qewmzmsc7tzC5pAPIOZY1oSRahfR5qo6ixFs/w311-h303/Screen+Shot+2018-01-21+at+11.31.02.png" title="Bayern München logo 1938-1945" width="311" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
Nazis' expectations were later published in the book “Vereinsdietwart”, describing the guidelines that the club had to follow. </span></span></span></span>Bayern
were discredited as a Judenklub by the Nazis but resisted its coercion,
even though it nazified its club logo seen left. In 1934, Bayern
players were involved in a brawl with Nazi brownshirts. Two years later,
the Bayern winger Willy Simetsreiter made a point of having his picture
taken with Jesse Owens, who enraged Hitler by winning four gold medals
at the Berlin Olympics. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Willy
Simetsreiter, left wing for Bayern at the time, met Jesse Owens at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. Simetsreiter saw
Owens as a role model and icon at the time, taking a picture with him,
which he decided should be his autograph card.</span></span></span></span> The full-back Sigmund Haringer whilst</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> walking home,
encountered a group of young Nazis, who were on their way home from a
“Schweigemarsch” (silent march). Haringer asked them whether all this
“Kasperltheater” (puppet theatre). A woman walking by reported him, and he was
arrested. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>He narrowly escaped gaol due to </span></span></span></span>his reputation as an outstanding player for the German
national team. </span></span></span></span>Captain Conny Heidkamp
managed to hide Bayern's trophies when other clubs heeded an appeal from
Göring to donate metal for the war effort. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPwaN7jRVPodqMZUmozwwSso8gOFMy4OVLqqNxktBMmynj3v_WtraeS3jWNvnn9UOLaou7-A0CzRQ56exICF4rMWOO7Yd9kZwmitco8sEmBj_3wF341yIcWP9oZWGX9V4JghxyKa0jRHgrboV53yBwlGK51H8gj0KnL0fSuhWhJq_OeSrzdxIQksGeBQ=s896" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="684" data-original-width="896" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPwaN7jRVPodqMZUmozwwSso8gOFMy4OVLqqNxktBMmynj3v_WtraeS3jWNvnn9UOLaou7-A0CzRQ56exICF4rMWOO7Yd9kZwmitco8sEmBj_3wF341yIcWP9oZWGX9V4JghxyKa0jRHgrboV53yBwlGK51H8gj0KnL0fSuhWhJq_OeSrzdxIQksGeBQ=w400-h305" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span>Drake
Winston in front of an exhibit at the Bayern Munich museum at Allianz
Arena commemorating this action. In 1945 when the Second World War
finally drew to a close, Conny Heidkamp ended his career as an FC Bayern
player at the age of forty. In the words of the museum, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><blockquote><span style="font-size: small;">The
preceding decade had been a nightmarish era for the club, which would
undoubtedly not have survived without the commitment of its long-serving
captain and driving force. The Nazis regarded liberally-inclined Bayern
with enmity and hostility, but Heidkamp preserved the club's soul and
repeatedly defied the dictatorship. The captain of the 1932
championship-winning team ran enormous personal risks but did everything
in his power to preserve the club's traditions and values and prevent
the team breaking up in the war years. He rescued the club's trophies on
two separate occasions. With war raging around him, Heidkamp reacted to
the aerial bombardment of Munich and a call by the Nazis for metals to
be donated to the war effort by hiding the trophies in a barn. Later, he
buried the cups and medals in a forest, fearing the advancing American
forces might take them as souvenirs. Heidkamp performed his most
valuable service towards the end of the war, when call-ups to the front
and saturation bombing made normal club activities all but impossible.
Using great imagination and dogged persistence, the veteran captain
managed to maintain match operations up until the Nazi capitulation. For
example, he would cycle through the smouldering ruins after air raids
and enquire of every individual player whether he would be fit to appear
in the weekend match. And in the immediate post-war period, the time of
the Kalorien- und Kartoffelspiele (calorie and potato matches),
Heidkamp remained a leading and inspirational figure at FC Bayern as
coach and chairman of the match organisation committee. </span></blockquote></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyeTINvKv-bQQto-JiB0iY1ar6DCkzhM7dVHFpgw12Pn20t_bLbMMx5rQqJfkD-9ztEG_lg0Gwkbo6WGTNxHmLXHtCC5QbW3tIv8IVEsNQuON8lnYlm194YUGVteWjjaJ67ALH98wRG0nm/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-03-27+at+06.41.13.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="1325" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyeTINvKv-bQQto-JiB0iY1ar6DCkzhM7dVHFpgw12Pn20t_bLbMMx5rQqJfkD-9ztEG_lg0Gwkbo6WGTNxHmLXHtCC5QbW3tIv8IVEsNQuON8lnYlm194YUGVteWjjaJ67ALH98wRG0nm/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-03-27+at+06.41.13.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>The
most symbolic act of defiance occurred in Zurich in 1943 when, after a
friendly against the Swiss national team, the Bayern players lined up to
wave at the exiled Landauer in the stands.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nevertheless,
it also attracted people who were very much against the party as well.
Quickly the club gained over a thousand new members. Not only that, but
it also attracted sponsors, the majority of these being Jewish-owned
stores, mainly in the Textile industry. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In
1936 FC Bayern was declared “Judenfrei” (free of Jews), but to the Nazi
regime, this club always remained the “Judenklub” (club of Jews),
because of the Jewish roots of the club, and history of its pride of
including Jewish people in their club, rather than shutting them out.
This always gave them disadvantages, especially because most of their
pride lied with the youth teams, who were promoted to the first team.
However, the kids of the time had to join the Hitler Youth, so they
were unable to come to training. Their member numbers sank drastically,
people’s ideology changing into supporting the regime and turned against
the Club as they did not want to be associated with the “Judenklub”.
Only in 1956 did the clubs' numbers return to what they were before the
Nazi era. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Landauer
returned to Munich after the war and once again became Bayern president
until 1951 whilst club publications simply mentioned that he had to
leave Germany "on political-racial grounds" with the word 'Jew'
assiduously avoided. Such reticence is suspected to stem from Bayern's
current commercial interests in Asia leading the team to play down its
Jewish heritage and admirable history. </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>Indeed,
Kurt Landauer was long forgotten at FC Bayern and it wasn't until the
Ultras drew attention to their own club history with a choreography for
Kurt Landauer's 125th birthday that he became recognised again. Before
that, hardly anyone in the club knew the name of the president under
whom FC Bayern celebrated its first championship. The
Jewish team in Munich today, TSV Maccabi München, honours the club and a
page on their
website dedicated to them. However, <a href="the self-image that the football club has of its role in the Nazi era is, demonstrably, a historical myth. In FC Bayern’s marketing, this myth aims to enhance its reputation in the national and international media and to claim moral superiority in competition with other football clubs.">Markwart Herzog argues</a>
that the self-image Bayern Munich has of its role in the Nazi era is,
demonstrably, an historical myth. "In FC Bayern’s marketing, this myth
aims to enhance its reputation in the national and international media
and to claim moral superiority in competition with other football
clubs."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>Allianz itself claims to have recognised “its moral responsibility and stands up to its history"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span> and has produced an overview of <a href="https://www.allianz.com/content/dam/onemarketing/azcom/Allianz_com/about-us/who-we-are/documents/Allianz_during_the_Nazi_era.pdf">Allianz during the Nazi era</a> in English. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuBtOiHKlSbOwMnXkU81_ssTqIDmCAHVAW_96-hnWhbRcyOhEDRwoptsFXA4EBut9mlNqpN_gZpvxvKzrls2O-OX9UPobH6GubPEgm6RiiihZHgPd8bKzmekzrqNLB2j4yFhb4wUWm2qDU/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-09-03+at+19.23.14.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="1016" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuBtOiHKlSbOwMnXkU81_ssTqIDmCAHVAW_96-hnWhbRcyOhEDRwoptsFXA4EBut9mlNqpN_gZpvxvKzrls2O-OX9UPobH6GubPEgm6RiiihZHgPd8bKzmekzrqNLB2j4yFhb4wUWm2qDU/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-09-03+at+19.23.14.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Here
in the Munich suburb of Trudering, on the corner of Karotschstraße and
Emplstraße, is a small wooden memorial decorated by a stone trough
filled with flowers. It marks the s</span></span></span></span>ite of
the Munich air disaster of February 6, 1958 which saw British European
Airways Flight 609 crash on its third attempt to take off from a
slush-covered runway at Munich-Riem Airport. On board was the Manchester
United football team, nicknamed the "Busby Babes", along with
supporters and journalists. Twenty of the 44 on the aircraft died at the
scene. The injured, some unconscious, were taken to the Rechts der Isar
Hospital where three more died, resulting in 23 fatalities with 21
survivors. The team was returning from a European Cup match in Belgrade,
Yugoslavia, having eliminated Red Star Belgrade to advance to the
semi-finals of the competition. The flight stopped to refuel in Munich
because a non-stop flight from Belgrade to Manchester was beyond the
"Elizabethan"-class Airspeed Ambassador's range. After refuelling,
pilots James Thain and Kenneth Rayment twice abandoned take-off because
of boost surging in the left engine. Fearing they would get too far
behind schedule, Captain Thain rejected an overnight stay in Munich in
favour of a third take-off attempt. By then, snow was falling, causing a
layer of slush to form at the end of the runway. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieOMbxmh9Hqkl5FhTucMaYuO8dzvezF1M-b5YMC1F5FVvpPcOIFXl82LaE0JyROh-urNz0zYyiltR2TG7L3rglvKu7nMxXi6vbBg-1ojRX7xEWXkXiQjldLJ2fVKsqhBZA-It2dRfAb-5k/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-09-03+at+19.23.34.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="584" data-original-width="443" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieOMbxmh9Hqkl5FhTucMaYuO8dzvezF1M-b5YMC1F5FVvpPcOIFXl82LaE0JyROh-urNz0zYyiltR2TG7L3rglvKu7nMxXi6vbBg-1ojRX7xEWXkXiQjldLJ2fVKsqhBZA-It2dRfAb-5k/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-09-03+at+19.23.34.png" width="302" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrFREpI88wEXwNyur4PsJPzOlJ6JmDKxmWznDUcmYP0oTVl3RTpTlHNKmr-MXPbkCYMeigJNLhTJBvaBqYxLhvyd_VFIisADJN3_eJZDxWGOKeM8odfiibqOVggAJDSsDdQJUMLig3dGy6/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-09-03+at+19.23.57.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="698" data-original-width="1016" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrFREpI88wEXwNyur4PsJPzOlJ6JmDKxmWznDUcmYP0oTVl3RTpTlHNKmr-MXPbkCYMeigJNLhTJBvaBqYxLhvyd_VFIisADJN3_eJZDxWGOKeM8odfiibqOVggAJDSsDdQJUMLig3dGy6/s200/Screen+Shot+2019-09-03+at+19.23.57.png" width="200" /></a> <span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">After
the aircraft hit the slush, it ploughed through a fence beyond the end
of the runway and the left wing was torn off after hitting a house.
Fearing the aircraft might explode, Thain began evacuating passengers
while Manchester United goalkeeper Harry Gregg helped pull survivors
from the wreckage, including teammates Bobby Charlton and Dennis
Viollet. Manchester United were trying to become the third club to win
three successive English league titles; they were six points behind
League leaders Wolverhampton Wanderers with 14 games to go. They also
held the Charity Shield and had just advanced into their second
successive European Cup semi-finals. The team had not been beaten for 11
matches. The crash not only derailed their title ambitions that year
but also virtually destroyed the nucleus of what promised to be one of
the greatest generations of players in English football history. It took
a decade for the club to recover, with Busby rebuilding the team and
winning the European Cup in 1968 with a new generation of "Babes". This
more recent memorial was inaugurated on September 22, 2004. A dark blue
granite plaque set in a sandstone border was unveiled in the vicinity of
the old Munich Airport on the corner of Rappenweg and Emplstraße, it is
just metres from the wooden memorial. With a design in the shape of a
football pitch, it reads, in both English and German, "In memory of all
those who lost their lives here in the Munich air disaster on 6 February
1958". </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Underneath is a plaque expressing United's gratitude to the municipality of Munich and its people. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj92941DfI4hwXplgRp-2CLPgWVBNVcjgZOE-psWde3ii_119ch54ocRkmstklWoGVx-R141EW8TaOniXAznOwR0BEZUUroZDe_5UPOfWOxemfmBZVpVBAYBHrsHxxULXucb2E5AgiYJrq3BgpLgBsaP8L3LWmAxsEf_absGsT4IvUE9zNQC_Dnh2fGbg=s1017" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="761" data-original-width="1017" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj92941DfI4hwXplgRp-2CLPgWVBNVcjgZOE-psWde3ii_119ch54ocRkmstklWoGVx-R141EW8TaOniXAznOwR0BEZUUroZDe_5UPOfWOxemfmBZVpVBAYBHrsHxxULXucb2E5AgiYJrq3BgpLgBsaP8L3LWmAxsEf_absGsT4IvUE9zNQC_Dnh2fGbg=s320" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span>The
new memorial was funded by Manchester United themselves and the
unveiling was attended by club officials, including chief executive
David Gill, manager Alex Ferguson and director Bobby Charlton, a
survivor of the disaster himself. On April 24, 2008, the Munich city
council decided to name the site where the memorial stone is placed
"Manchesterplatz. In addition, on the 57th anniversary of the crash,
February 6, 2015, Sir Bobby Charlton and FC Bayern Munich chairman
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge opened a new museum exhibit commemorating the
disaster at the German club's stadium, Allianz Arena, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">shown
here with Drake Winston. “I’m very proud to be here today,” said
Charlton as the permanent exhibit in the FC Bayern club museum will now
ensure the memory lives on. “This is a good day,” said Dieter Reiter:
“It’s important we maintain this memory and we shall continue to do so
in the future. The memorial at the centre of the exhibition commemorates
an important event in Munich’s contemporary and footballing history and
also exemplifies the special relationship between FC Bayern and
Manchester United: “It’s an important part of our lives,” Sir Bobby
concluded. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB7U0c9zKqRHEABf4qUAkeMHsTWLgVwKL1EPRE6gmvl_3nNV_R_G7JOoCzo72S24KSaZDB6fIODfbgvEj1hmCf3eYEcHEetbepGgUylbyfnZPwEPrv2d6mzs-lalnIu08KyLqGpqJKXcg-/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-09-04+at+20.19.29.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="465" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB7U0c9zKqRHEABf4qUAkeMHsTWLgVwKL1EPRE6gmvl_3nNV_R_G7JOoCzo72S24KSaZDB6fIODfbgvEj1hmCf3eYEcHEetbepGgUylbyfnZPwEPrv2d6mzs-lalnIu08KyLqGpqJKXcg-/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-09-04+at+20.19.29.png" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Another dark milestone on Munich's 20th century: 31 Connollystraße- site of the Israeli Olympic team's apartments where, on </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">September 5th, 1972, eight armed members of the Palestinian group Black September</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span>breached
the Olympic compound by scaling the surrounding six foot fence and
entered. Israeli wrestling referee Yossef Gutfreund saw armed masked men
enter as he yelled at the others, throwing his weight against the door
allowing two athletes to escape and another eight to hide. Weightlifter
Joseph Romano and </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">coach Moshe Weinberg were both </span></span></span></span></span>shot
and killed. The Palestinian terrorists were With their remaining nine
hostages the terrorists demanded the release of 234 Palestinians gaoled
in Israel and two in Germany. Both the Munich police chief and the head
of the Egyptian Olympic team negotiated directly with the kidnappers,
offering them unlimited amounts of money. The Tunisian and Libyan
ambassadors to Germany also tried unsuccessfully to make progress
through negotiations with the kidnappers. The terrorists demanded
transportation </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheLKGHambMbli4fi5GfOz7Zr338UqvOOW58QhiXFFUAlCJu0QeLGv0NNPYqcN0tcQI_q9krkXSyX9DHwPoeTjmaMNhpi6AyI_JImgfb9OoSq26NEfShCRvBzoaGJUeRGSZ7PFU5NyQs-3o/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-09-04+at+20.24.18.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="683" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheLKGHambMbli4fi5GfOz7Zr338UqvOOW58QhiXFFUAlCJu0QeLGv0NNPYqcN0tcQI_q9krkXSyX9DHwPoeTjmaMNhpi6AyI_JImgfb9OoSq26NEfShCRvBzoaGJUeRGSZ7PFU5NyQs-3o/s400/Screen+Shot+2019-09-04+at+20.24.18.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The memorial now placed at the site</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">to
Cairo following more than twelve hours of unsuccessful negotiations.
Authorities led the terrorists to believe they would comply while in
truth they were planning to ambush them at the airport. Shortly after
22.00 two helicopters transported the terrorists and their hostages to
nearby Fürstenfeldbruck airbase, where a Boeing 727 aircraft was
waiting. What resulted was a fiasco as the German snipers chosen had no
sharpshooting experience, could not communicate with each other, and
believed there were only five terrorists. On top of that they police
were not properly outfitted, lacking helmets, bulletproof vests,
night-vision scopes or long-range sights on their rifles, and had not
requested back-up in time. Lastly, the flight crew, made up of German
police who had volunteered for the assignment to overpower the
terrorists when they boarded the plane, abandoned their post as the
helicopters arrived carrying the terrorists and their hostages. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk_w2sInTt66OKR-Qj4n_mvlMt3WDllVafnwU8VrZIhHuD7AZXKUlc0W04RGlwIjvwwPIRZS7zLspqj02g75pFOKxtrwlZ4ZUgs96LeE9yH_rqphC-riaxeev5Bh2IvIRuh9DJIe1QrLvq/s1600/4F000C9500000578-6048807-image-a-52_1533933612593.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="634" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk_w2sInTt66OKR-Qj4n_mvlMt3WDllVafnwU8VrZIhHuD7AZXKUlc0W04RGlwIjvwwPIRZS7zLspqj02g75pFOKxtrwlZ4ZUgs96LeE9yH_rqphC-riaxeev5Bh2IvIRuh9DJIe1QrLvq/s400/4F000C9500000578-6048807-image-a-52_1533933612593.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/14/uk/netanyahu-corbyn-uk-black-september-antisemitism-intl/index.html">Jeremy Corbyn honouring the terrorists in 2014</a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Six
of the Palestinian terrorists disembarked from the helicopters with the
four pilots held at gunpoint. When two of the terrorists inspected the
plane and found it empty, they sprinted back toward the helicopters and
the police snipers opened fire. As the shots flew several of </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">the
terrorists were killed. Those still alive attempted to flee, returned
fire, and attempted to shoot out airport lights that were illuminating
them. A German policeman in the control tower was killed by the gunfire.
The pilots fled, but the hostages, who were bound inside the
helicopters couldn't escape. Just after midnight one of the terrorists
opened fire into one of</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">
the helicopters killing three hostages and wounding a fourth in the
leg. It is believed that another terrorist opened fire in the second
helicopter killing the rest. One had died after a terrorist tossed a
grenade into the helicopter causing an explosion. Terrorist leader
Luttif Afif Issa and another terrorist were killed as they fired at
police. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Three
of the remaining terrorists, two of whom were wounded, were captured by
police. Yusuf Nazzal, second in command for the hostage taking, escaped
and was tracked by dogs. He was shot after an exchange of gunfire. The
rescue attempt was over and in every way it had failed. Amazingly, with
the world watching the seige unfold on their television sets, the
initial news reports, published all over the world, indicated that all
the hostages were alive, and that all the terrorists had been killed. As
recently as 2014 Labour leader <a href="https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/12/labours-anti-semitism-shame-must-never-be-forgiven/">Jeremy Corbyn travelled to a cemetery in Tunisia specifically to honour members of Black September</a> with one
photo showing him near the grave of Atef Bseiso, intelligence chief of
the Palestine Liberation Organisation who has a been directly linked to
the Munich atrocity.Thankfully voters overwhelmingly repudiated him and his party in the 2019 general election.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinhO6Hl6AbZFs-dQYu7QSvzOXRQRlq2OotX_iDEnFY-_GB0zC_UzqhkKDHwGiNbQUjNv6I3bNPVKfC-glNMVur-cTIRAfN7BDHG8rXVqEnER2gk3iYxOSy703Dlm4KBezbxXB8fKCu1LU/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinhO6Hl6AbZFs-dQYu7QSvzOXRQRlq2OotX_iDEnFY-_GB0zC_UzqhkKDHwGiNbQUjNv6I3bNPVKfC-glNMVur-cTIRAfN7BDHG8rXVqEnER2gk3iYxOSy703Dlm4KBezbxXB8fKCu1LU/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252811%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="317" /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">On
the left is the old town hall in the Munich district of Pasing which
was taken over by the Nazis in May 1938 and made the site of an <i>Haus der NSDAP</i> after the municipal administration had moved to the new building on Landsberger Strasse. It currently serves as the <a href="https://www.mvhs.de/">Munich Volkshochschule</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Nearby
are other locations associated with the Nazi era in Pasing, including
the war memorial on Dorfstraße, the former Adolf-Hitler-Platz (now
Avenariusplatz) and the high bunker hidden in the centre of Pasing.
Hiterplatz enjoyed a large area which allowed for celebrations and
parades that were intended to demonstrate their full strength. Located
on the site was a teacher training institute that the Nazis renamed the
“Hans Schemm College for Teacher Education” after the Nazi Minister of
Culture in Bavaria who had enjoyed a preferred position in Nazi
education policy. Whilst the majority of the teachers came to terms with
the new circumstances after the “seizure of power”, some educators
stood out and both personally and professionally refused to accept the
new ideology, including senior student councilor Hugo Fey, who was also a
city councilor for the Bavarian People's Party, and Dr. Paul Diehl. For
their resistance, they had to suffer considerable intimidation. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJUGLsKY4lcaOA2W5nliRUnvrnI_azUIXtuXc6bpjmyfrqPJaL3wJa0I7rue8UVp7WegGBWjpo25hii4Rt1lVVx0Ys_F42bnnjLCIm8NrQISMAZMpJkzOoYpNbyG1v-eGVResGKns8XaiSXHmtrEvHcLbbHamAl6DuOLmhSxyWfCcQ7306yzxnnGuxKw/s502/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-03T120301.236.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="502" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJUGLsKY4lcaOA2W5nliRUnvrnI_azUIXtuXc6bpjmyfrqPJaL3wJa0I7rue8UVp7WegGBWjpo25hii4Rt1lVVx0Ys_F42bnnjLCIm8NrQISMAZMpJkzOoYpNbyG1v-eGVResGKns8XaiSXHmtrEvHcLbbHamAl6DuOLmhSxyWfCcQ7306yzxnnGuxKw/w640-h346/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-11-03T120301.236.gif" width="640" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
new town hall in Pasing was inaugurated on November 14, 1937. By then
well-known labour movement activists such as the communist Franz Stenzer
and the social democrat Hans Nimmerfall, had paid for their attitude
with their lives. In June 1933 the Bavarian People's Party was also
expelled from the Pasing town hall. Representatives of the Catholic
bourgeois opposition such as the BVP city council and editor-in-chief of
the “Bavarian Courier”, Josef Osterhub, were taken into so-called
'protective custody.' </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT_8qlLcIq42Vs7Jj5zmvHsQ-pjuc7dNAwWpJMHg5ALvAZAB90igWsyaUYs9douUzxHB_CkS8GIxgQIn8Hrrps2PJjJUfv0QXdMX4IIHc3ASqEu3cfk4sFn3Ta3CTAA6PKycVt3VcfecvcU3hO6fOf_jeRdvH1xzvD3hyUHAL56FF-zTnOHlloMjxtiw/s1290/860x1290.webp" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1290" data-original-width="860" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT_8qlLcIq42Vs7Jj5zmvHsQ-pjuc7dNAwWpJMHg5ALvAZAB90igWsyaUYs9douUzxHB_CkS8GIxgQIn8Hrrps2PJjJUfv0QXdMX4IIHc3ASqEu3cfk4sFn3Ta3CTAA6PKycVt3VcfecvcU3hO6fOf_jeRdvH1xzvD3hyUHAL56FF-zTnOHlloMjxtiw/w382-h400/860x1290.webp" width="382" /></a>The
council chamber today remains controversial due to the 4.20 by 5.25
metre tapestry which has covered the niche where the bust of Hitler once
sat shown here. The tapestry itself comes from the workshop of Bruno
Goldschmitt, a painter, graphic artist and illustrator who had studied
with Stuck at the Academy in Munich. In 1932 he joined the Nazi Pasrty
and ended up as one of the painters who were allowed to advertise
Hitler's Reichsautobahn on a large scale. And in 1934 he was supposed to
produce a twelve-part tapestry cycle for the old Munich council chamber
that dealt with the history of the city. According to Evelyn Lang, the
tapestry that now hangs in the Pasing meeting room is the first and only
completed one from this planned series, or the only one that survived
the war. It is supposed to represent Munich founding legend when, in
1158 Henry the Lion had the Bishop of Freising's market bridge near
Oberfoehring destroyed. From then on, the lucrative salt trade led
upstream via a river crossing over the Isar, and Munich was allowed to
thrive. However, according to Freimut Scholz, a former art teacher,
museum educator witha doctorate in philosophy, it is a "characteristic
work of propagandistic Nazi art" that follows the pictorial conventions
of the time and </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">which is allowed to hang "in the council chambers of a democratic community."</span></span></span></span></span></span>
In the centre stands Henry the Lion, larger than life in armour, whose
"gaze is directed far into the distance to the east," interprets Scholz,
for whom the attack on Poland is alluded to. Some more Nazi symbolism
can be discovered: the bridge, for example, which is currently being put
together, reminds him of a lying swastika. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh83iNErxL8zGPc7rq4emJhDte1Kuwmb9YxPGhJ0esXWZbXozYDloTRt2HzYJHYFUtWPIXg8mN9Fv7iIVTJOse25U-YhJQ6WaX-wutYvLDD0RM6G6VyVW2wmCiNXzPT6FJpzp0m3XZJ8H4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh83iNErxL8zGPc7rq4emJhDte1Kuwmb9YxPGhJ0esXWZbXozYDloTRt2HzYJHYFUtWPIXg8mN9Fv7iIVTJOse25U-YhJQ6WaX-wutYvLDD0RM6G6VyVW2wmCiNXzPT6FJpzp0m3XZJ8H4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 335px; width: 216px;" /><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR_Sx1vNMCKVqYgQXDxr44cj5eTnHkZntfl5Ar4Z7cUOHvMTiv0HvTWgH_bNn4IqU5NSLzhNSjxftjqXRT_lw7PcHOb9NfWPz8Dw19ucfrLiw60Lgx0blGa-rBHsaBp6POjpNgG7zkWEA/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-10-01+at+14.33.43.png" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="794" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR_Sx1vNMCKVqYgQXDxr44cj5eTnHkZntfl5Ar4Z7cUOHvMTiv0HvTWgH_bNn4IqU5NSLzhNSjxftjqXRT_lw7PcHOb9NfWPz8Dw19ucfrLiw60Lgx0blGa-rBHsaBp6POjpNgG7zkWEA/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-10-01+at+14.33.43.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 335px; width: 405px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Nearby
at schloß Blutenburg, beside a memorial to the April 1945 Death March by
the sculptor Hubertus von Pilgrim, one of 22 that remember those who,
in the winter of 1944-45, the ϟϟ had evacuated from the concentration
camps that were threatening to fall into the hands of the Allied forces.
Weak or ill prisoners were left behind or killed, whilst the rest were
taken on foot or by train to other camps. Those who collapsed on the
road or tried to escape were summarily killed on the spot whilst others
starved or froze to death. Of the more than 700,000 prisoners who were
registered in early January 1945, at least 250,000 were killed on the
death marches.</span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Stadelheim Gaol</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY89xy3G9yOuCuqubKl6o745OcInWu9u8yjHv6LQBIRZTG45QJvbGu5Gky0uRI6XjtyRlT23y6AF46HoeCj9e9GOAuFcDWfOuuZHQPpkTzz4So6fq_FWPLyno1lFSFTm0I_SJlbKg7gEw/s1600/2myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY89xy3G9yOuCuqubKl6o745OcInWu9u8yjHv6LQBIRZTG45QJvbGu5Gky0uRI6XjtyRlT23y6AF46HoeCj9e9GOAuFcDWfOuuZHQPpkTzz4So6fq_FWPLyno1lFSFTm0I_SJlbKg7gEw/s400/2myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Outside the main entrance at Stadelheimer Straße 12 </span></span></span>in
the Giesing district of Munich, one of the largest prisons in Germany
with fourteen hectares of usable space. Hitler had been imprisoned for a
month in 1922 here for assaulting Otto Ballerstedt on September 14,
1921 when Hitler, Hermann Esser, Oskar Körner (later to die in the Beer
Hall Putsch) and some other Nai supporters stormed a Ballerstedt meeting
in the Löwenbräukeller in order to prevent him from giving a lecture.
Hitler reached Ballerstedt, then assaulted and injured him severely.
Ballerstedt was then forcibly dragged out of the Hall. As a result,
Hitler was on trial from January</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span> 27 to 29, </span></span></span>1922
on charges of a breach of the peace, public indecency and assault. He
and Esser were convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for 100 days and
payment of 1,000 Reichsmark. The prison sentence was served from 24 June
to 27 July 1922. In
total, at least 1049 prisoners were executed in Stadelheim, of which
only thirteen took place in the period between 1895 and 1927, including
Eugen Leviné in 1919. Most of the executions took place during the Nazi
period when Stadelheim, together with the Stuttgart Detention Centre and
the Bruchsal Penitentiary, was designated as the "central execution
site for the Execution District VIII." Johann Reichhart acted as the
executioner. Among the at least 1035 people killed this time were found,
<i> inter alia</i>, Ernst Röhm and the members of the White Rose. The executed were partially buried in the neighbouring
cemetery at Perlacher Forst. In </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTzz56kCqZQCHHNvVS9tV6XJtktXcW9ObVRzrBm9tmZZeh19-WJuf97t5bYhyphenhyphenOqffjbc0M_vSYIT_nbmS1AfYtVYcq4WtXmUk1ZH8GCxAjMzjh8Ox-w1dcZ0JduO9dQZy-EVVLcKAVwl8/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Die Justizvollzugsanstalt München in der Stadelheimer Straße im Münchner Stadtteil Giesing gehört mit 14 ha Nutzfläche zu den größten Justizvollzugsanstalten in Deutschland. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Zahlen 2 Außenstellen 3 Geschichte 4 Zwischenfälle 5 Gedenkstätte 6 Prominente Inhaftierte 7 Rundfunksender 8 Trivia 9 Literatur 10 Weblinks 11 Einzelnachweise Zahlen Die insgesamt fünf Gebäude des Geländes (Nord-, Süd-, West-, Ost- und Neubau[2]), inklusive der offenen Vollzugsanstalt in der Leonrodstraße, besitzen eine Gesamtkapazität von 1379 Haftplätzen, die in Notständen auf 2100 erweitert werden kann. Die höchste Auslastung der JVA-Gebäude bestand am 9. November 1993 mit 1969 Gefangenen. In Stadelheim werden größtenteils männliche Gefangene ab 16 Jahren inhaftiert. Hinzu kommen der Jugendarrest, die Frauenabteilung und die mittlerweile geschlossene JVA Neudeck, die zusammen weitere 124 Gefangene aufnehmen konnten. Im Jahr 2001 betrug die durchschnittliche Belegung 1581 Inhaftierte und lag damit deutlich oberhalb der regulären Häftlingskapazität. Im Jahr 2001 waren 596 Personen in der JVA Stadelheim beschäftigt, davon 506 Beamte und 90 Angestellte. Außenstellen Der Jugend- und Frauenstrafvollzug findet seit 2009 in einem Neubau, in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft zum Hauptgelände statt. Dort stehen Haftplätze für 150 Frauen, 46 männliche und 14 weibliche Jugendliche zur Verfügung. Das Gebäude, das im Rahmen des Public-Private-Partnership errichtet und betrieben wird (Auftrag für Planung, Bau, Finanzierung, Betrieb und die Unterhaltung der Ver- und Entsorgungsanlagen einschließlich der Energielieferung ist/war Aufgabe der privatwirtschaftlichen Vertragspartner).[3] Die Einweihung fand am 26. Mai 2009 statt.[4] Grundstückseigentümer des großen Areals (Stadelheimer Straße 4 bis 6, ca. 8.850 m²) ist seit 8. Dezember 1994 der Freistaat Bayern (zuvor Bundeseigentum).[5] Für den Vollzug von Freigängern gibt es eine Außenstelle in der Leonrodstraße mit 45 Plätzen.[6] Bis 2009 war der Strafvollzug für Frauen und Jugendliche in der ehemaligen Justizvollzugsanstalt Neudeck im Stadtteil Au untergebracht. Geschichte Die dauernde Überbelegung der Münchner Gefängnisse Anger, Baaderstraße und Lilienberg, sowie bauliche Mängel führten 1892 zu Überlegungen ein neues Zentralgefängnis zu errichten. So entstand 1894 auf dem ehemaligen Gut Stadelheim in Giesing, vor den Toren Münchens, der sogenannte Nordbau, als erster Bauabschnitt für 465 Gefangene. Sieben Jahre später, 1901, eröffnete der Südbau. Ab April 1901 wurden hier die Hinrichtungen ausgeführt. Beide Bauten stehen heute unter Denkmalschutz. Insgesamt wurden in Stadelheim mindestens 1049 Gefangene hingerichtet, wovon nur 13 auf die Zeit zwischen 1895 und 1927 entfallen (darunter diejenige Eugen Levinés 1919). Der Großteil der Hinrichtungen wurde in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus zwischen 1933 und 1945 ausgeführt. Unter den mindestens 1035 Getöteten dieser Zeit fanden sich unter anderem Ernst Röhm († 1934) und die Mitglieder der Weißen Rose († 1943). Die hingerichteten Personen wurden teilweise auf dem benachbarten Friedhof am Perlacher Forst beerdigt. Bei der Niederschlagung der Münchner Räterepublik Anfang Mai 1919 kam es im Gefängnis Stadelheim zu zahlreichen widerrechtlichen Tötungen durch die siegreiche Soldateska. Nach dem Zeugnis von Ernst Toller, der in Stadelheim inhaftiert wurde, stand am Gefängnistor in weißer Kreideschrift zu lesen: „Hier wird aus Spartakistenblut Blut- und Leberwurst gemacht, hier werden die Roten kostenlos zu Tode befördert“.[7] Zwischenfälle Am 22. August 1986 nahm ein Häftling einen Rechtsanwalt als Geisel, der im Besprechungszimmer der JVA auf einen Mandanten wartete. Der Anwalt konnte befreit werden, wurde jedoch durch eine selbstgebastelte Bombe des Geiselnehmers verletzt. Aufgrund ungenügender Sicherheitsmaßnahmen in der JVA erhielt er ein Schmerzensgeld vom Freistaat Bayern. Gedenkstätte Eine Gedenkstätte, gestaltet durch den Bildhauer Wilhelm Breitsameter, wurde 1974 errichtet und kann von Gruppen nach Anmeldung besucht werden. Am 65. Jahrestag der Hinrichtung (22. Februar 2008) von Hans und Sophie Scholl und Christoph Probst in Stadelheim wurde die Gedenkstätte erstmals für die Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht.[8] Prominente Inhaftierte Breno, Untersuchungshaft aufgrund dringenden Verdachts der schweren Brandstiftung (24. September bis 6. Oktober 2011) John Demjanjuk, mutmaßlicher Kriegsverbrecher Kurt Eisner, nach dem Januarstreik 1918 verhaftet, ab Sommer bis zum 14. Oktober des Jahres in Stadelheim Willi Graf (Weiße Rose) wurde am 12. Oktober 1943 hier ermordet. Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, der Mörder Kurt Eisners Hans Hartwimmer, Wilhelm Olschewski und weitere Mitglieder der Hartwimmer-Olschewski-Widerstandsgruppe wurden hier hingerichtet oder in Untersuchungshaft ermordet. Adolf Hitler wurde vom 24. Juni bis 27. Juli 1922 wegen Landfriedensbruchs inhaftiert. Kurt Huber (Weiße Rose) wurde am 13. Juli 1943 hier ermordet. Gustav Landauer wurde am 2. Mai 1919 hier getötet. Eugen Leviné wurde am 5. Juni 1919 hier getötet. Lehmann „Leo“ Katzenberger, hier hingerichtet (ermordet) am 3. Juni 1942 MOK, Berliner Rapper, inhaftiert 2003/04 Christoph Probst (Weiße Rose) wurde am 22. Februar 1943 hier ermordet. Ernst Röhm, ehemaliger SA-Stabschef, wurde am 1. Juli 1934 in Zelle 70 erschossen. Alexander Schmorell (Weiße Rose) wurde am 13. Juli 1943 hier ermordet. Hans Scholl und Sophie Scholl (Weiße Rose) wurden am 22. Februar 1943 hier ermordet. Ingrid Schubert, RAF-Terroristin, Suizid durch Erhängen am 18. November 1977 Oliver Shanti, inhaftiert seit 2008 Ludwig Thoma verbüßte 1906 eine sechswöchige Haftstrafe wegen Beleidigung der Sittlichkeitsvereine Ernst Toller, inhaftiert 1919–1924 Friedrich Ritter von Lama, bekannter katholischer Journalist, saß wegen Hörens von Radio Vatikan ein, am 9. Februar 1944 hier als Gefangener ermordet Bebo Wager (Revolutionäre Sozialisten) wurde am 12. August 1943 hier ermordet. Konstantin Wecker, Musiker, 1995 U-Haft wegen Kokainkonsums Karl-Heinz Wildmoser senior, Ex-Präsident des TSV 1860 München Dieter Zlof, der Entführer von Richard Oetker, war bis zu seiner Verlegung in die Justizvollzugsanstalt Straubing hier inhaftiert. Beate Zschäpe, Mitglied des Nationalsozialistischen Untergrunds (NSU), seit März 2013 Besonderheit: Kurt Eisner, Graf Arco-Valley, Adolf Hitler und Ernst Röhm waren zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten in Zelle 70 untergebracht.[9] Rundfunksender Stadelheim war von 1926 bis 1932 Standort des Zentralsenders des Bayerischen Rundfunks. Am 1. März 1926 nahm er den Probebetrieb und am 1. April 1926 den endgültigen Betrieb auf. Als Antenne verwendete der neben der Haftanstalt gelegene Sender eine an zwei 100 Meter hohen, freistehenden Stahlfachwerktürmen befestigte T-Antenne. Als Sendeanlage kamen ein Röhren- und ein Maschinensender der Berliner C. Lorenz AG zum Einsatz. Allerdings bereitete der Betrieb des Maschinensenders zahlreiche technische Probleme. Da die Sendeantenne sehr schnell den Anforderungen nicht mehr genügte, wurden im Herbst 1926 die beiden Stahltürme durch zwei 75 Meter hohe Holzfachwerktürme ersetzt. In der Nacht vom 22. auf den 23. November 1930 knickte ein Sturm beide Türme ab, wobei auch einige Gebäude beschädigt wurden. Noch am gleichen Tag wurde der Sendebetrieb mit einer Notantenne, die zwischen den Turmstümpfen gespannt wurde, wieder aufgenommen. Als Ersatz für die zerstörten Türme baute man zum Jahreswechsel 1930/31 zwei Holztürme in größerem Abstand zu den Gebäuden, die eine T-Antenne trugen. Nach der Inbetriebnahme der Sendeanlage Ismaning am 3. Dezember 1932 diente der Sender Stadelheim noch als Reservesender für Ismaning. Er dürfte im November und Dezember 1933 zum letzten Mal regulär in Betrieb gewesen sein, als der Sender Ismaning wegen Umbauarbeiten stillgelegt wurde. Trivia Im Volksmund auch Stadelheim genannt, ist ein „Stadelheimer“ in der Umgangssprache von München und Umgebung ein Vorbestrafter. Als Wortwitz wird auch der Spitzname „St. Adelheim“ verwendet, der sich geschrieben nur durch einen Punkt unterscheidet, ausgesprochen aber „Sankt Adelheim“ ergibt." border="0" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTzz56kCqZQCHHNvVS9tV6XJtktXcW9ObVRzrBm9tmZZeh19-WJuf97t5bYhyphenhyphenOqffjbc0M_vSYIT_nbmS1AfYtVYcq4WtXmUk1ZH8GCxAjMzjh8Ox-w1dcZ0JduO9dQZy-EVVLcKAVwl8/s400/1myphoto.jpeg" title="" width="400" /></a></span></span>the suppression of the Munich Soviet
Republic at the beginning of May 1919 there were numerous unlawful
killings in the Stadelheim prison by the victorious Soldierska .
According to the testimony of Ernst Toller , who was imprisoned in
Stadelheim, a slogan within scrawled in white chalk read: "Here is blood
and liver sausage </span></span><span><span><span><span>made of Spartakistenblut</span></span>,
here are the Reds carried free of charge to death." One peculiarity is
that Kurt Eisner , Count Arco-Valley , Adolf Hitler and Ernst Röhm had
all been serving in the same prison cell (Cell No. 70) at different
times. </span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler,
in a final act of what he apparently thought was grace, gave orders
that a pistol be left on the table of his old comrade. Roehm refused to
make use of it. ”If I am to be killed, let Adolf do it himself,” he
is reported to have said. Thereupon two S.A. officers, according to
the testimony of an eyewitness, a police lieutenant, given
twenty-three years later in a postwar trial at Munich in May 1957,
entered the cell and fired their revolvers at Roehm point-blank.
”Roehm wanted to say something,” said this witness, ”but the S.S.
officer motioned him to shut up. Then Roehm stood at attention – he
was stripped to the waist – with his face full of contempt.”</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Shirer, 197</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbgOj2_55Yc9hASDeir06MFyOs1c32IxzjG75MV-3AVLkOZM3aHjf9lAo1I7Xgnukqf24owdk7l-aRB-dgXuDwQF5W0FPPewetOUyR1HB4hNSdGnhZU9pSxf2JBoRHpokk2rA5hKMAXjk/s1600/myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbgOj2_55Yc9hASDeir06MFyOs1c32IxzjG75MV-3AVLkOZM3aHjf9lAo1I7Xgnukqf24owdk7l-aRB-dgXuDwQF5W0FPPewetOUyR1HB4hNSdGnhZU9pSxf2JBoRHpokk2rA5hKMAXjk/s640/myphoto.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Also
executed at Stadelheim were Hans and Sophie Scholl, who lie together in
a grave with their comrade Christoph Probst, executed with them. The
graves are to be found within Neu-Perlach cemetery nearby. The execution
chamber at Stadelheim apparently was converted into an automobile
repair shop (right) before being destroyed in 1968. A memorial for the
members of the White Rose, designed by the sculptor Wilhelm
Breitsameter, was built in 1974 and can be visited by groups within the
prison after registration. On the 65th anniversary of the execution
(February 22, 2008) of Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst in
Stadelheim, the memorial was opened to the public for the first time.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
</span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR-KoaHE16AbzuoCPCwIJA9XHdJiSR3RrWxICdROg0oRwejztWKt3To5gVe66Kzos5VTXeTZC3FXvLWmC-jU7VliAwHXbFuu8BuwZ3VpT0F82M4LKynznsvcpF2c4BQ6ygs33pHNfkcLc/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-10-22+at+20.07.41.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR-KoaHE16AbzuoCPCwIJA9XHdJiSR3RrWxICdROg0oRwejztWKt3To5gVe66Kzos5VTXeTZC3FXvLWmC-jU7VliAwHXbFuu8BuwZ3VpT0F82M4LKynznsvcpF2c4BQ6ygs33pHNfkcLc/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-10-22+at+20.07.41.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 227px; width: 301px;" /><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZfAacx_KqJWS6kwxSnxWL3s_on84O9fNb65pCoZxNJ-VvzgHJr-egtCr5D7uj2Ry6bIVN-crBxh19TMvYLnKakWkCQi00cXzAcluWPnuxK0YSvoB-m5VLw3wzE1cWsaY5EZDdyP2J9qM/s320/kastner_aktion03.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZfAacx_KqJWS6kwxSnxWL3s_on84O9fNb65pCoZxNJ-VvzgHJr-egtCr5D7uj2Ry6bIVN-crBxh19TMvYLnKakWkCQi00cXzAcluWPnuxK0YSvoB-m5VLw3wzE1cWsaY5EZDdyP2J9qM/s320/kastner_aktion03.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 227px; width: 341px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>On </span></span><span><span><span><span>Dachauerstr<span>aße 128 is this memorial to Ba<span>varian railwaymen who died in the Great War. Erected 1922, destroyed in 1<span>945 and replaced in 1962, i</span>t reads they "died for Germany's fame and honour / The dead of the Bavarian railway group / <span>in the <span>World War <span>of </span></span></span>1914-18." </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>It has be<span>en the subject of attack from two <span>men</span> who have been fined 6,300 euros for def<span>acing it with a <span>mere board reading how "We mourn for all who lost their lives i<span>n the </span>cruel and senseless World <span>War</span> 1914-1918. To ensure peace and to prevent wars." The<span> men, Hans-Peter Berndl and Wolfram P. Kastner, describe it an "unspeakable scandal that every year<span> on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>memorial day</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>the Bundeswehr present dazzling wreaths financed from tax money." They point out that th<span>ose who</span>
claim "that the soldiers of the First World War were killed for fame
and honour" is consciously twisting the truth, if not lying. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The memorial is located at the former site of the Railway Battalion barracks; today
the Bundeswehr Administration Centre Munich occupies the area on the
western edge of the Olympic Park, including the Munich branch of the SÜD
military area administration, the Bundeswehr Medical Service (since
2002), the South Military Service Court, the Munich Military Service
Agency, the Munich Army Service Centre, and other such agencies. Some of
the original barracks buildings north of Hedwig-Dransfeld-Allee have
been preserved to this day and are among the last remnants of Munich
military buildings of the 19th century. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span>
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHPL8UH4x4RVSIKnr-QnZkcZW6f_7gjn7HU1LbENgLTIyDqYcl-Lw5WgVA3TDQ5nKh49ZF4Bb9o0AetxrDtHOEDSNzoUX7SGmQX0RT4-x5crbEPkxFWpKTWxl26tCjPMiOq6o6kIpaCek/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252817%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHPL8UH4x4RVSIKnr-QnZkcZW6f_7gjn7HU1LbENgLTIyDqYcl-Lw5WgVA3TDQ5nKh49ZF4Bb9o0AetxrDtHOEDSNzoUX7SGmQX0RT4-x5crbEPkxFWpKTWxl26tCjPMiOq6o6kIpaCek/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252817%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Every
party in Germany had its own paramilitary force and this is the SPD's
marching in front of the Gebsattelbrücke on July 3, 1932 before the
national elections. In the centre with the raised fist is the Landtag
deputy Rosa
Aschenbrenner (SPD). Aschenbrenner was in the USPD from 1920 to 1922 and
then for the KPD from 1924 to 1928 and finally from 1930 to 1932 and
from 1946 to 1948 a member of the SPD. The Eiserne Front
was an anti-Nazi, anti-monarchist, and anti-communist paramilitary
organisation formed from a union of the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold,
the General German Trade
Union Confederation (ADGB), the General Free Workers 'Union (Afa-Bund),
the SPD and the Workers' Gymnastics and Sports Federation (ATSB) in
opposition to national socialism . Their political opponents included
the KPD. The KPD chairman, Ernst Thälmann, characterised the Iron Front
as a "terror organisation of social fascism." In his call for the
founding of the Iron Front, Reichsbanner chairman Karl Höltermann
stated: </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>The year 1932 will be our
year, the year of the final victory of the Republic over its opponents.
Not a day, not an hour more, we want to remain on the defensive - we are
attacking! Attack down the line! Our deployment already has to be part
of the general offensive. Today we call - tomorrow we will beat! </span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span> The
symbol of the union were three arrows, which were interpreted
differently. They stood for the opponents of the Iron Front, the three
enemies of democracy: Communists, monarchists and national socialists,
but also for the three pillars of the workers' movement: the party, the
union and the Reichsbanner as symbols of the political, economic and
physical power of the Iron Front. The three arrows of Carlo Mierendorff
and Sergei Tschachotin were developed. The Iron Front ceased to exist
with the suppression of the workers' movement and the destruction of the
trade unions on May 2, 1933.</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other Munich Pages</span><br /><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-feldherrnhalle.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Odeonsplatz</span></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-konigsplatz.html">Around Königsplatz</a><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-hofbrauhaus.html"> </a><br /><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-hofbrauhaus.html">Various sites in central Munich (1)</a><br /><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-war-memorial.html">Sites around central Munich (2)</a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
<span><span><span><span><span> </span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-war-memorial.html">Sites around central Munich (3)</a></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2011/03/sites-around-munich-4.html"><span>Nazi locations</span> around Munich (4)</a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/dachau.html">Around Dachau</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comMunich, Germany48.1351253 11.58198049999998647.965637799999996 11.259256999999986 48.3046128 11.904703999999986tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-85866802146528891302007-12-22T03:08:00.179-08:002023-11-05T04:02:41.021-08:00Other remaining Nazi sites in southern Bavaria<div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b><span><span>Mittenwald</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhofMFR1HryA6ZLFNiDR74IEdnfxuitHrsqoyUjiWu84qjC31JmzdtXm0lG9_oCoIpTAu0aqBE_LTN9pI57o1gO3HWiTs5zCnFVLHfwb6llwfduHE0OykU2nub6JOtGTEgT0azp_syxXy00PjG9KXVRsFSZBAvruWw9mrDPv2HEojQLBW9Rpxy5j7wWQQ/s400/ezgif.com-optimize(1).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="400" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhofMFR1HryA6ZLFNiDR74IEdnfxuitHrsqoyUjiWu84qjC31JmzdtXm0lG9_oCoIpTAu0aqBE_LTN9pI57o1gO3HWiTs5zCnFVLHfwb6llwfduHE0OykU2nub6JOtGTEgT0azp_syxXy00PjG9KXVRsFSZBAvruWw9mrDPv2HEojQLBW9Rpxy5j7wWQQ/w431-h280/ezgif.com-optimize(1).gif" width="431" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>GIFs of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>the Obermarkt then and now when I cycled down the Isar from Freising. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On
April 29, 1933 the then Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler, together with
Reich President General Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and the
Minister of State of the Interior, Gauleiter Adolf Wagner, were
appointed honorary citizens along with Ritter von Epp, Councilor of
Justice Dr. Walter Luetgebrune and Professor Albrecht Penck. Luetgebrune
had voluntarily returned his honorary citizenship in a letter dated
January 8, 1947 whilst Penck, who died on March 7, 1945, had never been a
member of the Nazi Party. Nevertheless, it wasn't until 2017 that <a href="http://merkur.de/lokales/garmisch-partenkirchen/mittenwald-ort29073/mittenwald-setzt-zeichen-symbolischer-akt-gegen-rassismus-8351292.html">Hitler's citizenship was symbolically stripped</a>- symbolic, given such an honour expires upon the recipient's death.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Mittenwald,
a picturesque town nestled in the Bavarian Alps, experienced
considerable change during the Nazi era, as it was swept up in the
ideological and political transformations of the time. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiOVWBcE5HdkSzVMp6EvNSoKwTtv03g40lpWJeY2I3q_ITqEz2slvrYTcZjveeCAWgtrPmUoVMjtQGfx3V0fkzH8HepGuly-cS69Stvu4gFZyvI0mr2_9TIpg1uWgxoeZfhJ017a7f0WA1B_EPItEeeGhdcnHoJrlSfTGYzrhQMpe_maRmpVRDTULKMg/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker(30)%20(1).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="201" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiOVWBcE5HdkSzVMp6EvNSoKwTtv03g40lpWJeY2I3q_ITqEz2slvrYTcZjveeCAWgtrPmUoVMjtQGfx3V0fkzH8HepGuly-cS69Stvu4gFZyvI0mr2_9TIpg1uWgxoeZfhJ017a7f0WA1B_EPItEeeGhdcnHoJrlSfTGYzrhQMpe_maRmpVRDTULKMg/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker(30)%20(1).gif" width="201" /></a>As
with many towns across Germany, Mittenwald was not immune to the
overarching control of the Nazi regime, and its unique features were put
to use in service of the regime's propaganda and policies. During the
Nazi era, Mittenwald, known for its traditional violin-making industry,
rich folklore and scenic beauty, became a symbol of German romantic
nationalism. The Nazi ideology heavily promoted the idea of 'Blut und
Boden' which emphasised the supposed racial purity of the German people
and their deep, ancestral connection to the land. In the propaganda
narrative, Mittenwald was portrayed as an idyllic Aryan village,
embodying the values of racial purity, rural simplicity, and German
cultural heritage. The emphasis on folklore and the idyllic rural life
served the dual purpose of promoting Aryan ideals and distracting from
the harsh realities of Nazi policies. Historian Jill Stephenson's
research on rural communities in Nazi Germany supports this perspective.
She argues that places like Mittenwald were strategically utilised to
'sell' the Nazi vision of a racially pure, agrarian society, thus
playing a significant role in the regime's propaganda machine. These
areas were not just passive bystanders or victims of Nazi rule, but were
rather strategically exploited as ideological showcases. For her,
places like Mittenwald were integral to selling this vision. Their
traditional rural life, local customs, and apparent racial homogeneity
made them ideal symbols for the 'Blut und Boden' ethos. The town's
picturesque scenery, charming houses, and local folklore were presented
in stark contrast to the perceived decadence and moral decay of modern,
urban environments. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPD2fTLmnJl5oO0LXKyFi0JJSPOAPqs8Zs8GJ8EWP8cMwlUuxn6WCJrJ2YDngPo5pt7cmfzXC5WotDkRrbWj3Nyz8kB8pSMmTB7v-gqEHsJtfCESW4-iBjtPR6x_L8YZd3AElPJ45_S1y5NUC-4OGkCq-0pX11rezQi_5Dec1EEgKc8MWCLOO2RcIUIQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker(31).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="227" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPD2fTLmnJl5oO0LXKyFi0JJSPOAPqs8Zs8GJ8EWP8cMwlUuxn6WCJrJ2YDngPo5pt7cmfzXC5WotDkRrbWj3Nyz8kB8pSMmTB7v-gqEHsJtfCESW4-iBjtPR6x_L8YZd3AElPJ45_S1y5NUC-4OGkCq-0pX11rezQi_5Dec1EEgKc8MWCLOO2RcIUIQ/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker(31).gif" width="227" /></a>This
served the dual purpose of glamourising rural life and promoting the
supposed virtues of racial purity and a simple agrarian lifestyle. As
Stephenson points out, this strategy was not merely confined to the
realm of propaganda. It was also manifested in concrete policies. The
Nazi regime undertook various measures to safeguard and promote rural
life, including agricultural subsidies, support for traditional crafts,
and regulations to prevent urban sprawl. Furthermore, the regime also
implemented 'Heimatschutz' laws to preserve the traditional architecture
and cultural heritage of these towns, further consolidating their role
as ideological showcases.<br />Moreover, Mittenwald's geographical
location on the border of Austria became politically significant after
the annexation of Austria in 1938. The town's proximity to the Austrian
border reinforced its strategic importance. During the war, it was used
for troop movements and as a transit point for prisoners of war. As
elsewhere in Germany, the Nazi regime's reach penetrated all aspects of
life in Mittenwald. Societal organisations, including the Naturfreunde
centres, were manipulated or suppressed. Public spaces became arenas for
Nazi rallies and Hitler Youth activities, as the regime sought to
indoctrinate the younger generation with its ideology.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg07OWwJ7mtrTONG4hROydajnlOUKhJGoa9juTAjY4WgY8oxYG9jn9t4l9Ekat9x5TP5Csl0SpwMfheF2v2u7XaBO25YBcucCXAfG-lHqd-h30rRY4WUY3MvjCGoR_Nor8avkxlCYmT2BsR/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252827%2529.gif" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg07OWwJ7mtrTONG4hROydajnlOUKhJGoa9juTAjY4WgY8oxYG9jn9t4l9Ekat9x5TP5Csl0SpwMfheF2v2u7XaBO25YBcucCXAfG-lHqd-h30rRY4WUY3MvjCGoR_Nor8avkxlCYmT2BsR/w400-h292/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252827%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 411px;" /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
town hall, built in 1939, and looking from the same angle today.
Enlarged by a story, the paintings on the façade shown below have now
been removed. When a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>t the end of March 1933 the leader of the local Nazi group
based in Partenkirchen declared that it was necessary to check all hotels,
pensions and inns in Partenkirchen "for foreign exchange dealers and
politically dubious persons" using auxiliary police officers from the
SA and the Stahlhelm, one who was targeted </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>was
Georg Neuner, Mittenwald's deputy mayor and member of the
"Bayernwacht", the paramilitary wing of the Bavarian People's Party
(BVP), who was suspected of hiding two machine guns. Here in the town
hall the gendarmerie found a number of infantry rifles "with the help of
six </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> men." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKko5K23VJvwqHn6lct7K92emKEzrRfInSbX251y0Iq8DiEXL61QmG93MtJ0fkifFkTWVGWQ9iOdV6i0Gr1oV-WwtP2-FPVgWgNL-1S1Xl2Nf3yswkbwqbD52RY5_6-yonUVnIjZlAixlo/s1600/Screenshot+2020-08-07+at+19.54.06.png" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="245" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKko5K23VJvwqHn6lct7K92emKEzrRfInSbX251y0Iq8DiEXL61QmG93MtJ0fkifFkTWVGWQ9iOdV6i0Gr1oV-WwtP2-FPVgWgNL-1S1Xl2Nf3yswkbwqbD52RY5_6-yonUVnIjZlAixlo/w360-h251/Screenshot+2020-08-07+at+19.54.06.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 230px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 330px;" width="360" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The now removed painting on the facade<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Meanwhile
early in the morning of March 27, 1933, the Mittenwald hunting lodge
("Fereinsalm") of private banker August von Finck was searched by the
Mittenwald constable Karl Hartmann from Garmisch-Partenkirchen, carried
out by two Mittenwald police officers and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
troop leaders Karl Heilmann and Lohr. Fink was subsequently taken into'
protective custody' for alleged foreign exchange offences. The order
for the action came from town councillor Christian Weber, described as
an "'old fighter' and friend of Adolf Hitler's."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg4FcQgjfGItFU6UMfOqYBHB-f2wGajdOC6ow27hmESetav5jjFIOIc55OMPTfIpk94Y7QSxI3uX3EL_jAHH1rdmvidXiB2vWH6JB3Dzej6KMjRYn4kSec447DUtiJfcMZjcb9rYpQdrHo1D6w0FL88hTbSVp8ZPGoUmRz-smPatN5d0oQOM0XQ3NC_vA=s374" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="374" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg4FcQgjfGItFU6UMfOqYBHB-f2wGajdOC6ow27hmESetav5jjFIOIc55OMPTfIpk94Y7QSxI3uX3EL_jAHH1rdmvidXiB2vWH6JB3Dzej6KMjRYn4kSec447DUtiJfcMZjcb9rYpQdrHo1D6w0FL88hTbSVp8ZPGoUmRz-smPatN5d0oQOM0XQ3NC_vA=w200-h198" width="200" /></a>"Judenabwehrschild"
near the Mittenwald train station. As with numerous other towns,
Mittenwald had signs such as this proclaiming "Jews are undesirable in
Mittenwald" near the train station and on the entrances to the village.
Mittenwald's tourist office went out of its way to keep Jewish guests
away by instructing landlords not to cater to them, <a href="https://www-gapgeschichte-de.translate.goog/ns_zeit_1937_antisemitismus_fremdenverkehr_text/antisemitismus_fremdenverkehr_quellen_11_16.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=de&_x_tr_pto=ajax,se,elem">stating in a report from September 15, 1937 that </a>“[i]n
most of the cases in which we heard about the rental to Jews, we
appropriately informed the landlord of his civic obligations. In many
cases this worked." One case where it didn't was Ehrhardt Erdt who was
the owner of the Alpenhotel Erdt. Ignoring the threats and harassment,
he continued to accept Jewish guests as the tourist office complained:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><blockquote>We
only had difficulties with the Alpenhotel Erdt. This hotel often had up
to 15 Jews in the house in the summer, among them well-known "greats"
(Uhlfelder etc.). Aryan guests have often complained about it and
especially denounced the courtesy of Mr. Erdt towards his Jewish guests.
Mr. Erdt has refused any attempt at instruction. On the contrary: It is
in writing that Erdt took in Jews and put German comrades on the street
with meaningless justification.</blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIyFE6E8fWZi5UZFDK1Rkkra1jN3J4jmV-pUXNNkwb_v8GsQqj0ZGkK4YxL33Dn1SYUNrQ3n9NPwRbIQw9dSN6m6f9_7KzKg-0AaF7QPwkJe7r-TJu6HHiwmzCOXlGqpwdiuDHKTA-IJZvzNVZi0uAtu3Qj9Og6mmRxrSrQ9hEYm_XY9Mz1NWbZRvTXg/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker(28).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="206" data-original-width="320" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIyFE6E8fWZi5UZFDK1Rkkra1jN3J4jmV-pUXNNkwb_v8GsQqj0ZGkK4YxL33Dn1SYUNrQ3n9NPwRbIQw9dSN6m6f9_7KzKg-0AaF7QPwkJe7r-TJu6HHiwmzCOXlGqpwdiuDHKTA-IJZvzNVZi0uAtu3Qj9Og6mmRxrSrQ9hEYm_XY9Mz1NWbZRvTXg/w420-h271/ezgif.com-gif-maker(28).gif" width="420" /></a></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Goethe House is pretty much unchanged as compared with these images from Nazi-era postcards.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> In 1940 Leni Riefenstahl made the film "Tiefland" in the town.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>
Riefenstahl had forcibly recruited more than an hundred gypsies from
the Nazi forced camp at Maxglan in the Kendlersiedlung near Salzburg.
Given the film was set in Spain within the Pyrenees and real Spaniards
were unavailable, she organised southern-looking prisoners for the
Spanish extras. The publisher Helmut Kindler , who brought up this case
shortly after the end of the war, was sued for this by Leni Riefenstahl
and convicted of defamation by the district court of Munich in 1949.
Although Riefenstahl knew very well that the prisoners would later be
sent to the Gypsy camp at Auschwitz to be murdered, she <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=http://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/karriere/a-210625.html">continued to deny this</a> on April 27, 2002 in an interview with the <i>Frankfurter Rundschau</i>.In
addition to the Roma from the Maxglan gypsy camp, Riefenstahl also used
Sinti from the Berlin-Marzahn Rastplatz forced camp . When
Riefenstahl-Film GmbH paid the special compensatory levy due for Jews
and “ gypsies ” for 68 Berlin Sinti on April 6, 1943, they had already
been deported to the Gypsy camp in Auschwitz since March. Director Nina
Gladitz took up this dark chapter in her documentary <i>Zeit des Schweigen und der Dunkel</i>,
broadcast in 1982. Riefenstahl then sued again, this time against her
colleague. The core of the legal dispute is Gladitz's allegation that
Leni Riefenstahl had "<a href="http://derfunke.at/nostalgie/hp_artikel/Interview_Riefenstahl.htm">compulsorily conscripted</a>"
gypsies from the Maxglan concentration camp as extras for Tiefland,
promising them to intercede for them, but then leaving them to their
fate. For many, the end was Auschwitz, only a few survived. Gladitz won
the case on three out of four counts. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
director was only agreed on one point, namely that she didn't know what
would happen to the extras after the shooting, since the opposite could
not be proven. At the time of her 100th birthday, the Tiefland case and
the forced conscription were still the subject of legal disputes with
Riefenstahl. The bit actors Rosa Kerndlbacher (who later married Winter)
and Zäzilia Reinhardt also appeared in Tiefland, although they were not
mentioned in the cast list. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzEFWChND5VIYnKhO7-DAHMYT-w601OUE-tnYXqF8N5AU1jKqL3Dy7yRgTpkntcMu8q-BnjfMHzNyAhGtlONuGQGI27XbXWpiTUEIsOPjuOcRTZ2qx-356Z9r37r4-Jhc5o40dvZwmdcqh7ROMCyBnLUzX5JmEOvvMyreiN5hdJ1yKxKTykKrk1iAU3g/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker(29).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="212" height="475" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzEFWChND5VIYnKhO7-DAHMYT-w601OUE-tnYXqF8N5AU1jKqL3Dy7yRgTpkntcMu8q-BnjfMHzNyAhGtlONuGQGI27XbXWpiTUEIsOPjuOcRTZ2qx-356Z9r37r4-Jhc5o40dvZwmdcqh7ROMCyBnLUzX5JmEOvvMyreiN5hdJ1yKxKTykKrk1iAU3g/w315-h475/ezgif.com-gif-maker(29).gif" width="315" /></a>These
are two of the Sinti known by name who were requested by Riefenstahl
for the filming from the Maxglan “Gypsy camp” in order to portray
“Spanish” girls as extras. The extra Josef Reinhardt was another of the
lowland survivors of the "gypsy camp". In the premiere version, almost
all scenes in which the conscripts appear have been deleted. According
to Kay Weniger (17) in </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Lexikon der verfolgten Theater-, Film- und Musikkünstler 1933–1945</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><blockquote>A
number of members of these clans thus initially escaped the misery of
the camps and were taken to the shooting location near Mittenwald, where
they could expect better food than in the camps. But despite all the
promises made by the regime-respected individual director, working in
front of the camera by no means meant a permit to freedom – on the
contrary. The 'Gypsies' were no longer needed after the end of filming,
and contrary to Riefenstahl's promise to intercede for them, the minor
actors, who were classified as racially inferior by the system, had to
return to the camps - with almost certain death in sight.</blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The film received <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=https://www.nmz.de/kiz/nachrichten/riefenstahls-geburtstag-polarisiert-medien">six to seven million Reichsmarks</a>
from the Nazi state. According to various biographers, Hitler
personally valued the material very much; he himself is said to have
instructed the millions in funding from the state budget. Tiefland was
the most expensive black-and-white film produced in the Nazi state ,
with production costs of around 8.5 million Reichsmarks, for which
Riefenstahl says it invested millions of its own assets. <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en&u=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-28955451.html">According to Riefenstahl</a>,
the film Tiefland cost her "eight arrests...four denazifications , an
insane asylum, a court hearing, nervous breakdowns, serious illness and
the millions" she made from her previous films. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Mittenwald
became known worldwide through the novel "Nazigold," published in 1984. Since
then, this place has been the destination of treasure hunters from all
over the world based on the claims that Nazi loot left in the Bavarian
hills at the end of the war was taken by Colonel Franz Wilhelm Pfeiffer
somewhere nearby into the Karwendel Mountains.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs-d8as0L7tvVKV24Y7idhP7Gnzz0XiQxMaeA8TMadyIaQ06USB6L9NBgIbt5MaSBAipOU_nlsetCdBmAkZl2kXixJvSJiQUx1gZM5Ooh3aIWKCDuJg1tmCWmJAxPWyz-FKmbV9VpfDhUd/s1600/Screenshot+2020-08-07+at+21.24.56.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="1012" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs-d8as0L7tvVKV24Y7idhP7Gnzz0XiQxMaeA8TMadyIaQ06USB6L9NBgIbt5MaSBAipOU_nlsetCdBmAkZl2kXixJvSJiQUx1gZM5Ooh3aIWKCDuJg1tmCWmJAxPWyz-FKmbV9VpfDhUd/w342-h231/Screenshot+2020-08-07+at+21.24.56.png" width="342" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In the 1930s, Mittenwald became the garrison and training centre of the Wehrmacht mountain group. It was here in </span><span>Mittenwald that one of the "evacuation transports" from the Dachau concentration camp ended at the end of April 1945. </span><span>After
the war Mittenwald belonged to the American occupation zone. From April
1946 until the end of January 1952, the military administration
established a DP camp for Jewish and Ukrainian Displaced Persons. Among
the refugees were some homeless foreigners and members of the Vlasov
army, Poles, Belarusians and Russians among them. The East European DPs
were placed in the mountain huntsmen camp and in the Luttensee camp
(today's Luttensee barracks), and some Mittenwalder hotels were
requisitioned for the Jewish DPs. The White Russians erected a monument
to the participants of the Sluzker insurrection near the Luthenese
Barracks. </span><span>From 2002-2009
leftist antifa demonstrators protested against commemorations by
veterans of the Wehrmacht mountain group on Pentecost at the memorial on
the Hohenbrendten.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfIulAsp-AMnjrYN-pRAKHjQXg8z6ptxTJjXwpnMlirCnglSiUMJjzODnC72ealvZ1VDcI1sWFyWGkQcIbI7rVnyia0AhBGn8V2Xb9yj45cD_ErbS26n1RFo9uZ3IXWY-Y8esMNQmmiDYx/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25288%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfIulAsp-AMnjrYN-pRAKHjQXg8z6ptxTJjXwpnMlirCnglSiUMJjzODnC72ealvZ1VDcI1sWFyWGkQcIbI7rVnyia0AhBGn8V2Xb9yj45cD_ErbS26n1RFo9uZ3IXWY-Y8esMNQmmiDYx/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25288%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
Ludendorff Kaserne in 1940 and today. Ludendorff had owned an holiday
house in the neighbouring town of Klais and may have passed through the
barracks with its vast mountain tours in the Karwendel. On January 16,
1938, cornerstones for the first Adolf Hitler Schools were laid here at
Mittenwald, as well as Waldbröl near Cologne, Hesselberg, and at various
other locations. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span class="headline" style="font-size: normal;">Astonishingly, <span>i</span>n May 1964 the barracks were renamed after General Ludwig Kübler<span>, a German General of the Mountain Troops during the war who was executed as a war criminal in Yugoslavia in 1947.</span>
It was not until November 1995 that Volker Rühe, then the German
Minister of Defence, changed the name "General-Kübler-Kaserne" into
"Karwendel-Kaserne". </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/dutch-filmmaker-leon-giesen-says-mittenwald-is-site-of-nazi-treasure-a-923530.html" title="Secret Code: Music Score May Lead to Nazi Gold"><span class="headline" style="font-size: normal;">Music Score May Lead to Nazi Gold</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>This <span>was </span>the site of the Winter Olympic Games in 193<span>6</span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
Summer Games for 1936 had already been awarded to Germany in 1931,
after Berlin had already been scheduled for the 1916 Summer Games , but
these did not take place because of the First World War. This gave
Germany the privilege to host the Winter Games as well. At that time
there was no suitable winter sports resort in Germany, and it wasn't
until 1933 that the conditions for such an event were created. Other
candidate cities were Montreal and St. Moritz. On January 24, 1933, the
founding meeting of the German Olympic Organising Committee was held,
initially under the patronage of President Paul von Hindenburg but,
after his death, assumed by Hitler on November 13, 1934. An Olympic
Propaganda Committee was formed to be responsible for public relations
of the games. The </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>German Olympic Organising Committee</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
was subordinate to both the Ministry of Propaganda and the Ministry of
the Interior - the former for the area of public appearance, the latter
for the sports department. Such a dependency on government agencies
represented a violation of the IOC statutes and was concealed from the
outside. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2lW6Spl8ldF7Htn9bkRW9J0ehMHJOrb4ZlWymcWQh-PKNe-kkdUxgKosVP3CH7sR4-CfHwCP6sOseU9O2goJ-6YXeuvW_0lyO7-fojHoccYp-FN1CmJMB2iYGvTRUsL1QK9W2mDUgJJkL/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252824%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="282" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2lW6Spl8ldF7Htn9bkRW9J0ehMHJOrb4ZlWymcWQh-PKNe-kkdUxgKosVP3CH7sR4-CfHwCP6sOseU9O2goJ-6YXeuvW_0lyO7-fojHoccYp-FN1CmJMB2iYGvTRUsL1QK9W2mDUgJJkL/w338-h442/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252824%2529.gif" width="338" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Ludwigstraße
decked out in Nazi flags for the Games. Karl Ritter von Halt, appointed
President of the German Organising Committee of the Winter Games in
1936, saw in May 1935 "with growing concern" - as he reported in a
letter to <a href="https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/2002_1_5_dierker.pdf">Oberregierungsrat Hans Ritter von Lex</a>
and the Reich Ministry of the Interior in the run-up to the veils -
"... in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the surrounding area a planned
anti-Semitic propaganda ”and “ ... especially on the highway from Munich
to Garmisch-Partenkirchen ”. He had belonged to Himmler's circle of
friends and concluded by stating that "</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>you also know very
well that I am not telling you these worries of mine to help the Jews,
it is exclusively about the Olympic idea."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On
December 3, 1935 the Nazi government issued an order to “remove all
signs and posters relating to the Jewish question” in the region of
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, so as not to endanger international support for
the Berlin Games. </span>Prior to the Winter Games, the
Garmisch-Partenkirchen town council passed an order to expel all Jews in
its jurisdiction, but it wait until after the Olympics to implement the
antisemitic decree. Anti-Jewish signs <span>were temporarily removed.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On September 25, 1935, the town served an as a garrison of the Wehrmacht with
the first groundbreaking ceremony for the Jägerkaserne and later the
artillery barracks. </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler had intended to take
full advantage of the staging of the 1936 Winter Olympic Games in
Garmisch- Partenkirchen and the summer games in Berlin to divert the
attention of the German public and the international community as an
whole from his military and political activities, in particular his
goal of extending the military sovereignty of the Reich to the Rhineland
and of prolonging the one-year compulsory military service to two
years, having earlier chosen the shorter term of service only to make
its introduction politically and psychologically more acceptable. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX9mH_Eiq4oAzmxju-UmNU7tWgRqBwsx34iGPcu0kJQ6YgAmSCul7RcHSxXmFwVF0L7gyGSk7Mgo9L33CihLRH0Kh_0Ad4zO7Qaim-kDqVWOm-zPM1n3VqvcBXyvUDGJpmz9kXefw8aWYR/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252820%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="418" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX9mH_Eiq4oAzmxju-UmNU7tWgRqBwsx34iGPcu0kJQ6YgAmSCul7RcHSxXmFwVF0L7gyGSk7Mgo9L33CihLRH0Kh_0Ad4zO7Qaim-kDqVWOm-zPM1n3VqvcBXyvUDGJpmz9kXefw8aWYR/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252820%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The town hall</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, constructed by Oswald Bieber by 1936.
Bieber was responsible for a number of Nazi buildings including the
Munich-based </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Siedlung" target="_blank"><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ-</span></span></span></span></span></span>Standarte 1 „Deutschland“</a> and the <a href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Ludwigstra%C3%9Fe" target="_blank">Haus des Deutschen Rechts</a>.
The war for Garmisch would end here on Sunday, April 29, 1945 when the
tanks of the 10th American Armoured Division approached the
Garmisch-Partenkirchen market from Oberammergau. The Ettal mountain
hunter major Michael Pössinger drove to meet the US troops as a
parliamentarian to convince them that the Garmisch-Partenkirchen
hospital was ready for a surrender without a fight. The US officer with
whom Pössinger negotiated initially stated that the offer would come too
late and that the Americans' plan to have Garmisch-Partenkirchen bombed
by several hundred planes could no longer be stopped. The resulting
inferno would have destroyed the town just a few days before the
armistice but in the end never took place, either because Pössinger was
able to convince the American officers or because the threat of the
bomber attack was only a ruse. In the end, the American tanks reached
Garmisch-Partenkirchen town hall in the early evening without a fight.
Ironically, recently the town's police chief has declared that "the <span>blacks </span>are now in charge<span>"</span>of the town as 'refugees' from Africa have <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3840940/Street-fighting-vandalism-sexual-assault-Mayor-picturesque-German-ski-town-begs-help-tackle-explosive-refugee-crime-wave.html">taken over <span>the</span> Abrams complex</a>, a former American Army site that now houses around 250 claimed asylum seekers which the may<span>or in her appeal for help from the authorities </span>is claiming is affecting tourism and the health of her residents<span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgnwGYl_lximkCDSqhb3q_lddRAs682ut-Hi9rJyqoEmzhavs9nF6OePqpyOQSMXCh0o2fMuMU_5q2UlX-vL2ERFoJlJp4EYN1A0HGDwJ1QLmx3Pvr4OqqwDCPtUwoNgSAptj9qraDmz1s/s412/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252884%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="412" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgnwGYl_lximkCDSqhb3q_lddRAs682ut-Hi9rJyqoEmzhavs9nF6OePqpyOQSMXCh0o2fMuMU_5q2UlX-vL2ERFoJlJp4EYN1A0HGDwJ1QLmx3Pvr4OqqwDCPtUwoNgSAptj9qraDmz1s/w470-h277/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252884%2529.gif" width="470" /></a></div>The post office on the right and the area around the railway station decked out for the Games.<br /> It was to Garmisch that </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Göring
fled after the failed Beer Hall Putsch attempt. Franz Thanner, who
chauffeured the Görings on this trip and was a member of the National
Socialist Driver Corps (NSKK), drove them to the Partenkirchner Villa of
Major Friedrich Schueler van Krieken on the afternoon of November 9.
Like Goering, he had been an officer in the German air force during the
Great War. Van Krieken had served in the Feldfliegerabteilung 23 with
Göring serving in the Feldfliegerabteilung 25; in 1916 van Krieken
became the flight commander of the 5th (Ottoman) Army. From there he
received the order at around 22.00 to drive Göring and his wife across
the border from Griesen to Tyrol, accompanied by Dr. Richard Meyer,
doctor in the prestigious Partenkirchner sanatorium “Dr. Wiggers Kurheim
”. During passport control, it was discovered who the wounded occupant
of the car was. The official on duty refused Goering to cross the
border, but did not arrest him because no arrest warrant had yet been
issued. Accompanied by the state police, Göring was driven to the
district office in Garmisch. There he was told again that he should not
cross the border and remained under police surveillance. He was sent on
to the Kurheim Wiggers in Partenkirchen. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi38VSMlQuhjqBbqZ8W5A8UXawaiH2uwTVteIEiBp0P9wgoXDKzCYxZQyIjj9ze7x4sQVCpqL3cxSsrmLwgIHu6LgtBqcq5IKwh03_9EZPjd-_s_tYVoN6I5jzVcj9lFAWpO0zukqKKG8z3/s410/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252898%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="410" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi38VSMlQuhjqBbqZ8W5A8UXawaiH2uwTVteIEiBp0P9wgoXDKzCYxZQyIjj9ze7x4sQVCpqL3cxSsrmLwgIHu6LgtBqcq5IKwh03_9EZPjd-_s_tYVoN6I5jzVcj9lFAWpO0zukqKKG8z3/w420-h224/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252898%2529.gif" width="420" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The railway station </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>during a Nazi ceremony and today.<br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The winter games provided the occasion to unite the two neighbouring Bavarian communities Garmisch and Partenkirchen on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>January 1, 1935 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>to form the market town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>This
was not without controversy among the population with the
Garmisch-based composer Richard Strauss rejecting the collection of a
new council tax on the grounds that he was not even thinking of
“financing this sport nonsense”. The Garmisch municipal council
initially resisted the merging of municipalities, after which Gauleiter
Adolf Wagner ordered Garmisch's mayors and councillors to Munich from
where he <a href="https://www.gapgeschichte.de/ns_zeit_1935_ga_pa_text/zwangsvereinigung_text.htm">threatened them with imprisonment </a>in the Dachau concentration camp and left the council to decide on the merger with Partenkirchen that same evening.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6Sh6hB9Ftjxqq5xTyOpUHoyAT9fStYt_2Ff0CRqf5wsdLAtj0FEC3ozJwd6i8HTwI7oXY8tv_vdIboa0u7K7a5oBNIL86oBcudaGyzTqYb_u5q-YRNZg07aE0VU1RKjNMfLrEGi-Po-r4/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="437" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6Sh6hB9Ftjxqq5xTyOpUHoyAT9fStYt_2Ff0CRqf5wsdLAtj0FEC3ozJwd6i8HTwI7oXY8tv_vdIboa0u7K7a5oBNIL86oBcudaGyzTqYb_u5q-YRNZg07aE0VU1RKjNMfLrEGi-Po-r4/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Wagner would be honoured by Garmisch with its main square, now Marienplatz, being renamed in his honour. At the end was the </span><span><span><span><span><span><span>former Nazi headquarters in Garmisch.</span></span></span>
In the course of 1935, this "House of the National Socialists" was
opened in the former town hall of the Garmisch market on
Adolf-Wagner-Platz 13, shown below. Its location, facilities and
personnel apparatus made it the local political centre of the Nazi
dictatorship. From here, the population was indoctrinated, mobilised and
terrorised. It was until 1945 the seat of the four Kreisleiters- Hans
Hartmann, Johann Hausböck, Jakob Scheck and Heinrich Schiede.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigG9KGxkwofSCOroSSs-eROLCjOWlwaMlfham7hHj0LFsLRrwQuMWJGgvlRYBncQOXT7VeRZW2RfcD0raDqludfh5nTs3Cp8JnhanwNL1Ht1LCVFfeBg3pSgCkJiwFzagDEdbpviT-gzsK/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252825%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="413" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigG9KGxkwofSCOroSSs-eROLCjOWlwaMlfham7hHj0LFsLRrwQuMWJGgvlRYBncQOXT7VeRZW2RfcD0raDqludfh5nTs3Cp8JnhanwNL1Ht1LCVFfeBg3pSgCkJiwFzagDEdbpviT-gzsK/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252825%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
games seemed endangered by the lack of snow, but it had started to snow
just in time. On February 3, the message went beyond teletype:
“Snowfall in Garmisch-Partenkirchen; Winter Olympics secured!” Up until
February 4, the snow cover in the valley had been approximately 20
centimetres. And after a short break, it began to snow around noon the
next day, continuing overnight. Meanwhile, just days before the opening
of the Winter Games, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>there had been the acute threat of violent attacks</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
on the Jewish population after David Frankfurter's assassination of
Nazi regional leader Wilhelm Gustloff on February 4 in Switzerland.
Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick the next day sent out the
following notice: "Subject: Prevention of riots due to the murder of
NSDAP group leader </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Gustloff </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>in
Switzerland :... I agree with the deputy of the leader Rudolf Heß that
individual actions against Jews on the occasion of the murder of the
leader of the Swiss national group Wilhelm Gustloff in Davos absolutely
have to be avoided. I ask to take action against any such actions and to
maintain public safety and order. "At the same time, Nazi propaganda
raised Gustloff to the “martyrs of the movement ” and had his coffin
brought to the German Reich by special train. Hitler also limited his
funeral speech to what was described as "relatively reserved"and
"moderate".</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_uIRvTw9OKSCTB10eEyC4xOUZ-RPLOkdYQEPsc2m1nPbIdvLwBcJSBG-AfSiPaSkwWB1CaMwQGUSAnPXCh_w7bXJI6xQOG4A0wEfKWz2oS2nb8Td-5vL_YO67Eoglb-SlcPcZiD6Yyb5p/s1014/Screenshot+2021-08-08+at+19.44.33.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="1014" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_uIRvTw9OKSCTB10eEyC4xOUZ-RPLOkdYQEPsc2m1nPbIdvLwBcJSBG-AfSiPaSkwWB1CaMwQGUSAnPXCh_w7bXJI6xQOG4A0wEfKWz2oS2nb8Td-5vL_YO67Eoglb-SlcPcZiD6Yyb5p/w400-h301/Screenshot+2021-08-08+at+19.44.33.png" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> The
Nazi eagle remains in situ at the Artillerie Kaserne a couple of miles
West of the town centre. In 1937 the barracks complex was named the
"Krafft-von-Dellmensingen-Kaserne" in honour of Konrad Krafft von
Dellmensingen, a Bavarian Army general in the Great War who had served
as Chief of the General Staff of the Royal Bavarian Army and commanded
the elite Alpenkorps, the Imperial German Army's mountain division
formed in 1915. After the war the barracks were taken over by the
Americans. After the programme of denazification was launched after the
end of the war, the name “Krafft-von-Dellmensingen-Kaserne” was
rescinded even though von Dellmensingen had retired from the army long
before in December 1918. However, on July 9, 1975 this decision was
reversed and the barracks were named after Dellmensingen again even
though </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>its name was removed from the outside of the barracks on June 29, 2011</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Today this building houses part of the George C. Marshall European Centre for Security Studies. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ZCEH1PoTBBwudGUF-RS2fpyifRlWSnUj7PoJ-jnNCTijRznV2ftDn4Own7YGODV-1RlbnxBk8rSJhHUYE63ImW74nJkMROJdv4DZRmmqu85oQRu_uF3Q3IKPavt38tmcrXhuqrYGoszC/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252810%2529.gif" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="301" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ZCEH1PoTBBwudGUF-RS2fpyifRlWSnUj7PoJ-jnNCTijRznV2ftDn4Own7YGODV-1RlbnxBk8rSJhHUYE63ImW74nJkMROJdv4DZRmmqu85oQRu_uF3Q3IKPavt38tmcrXhuqrYGoszC/w339-h434/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252810%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 310px; width: 242px;" width="339" /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler
arriving at the start of the Games on February 6, 1936 in the new
Skiing Stadium. He is seen leaving via the the Gasthof Olympiahaus.
After Garmisch was awarded the contract for the IV Winter Olympics, this
stadium had to be built for the opening ceremony</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>. This led </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Mayor Scheck </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>to order the renovation and expansion of the old Gudibergschanze by </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>architect Arnulf Albinger. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
It was quickly built that same year and consisted of earthworks and
terraced wooden bleachers that could accommodate 40,000 guests at the
northwest end of the Großen Olympiaschanze. In fact, it was designed to
allow as many as 60,000 people to enter the stadium. Since the ski
stadium offered more places than the more central Olympic ice stadium,
the organising committee recommended that the opening and closing
ceremony be held here in the ski stadium instead of in the ice stadium,
as was previously the case. They also recommended using the ski stadium
as the start and finish of the 18-kilometre cross-country ski run, the
fifty kilometre endurance run and the 4 × 10-kilometre relay race. The
then IOC President De Baillet-Latour described the stadium with the
jumps as "the most beautiful winter sports facility in the world". Arnd
Krüger remarks in his book <i>The Nazi Olympics </i>(236) that "[e]ven
as late as 1996 the city of Garmisch-Partenkirchen celebrated the
sixtieth anniversary of their Olympics, as if this had been nothing but a
big happy sports meet. So much for the long-term effect of efficient
propaganda." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigtpdVg-eqfak2R5UC7IPp0nOfLFbq8OU9suHBjnMrx_2hJVP013-EfbUe5RiIUPEcVRnHbhDArPTkSXKq07bIuDIWE-etJ7ffi7dMIskr8487MUY2i6Z_-X-3R4uyye9BSm_lZjR8Q7MoVoPEVIXOn_0pTg-HM6OxGwKslkLxPKRc1RjMLc5n7rZj8g/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker(11).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="320" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigtpdVg-eqfak2R5UC7IPp0nOfLFbq8OU9suHBjnMrx_2hJVP013-EfbUe5RiIUPEcVRnHbhDArPTkSXKq07bIuDIWE-etJ7ffi7dMIskr8487MUY2i6Z_-X-3R4uyye9BSm_lZjR8Q7MoVoPEVIXOn_0pTg-HM6OxGwKslkLxPKRc1RjMLc5n7rZj8g/w400-h328/ezgif.com-gif-maker(11).gif" width="400" /></a></div>For
the Nazis, skiing was a meticulously curated activity that served a
tripartite function - ideological dissemination, social mobilisation,
and military preparedness. The underlying ideological implication of
skiing was apparent in the promotion of Aryan traits such as endurance
and virility. By facilitating mass participation and fostering a sense
of shared identity, skiing was instrumental in creating a cohesive
'Volksgemeinschaft', thereby solidifying the Nazi regime's base. The
military aspect of skiing, although seemingly peripheral, played a
significant role in shaping the Hitler Youth's preparedness for warfare.
Large's research illustrates how skiing was popularised under the
banner of the 'Strength Through Joy' programme. This initiative was
essentially an exercise in mass mobilisation, an attempt to create a
united 'Volksgemeinschaft' or people's community. By organising mass ski
trips and competitions, the Nazis could integrate various social
classes and foster a sense of collective identity. Large also notes that
the affordability of these ski excursions allowed working-class Germans
access to a traditionally upper-class pastime. This social levelling
not only bolstered the Nazis' populist appeal but also smoothed over
class tensions, contributing to the regime's stability. The relationship
between skiing and military preparedness as outlined by Kershaw
presents yet another perspective on its significance to the Nazis.
According to Kershaw, skiing was not only a tool for ideological and
social purposes but also served a more practical purpose: military
training. Skiing, with its demands on physical fitness and endurance,
was used as a form of pre-military training for the Hitler Youth.
Kershaw notes that organised ski trips such as to here often involved
elements of military drill and discipline, inculcating obedience and
readiness in potential soldiers. The physical resilience required to ski
was seen as a desirable quality in soldiers, fitting perfectly into the
Nazi's militaristic narrative.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd0yMXD6NcUVz3SwIULDzs-Wquhz47FttPmvm3JQhnXGr5sg2I1lflIONkwhyxcm_SrAsf5zxccpHj4io-a36tn7IpxM4FxMJdkkEqxz3W9O-hu2vxZYY5Gs-AMzJN5QF8gtiby7uEtcHz/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252821%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="509" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd0yMXD6NcUVz3SwIULDzs-Wquhz47FttPmvm3JQhnXGr5sg2I1lflIONkwhyxcm_SrAsf5zxccpHj4io-a36tn7IpxM4FxMJdkkEqxz3W9O-hu2vxZYY5Gs-AMzJN5QF8gtiby7uEtcHz/w785-h348/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252821%2529.gif" width="785" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler
opening the 1936 Olympic ski jump events from the Olympiahaus terrace
on February 6, 1936. The ceremony began at 11.00 and took place in
biting frost and heavy snow. Even beforehand, the motorcades and streams
of people were directed by a huge contingent of well-trained and
precisely instructed police officers on various well-groomed roads into
the huge stadium on Gudiberg. At 10.00 the access roads were closed and
the crowd was let in by uniformed officers. The Nazis' youth
organisations consisting of about a thousand boys stood disciplined,
bareheaded and freezing, in the deep snow, which was growing ever more.
At 11.00 Hitler's special train with government representatives arrived
about 100 metres from the stadium. Hitler was greeted with tremendous
jubilation when he entered the official here on the terrace of the
Olympiahaus. Accompanied by marching music, the Olympic participants,
starting with Greece with its two skiers, followed in alphabetical
order culminating in Germany as the host country. The Austrians, in red
sweaters and matching white hats and gloves, were accompanied with a
storm of applause that never stopped. At the end of their long
procession there were three groups of ice shooters in Tyrolean costumes.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr0p8cP2G275JYIONZWNmN3rpzAVzd65NRwFXnoQYAnB9dr_7jO1V56I3sXZbjXSLR_aJlX8V1FKot8sBxdA5YSSivJeguWPDPWj-vK5Ujju8b5ER5Gl2jl_kqkCEkYfncP4c967mceVG5/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252823%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="244" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr0p8cP2G275JYIONZWNmN3rpzAVzd65NRwFXnoQYAnB9dr_7jO1V56I3sXZbjXSLR_aJlX8V1FKot8sBxdA5YSSivJeguWPDPWj-vK5Ujju8b5ER5Gl2jl_kqkCEkYfncP4c967mceVG5/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252823%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler saluting the athletes from the terrace during the opening ceremony. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>According to the usual practices at the Olympic Games,
these were conducted under the auspices of the head of state of the host
nation, meaning Hitler in this case.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> The President of the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>German Olympic Organising Committee</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>,
Karl Ritter von Halt, entered the speaker's gallery and gave a short
speech concluding with how "[w]e Germans also want to show the world in
this way that we will, true to the orders of our Fuhrer and Reich
Chancellor, make the Olympic Games a true celebration of peace and
sincere understanding between the peoples." This sounded particularly
defencive at the time given the political background; it looked as if
the Nazi regime had to fight against resistance in the implementation of
the Olympic Winter Games. The games were officially opened with a
single sentence by Hitler </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>“with resounding clarity,” as the German News Bureau
phrased it: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXWrVErIBJQVhzqabs0N282JDFADIwexPh3raf8RhHG1OpGPU9CHIOYbNSQKCMwQQzLflMyqoizx0lpOzIufeHo-_LcH80kHAwnwEV0xrgScaHPbwZc_h-o2smR-wQg4yG9aJvm-x1BqZb/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252834%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="408" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXWrVErIBJQVhzqabs0N282JDFADIwexPh3raf8RhHG1OpGPU9CHIOYbNSQKCMwQQzLflMyqoizx0lpOzIufeHo-_LcH80kHAwnwEV0xrgScaHPbwZc_h-o2smR-wQg4yG9aJvm-x1BqZb/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252834%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>I hereby declare the Fourth Winter Olympics of 1936 in Garmisch- Partenkirchen open to the public! </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Later he himself congratulated every victorious German athlete by sending a telegramme. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
sounds of music, gun salutes and the hoisting of the Olympic flag.
Wilhelm Bogner spoke the athlete's oath. Before it noon, the ceremony,
which was carried out without any particular pomp, was over. The stadium
emptied relatively quickly during a wind storm.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Germany
also hosted the Summer Olympics the same year in Berlin. 1936 is the
last year in which the Summer and Winter Games were both held in the
same country (the cancelled 1940 games would have been held in Japan,
with that country likewise hosting the Winter and Summer games). In the
six months between the Winter and Summer Games, the Nazis prepared to
host a variety of athletic and cultural events and selected the German
athletes who would participate. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs9WaqX_B64P6Mt4ypQWaoWMRFmLjpKivoD1ZxKoHxyC7vpYeDSC55BE2lQNR1rGr6LFLiUz45EOAmG8UXS8zdhwSSZfBfcgDt_o4-z9PMGCfPImmpmZ_heuu3qsn10NUkKmcrsvYLr5Ba/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252822%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="376" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs9WaqX_B64P6Mt4ypQWaoWMRFmLjpKivoD1ZxKoHxyC7vpYeDSC55BE2lQNR1rGr6LFLiUz45EOAmG8UXS8zdhwSSZfBfcgDt_o4-z9PMGCfPImmpmZ_heuu3qsn10NUkKmcrsvYLr5Ba/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252822%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>At the ski run at the Olympia Skischanze and as it appeared in 1936. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Of
personal interest as a Winnipegger, neither Canada nor the United
States, both heavy favourites, even appeared in the final which Britain
won against the German team as the commentators described the action on
the ice as if they were reporting from a theatre of war. Ten of
Britain's twelve players came from the Dominion of Canada, which is why
the ice hockey congress had met before the opening day for their
approval. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
closing ceremony took place in the Olympic Stadium and was connected
with the award ceremony carried out by Dr. Ritter von Halt for the last
competitions. Hitler and his entourage also took part. To the sound of a
parade march, the standard-bearers of all nations moved in, followed by
the competitors. The flags went up on the masts, still remaining today,
whilst gun salutes were fired, the national anthems were played and the
torches lit as darkness fell. Ritter von Halt decorated all banners
with an Olympic ribbon. Then IOC President Henri de Baillet-Latour
entered the speaker's platform and closed the games with a speech. The
Olympic flag was lowered, the fire went out and the participants left
the stadium. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
International Olympic Committee was so satisfied with the
implementation of the Games that it unanimously awarded Germany the
right to host the Winter Olympics in 1940 after the cancellation of
Sapporo in July 1938 and St. Moritz in June 1939, despite the breach of
the Munich Agreement by Germany after annexing the rest of the Czech
Republic in March 1939. - unanimously again awarded to
Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The IOC, as it would later show by kowtowing to
the Chinese regime in 2008, believed that a state that received a pledge
from it for the 1940 Winter Games would not go to war. And that,
although three weeks after the end of the 1936 Winter Games, German
troops marched into the Rhineland. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>After 1945 the recreation facilities of the American Army (later Armed Forces Recreation <span>Centre</span>) were used on the site of numerous units. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJPENCGv1ZB1bVbOnAFjMZ8Q0ShOC3hOaZH6HewOnLctVylkrSGwu80upZdYrk-Jn8yOmYd07OKVEYFebwuTPdnj3WoJCSK9ElvyAfaDVyrkHcXEsuWelgu5g_AqXPf_B07DZ6W4o4W0az/s1600/Screenshot+2020-08-14+at+18.54.28.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="690" data-original-width="654" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJPENCGv1ZB1bVbOnAFjMZ8Q0ShOC3hOaZH6HewOnLctVylkrSGwu80upZdYrk-Jn8yOmYd07OKVEYFebwuTPdnj3WoJCSK9ElvyAfaDVyrkHcXEsuWelgu5g_AqXPf_B07DZ6W4o4W0az/s400/Screenshot+2020-08-14+at+18.54.28.png" width="378" /></a></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Reliefs remaining from the time. As David Clay Large argues, it is </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>such
surviving artifacts from Olympia 1936 [that] may also serve to remind
us that these games are among the few undertakings of the Nazi era that
many Germans even today believe reflect a more “positive” side of
Hitler's Germany (the Autobahnen would be another such example).
Anchoring this overly favorable view of the games is a widespread belief
that the 1936 Olympics were largely untainted by Nazi ideology and
represented a brief moment of tolerance and good feeling—a kind of oasis
of decency—in the twelve-year nightmare of National Socialist rule.
This was the main theme of the public commemorations in Berlin and
Garmisch-Partenkirchen in 1986, marking the fiftieth anniversary of the
German games. These festivities were full of nostalgic ruminations about
the technical competence and innovative brilliance of the organizers,
the orderliness and conviviality of the proceedings, and the "idealism”
of the athletes in comparison to "the spoiled professionals of today.”
On these occasions many of the athletes themselves hotly disputed the
notion that the Hitler regime had in any way “misused” the games for
political purposes. Their cry was then taken up by some conservative
journalists and sports historians, one of whom, Willi Knecht, argued
that it was simply "ignorant” for historians to posit extensive ties
between the Hitler regime and the '36 games.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=92mPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14&dq=%22These+festivities+were+full+of+nostalgic+ruminations+about+the+technical+competence+and+%22&source=bl&ots=SxlAegoPRK&sig=ACfU3U3VoKP1RGG99Q4fL_YHLiIyYiQPsQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu2JuHyuH-AhVgRPEDHZVsBSYQ6AF6BAgIEAM"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936 (14)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfkl74yfoWLrECUjRrheVbQODOlNijU0MdwG3B-Hf93V-mOw-K1P1q6AdN4LaqA20wZbBIy_reT-bTtBFpAz_FX__iyVYnSmm_bX0VF25Tj16e1tae4s0aLzRueLaxxf9sPGH8ROkxH8bV/s1600/0e4cbd5a-f186-443e-833c-5bbe640462aa.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="1400" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfkl74yfoWLrECUjRrheVbQODOlNijU0MdwG3B-Hf93V-mOw-K1P1q6AdN4LaqA20wZbBIy_reT-bTtBFpAz_FX__iyVYnSmm_bX0VF25Tj16e1tae4s0aLzRueLaxxf9sPGH8ROkxH8bV/w908-h360/0e4cbd5a-f186-443e-833c-5bbe640462aa.jpeg" width="908" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>These
aren't the only Nazi reliefs in Garmisch; on an elevated water tank in
the Kramer area incredibly remains this huge relief of a man, right arm
stretched out in the Hitler salute with the remains of a chain hanging
from his left arm, apparently having freed himself from the democracy of
the Weimar Republic. Dated 1933-1934, the original swastika was long
removed. Apparently it has since been scrubbed; like the swastika the
man has been chiselled down but his outline is obviously discernible.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr1JHbt_IS4te36zkMeZGZsrJffHLW0sONN-ViG_xXgVinY4ayipWpi5MV7u7y69caryJbcmUG4WqRnplBEd_aHrK8hlq84h6HjjtkJ0hYFXti4i-UUwLSqG-1DtcIE4giliVs1wzO4bVj/s359/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252811%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hotel Alpengruß" border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="359" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr1JHbt_IS4te36zkMeZGZsrJffHLW0sONN-ViG_xXgVinY4ayipWpi5MV7u7y69caryJbcmUG4WqRnplBEd_aHrK8hlq84h6HjjtkJ0hYFXti4i-UUwLSqG-1DtcIE4giliVs1wzO4bVj/w400-h331/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252811%2529.gif" title="Hotel Alpengruß" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A group of children in front of the <a href="https://www.hotel-alpengruss.de/">Hotel Alpengruß</a>
in 1943 during the time when it served as a Kinderlandverschickung
(KLV) through which mainly children and young people from cities at risk
of air warfare were to be quartered in rural areas of Germany. From
1940 to 1945 more than 2.2 million children and young people were placed
in foster families or these KLV camps within the framework of the KLV.
Because of its location far from the front, Bavaria was long considered a
safe reception area and was a main target of the deportation measures
from the start. The main purpose of the KLV was to demonstrate the care
of the regime and to reassure the population concerned about the effects
of the air war. Parents would know their children were safe and should
be able to go about their work without worry. The campaign also served
to conceal the inadequate air protection measures in the cities and were
initiated in 1940 when Hitler appointed the former Reichsjugendführer
Baldur von Schirach as the "Führer's Representative for Extended
Kinderland Dispatch" and put in charge of the newly founded
"Reichsdienststelle Kinderlandverschickung." KLV camps for ten to
fourteen year olds were subordinate to the Hitler Youth, and they also
took over the organization of everyday camp life. The NSLB was
responsible for the provision and supervision of teachers and the
organisation of school lessons for the exiled children. After its
dissolution in 1943, these tasks were transferred to the
Reichsdienststelle KLV, which largely took over the staff of the NSLB,
as well as to the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National
Education.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3S4dqJsjd0hLIRueE93wli-MwuLBtsMUnA1pxjkW8BIaB7FDOXWnHDdxmJLfqUIK1IeYMZAKzFaB-150I8kbjbTuESY6ta_zCUtcTW8voCwiOtKfkgCid4Bcv8R_He0JEOMrjtZgniHMO/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252827%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3S4dqJsjd0hLIRueE93wli-MwuLBtsMUnA1pxjkW8BIaB7FDOXWnHDdxmJLfqUIK1IeYMZAKzFaB-150I8kbjbTuESY6ta_zCUtcTW8voCwiOtKfkgCid4Bcv8R_He0JEOMrjtZgniHMO/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252827%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 331px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX3TC7CZVpPoidY4BLnQ7KMbPWNhT2hx2zq5Zju4zr4aQ2jHu6lOuZgpaeHisG1nn5Be3FJe_RYAATbPvPATMIqJxFklRiq_QLO50UE9qlbAuu6RlPfYMgFrOjoOblRZpb6QrJKB-5HvlE/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252826%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX3TC7CZVpPoidY4BLnQ7KMbPWNhT2hx2zq5Zju4zr4aQ2jHu6lOuZgpaeHisG1nn5Be3FJe_RYAATbPvPATMIqJxFklRiq_QLO50UE9qlbAuu6RlPfYMgFrOjoOblRZpb6QrJKB-5HvlE/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252826%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 325px;" /><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The <span>Bräustüberl in 1937 </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hotel Husar in 1939 </span></span></span>and today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b><span><span><span><span><span>Chiemsee</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span><span><span><span><span><span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Raststätte Chiemsee" border="0" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7zCbb7u10KLXX6f9Bps8E45xstAI8eVty6zB1FAfyezVIfs98GCyIa5wGB5JM2SVOssLMJKVPRqFRSAiYbPUU0sbQuApa-WreCTwxRqXa89qdro8Ay4EMiHEeMFNDITLrdePYfLwfUJs/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252816%2529.gif" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="408" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7zCbb7u10KLXX6f9Bps8E45xstAI8eVty6zB1FAfyezVIfs98GCyIa5wGB5JM2SVOssLMJKVPRqFRSAiYbPUU0sbQuApa-WreCTwxRqXa89qdro8Ay4EMiHEeMFNDITLrdePYfLwfUJs/w400-h265/ezgif.com-optimize+%252816%2529.gif" title="Raststätte Chiemsee" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>At
the Raststätte Chiemsee, the first large service area on the Autobahn,
since 2011 the Klinik Medical Park Chiemseeblick (Psychosomatik). It is
located on the A 8, the Chiemsee motorway, between Munich and Salzburg
in Bernau directly on the south bank of the Chiemsee. The Rasthaus was
opened on August 27, 1937 with 520 seats. In 1942 the building was
completed, but then only used as an hospital. The Munich architect Fritz
Norkauer oriented himself to the large Chiemgau courtyards with their
sloping saddle roofs. Fritz Todt supervised the construction personally.
The site became so popular as an excursion site that it had to be
closed temporarily in the summer of 1939 because of overcrowding. The
restaurant was designed for 350 persons, the terrace of the café for
1300 guests and the outdoor swimming pool for 1450 people. It took 800
workers a year to build the rest-stop on the lake shore given the
difficulty of the site. For the main building, fourteen metre long
reinforced concrete piles were placed in the alluvium. The
250-metre-long building also stands in watertight concrete tubs, so that
would not flood in the spring. In its three wings was a restaurant,
bathing establishment and an hotel with 53 rooms. The house technology
was modern with the Radiolautsprecher behind the wall lamps, exhaust air
slots in the ceilings and the radiators in the windows. There was also
an extension for yachts and excursion steamers. South of the motorway,
connected with the rest house by an underpass were, among other things,
gas station, workshops, apartments for 160 employees, laundry, butcher
and heating centre. On the terrace is the Bronze statue <i>Die Schauende</i> by Fritz Klimsch.</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXWRM4Cv0-1R47QpJQcXCgWuvyQWtei5CG6qHG-EPQGT269rII8AcY8G5HNeKgvr-CB4sheDWkwZgb5k8GNMjGTsq78a2vqCwVt4KEgz18GwyXAYuCGqvEacUxOhMgEeoA5GW_LpFAeAa2/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-11-22+at+09.32.22.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXWRM4Cv0-1R47QpJQcXCgWuvyQWtei5CG6qHG-EPQGT269rII8AcY8G5HNeKgvr-CB4sheDWkwZgb5k8GNMjGTsq78a2vqCwVt4KEgz18GwyXAYuCGqvEacUxOhMgEeoA5GW_LpFAeAa2/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-11-22+at+09.32.22.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 160px; width: 358px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGN8u08PeDhWh-ExJbKw6z2cq9iDVzmQVDOESjLM0F18NY-aorucMyvnIjHfMVnrSYPaxBwaLOp3aG6D0qFx-VvxblM3ckbHl4n37z4ZoIcyGq7uhYiArza5Q28Vo3CG1HSWWGysWGAS6b/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-11-22+at+09.32.30.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGN8u08PeDhWh-ExJbKw6z2cq9iDVzmQVDOESjLM0F18NY-aorucMyvnIjHfMVnrSYPaxBwaLOp3aG6D0qFx-VvxblM3ckbHl4n37z4ZoIcyGq7uhYiArza5Q28Vo3CG1HSWWGysWGAS6b/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-11-22+at+09.32.30.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 160px; width: 275px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler
and, returning from his meeting with Hitler at the Obersalzberg that
led to the Munich Agreement, Neville Chamberlain (between Herbert von
Dirksen and Joachim von Ribbentrop) on September 15, 1938. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSgGXuMb_bYN7OgBu2dhoF_daeT1BKN5k0Jy58PaU8hgEZogi7UcQQ7o45Su0xuSTqEObmM7ROVj635He1Ki2wQapWJjKyyivs4l6qVrhT8Fr23a0vKVtq9Vod4UDZPk1kZwv9KCWs08E/s320/Screen+Shot+2013-12-22+at+3.26.04+PM.png" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSgGXuMb_bYN7OgBu2dhoF_daeT1BKN5k0Jy58PaU8hgEZogi7UcQQ7o45Su0xuSTqEObmM7ROVj635He1Ki2wQapWJjKyyivs4l6qVrhT8Fr23a0vKVtq9Vod4UDZPk1kZwv9KCWs08E/w271-h156/Screen+Shot+2013-12-22+at+3.26.04+PM.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="271" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Of this project, Adolf Hitler, <a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/political%20pdfs/BilderAusDemLebenDesFuehrers.pdf" target="_blank">Bilder aus dem Leben des Führers</a> would claim how Hitler merited full credit: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span> <span style="font-size: small;">The
Leader is regularly informed of the progress of the work by the
Inspector General. In the course of these briefings The Leader
intervenes decisively in many details to influence the basic attitude of
the coworkers to this work according to his will. In these discussions
over the details, it has happened again and again that a decision made
by The Leader has proved itself to be the only possible solution in the
course of time. An example of this was the decision about the lines of
the section on the southern bank of the Chiemsee in Upper Bavaria.
Between this lake and the rising mountains, there is a moor which is
several kilometres wide. The crossing of this moor had caused severe
difficulties for the railroad. The first design of the line for the
Reich Autobahn avoided the moor in a wide arc to the side of the bank
towards the south. The Leader did not agree to this line, which offered
the road neither a view of the lake nor a view of the mountains. He
requested that further and more thorough investigations should be made
to determine whether a possibility could still be found to put the road
closer to the lake. At his instigation further extensive drilling was
carried out in the vicinity of the lake. To everyone's great surprise
these further investigations revealed a rocklike ledge close to the
lake. This ledge was just wide enough to enable the road to be built
close to the side of the lake in accordance with The Leader's wishes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_1TK9Q-6TdSgOb38M6jInQgIx6eHSC6ZQLMrIx_Ge_TkQ45IuptSQQSBdH26GbofeeCreoQKaJ4wBJjyW4OJ52pNg-OzuaS9l09k6Th_guaVsYrM5EIUfV9oApLRo6imyuz5_qoXQSS97/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_1TK9Q-6TdSgOb38M6jInQgIx6eHSC6ZQLMrIx_Ge_TkQ45IuptSQQSBdH26GbofeeCreoQKaJ4wBJjyW4OJ52pNg-OzuaS9l09k6Th_guaVsYrM5EIUfV9oApLRo6imyuz5_qoXQSS97/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 228px;" /><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxazUiN4rTGrsb1Xa4S9kpvmo54Un8B6godLFC_YP-2NhAN_hrZ1ciogO-HRwe3yQk_VsTH6cjJi4li7GJvKmAQHahoLBsIWbTXju1v_gsTMNr7n65o35ohCSpcdXMj7hLCN3n_11w6JIo/s1600/IMG_0526.JPG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxazUiN4rTGrsb1Xa4S9kpvmo54Un8B6godLFC_YP-2NhAN_hrZ1ciogO-HRwe3yQk_VsTH6cjJi4li7GJvKmAQHahoLBsIWbTXju1v_gsTMNr7n65o35ohCSpcdXMj7hLCN3n_11w6JIo/s200/IMG_0526.JPG" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 275px; width: 367px;" /></span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>During the Nazi era and today. On the wall outside the entrance is this plaque offering its own history of the site: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The
Resthouse on Lake Chiemsee was designed by order of Adolf Hitler under
supervision of the General Inspector for German roads, Dr. Todt,
interior and exterior by Prof. Norhauer. Construction was in the hands
of the Supreme Construction Office of the Reichsautobahnen in Munich.
Construction was commenced on 3 July 1937 and the Resthouse was opened 1
September 1938.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><b>Murnau</b></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFieKdJ7zmlJ_Y5TErJYuiQ0GDaDW-zhHOOpxugCTWOLqpduRt-XApZ-CgfAuxxbPTKuyOJ_f3x-Q7v1m2PHT9qGBXsMcXx0nVh8uLG_YNjFMGSqjWOjZBy260mVkR0BOFau_18BQ6SeEx/s320/Screenshot+2020-08-10+at+15.58.11.png" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFieKdJ7zmlJ_Y5TErJYuiQ0GDaDW-zhHOOpxugCTWOLqpduRt-XApZ-CgfAuxxbPTKuyOJ_f3x-Q7v1m2PHT9qGBXsMcXx0nVh8uLG_YNjFMGSqjWOjZBy260mVkR0BOFau_18BQ6SeEx/s320/Screenshot+2020-08-10+at+15.58.11.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; height: 375px; text-align: center; width: 218px;" /> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span>The town hall during the Nazi era and today. </span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;">After the Great War Murnau was impacted by the revolution and the Munich Soviet </span><span style="text-align: left;">Republic
which led to the people of Murnau seeking to protect themselves against
further revolutionary efforts through a local militia. When it was
disarmed, it was soon replaced by the Bundes Oberland, members of which
took part in the Hitler putsch in Munich in 1923; there was even an
attempted coup in Murnau itself. In fact, numerous citizens of the place
took part in the Hitler putsch in Munich and received the so-called
Blood Order for it. That same year a local Nazi Party
branch was founded before being banned until 1926. From 1924, national
and nationalist parties won the majority of Murnau's votes in elections.
In fact, whilst the Nazis managed a paltry 2.6% of the national vote
during the 1924 election, they obtained nearly 33% of the vote in
Murnau. </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="text-align: left;">In 1924 a private high school for
girls (later Gymnasium ) was founded.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></span></span></span>Since the late 1920s, nationalist groups including the Nazis
viewed Murnau as their stronghold, which they defended against political
opponents, often through violence, as in the Murnau Saalschlacht in
1931. As an aside, the town's new hospital, donated by James Loeb, was built in 1932. Loeb was the founder of the <a href="http://www.edonnelly.com/loebs.html">Loeb Classical Library</a> for which, as a classicist, I will always be grateful. In the Reichstag elections of March 1933, 55.8% of the voters of
Murnau voted for the Nazi party- compared to 44% nationwide. When the
Nazis took power Murnau and the surrounding area served as a backdrop
for Nazi projects such as the Hitler Youth highland camp in 1934, the
600th anniversary celebration in 1935 or the 1936 Winter Olympics. <br /></span></div></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoh_p71bbUmU9_IMDCrNViJUPnmuHoms7x40anDo1YmPh4aGYskPoMgfEnKR_VlJ03l35BzVc5-zXdeZrFu5vq6T7HtgoHZUlKX1gk1wsD6Htd6iyGtnTMCzK_7FUzLOesPi0hwePGWkyrfTo1Bj03fbVC4Bv4GkngfYtARy0XRVxHWBTotPkNrd5JQA/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker(40).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="320" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoh_p71bbUmU9_IMDCrNViJUPnmuHoms7x40anDo1YmPh4aGYskPoMgfEnKR_VlJ03l35BzVc5-zXdeZrFu5vq6T7HtgoHZUlKX1gk1wsD6Htd6iyGtnTMCzK_7FUzLOesPi0hwePGWkyrfTo1Bj03fbVC4Bv4GkngfYtARy0XRVxHWBTotPkNrd5JQA/w381-h370/ezgif.com-gif-maker(40).gif" width="381" /></a></div> On
September 9, 1937 the tourist office in Murnau set out the following
directive regarding regulations concerning Jewish visitors to the town:</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">1.
In Murnau there used to be a sign saying “Jews are not welcome in
Murnau”, but these signs were put up before the Olympics, on the basis
of a circular from the <i>Landesfremdenverkehrsverband</i>, which stated
that out of consideration for the many foreigners who come to our area
for the Winter Olympics , such addresses should be removed.</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">2. At the moment there is no longer any notice in this regard in Murnau.</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">3.
Neither last year nor this season were Jews in Murnau for their summer
stay. Only a few asked whether Jews were allowed to stay in Murnau, to
which we politely replied that Jews are not welcome in Murnau.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The
construction of two barracks in 1938 suggested the harbinger of the
next war, in which, as in the First World War, many young Murnau men
were killed. During the war, bombed-out, evacuated and refugees needed
all rooms in hotels and restaurants that had previously accommodated
tourists.</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRTbMh0rnGYLBuopWslXGdNrWciMc6vs5bqIn2dQaBOD9tkUGS4Zuk5jGRXMNBXMJaB0vyUaunxtZA2OHRAHspHhbSRYHkMqGkdk01lfUho7Q3r-1LWfibAPue76FTy5ge9bxAaEOy5Spl/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252818%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="405" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRTbMh0rnGYLBuopWslXGdNrWciMc6vs5bqIn2dQaBOD9tkUGS4Zuk5jGRXMNBXMJaB0vyUaunxtZA2OHRAHspHhbSRYHkMqGkdk01lfUho7Q3r-1LWfibAPue76FTy5ge9bxAaEOy5Spl/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252818%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span>Nazis
marching through the town in the summer of 1933. Murnau was the home of
many prominent Germans across its cultural and political landscape from
the Nazi economic theorist and early supporter of Hitler Gottfried
Feder to Nahum Goldmann, who would later become the founder and longtime
president of the World Jewish Congress. It was one of the former's
lectures, delivered in 1919 in the <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Sterneckerbr%C3%A4u">Sterneckerbrau</a>,
that drew Hitler into the party; he ended up dying in the town in 1941.
Three days later on September 27 he was buried in Munich with Gauleiter
Wagner placing a wreath from Hitler; relations between the two had
cooled by then and Hitler had failed to order a state funeral. In
addition, the American-Jewish patron James Loeb, responsible for
estimable Loeb Classical Library- he also founded a local hospital
built in 1932 before dying in Murnau on May 27, 1933. Other notable
citizens included the painter Gabriele Münter, the writer Ödön von
Horváth and White Rose member Christoph Probst. The latter would be
tried and sentenced along with the Scholl siblings at the
Volksgerichtshof by the notorious judge Roland Freisler on February 22,
1943, all of whom were guillotined on the very same day at <a href="https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Stadelheim">Stadelheim Prison</a>. Hitler, Himmler and Julius Streicher all made a stop here. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="379" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGUMSEehbugh-Pkin9SAsgKB5HmqoCAp9TC8tX-sqZeLMFDDgUMqoSVfUANb86j9oZhoDIuMtclNlnw83_w4nbEl4isXe1mac41i1xMWzZhfufgT-ckeEeICqiIfjE43ilqRatjwKqg5Fa/w393-h312/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252816%2529.gif" width="393" /></span>Nazi
officials in front of the King Ludwig II monument in the town at an
assembly of the Hitler Youth at Pentecost in 1933. An important aspect
of Ludwig's significance to the Nazis lay in his embodiment of romantic
German nationalism. Ridley, in his studies, underscored Ludwig's deep
fascination with German mythology, particularly the works of Richard
Wagner. Wagner's operas, imbued with themes of heroic struggle and
racial purity, resonated with Nazi ideology. Thus, Ludwig's patronage of
Wagner and his involvement in mythologising the Germanic past presented
him as a figure that the Nazis could align with their
narrative. McGovern writes how the Nazis manipulated Ludwig's image as a
misunderstood leader. Despite his eccentricities and perceived madness,
Ludwig was often depicted as a solitary, misunderstood visionary. The
Nazis exploited this image, likening Ludwig's isolation and
misunderstanding to Hitler's own perceived struggle against adversarial
forces. They portrayed both leaders as pursuing a higher vision for
their people, a vision often misunderstood by their contemporaries. </span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipjJgM_IwFkVsPfpZd705E6-XO0-c8QQY0Jvn2rCs1ayY-o_L_RxS20jLZxxCIEfgArGqRk8KM3Rc0Nd04NADi7iVWizfMgE35pfvLjhErUOLi7I5fHNG07kaDmBCsWK9T9p4LPGbR4dtb/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252815%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="456" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipjJgM_IwFkVsPfpZd705E6-XO0-c8QQY0Jvn2rCs1ayY-o_L_RxS20jLZxxCIEfgArGqRk8KM3Rc0Nd04NADi7iVWizfMgE35pfvLjhErUOLi7I5fHNG07kaDmBCsWK9T9p4LPGbR4dtb/w431-h297/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252815%2529.gif" width="431" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span>Outside
the Werdenfelser barracks comparing the scene taken by American
photographer Lieutenant Edward C. Newell on Sunday, April 29, 1945
showing </span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-Hauptsturmführer Max Teichmann (<a href="https://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/offizierslager-in-hitler-deutschland-bilderfund-aus-dem-oflag-murnau-fotostrecke-110219.html">other sources state it shows instead Generalmajor der Waffen-</a></span><span><a href="https://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/offizierslager-in-hitler-deutschland-bilderfund-aus-dem-oflag-murnau-fotostrecke-110219.html"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Ernst Otto Fick</a>;
both men are buried besuide each other in the war cemetery in
Obermeitingen-Schwabstadl) and his driver lying dead on the ground after
being shot by troops of the American 12th Armoured Division that was on
their way to liberate the Polish POWs of Oflag VII-A. At around 15.00
with the Americans approaching Murnau from the north, a small group of
cars with </span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-men approached from the opposite direction. where they
collided with a dozen armoured vehicles of the 1st tank Division of the
United States here outside the front gate of the camp gunfire erupted
resulting in most of the </span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> cars turning around and fleeing back to
town. The lead car opened fire drawing concentrated fire from the
Americans. Colonel Teichmann and Captain Widmann died. Prisoners
proceeded to climb onto the front fence as they watched the action
whilst cheering the Americans on. 2nd Lieutenant Alfons Mazurek was
killed by a stray bullet during this exchange of fire. Two of the
American tanks pursued the </span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-cars fleeing back into the town of Murnau
as another tank entered the camp through the main gate. The camp itself
had been established at the very start of the war in September 1939. It
consisted of a 660 foot square enclosure, surrounded with barbed wire
and guard towers. Immediately after the German invasion of Poland,
roughly a thousand Polish officers were imprisoned here. On April 27,
1942, additional Polish PoWs were transferred here from the so-called
"Generals' Camp" Oflag VIII-E in Johannisbrunn, Sudetenland (now Janské
Koupele, Czech Silesia). After the failed Warsaw Uprising and "Operation
Tempest" more prisoners were brought there from Poland. By the time the
Americans arrived the number of PoWs held in the camp reached over
5,000.</span></span><br />
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjLhmUje6JUjh-7VgIOkGaDCdwJgI9Yu5wAk-eCjyz_UTBJBu1bVBhqDJ-R4-AXJfVWvA3XIZvrUNakmCvpY3zWnogvh0efo1iqp23UKUsj1uyb1OvGTdixrGNj1GyVUoixrlaCx07sVfL/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252817%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="364" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjLhmUje6JUjh-7VgIOkGaDCdwJgI9Yu5wAk-eCjyz_UTBJBu1bVBhqDJ-R4-AXJfVWvA3XIZvrUNakmCvpY3zWnogvh0efo1iqp23UKUsj1uyb1OvGTdixrGNj1GyVUoixrlaCx07sVfL/s400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252817%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>The
American Twelfth Armoured Division entering the town April 29, 1945. The
Wehrmacht had dubbed the 12th Armoured Division the "Suicide Division"
after its fierce defensive actions during Operation Nordwind in France,
and they were nicknamed the "Mystery Division" when they were
temporarily transferred to the command of the Third Army under Patton, to cross the Rhine River. It was one of only ten
American divisions (and only one of two American armoured divisions) during
the war that had black American combat companies integrated into the
division. One of the black American soldiers, Staff Sergeant Edward A.
Carter, Jr. was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for gallantry in
combat later </span><span>awarded the
Medal of Honour posthumously. Rare footage of elements of the 12th
Armoured Division liberating prisoners from the Oflag VII-A Murnau
German Army PoW camp for Polish Army officers </span></span><span><span><span><span>can be found <a href="https://archive.org/details/MurnauGermany">here</a>. </span></span>Among the footage includes the American entry into the town </span></span><span><span>as
they moved through the streets without encountering any opposition
whilst the civilians watched in scenes that include a long shot of the
prison</span></span><span><span> camp featuring </span></span><span><span><span><span>Polish army prisoners</span></span>
greeting the American troops from behind the camp enclosure, American
troops encountering a group of uniformed Germans with arms raised in
surrender, the corpses of two executed </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>men lying in the street, regarded by men in civilian dress and German Major General Alfred Petray surrendering his garrison. <br /></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg5LFTa9OHgnYnHGkq-gBVIsQI6Trmmg7UpMbq2HRiT7fd1gAS3ByBuagf0QN-IdxVE_kQf1rEDCvJfxJucor5XD0LdAnBmZ8q3amR6RhxIiQpx8b0Jpes9QD9SpBCPAU92yJQdN3gpV83/s1269/Screenshot+2021-08-07+at+18.07.44.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="1269" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg5LFTa9OHgnYnHGkq-gBVIsQI6Trmmg7UpMbq2HRiT7fd1gAS3ByBuagf0QN-IdxVE_kQf1rEDCvJfxJucor5XD0LdAnBmZ8q3amR6RhxIiQpx8b0Jpes9QD9SpBCPAU92yJQdN3gpV83/w700-h361/Screenshot+2021-08-07+at+18.07.44.png" width="700" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Heading into Murnau is this railway bridge which still sports the Nazi eagle and the 1935 date of construction. </span></span></span></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><b><span>Schloß Herrenchiemsee</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBzaz1ZFr1qAM8mY_hRM1KCaDohSr7m_-a7PNogUNh7WdHudTfO9Nq51Ksp1im1laYzp-gZKu-oQMPQJP23__0hU0uPoxulCQNjy9aZBoCnKxY3bgMVF99wj87OOE19kO1-dmwtk7Ydi0/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252815%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="419" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBzaz1ZFr1qAM8mY_hRM1KCaDohSr7m_-a7PNogUNh7WdHudTfO9Nq51Ksp1im1laYzp-gZKu-oQMPQJP23__0hU0uPoxulCQNjy9aZBoCnKxY3bgMVF99wj87OOE19kO1-dmwtk7Ydi0/w400-h311/ezgif.com-optimize+%252815%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">It
was at the Kloster Herrenchiemsee, founded in around 765, that the
eleven leaders of the western German states sent delegates to this small
island in 1949 to draft the 'Grundgesetz', or German constitution. An
only slightly modified version of this 'Grundgesetz' would later go on
to become the 'Verfassung,' or the German constitution as it is known
today, and a museum dedicated to its creation can be found within the
Old Palace. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>[T]</span>he
constitutional discussions at Herrenchiemsee and in the parliamentary
council proved contentious as the renunciation of independent armed
forces shifted the defence of the new state to the victorious powers or
to an international security system whose reliability remained
unpredictable. The Social Democratic Party’s demand for a complete
outlawing of war collided in principle with the Christian Democratic
Party’s advocacy of the possibility of a national defence. The result
was an ambiguous compromise, which in article 26, paragraph 1, declared
unconstitutional all “acts tending to and undertaken with intent to
disturb the peaceful relations between nations, especially to prepare
for a war of aggression.” Barring special permission from the federal
government, the production of weapons of war was likewise forbidden,
while a right to conscientious objection to serving in the military was
written into the constitution. The first constitution of the GDR also
proclaimed the principle of peacefulness, although secret
remilitarisation by means of the people’s police was already under way.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">
</span><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> Jarausch (36-37)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhamxYZMwvoNKrOHXq3m_xMt_h8dOOZAmLRpcSPOJxkzQPhparcTKYpp1hWyK5Kt_pMcO29grWZ9_bpACLtScEqrukjvfUR2CH6kXTdf3F9TpTzC3DdZnGdoGRfq8mWMUE7290fXqAWtq5f/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-07-04+at+16.56.31.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="527" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhamxYZMwvoNKrOHXq3m_xMt_h8dOOZAmLRpcSPOJxkzQPhparcTKYpp1hWyK5Kt_pMcO29grWZ9_bpACLtScEqrukjvfUR2CH6kXTdf3F9TpTzC3DdZnGdoGRfq8mWMUE7290fXqAWtq5f/w211-h232/Screen+Shot+2019-07-04+at+16.56.31.png" width="211" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Looking
across at Fraueninsel in 1939 and today from Herrenchiemsee. A cenotaph
to Alfred Jodl, army general and executed war criminal, is located on
the island. The name "Alfred Jodl", his military rank "Generaloberst"
and his day of death "16.10.1946" stand proudly on the man-sized
tombstone in a cruciform shape. In the early morning hours of that
mortal date, the Nazi war criminals sentenced to death in Nuremberg were
executed, including Alfred Jodl who had been found guilty on all the
charges made against him- conspiracy to commit crimes against peace;
planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes; and
crimes against humanity. The principal charges against him related to
his signature of the criminal Commando and Commissar Orders. Given their
ashes were dumped into </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>in a tributary of the Isar</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Hitler's supreme military strategist could not be buried here making </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>the
name on the stone cross a scandal. On the stone of the family grave, in
which his two wives have found their final resting place, he may "live
on." It was only when architect Georg Wieland filed a petition at the
Bavarian State Parliament a few years ago, drawing attention to the
"inappropriate handling of the Nazi period" and demanding that at least
an explanatory information board were placed next to the grave that
momentum came into the debate. Wolfram
Kastner poured red paint over the tombstone in red paint, enraging
Jodl's descendants. Although tenure over the rights to the grave was to
have expired on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>January 25, 2018, the grave remains.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidZhBxyaKYsUOheSBFJY26SI98ygaqIhBJvoW-PWJJnySHP2ekYc0NbHFpUVUhPhzQEuDtfOA1JB6Bl3huJWAHJtu2D16hU4ycUwTBQ3hAKcoYMC0hfvLIERLqv0rPtmN-C0j2Q-6kZRlQ/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252822%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="557" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidZhBxyaKYsUOheSBFJY26SI98ygaqIhBJvoW-PWJJnySHP2ekYc0NbHFpUVUhPhzQEuDtfOA1JB6Bl3huJWAHJtu2D16hU4ycUwTBQ3hAKcoYMC0hfvLIERLqv0rPtmN-C0j2Q-6kZRlQ/w723-h331/ezgif.com-optimize+%252822%2529.gif" width="723" /></a><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span> </span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span>Standing
in front of schloß Herrenchiemsee, a replica (although only the central
section was ever built) of Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, was meant
to outdo its predecessor in scale and opulence - for instance, at 98
metres the Hall of Mirrors and its adjoining Hall of War and Peace is
slightly longer than the original. The palace is located on the Herren
Island in the middle of the Chiemsee Lake. Most of the palace was never
completed once the king ran out of money, and Ludwig lived there for
only ten days in October 1885, less than a year before his mysterious
death. Ironically tourists come from France to view the recreation of
the famous Ambassadors' Staircase as the original Ambassadors' Staircase
at Versailles was demolished in 1752.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWv2obAudZgcGnSr5ZNKgTG2sE9tCqZBjzRskSqp8helm9v8kFWXasMB-kMCBaHDS9gJ5qYbxCMdgNKcPjT5uGxuGM9tzjeMHJiNs5bWlRl4pXNqicl-n4od_761ed58iMBAmPq1IPv_hh/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25282%2529.gif" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWv2obAudZgcGnSr5ZNKgTG2sE9tCqZBjzRskSqp8helm9v8kFWXasMB-kMCBaHDS9gJ5qYbxCMdgNKcPjT5uGxuGM9tzjeMHJiNs5bWlRl4pXNqicl-n4od_761ed58iMBAmPq1IPv_hh/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 259px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD4NkPQzDiEh06gDRqFOSBX1DTnRuzXVRvOVxx_wlAe-wANojU9YEfNLwzHgx9NjG6fR8dWlkb5_T_vYNcevZJEPO5-hHBHRwisbpdxX8Km1455dKsXCFd8kU_RNne0R-D2l_HRtdQVY2C/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25283%2529.gif" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="377" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD4NkPQzDiEh06gDRqFOSBX1DTnRuzXVRvOVxx_wlAe-wANojU9YEfNLwzHgx9NjG6fR8dWlkb5_T_vYNcevZJEPO5-hHBHRwisbpdxX8Km1455dKsXCFd8kU_RNne0R-D2l_HRtdQVY2C/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25283%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; width: 388px;" /></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler
outside the building accompanied by Göbbels and being escorted through the stunning Grosse Spiegelgalerie within. This
tunnel of light runs the length of the garden (at 98 metres, it's ten metres longer than
that in Versailles). It sports 52 candelabra and 33 great glass
chandeliers with 7,000 candles, which my tour guide informed me took seventy servants half an hour to
light. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTrk0j2AJ69Z-MGclJY5skDWVPzDgnaBsb6bJ-qetu8mSymn0_sVjEg-C8lNxxS3iCDjTBs7x0YhVzOb8MTQ79NISjYBl_l08GjVyixKtK8_W3kKVsDtQwhgXgw22GSpV2X4gsBAvJM5tc/s320/output_5TzXGs.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTrk0j2AJ69Z-MGclJY5skDWVPzDgnaBsb6bJ-qetu8mSymn0_sVjEg-C8lNxxS3iCDjTBs7x0YhVzOb8MTQ79NISjYBl_l08GjVyixKtK8_W3kKVsDtQwhgXgw22GSpV2X4gsBAvJM5tc/s320/output_5TzXGs.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 290px; width: 464px;" /><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc6gxs8O-hESR_LH60p4aeUL8rsWF7ddplyOsOxV6HlEmKMowUVb1R1uN4RYMLumi-OGZiH2o_S30fp9GE0ofQwIjn_LDqGRZcVJbXFlUDXoi5CMaGHKpkWzEGvYxp7aj5nrqOTiI0XASd/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-11-22+at+14.07.02.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc6gxs8O-hESR_LH60p4aeUL8rsWF7ddplyOsOxV6HlEmKMowUVb1R1uN4RYMLumi-OGZiH2o_S30fp9GE0ofQwIjn_LDqGRZcVJbXFlUDXoi5CMaGHKpkWzEGvYxp7aj5nrqOTiI0XASd/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-11-22+at+14.07.02.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 290px; width: 185px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Also within the palace is the König-Ludwig II-Museum, where one can see the king’s
christening and coronation robes, the Speisezimmer shown here then and now, more blueprints of megalomaniac
buildings that would inspire Hitler, and his death mask. Here I am beside it and Wagner's.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b><span><span><span>Starnberger See</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifugQxQmbkwVfTfPjyfySjCkj1p1jU1RrDQC0_Y43_-mWkIeH7KBbCdTiDE6sxHAtgb-A44T7M4qb8U9svx7sh7TzmDRxlD94a7ur1tkwzKsvD6oMnOt5uc1G_3Q_UAUEgKLcuvu_3OQ0Z/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252888%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="222" data-original-width="332" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifugQxQmbkwVfTfPjyfySjCkj1p1jU1RrDQC0_Y43_-mWkIeH7KBbCdTiDE6sxHAtgb-A44T7M4qb8U9svx7sh7TzmDRxlD94a7ur1tkwzKsvD6oMnOt5uc1G_3Q_UAUEgKLcuvu_3OQ0Z/w444-h295/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252888%2529.gif" width="444" /></a><span>At the steamer pier in Starnberg and around 1907 with the saloon steamer <i>Bavaria</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><text-align: left="">
Before Hitler had even joined the DAP, the swastika had been introduced
to the party in 1919 by Friedrich Krohn, a dentist from Starnberg.
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, in his book <i>The Occult Roots of Nazism</i>,
claims that Krohn had proposed that the party adopt a leftward-turning
swastika with curved arms as used by both theosophist groups and the
Germanenorden. Theosophy had adapted this leftward form of the swastika
from Buddhism, but Goodrick-Clarke suggests that after joining and
assuming control of the party, Hitler preferred and eventually insisted
in committee discussions on a straight-armed, right-ward-turning
swastika. In Mein Kampf, <a href="https://www.mein-kampf-edition.de/?page=band1%2Fp000.html">Hitler writes how </a></text-align:></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
</span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>I
myself - as Leader - did not want to come out publicly at once with my
own design, since after all it was possible that another should produce
one just as good or perhaps even better. Actually, a dentist from
Starnberg did deliver a design that was not bad at all, and,
incidentally, was quite close to my own, having only the one fault that a
swastika with curved legs was composed into a white disk I myself,
meanwhile, after innumerable attempts, had laid down a final form; a
flag with a red background, a white disk, and a black swastika in the
middle. After long trials I also found a definite proportion between the
size of the flag and the size of the white disk, as well as the shape
and thickness of the swastika. (48) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEdu8VEpWcnspo_ElBJ0qB-seDg5XjjkM4q4egmNdTxO8TNV8JMdvlLm81K-IHBKgVD8_AwsJF6fKvfIlkn7w8BNmdXuu5nEHPoRaLqCxDPQuswI-7yian3t_S0QlKsJH94nlb3Ys2VT3kAkQYJOPev73roOkhAusjGwURMPbCs4audMvFFAbZrL0KXA/s363/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(28).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="363" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEdu8VEpWcnspo_ElBJ0qB-seDg5XjjkM4q4egmNdTxO8TNV8JMdvlLm81K-IHBKgVD8_AwsJF6fKvfIlkn7w8BNmdXuu5nEHPoRaLqCxDPQuswI-7yian3t_S0QlKsJH94nlb3Ys2VT3kAkQYJOPev73roOkhAusjGwURMPbCs4audMvFFAbZrL0KXA/w400-h271/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(28).gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span>Such an account of the design of the swastika is careful to place his own contribution centre-stage. Regardless, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><text-align: left="">Krohn </text-align:></span></span></span></span></span>organised
a party rally in his town on March 5, 1920, decorating the place of
assembly, the Tützinger Hof shown on the left, with the flag he has made
himself. The participants were apparently so impressed by this design
that <a href="https://allemagnenazie.wordpress.com/category/nazisme-en-baviere/">one of the speakers present declared</a> “[w]e hold our flag there!"</span>
Above Tutzinger-Hof-Platz bedecked with Nazi flags and today. On March
20, 1920, a delegation of Nazis led by Anton Drexler came here </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>to address “<a href="https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21189/7/Hellerer_Sibylle_Friedrike.pdf">an handful of people in the dining room of the Tutzinger Hof</a>”.
At this meeting, the party received three new members- the businessman
Max Pöhlemann, the Inspector Robert Offterwanger (also spelled
Offenwanger) and cashier Hans Baumgärtner. Monthly talk evening and a
public meeting were held alternately in the Tutzinger Hof as well as in
the "Gasthof zur Eisenbahn." If the Tutzinger Hof was too small, they
moved to the largest hall in Starnberg, the “Pellet-Mayer” inn. On
October 28, 1920 Hitler personally spoke on "The World War and its
makers," having previously given a speech with the same title in
Rosenheim, according to England "the original guilt of the wars" with
reference to the Opium War and supposed English envy of German
successes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCU7PlZja99FosObqZD24jnOSyJxuXhD6yM1NVXApUm9r7U33hdZaPs1SlFMc7IEv2haqUCv62hxQCmUyicEir79ETxuuoJcQ9hguzNckruCAm9rql152D1Wd6bfk7efMUhuoDvvfd3QQD/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252864%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="359" height="439" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCU7PlZja99FosObqZD24jnOSyJxuXhD6yM1NVXApUm9r7U33hdZaPs1SlFMc7IEv2haqUCv62hxQCmUyicEir79ETxuuoJcQ9hguzNckruCAm9rql152D1Wd6bfk7efMUhuoDvvfd3QQD/w393-h439/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252864%2529.gif" width="393" /></a>Starnberg's
mayor Franz Xaver Buchner played a major role within the Nazi Party,
related in his 1940 book "Kamerad! Halt aus! Aus der Geschichte des
Kreises Starnberg der NSDAP." which utilised log books and documents
from Nazi district archives, which had mysteriously disappeared after
the war. Under his rule Jewish villa owners gradually sold their homes,
their fears justified by such passages in Buchner's book as "We do not
want to beat and incapacitate, we want to destroy them - we want to
destroy them! Eradicate! Violence is broken with a fist! Look away,
aesthetes, when you get sick!" In 1926 Buchner branch of the Nazi Party
organised a "German Day" to which Adolf Hitler was invited. As Nazi
fortunes rose, so did his own position. He became Gauleiter, deputy
mayor of Herrsching from 1929 -1932, member of the Reichstag and from
1933 to 1945 State Secretary within the Reich Ministry of Finance. It
was reported after the war how in March 1933 Buchner erased votes in the
polling station held at the Gasthaus zur Eisenbahn, replacing them with
the word 'Yes'. The former Gasthof zur Eisenbahn" on Maximilianstraße,
later demolished and rebuilt as the Bayerischer Hof. Located directly
across the railway station, Hitler had spoken here in the autumn of 1921
which by then had become known as the the clubhouse of the Nazi Party
in Starnberg, remaining thus throughout the period of the Third Reich.
The phrase "Jews are not allowed", which has been used for all calls to
the assembly since 1921, was used for the first time in Starnberg in
the advertisement for this major event. Admission now cost one
Reichsmark, compared to the 50 pfennigs it had cost half a year earlier.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4EggwBAdsSPpzUMljcU2AGtHSkkLDJK7EpkAyiK5A0flrE0dJcT-VaQSs0S81u2iS1RrkMAlshAc8X0eYVvnmt4Pb7krh-y8UwIiJZhfRLTK-ODmgZhA3A9ggwx5en65Oantw-bN2GQQ/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252810%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4EggwBAdsSPpzUMljcU2AGtHSkkLDJK7EpkAyiK5A0flrE0dJcT-VaQSs0S81u2iS1RrkMAlshAc8X0eYVvnmt4Pb7krh-y8UwIiJZhfRLTK-ODmgZhA3A9ggwx5en65Oantw-bN2GQQ/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%252810%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span> <span>In
Tutzing on Lake Starnberg is the former home of General Ludendorff.
Retired General of the Infantry, Ludendorff celebrated his seventieth
birthday in this house on April 9, 1935. He and his co-conspirator </span>of
the 1923 Putsch, Hitler, had not been on friendly terms since 1925.
Although their ideas did coincide, each felt superior to the other.
General Ludendorff had been one of the parties essentially responsible
for spreading the legend of the “stab in the back.” This propagandist
allegation had it that the munitions workers’ strike in October 1918,
just as the German Army was purportedly at the threshold of victory, had
been the cause of the dishonourable defeat of the invincible German
forces. Although it might be understandable that Hitler and others who
had fought in the war held this view, there is no excuse for
Ludendorff’s support of such an obvious fallacy. He had not experienced
the war from a corporal’s perspective, as the later dictator<span> </span>had,
but been instrumental in waging it as Quartermaster General from 1916
to 1918. In September of 1918, together with Hindenburg, he had
petitioned the German Government to conclude an armistice within
twenty-four hours in order to circumvent the otherwise inevitable
military collapse. However, this did not prevent him from subsequently
claiming, against his own better knowledge, that Marxists, Jews,
Freemasons, and the Catholic Church had connived to bring about
Germany’s collapse. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg31EUr4sy4xt3j94rIAK8srtfj3zQ9WlECOonVntddaDMKYTFfMx1y6ptiG_DWtaNqVeF8r0gazrOiGSzn8KsQJ-AI_-fv5FkDObIPxYiRA8ffTV-IFVWyy-SiO8EekJ90BMwuAxwL0vPK/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252863%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="295" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg31EUr4sy4xt3j94rIAK8srtfj3zQ9WlECOonVntddaDMKYTFfMx1y6ptiG_DWtaNqVeF8r0gazrOiGSzn8KsQJ-AI_-fv5FkDObIPxYiRA8ffTV-IFVWyy-SiO8EekJ90BMwuAxwL0vPK/w297-h413/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252863%2529.gif" width="297" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>At
the site of Ludendorff's grave. In 1923, Ludendorff and Hitler had been
on the same side; from 1925 Ludendorff rejected his former companion as
being not sufficiently radical; strange as this may sound today, he
viewed him as an “ultramontane” and a Judenknecht (slave to the Jews).
Ludendorff’s attitude naturally rankled Hitler, and his vanity would not
allow that anyone in Germany of standing or reputation was not
wholly—and publicly—supportive. Moreover, he intended to have Ludendorff
enter into Valhalla when he died, just as he had sent Hindenburg to the
great hall dedicated to the war heroes in Norse mythology. Thus he
enlisted all of his powers of persuasion to move Ludendorff to desist
and adopt a modus vivendi of mutual respect. A reconciliation of sorts
had come about between the two former comrades in arms by the time of
Ludendorff’s death in 1937; however, in 1935 Hitler’s <span>attempts</span> in this direction were fruitless despite his belief that his foe would finally come to view him as Germany’s <span>saviour</span>
for having reinstituted military service. Consequently he issued an
“order” on April 8 in which he lauded Ludendorff as the “greatest German
commander in the World War.” This “Order of the Führer and Reich
Chancellor”—no one was quite sure to whom it was addressed—read as
follows:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Tomorrow,
on April 9, General Ludendorff is celebrating his seventieth birthday.
With sentiments of deepest gratitude, the German Volk recalls on this
occasion the immortal accomplishments of its greatest commander in the
World War. In the grasp of this sentiment of a national debt of
gratitude, I order that all state buildings exhibit flags on April 9.
Adolf Hitler </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP8E6ChHBC-P2IAy3jWCNZQ1M7rKKj_nFdREXXIxuQpkrsrreO6fZKC9ehjPY_KBtJT57oohEJq1BFYYq9KuyPUM9c1aQDpAKOhZvZcfYfEuGX9pJDIabf_uueTl0PjDkn8HPFkhWfaGWH/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252862%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="539" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP8E6ChHBC-P2IAy3jWCNZQ1M7rKKj_nFdREXXIxuQpkrsrreO6fZKC9ehjPY_KBtJT57oohEJq1BFYYq9KuyPUM9c1aQDpAKOhZvZcfYfEuGX9pJDIabf_uueTl0PjDkn8HPFkhWfaGWH/w714-h312/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%252862%2529.gif" width="714" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On that day Hitler had an <span>honour</span> guard appointed to the celebrant and dispatched the Reich Minister of <span>Defence</span>,
von Blomberg, and the Chief of Army Command, von Fritsch, to relay his
congratulations in Tutzing. Blomberg was also instructed to present the
marshal’s baton to Ludendorff, but the latter, the victorious commander <i>per se</i>,
rejected the appointment. Naturally the German public heard nothing of
this affront, although it was rather obvious that the reports on the
birthday festivities in Tutzing made not a single mention of the
Chancellor. Following the “order” of April 8 and the military <span>favours</span> Hitler had bestowed upon Ludendorff, the absence of any word of thanks from the latter did appear curious.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ek4MDb7EKCP4Oo3i7Hemzo0t7W5w_56f_zsFWeaZjuyAcAKX9p5tqF1wg4kee_m-Zuft96KQ_etq6BeE2UynRLtAzuEdqAToH2oVnsApUclSQU5U8qmBdJnRo87xxj3hyphenhyphenAA02KvmU9Tt/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-05-27+at+06.34.48.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ek4MDb7EKCP4Oo3i7Hemzo0t7W5w_56f_zsFWeaZjuyAcAKX9p5tqF1wg4kee_m-Zuft96KQ_etq6BeE2UynRLtAzuEdqAToH2oVnsApUclSQU5U8qmBdJnRo87xxj3hyphenhyphenAA02KvmU9Tt/w431-h254/Screen+Shot+2016-05-27+at+06.34.48.png" width="431" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Standing at the site of Ludwig II's mysterious death.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> On the afternoon of June 13 1886, Ludwig, accompanied by his p<span>ersonal physici<span>an </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Dr Gudden,</span></span></span></span></span>
strolled within the grounds of the castle. They were accompanied by two
attendants. On their return Gudden expressed optimism to other doctors
concerning the treatment of his royal patient. Following dinner, at
around 18.00 Ludwig asked Gudden to accompany him on a further walk,
this time through the Schloß Berg parkland along the shore of Lake
Starnberg. Gudden agreed; the walk may even have been his suggestion,
and he told the aides not to accompany them. His words were ambiguous
(Es darf kein Pfleger mitgehen, "No attendant may come along") and
whether they were meant to follow at a discreet distance is not clear.
The two men were last seen at about <span>18.</span>30; they were due back at <span>20.00 </span>but never returned. After searches were made for more than two hours by the entire castle staff in a gale with heavy rain, at <span>22.</span>30
that night, the bodies of both the King and von Gudden were found, head
and shoulders above the shallow water near the shore. The King's watch
had stopped at 6<span>.</span>54.
Gendarmes patrolling the park had heard and seen nothing. Ludwig's
death was officially ruled a suicide by drowning, but the official
autopsy report indicated that no water was found in his lungs. Ludwig
was a very strong swimmer in his youth, the water was approximately
waist-deep where his body was found, and he had not expressed suicidal
feelings during the crisis. Gudden's body showed blows to the head and
neck and signs of strangulation, leading to the suspicion that he was
strangled although there is no evidence to prove this.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span>Lambacher Hof</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh5bIPdjd1ZzUtl5Pabj8UCyah-KifjSwWQppG1odTr2nwVJ826ChoetClUDakcaH3j4e35dfIcM4EPd89hy8hyf4DS0Qmwtacx4F_AoNQ0K6jWGuVr_db2Vpm4tp0Slb4nAHn0s-3VCs/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh5bIPdjd1ZzUtl5Pabj8UCyah-KifjSwWQppG1odTr2nwVJ826ChoetClUDakcaH3j4e35dfIcM4EPd89hy8hyf4DS0Qmwtacx4F_AoNQ0K6jWGuVr_db2Vpm4tp0Slb4nAHn0s-3VCs/s400/1myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Another favourite of Hitler's was the Lambacher Hof on the Chiemsee and which has changed very little since. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Hitler usually ordered preparations for the drive to "the mountain"-Obersalzberg. We rode over
dusty highways in several open cars; the autobahn to Salzburg did not
exist in those days, although it was being built on a priority basis.
Usually the motorcade stopped for coffee in a village inn at
Lambach
am Chiemsee, which served delicious pastries that Hitler could scarcely
ever resist. Then the passengers in the following cars once more
swallowed dust for two hours, for the column rode in close file.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/156112260/48111337-Inside-the-Third-Reich-Albert-Speer-1970"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;">Speer (46) </span><span style="font-size: normal;"><u style="font-weight: normal;">Inside the Third Reich</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b><span> </span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b><span>Bad Tölz</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijd2T_B9gSLiCHb2tDj7I24N0OFfwecQcTzs7QevP9FizTF-kQNj2024Vs08ehIsFJsI1Lo2VHER2WUiTGGH77u21R4-6GuJGiv7ba46Lq7oHcukySLvx0UVpKJT3gK0sO6VUknhzfe7x3/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25288%2529.gif" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijd2T_B9gSLiCHb2tDj7I24N0OFfwecQcTzs7QevP9FizTF-kQNj2024Vs08ehIsFJsI1Lo2VHER2WUiTGGH77u21R4-6GuJGiv7ba46Lq7oHcukySLvx0UVpKJT3gK0sO6VUknhzfe7x3/w251-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25288%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 425px; width: 266px;" /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Looking down the High Street during the Nazi era through a postcard from the time and today. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Hitler had visited Tölz twice, most recently in 1932. </span></span></span></span></span>Two years later the Nazis set up the first of the </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
Junker Schools here and a Nazi civil service school in Bad Tölz began
offering courses. The Junker School was originally planned to be built
on a hill towards Wackersberg, but that would probably have meant the
end of its spa. In the middle of 1940, a satellite camp of the Dachau
concentration camp was set up in Bad Tölz. Also that year the 97th Jäger
Division "Spielhahnjäger" was set up in Bad Tölz and the surrounding
area, eventually fighting in the Russian campaign before dissolved in
Czechoslovakia at the end of the war.</span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>From
the start the aims of the regime in controlling the population was
openly expressed in a speech to civil servants at the Party's
indoctrination centre for civil servants in Bad Tolz in June 1938, </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Helmut Friedrichs, the head of Department II for Party Affairs in Rudolf Hess's office emphasised that</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<text-align: left="">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span>The
struggle for existence and the ethnic self-assertion of a nation is a
process which eternally repeats itself. In this struggle for existence
the nation must be turned into a body capable of resistance through
education, work and the supervision of its morale. This body must be
immune to all kinds of bacteria and external influences. The party is
the barometer[sic!]. It must know the state of health of this body. It
must examine what benefits and what damages the nation. It must analyse
and get to know its innermost being and then draw practical con-
clusions. The party represents the link between the leadership and the
retinue, prepares the ground among the people for the leadership to
introduce those measures which are beneficial to the nation.</span></span></span></span></text-align:></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5iPR5oPmgfM-eAkUF7LHC3NCaNnN0ow3k6nKZ5KnEFQKg_YgXEQLiseuDuYVZoCM4JZ3BCcuCHiGPm3tkeM3CsljC4DBZxZl-ZkvHjx-BDL24UV-7GZ1Tefd8x0dsNognxyELsjQgfKF7/s1600/output_G16oHs.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5iPR5oPmgfM-eAkUF7LHC3NCaNnN0ow3k6nKZ5KnEFQKg_YgXEQLiseuDuYVZoCM4JZ3BCcuCHiGPm3tkeM3CsljC4DBZxZl-ZkvHjx-BDL24UV-7GZ1Tefd8x0dsNognxyELsjQgfKF7/w410-h292/output_G16oHs.gif" width="410" /></a><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>A
parade of SA men with ski equipment marching down Marktstrasse in 1932. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>The
first local branch of the Nazi Party in Tölz was founded in June 1922,
and an SA group was probably founded around the same time. Its members
regularly marched in front of what was then Park Hotel which was
frequented mainly by Jewish guests stayed. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>This
was the site on July 6, 1932 of Hitler's first genuine campaign
speeches aimed at the presidential election on July 31. He spoke on a
meadow near the train station, but because of a long thunderstorm with
heavy rain, the speech was not considered successful. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>When
the Bavarian resort of Bad Tölz mistakenly included its limitations on
‘non-Aryan’ spa guests within a brochure it sent to a prospective
visitor from the Netherlands, it hurried to assure him that such
restrictions did not apply to foreigners.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>Semmens (147)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span>
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>A
torchlight procession on January 30, 1933 in Bad Tölz took place on the
day of the seizure of power. In another torchlight procession on March
5, 1933 - the day of the last semi-free Reichstag elections in which the
Nazis received 42.8 percent in Tölz, the various conservative parties
actually sent their own delegations. On top of this, <a href="http://merkur.de/lokales/bad-toelz/bad-toelz-ort28297/vortrag-so-lief-machtergreifung-in-bad-toelz-ab-7331214.html">relatively little resistance was shown </a>when
the SA stormed the town hall on March 10 and hoisted the Nazi flag. The
mayor of Tölz, Alfons Stollreither, immediately joined the Nazi Party
as SA Brigadefuhrer Hans Höflmayr was deployed as a "special
commissioner" on behalf of the SA. The Nazis would establish a symbolic
heroic cult on the Heiglkopf, which they renamed "Hitlerberg" on May 21,
1933. <br /></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib0DPef93JHoRyZMjKsO0Hle68KWhDd2OF7Nq6Ox7fugna_tk726uIW_VXM1wCH2hLh2xU_Fhmb86z8FpC_uoh0r7hm7x2ylS4clnmTWrgP4UKf6wOPIrjc1WubyFiVwh1BtWB_yOpwNv4/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="421" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib0DPef93JHoRyZMjKsO0Hle68KWhDd2OF7Nq6Ox7fugna_tk726uIW_VXM1wCH2hLh2xU_Fhmb86z8FpC_uoh0r7hm7x2ylS4clnmTWrgP4UKf6wOPIrjc1WubyFiVwh1BtWB_yOpwNv4/w410-h311/ezgif.com-gif-maker+%25281%2529.gif" width="410" /></a><span>Himmler spoke in the town on a number of occasions, giving speeches on February 18, 1937 at the </span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-Gruppenführer Conference and on March 11, 1938, </span><span><span>November 23, 1942 and May 27, 1943, all at </span>the </span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Training Facility </span></span><span><span>shown here with t<span><span><span><span><span>he
ϟϟ Junker School Bad Tölz in 1942 and today, with the arch demolished
and site converted to a shopping centre. Such ϟϟ Junker schools were war
schools introduced in 1937, which were tasked with the training junior
military leaders for the Waffen-ϟϟ. Their graduates formed the junior
executives in the ϟϟ-Verfügungstruppe the Ordnungspolizei, the
concentration camps and ϟϟ-Totenkopfverbände and the SD. In addition to
military training, an holistic sense of life was taught in accordance
with the ϟϟ. The leadership of the later Waffen-ϟϟ considered the ϟϟ
Junker schools to be an equivalent for the German military schools of
the Wehrmacht or the army. About 15,000 ϟϟ leaders completed this
training according to Nazi ideology from a racial point of view. A
so-called Aryan certificate dating back to the 18th century and a
medical certificate had to be presented. Of course, ϟϟ leadership
schools were also a place of political indoctrination. By 1937, around
90% of the participants had left the churches in common with the members
of the ϟϟ of whom, from 1938, about 80% belonged to any religious
community. Trained officers of the ϟϟ troops and the Waffen-ϟϟ were to
be a military and racial elite. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv988myZ6UTT_binz0OZc5-RuIXzzvorfunfxJR7nbNDKiC-6RuSPEefM2Gkrwvjo6n1XBPK6ALtanu-rOyFSl8X7qEh9oxsPgNDsENvadGB9qqDi3Mfh7wUgqwdBKkIKSXozS9WuEq9oU/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252835%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="320" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv988myZ6UTT_binz0OZc5-RuIXzzvorfunfxJR7nbNDKiC-6RuSPEefM2Gkrwvjo6n1XBPK6ALtanu-rOyFSl8X7qEh9oxsPgNDsENvadGB9qqDi3Mfh7wUgqwdBKkIKSXozS9WuEq9oU/w400-h449/ezgif.com-gif-maker%252835%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Until
1936, attendance within a Junkerschule counted neither as military
service nor protected him from being called by the Wehrmacht. Because of
the socially heterogeneous composition of the leading candidates and
their highly divergent education as well as military qualifications, it
was the task of this institution to standardise the level of training
and social behaviour as much as possible. During the course, students
continued to wear their own uniforms and not, like participants in the
driving schools, uniforms. Upon graduation all participants returned to
their base units as ϟϟ-Standartenjunker (ϟϟ-Scharführer) or as
ϟϟ-Standoberjunker (ϟϟ-Hauptscharführer). There they were quickly
promoted to ϟϟ Untersturmführer (active) or to the ϟϟ Untersturmführer
(reserve).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> On March 27, 1945, the 38th </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Grenadier Division “Nibelungen” <a href="https://stabswache-de-euros.blogspot.com/2011/05/">was set up</a> in Bad Tölz, mainly made up of members of the Junker School and the Hitler Youth . Until the last days of the war, the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
division "Götz von Berlichingen" fought with the advancing American
armed forces in Bad Tölz and the surrounding area. The Wehrmacht had
already withdrawn on April 26. The Isar bridge and parts of the lower
Marktstrasse were badly damaged by American artillery fire during a
German blast attempt. The resistance of the Waffen-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>,
by mostly very young, forcibly recruited soldiers, is said to have
prompted the Americans to threaten to bomb Tölz “like Aschaffenburg." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, who was convalescing in Tölz, is said to have contributed to the protection of the town. </span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUHbAVz8FhxTdAJShONg4Rep3JwohVCPdbEkuRDG0Y5adovpMOLzxNWcU_S0wbPsGUQHOeGnSkXK24lVzhY-UeeCjn3rIykFp3SaYY_Ybm0f_yYI9hpqywFNWhu02O-bbPI7QYRZuZbtWT/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25289%2529.gif" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUHbAVz8FhxTdAJShONg4Rep3JwohVCPdbEkuRDG0Y5adovpMOLzxNWcU_S0wbPsGUQHOeGnSkXK24lVzhY-UeeCjn3rIykFp3SaYY_Ybm0f_yYI9hpqywFNWhu02O-bbPI7QYRZuZbtWT/s1600/ezgif.com-gif-maker%25289%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 300px; width: 429px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Due
to the onset of snowfall, however, approaching bombers had to be
withdrawn again. Finally by the night of May 1, 1945, the 36th Infantry
Division ("Texas Division") under Gen. Robert Stack <a href="https://theeagle.com/wwii-veterans/collection_60076216-e9b0-11e8-b3ef-a3d2597aacdc.html">occupied the town</a>. The Waffen </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
then withdrew in the direction of Gaißach, Wackersberg and Lenggries.
By the end of the war of the 1,300 called up from Bad Tölz, 361 were
killed and 92 missing. The lack of bombardment, which some locals still
refer to today as the “miracle of Tölz”, meant that the huge Nazi eagle,
which had a swastika in its claws and had stood on the Isar bridge
since 1934, was melted down after the war and turned it into a statue of
Mary as thanks which now adorns the fountain in the lower market
street. The previously wooden well had been earlier damaged by drunken </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Junkers pilots. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>When American General Patton was made military governor of Bavaria, he </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span></p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>set
up his HQ in the former </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span> officer training school in Bad Tölz. On 22
September he blotted his copy book by appointing Nazis to administrative
roles within his Bavarian command and marginalising their criminality –
all in defiance of JCS 1067. He backtracked a little, saying that he
was employing Nazis because he needed to retain his own men to fight,
and because they hadn’t yet found anyone better. A week later,
Eisenhower relieved him of his command. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span>MacDonogh (229)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCrBQvond5RU31p3kch1s_j1DE6yDFQrDQ8_CRkDN3W-fiIymQgJXOLeJofFQ9oiuwmA2LZ0Uq84OQOdJ9r9lEv3JGIhDLeobSIcuV0fWWvItVlCfDkTElcEu8O8Plwpk4kZtxUJPWPyi0/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Mangfallbrücke Nazi stamp" border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="279" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCrBQvond5RU31p3kch1s_j1DE6yDFQrDQ8_CRkDN3W-fiIymQgJXOLeJofFQ9oiuwmA2LZ0Uq84OQOdJ9r9lEv3JGIhDLeobSIcuV0fWWvItVlCfDkTElcEu8O8Plwpk4kZtxUJPWPyi0/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="Mangfallbrücke" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
Mangfallbrücke is part of the federal motorway between Munich
and Rosenheim north of Weyarn the Mangfalltal. The 288 metre-long
continuous girder bridge was completed in January 1936 and was one of
the first large bridges of the autobahn network. Its construction as
part of the Reichsautobahn Munich-Salzburg began in March 1934 and its
installation was accompanied in detail by Nazi propaganda as shown by
this 1936 stamp in the series of modern buildings of the German Reich
for the </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>winter welfare organisation</span></span></span></span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">Gradually
the network of highways spread. They followed routes that engineers had
previously claimed impassable, for example across broad moors like the
south shore of Lake Chiemsee in Bavaria. Long viaducts like the Mangfall
bridge, 200 feet high, were personally selected by Hitler from seventy
competing designs, for their simple but solid lines: "What we’re
building," he explained, "will still be standing long after we’ve passed
on." He toured the sites and spoke with the workers. "When I’m as old
as you," he flattered one seventy-year-old labourer at Darmstadt, "I’d
like to be able to work like you now." In November 1936, he gave orders
that the Reich’s western frontiers were to be marked on the autobahns by
monuments 130 feet high. <a href="http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/1977/index.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's War</a> (21)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDR25vn5kYY9saUc9csQBHt6Dg1Ejl9k0-GE6SXc2kImSiTAnmONzoJRiZr-FP2Rvpd2rW3U7U7Cpug_InmJNLJ-Kfa0VueUmoujztGGG0aCYYIOYOYCIMcCipxAUP3pbUTGlUQxUNtULI/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler at Mangfallbrücke" border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="249" height="383" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDR25vn5kYY9saUc9csQBHt6Dg1Ejl9k0-GE6SXc2kImSiTAnmONzoJRiZr-FP2Rvpd2rW3U7U7Cpug_InmJNLJ-Kfa0VueUmoujztGGG0aCYYIOYOYCIMcCipxAUP3pbUTGlUQxUNtULI/w273-h383/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" title="" width="273" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>
Hitler below the bridge in 1935 and today, the third pylon being added
after the bridge had been blown up on May 1, 1945 by members of the
Waffen-ϟϟ in the face of approaching American troops. The
superstructure and the western pier were destroyed and the eastern pier
heavily damaged. This photograph comes
from</span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span class="value-preview show"><a href="http://www.nazi.org.uk/political%20pdfs/BilderAusDemLebenDesFuehrers.pdf" target="_blank">Adolf Hitler, Bilder aus dem Leben des Führers</a> claiming extravagantly:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">One of the first great bridges to be tackled
was the Mangfall Bridge near München, with a length of approximately 300
metres and a height of approximately 60 metres above the base of the valley.
From a contest which resulted in about seventy entrants, The Leader decided on the
design to be used, and thereby determined the type of major bridge which
afterwards was to be built at various other places. The lines and shapes of the
constructions which The Leader himself determined are clear and simple, and
at the same time ambitious and daring. Besides the shape, his decision is
greatly influenced by the question of the soundness of the construction. Cheap
construction parts, such as hollow pillars and pylons, are rejected by The
Leader as they raise doubts about the unlimited durability.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span white=""><span style="font-size: normal;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
steel construction of the three-span girder bridge was designed and
executed by MAN's Gustavsburg plant under the formal advice of its
architect Wilhelm Haerter, as chosen by Hitler from several designs.
November 24 saw its topping-out ceremony of the pillars was celebrated
followed on January 6, 1936, five days before the handover of the
section Holzkirchen-Weyarn, by Hitler driving down the first structure
with its four lanes. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Wolfratshausen </b><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> I was led to visit this town after coming across the work of Joachim Braun, whose website <a href="http://www-braun--in--wolfratshausen-de.">Ende & Neubeginn - Die NS-Zeit in Wolfratshausen</a> is a comprehensive look at the town during the Nazi era and which forms the basis for most of what follows.</span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5W4tYUXnRCRo7fHwNX0lMOB9Zi9spu3LctjIxKKiH7mS-9nbbcGDjkzlwNOtJ2oJf8R1AFSwOUO5x5YLmYrTeGfRCVk7YE5mMOvOCAwZE77xJLIvAULgd1ur-hpEI4fu5cnFxdnKjaRAHU5TWonEyzFqPj7cgn2krZwhv_ob5Ls0l4DQqEfbVG_a455AV/s452/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(42).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="452" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5W4tYUXnRCRo7fHwNX0lMOB9Zi9spu3LctjIxKKiH7mS-9nbbcGDjkzlwNOtJ2oJf8R1AFSwOUO5x5YLmYrTeGfRCVk7YE5mMOvOCAwZE77xJLIvAULgd1ur-hpEI4fu5cnFxdnKjaRAHU5TWonEyzFqPj7cgn2krZwhv_ob5Ls0l4DQqEfbVG_a455AV/w420-h257/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(42).gif" width="420" /></a><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Adolf-Hitler-Straße from a postcard from the time.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Initially,
the Nazi Party had trouble gaining a foothold in Wolfratshausen but the
economic crisis played into her hands and in 1931, a young bank clerk
from Dorfen, Franz Hille, founded a local branch. In the last quasi-free
elections on March 5, 1933, the Nazis enjoyed 42 percent of the local
vote, slightly lower than the national average. Hans Winibald from the
People's Party remained mayor - but only for five days before the Nazis
occupied the town hall, district office and district court. As early as
March 21, 1933, when the new Reichstag was opened, 1,500 people marched
from the Grüner Baum inn to the new gymnasium leading to the summary
arrest of the SPD councillors and installing Edmund Schrott as the new
mayor. He made Adolf Hitler an honorary citizen of Wolfratshausen and
streets were subsequently renamed- Obermarkt and Untermarkt became
Adolf-Hitler-Straße as seen here. Bahnhofstraße became Hindenburgstraße;
the town hall was located on the corner of both streets. Paradiesweg
was renamed Adolf-Wagner-Allee, Floßkanal Hermann-Göring-Strasse,
Alpen-becoming Wilhelm-Gustloff-Strasse, Gebhart to Bismarckstrasse and
Schiesstätt-Strasse now was known as Dietrich-Eckert-Strasse, named
after Hitler's friend to whom he dedicated Mein Kampf and who for a time
lived in the town. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMupYw6MPhLY00GNtFizsutZNRJFP6MQoRxrOdQOkftaiQSayoBrUaVJVjjNvienUjkO2EiccLlYsTYIXB_IaIkrdeyrzyOJO4UJicTgVNi-nqBwvugY9E_E1T9Zlc2zEGCoa_CZIe8kDtB3aW2Bg5rBcHte9gqJQ7Bl7q9WCpqC-q6dYAb0bhkb07e4cr/s384/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(43).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="305" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMupYw6MPhLY00GNtFizsutZNRJFP6MQoRxrOdQOkftaiQSayoBrUaVJVjjNvienUjkO2EiccLlYsTYIXB_IaIkrdeyrzyOJO4UJicTgVNi-nqBwvugY9E_E1T9Zlc2zEGCoa_CZIe8kDtB3aW2Bg5rBcHte9gqJQ7Bl7q9WCpqC-q6dYAb0bhkb07e4cr/w318-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(43).gif" width="318" /></a>After the war District Administrator Hans Thiemo,working for the American occupiers, <a href="https://www.braun-in-wolfratshausen.de/galerie">ordered that</a>
"[t]he use of the previous Nazi names in words and pictures is
forbidden under penalty of punishment. Anything that reminds you of them
is to be destroyed."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span>I'm
not sure of the date but the photo on the right could be on the occasion of the May 29, 1936
elections which took place at the same time as the subsequent referendum
on the authorisation to occupy the Rhineland. As in the November 1933
election, only a single list of Nazi Party members was permitted making
it a sham election given that the result was already certain from the
outset In the case of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Wolfratshausen,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> 1,832 voted alowing the "Wolfratshauser Tagblatt" to write how "[w]eek
after week the election propaganda had started to make the last comrade
aware of the meaning of the election day. It was not in vain. The people
knew their duty." The evening before, a march resulting in mass meeting
in the Gymnasium to hear Hitler's speech, after which Nazi units
marched through Wolfratshausen in a torchlight procession of which this
photo may show. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhhkh2Xu4ad1sKXs6Xo9Hrf5nvbtNB2hCds7_8vt8WgDtjyxUq_CQbRI9HuLX5Po2NhXDxiUbLF0Ghc_UEYSlb8h5s0P1lCXxg9Wm-WLInl-lYr0qAMNpf54g79XEydpRugctJqvUgmX_J4pKIqJRF0L-iHI0fZVmnRv-cYkhfBpi-PVaEdPcoY1iyT54D/s359/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(39).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="359" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhhkh2Xu4ad1sKXs6Xo9Hrf5nvbtNB2hCds7_8vt8WgDtjyxUq_CQbRI9HuLX5Po2NhXDxiUbLF0Ghc_UEYSlb8h5s0P1lCXxg9Wm-WLInl-lYr0qAMNpf54g79XEydpRugctJqvUgmX_J4pKIqJRF0L-iHI0fZVmnRv-cYkhfBpi-PVaEdPcoY1iyT54D/w400-h346/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(39).gif" width="400" /></a></div><span>Johann Fagner, landlord of the "<a href="https://www.humplbraeu.de/">Humplbräu</a>,"
in front of his establishment. Beside him on the right is cattle dealer
Hermann Spatz whose business held auctions in its own stables at the
Humplbräu. Once the Nazis took power the Jewish Spatz family was
targetted, the local Nazi Party branch publishing an appeal in <i>Der Stürmer</i>
that "[n]o one should buy from the Jew Spatz." He would eventually be
sent to the Dachau concentration camp before being released on December
6, 1938, badly abused, <a href="https://www.merkur.de/lokales/wolfratshausen/schicksal-juedischen-familie-spatz-teil-3854972.html">on the condition that he sell his house immediately</a>.
It was purchased on January 1, 1939 from the tenant of the canteen of
the munitions factory for a price well below the actual value leaving
Spatz to beg in order to make a living. On January 23, 1940, he moved to
Munich with his wife Cäcilia and son Willy where Hermann Spatz died on
May 30, 1940, and buried in the Israelite Cemetery the next day. Both
Cecilia and Willy were deported to Riga and murdered. Cäcilia's, Ludwig
Holzer, and her aunt, Mina Einstein, were deported to the Theresienstadt
concentration camp in 1942 where they died. On December 17, 1942, an
uncle, Benno Neuburger, was sentenced to death by the Berlin People's
Court for "insulting the Führer" and executed.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWWbNTO2bfBs75xXRzLQAyEywqwMq64a1p750qj1npGKRsqNdDGVNu-ldkFTFNN5smj3CiHLnSjnoVe9tzIcoh89Qrd2iaBVv16ZfAoaSVqqs2XZrYYCI8lGNWp67tAYEDYvzcBgrJxqTei4k_njs0pDBM2u4TSRIBxWt_YM2J20R_eKyU3Xae7xosv6j3/s413/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(39).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="309" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWWbNTO2bfBs75xXRzLQAyEywqwMq64a1p750qj1npGKRsqNdDGVNu-ldkFTFNN5smj3CiHLnSjnoVe9tzIcoh89Qrd2iaBVv16ZfAoaSVqqs2XZrYYCI8lGNWp67tAYEDYvzcBgrJxqTei4k_njs0pDBM2u4TSRIBxWt_YM2J20R_eKyU3Xae7xosv6j3/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(39).gif" width="239" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> The town hall after the war on the corner of Hitler and Hindenburg streets. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Despite such damage shown, with
the exception of the upper Loisach Bridge being blown up in 1945,
Wolfratshausen was spared serious damage in the war and the town was handed over to the Americans </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>coming from Linden on Easter Sunday </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>without a fight. Nevertheless, 160
citizens of the town had lost their lives in the war. The Americans </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>appointed </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Hans
Winibald mayor, having held the office until 1933, assisted by the
former municipal secretary Franz Geiger who had been imprisoned by the
Nazis for a fortnight in 1933 before going into compulsory retirement.
The occupation had to painstakingly reconstruct the structure of the
Nazi organisations after </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>an
order was sent by radio on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>April 25, 1945 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>from
the Upper Bavarian government president,
Dr. Schenpel, to all communities to start burning files immediately to
ensure that "[e]verything that could be useful to the enemy is to be
destroyed." This was followed in Wolfratshausen within the courtyard of
the town hall where the Nazis set up a pyre and burned all important
documents from relating to the regime. The Americans for their turn
ordered the locals to hand over all weapons, including those only
suitable for hunting or face the death penalty. As a result weapons were
spread out in the street whereby a tank rolled over them. Other weapons
were simply thrown into the Loisach.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnMuw2vXYszgTd8Pkpd8C-3q1xhxN3KiAgjXRqjYhYXm8AO6CSTf4lJzsK4Az_-HmRU4FCR4HYTX0IX__8sAzdb5I4RLRz1Z7nsQp6nYF5aLSQofH5NDjr9lO9qZOXyhgHkK8C0KR7hVi5rN4F18UgoaKr_SKgzLgqmD8gsipK0asFop3l4AU5hpcqHYMj/s1934/Screenshot%202023-08-02%20at%2023.18.52.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1406" data-original-width="1934" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnMuw2vXYszgTd8Pkpd8C-3q1xhxN3KiAgjXRqjYhYXm8AO6CSTf4lJzsK4Az_-HmRU4FCR4HYTX0IX__8sAzdb5I4RLRz1Z7nsQp6nYF5aLSQofH5NDjr9lO9qZOXyhgHkK8C0KR7hVi5rN4F18UgoaKr_SKgzLgqmD8gsipK0asFop3l4AU5hpcqHYMj/w400-h291/Screenshot%202023-08-02%20at%2023.18.52.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>A
few miles to the west in the Wolfratshauser Forest are still bunkers
that exist that had been constructed for the Dynamit Aktiengesellschaft
(DAG) and Deutsche Sprengchemie (DSC) ammunition factories. Located
within the town of Geretsried- </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>over the years, the town developed on this extensive area in the state forest- </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
starting in 1938 these armaments factories gradually built around 650
bunkers in the forest to house ammunition production. Initially,
conscripted Germans from Munich and the surrounding area toiled there,
later joined by thousands of forced labourers. They had to carry out
life-threatening work with chemical substances. The prisoners came
mainly from the surrounding "Lager Buchberg", "Lager Stein" and " Lager
Föhrenwald ". Until 1955, a grave with seven concentration camp
prisoners was located on Richard-Wagner-Straße, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>later transferred to the waldfriedhof in Dachau</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_k_wdiB2I7TNOqntx9dsxUOB132henamlfKhj7hCAPAwNK4Znhz3Hf0AHfcsG_SWEuFVHKZroMlPoOT_e301Tbny03AZl2_sKq_fZS7tNRATvJkKPnEnmjYp3Zl1o-qnvn0fv5NOWij8kITmwcBOO98Ww5uRmbZyFJMPCjInKiumspQW2ducBw4baHibW/s2022/Screenshot%202023-08-02%20at%2023.19.05.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1514" data-original-width="2022" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_k_wdiB2I7TNOqntx9dsxUOB132henamlfKhj7hCAPAwNK4Znhz3Hf0AHfcsG_SWEuFVHKZroMlPoOT_e301Tbny03AZl2_sKq_fZS7tNRATvJkKPnEnmjYp3Zl1o-qnvn0fv5NOWij8kITmwcBOO98Ww5uRmbZyFJMPCjInKiumspQW2ducBw4baHibW/w400-h300/Screenshot%202023-08-02%20at%2023.19.05.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The buildings are camouflaged in the forest or buried directly under mounds of earth. This bunker </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> near the Isardamm</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>,
is known as the "Blue Bunker" because of the graffiti. It was the shell
of the department for the production of the grenade explosive picric
acid. In 1943, however, construction stopped because the dangerous acid
was replaced with TNT. Shortly after the end of the war, the Americans
gave the order to blow up many of these secret bunkers, including the
"Blue Bunker" in 1948, parts of which are still preserved as seen here.
These concrete buildings formed <a href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/wolfratshausen/sz-serie-angekommen-auf-den-ruinen-der-bunker-gebaut-1.2932985">a secret city in the forest</a>,
complete with roads, electricity, telephone lines, water and sewerage.
Deutsche Sprengchemie alone had five miles of track in the forest. When
the munitions factories were dismantled, boilers, pipes and other
components of the factories were transported all over Europe as
reparations. Other companies were quickly established in the old
munitions factories, and one of the new companies began producing
textile auxiliaries as early as 1946. Suggestions to turn the ruins and
their surroundings into a cultural site have been made but, <a href="https://www.dasgelbeblatt.de/lokales/bad-toelz-wolfratshausen/statik-ruine-eisstadion-soll-erneut-geprueft-werden-7316582.html">according to a report</a>
by the structural engineer Florian Sachers, the construction of a
collapse-proof building would be extremely difficult with costs
estimated at around 120,000 euros.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWoPkPpAKH27vj2onKHr6LmzhXRTQ_6IrazJNqTJ7zlyRoGA0tKMbfix4KNtH_hvrvmdkv1p0InN_QGlRZjU0liHBXcw0hgBgoqug40MfKanZwijjgCNFcn-hJrHcDb_xfhkeOYlWXXry5VCZsVfVgT4mRA07MuR1fz2a3g348djxpA7BPGbyLnL1bl1_B/s480/Death_march_from_Dachau.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="480" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWoPkPpAKH27vj2onKHr6LmzhXRTQ_6IrazJNqTJ7zlyRoGA0tKMbfix4KNtH_hvrvmdkv1p0InN_QGlRZjU0liHBXcw0hgBgoqug40MfKanZwijjgCNFcn-hJrHcDb_xfhkeOYlWXXry5VCZsVfVgT4mRA07MuR1fz2a3g348djxpA7BPGbyLnL1bl1_B/s320/Death_march_from_Dachau.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span>The photo on the left shows Dachau concentration camp inmates on a death march </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>heading in the direction of Wolfratshausen </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>photographed on April 28, 1945 <a href="https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn41532">by Benno Gantner</a> from his balcony in Percha. The term itself was coined by victims and in the standard work <a href="https://literaturkritik-de.translate.goog/public/rezension.php?rez_id=11211&ausgabe=200710&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en">Encyclopedia of National Socialism</a>,
the death march is defined as a "phenomenon in the Third Reich,
especially towards the end of the war, when the prisoners of a number of
concentration camps were evacuated, in large numbers and forced to
march long distances in intolerable conditions and brutal mistreatment, a
large proportion of them being murdered by the escorts.” On most death
marches, numerous exhausted prisoners were shot by the guards along the
way and such random killings led to the name death march. Diana Gring
defines "death march crimes" as "non-stationary Nazi acts of violence in
the final phase of the war, which were related to the evacuation of the
concentration camps and were committed during the marches or at the
corresponding stopover and end points of the route." For Gring the
important common features of all the death marches were the randomness
of the scene of the crime, the heterogeneity of the groups of
perpetrators and the separation of the upper and lower command levels. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_fEke-nrNFaiks2VgD_YE8QQZySf3Xth0OSvZLg7REq-EZnzuYkmqcyi0g5dROYOF-Mb1QwCagBrsID8wf3x7VyfCxckhMAysa0eUsmAaN-MSGdrqL9IZX-9ejVtsUYu85Ll7bf3MesLOdNq76F5vciMNq3p_frqghUHCqFu7p0y0C_1EdeUOKwFww9jA/s1548/Screenshot%202023-08-03%20at%2016.10.11.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1256" data-original-width="1548" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_fEke-nrNFaiks2VgD_YE8QQZySf3Xth0OSvZLg7REq-EZnzuYkmqcyi0g5dROYOF-Mb1QwCagBrsID8wf3x7VyfCxckhMAysa0eUsmAaN-MSGdrqL9IZX-9ejVtsUYu85Ll7bf3MesLOdNq76F5vciMNq3p_frqghUHCqFu7p0y0C_1EdeUOKwFww9jA/s320/Screenshot%202023-08-03%20at%2016.10.11.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Whilst
For Daniel Goldhagen claims that the death marches represent the
deliberate continuation of the Holocaust by other means and a planned
strategy to exterminate the Jewish people, the majority of the evacuees
were in fact non-Jewish prisoners. Many attribute the numerous victims
to that complete chaos of the last months of the war and the collapse of
supplies. As Eberhard Kolb argues, it was the lower </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
charges who decided on the death marches involving the fate of
thousands of prisoners rather than orders from on high." For Karin
Orth, the main motives for the unbridled, murderous actions of the
escort was to speed up their own escape - and because the lives of the
concentration camp prisoners had no value in their eyes.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Concentration
camp prisoners were herded
through Wolfratshausen in the last days of April, when the Dachau
concentration camp swelled to more than 32,000 prisoners due to
evacuation marches and train transports arriving almost every day, and
the Allach sub camp between Dachau and Munich, in which mainly forced
laborers were used for the surrounding metalworking armaments industry
(BMW, Kraus- Maffei, MAN) was completely overcrowded with almost 10,000
prisoners. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhVAQJVgqJ-bNMtaut-DvGHeLt38p3-WTT6fg82U1rRf_q-XOJFrvBDtOjM2u1XNZCmleffzf0FB4K3o8Qb_KM3G8EF2CkkBRh-7CwNTlQuKyzV7_03MsqsCqllqplWvTKjEMDTv2eiALVyR0jU9kQt__DXupQ_ofTG7LQEXc9AKmhCIcVeq6cyw5lDxl4/s1704/Screenshot%202023-08-03%20at%2016.10.42.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1342" data-original-width="1704" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhVAQJVgqJ-bNMtaut-DvGHeLt38p3-WTT6fg82U1rRf_q-XOJFrvBDtOjM2u1XNZCmleffzf0FB4K3o8Qb_KM3G8EF2CkkBRh-7CwNTlQuKyzV7_03MsqsCqllqplWvTKjEMDTv2eiALVyR0jU9kQt__DXupQ_ofTG7LQEXc9AKmhCIcVeq6cyw5lDxl4/w200-h158/Screenshot%202023-08-03%20at%2016.10.42.png" width="200" /></a>The
march of these 2000 Allach prisoners merged with another arriving from
Kaufering. In regards those who were forced through this area, the
routes, places and times of these marches can only be partially
reconstructed given that because of the danger of low-flying aircraft,
the main column didn't march from Unterleiten along the direct route
along the Isar to Bad Tölz, but rather along the route through
Kirchbichl and Ellbach. Part of the main group could have marched from
Ascholding through the eastern moraine landscape via Mannhartshofen, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dietramszell,
Kirchbichl and Ellbach to Bad Tölz instead of along the Isar. On April
25, 1945, the main contingent of 1,543 prisoners from the Munich-Riem
satellite camp is said to have been sent, probably made up of Russian
forced labourers used in the construction sector and thus needed for the
construction of the so-called "Alpine Fortress". This is supported by
photos taken of them at Grünwald, shown here with the corresponding
memorial at the site. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJolGJ0z6_XxyO8gR-GgqysOtAspuH5qnNp-S62sqWK1gIVk6TnJHStmEiORH9r1Yp6gY_6p8c_RZ9Ge04dTQ51-igc_YCQGUTif3_AnYKVztnlRVgW1ZHA_nDAqxmOnIBiIKkAC57NuJIE-DzuwUqypFKVSvWir8t2eGa-ADoHMlE4A0wgS3a7GyFjVxz/s1094/Screenshot%202023-08-03%20at%2016.09.42.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="932" data-original-width="1094" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJolGJ0z6_XxyO8gR-GgqysOtAspuH5qnNp-S62sqWK1gIVk6TnJHStmEiORH9r1Yp6gY_6p8c_RZ9Ge04dTQ51-igc_YCQGUTif3_AnYKVztnlRVgW1ZHA_nDAqxmOnIBiIKkAC57NuJIE-DzuwUqypFKVSvWir8t2eGa-ADoHMlE4A0wgS3a7GyFjVxz/s320/Screenshot%202023-08-03%20at%2016.09.42.png" width="320" /></a>They
had been forced to march through Grünwald, Egling and Unterleiten in
the direction of Bad Tölz. Two days later 539 female prisoners were
evacuated from the Agfa camera factory in Munich-Giesing and apparently
made to march via Grünwald to Wolfratshausen from where they were
liberated on April 30. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Another
smaller marching column of 337 forced labourers from the Ottobrunn Air
Research Institute could have travelled from Ottobrunn via Brunnthal,
Hofolding, Hartpenning to Bad Tölz or towards Tegernsee and Wildbad
Kreuth. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Many
monuments serve to remember the human suffering of this inhuman march
erected by Professor Hubertus von Pilgrim, a German sculptor who lives
and works in Pullach, along the Würmtal death route. He created a total
of 22 identical memorials that commemorate the death march of the
prisoners of the Dachau concentration camp in 1945 and that stand along
the route of the death march in Munich and in the greater Munich area. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFgUcdMdEksWIFCPRuQsCDj41p6UrGvOA-kPoeaCcJPgFnMhUMz-k-IjrBKnYuhHdzijMcTU8q5f3rodI6eIRiKHIkJXd3Q-Y_q7Wi4gS1buwKBq4_9Pqn7gXnriTeLuiu-M8ACeYdqgYA/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="544" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFgUcdMdEksWIFCPRuQsCDj41p6UrGvOA-kPoeaCcJPgFnMhUMz-k-IjrBKnYuhHdzijMcTU8q5f3rodI6eIRiKHIkJXd3Q-Y_q7Wi4gS1buwKBq4_9Pqn7gXnriTeLuiu-M8ACeYdqgYA/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i>Deutschland </i></span></span></span></span></span>flying
the Nazi flag at Meersburg am Bodensee. It was in this town that the
attempted assassin of Hitler, Georg Elser, lived from 1930 to May 1932 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">with the Dreher family on Am Stadtgraben </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>whilst
working for the watch manufacturer Rothmund in Meersburg. This would
offer him the experience in making the bomb with which he so nearly
killed Hitler in November 1939. During the war Polish forced labourers
and prisoners of war were housed in the town's riding stables until
1941. Contemporary witnesses tell of a prisoner of war camp in the
barracks in the summer valley, where refugees were housed after the end
of the war. The war saw a constant shortage of housing and food in
Meersburg upon the establishment of the Reich Finance School, the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Kälte</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> armaments factory setting up headquarters in the Hämmerlefabrik and providing forced billeting for the Wehrmacht and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">deportations to Kinderland </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>of
bombed out and evacuated people. Towards the end of the war, with the
retreat of the German troops, companies, Wehrmacht agencies and
authorities tried to find accommodation in Meersburg. From the middle of
April 1945 ship traffic, including on April 26, 1945 the ferry service
between Meersburg and Konstanz-Staad shown in this postcard, was
stopped. Meersburg was barricaded with anti-tank barriers. French tanks
approaching on April 29, 1945 were shelled. It was only because the
French were able to bypass the barricades via a forest path through
Gehautobel and Hirtlehöhe that Meersburg was saved from destruction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Schloss Linderhof</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjk8XBK16ga_Gv-DSIrl0zhMUJoUyMf4dsF15ymkATdLBFeOc9t3Vw2lDQfJj1oi5hSOR2g89nGmSF5tSOPEWsOt9ACmDk2r26oA9FnMOhgUuf8keDmxVlRjWkxk4aen2mVlZ9Zr71Y5U/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252899%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="385" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjk8XBK16ga_Gv-DSIrl0zhMUJoUyMf4dsF15ymkATdLBFeOc9t3Vw2lDQfJj1oi5hSOR2g89nGmSF5tSOPEWsOt9ACmDk2r26oA9FnMOhgUuf8keDmxVlRjWkxk4aen2mVlZ9Zr71Y5U/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252899%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler
in 1935 at the entrance to the smallest of the three palaces built by
Ludwig II of Bavaria and the only one which he lived to see completed.
Hitler had had a rather ambivalent relationship with the castles and
their creator who, as a strong individualist with apparent homoerotic
tendencies, did not fit into the ideology of the national socialists.
Ludwig II's royal palaces were however unaffected during the Second
World War by combat and bombing and as early as 1946 they were again
accessible to the public. Hitler himself had declared on August 12, 1933
whilst taking part in the Richard Wagner celebration at Neuschwanstein
that</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>despite
all criticism of these structures built by Ludwig II, the fertilisation
of the arts and the stimulation of tourism had nonetheless given rise
to much good, which meant that the work of the King deserved
recognition: “It was the protest of a genius against wretched
parliamentarian mediocrity. Today we have translated this protest into
action and finally eliminated this regime.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpLwFpaHq6EnS4RLAd9SDH-gxt4huZ9cVN_d_Oi_2StXjTfK0nygQHqbLpBzXhSbFypGrZi7t_vdB_EIdsEAwnivCr56S3Hjy9S7dkg_AcQBJUVqGRiiSfVDoQ-KTSqzny8EMOD2kocY/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252898%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKrJwU2y2qJgpc-osvTPoB9_LiB7DJp8QikNlNsEXzX6Ytrl6qIWKc9L2QZmguxpxffcUW2AgO0GhqkQm-0Q2LaWtrTKXemxrEFrTP2N0bZQvOxgAyIF80zlcmjJmPU8wVVA4NN4OogIcB/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKrJwU2y2qJgpc-osvTPoB9_LiB7DJp8QikNlNsEXzX6Ytrl6qIWKc9L2QZmguxpxffcUW2AgO0GhqkQm-0Q2LaWtrTKXemxrEFrTP2N0bZQvOxgAyIF80zlcmjJmPU8wVVA4NN4OogIcB/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 235px; width: 309px;" /></span></span></span> <img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="412" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpLwFpaHq6EnS4RLAd9SDH-gxt4huZ9cVN_d_Oi_2StXjTfK0nygQHqbLpBzXhSbFypGrZi7t_vdB_EIdsEAwnivCr56S3Hjy9S7dkg_AcQBJUVqGRiiSfVDoQ-KTSqzny8EMOD2kocY/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252898%2529.gif" width="320" /></a><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The bedroom and the schloß and its grounds during the Third Reich era. The wife and son are in front of the bed </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">which was positioned on steps in the alcove closed off by a gilded
balustrade giving it the appearance of an altar and thereby glorifying
Ludwig II as he slept during the day.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The glass candelabra above has 108 candles. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In
imitation of Versailles, the bedroom is the largest chamber of
Linderhof Palace although the model for this room was not Louis XIV's
bedchamber in Versailles but the bedroom of the Rich Rooms in Munich's
Residenz. Completely rebuilt in 1884, it was not finished until the
king's death two years later. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8229803795897230919.post-58601053067614197722007-04-07T23:42:00.224-07:002023-11-13T11:09:51.312-08:00Nazi Sites in Baden-Württemberg (1)<div><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Heidelberg</b></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgMWFQA5FMFgBD0EUSoUeRAAbyQybyVFJuRbxJ1D3g5J8mMiFh2aQwMrbN_lI5FhK8BFW6kWdovj3TX6f7g-c8I35PMxbknu02mYwQMZrcpTwToIdphsb-qv4Oo7pi1SQaM1x5osNjQH7TWte5npQTJ1pxyj_klSssxWry2I0Ho4ExcWdrElwNGtmHmA/s414/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(62).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="304" height="461" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgMWFQA5FMFgBD0EUSoUeRAAbyQybyVFJuRbxJ1D3g5J8mMiFh2aQwMrbN_lI5FhK8BFW6kWdovj3TX6f7g-c8I35PMxbknu02mYwQMZrcpTwToIdphsb-qv4Oo7pi1SQaM1x5osNjQH7TWte5npQTJ1pxyj_klSssxWry2I0Ho4ExcWdrElwNGtmHmA/w339-h461/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(62).gif" width="339" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span> SA marching over the alte brücke past Heidelberg schloss from the cigarette card album <i>Kampf um's Dritte Reich</i> (28), and when cycling over the same spot July, 2022. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> <span><span><span><span><span>Heidelberg
was a stronghold of the Nazis, the strongest party in the elections
even before 1933 (the Nazis obtained 30% at the communal elections of
1930). The Nazis received <a href="https://www.rnz.de/region/heidelberg_artikel,-heidelberg-die-nsdap-in-heidelberg-wurde-absolut-vom-mittelstand-dominiert-_arid,607564.html">45.9% of the votes in the German federal election </a>of March 1933 (the national average was 43.9%) after enjoying a
mass rally in their support in front of the rathaus. The day after the
vote the swastika flag was hoisted atop the same Heidelberg town hall;
its last freely-elected city council would meet for the last time on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span> March 8.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
Non-Aryan university staff were immediately discriminated against as
SA and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ϟϟ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> thugs raised swastika flags at various public and university
buildings such as the Institute for Social and Political Sciences
(InSoSta) <a href="http://www.s197410804.online.de/Zeiten/1933.htm">at Palais Weimar on Hauptstraße 235 on </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.s197410804.online.de/Zeiten/1933.htm"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>March 11 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>to
celebrate the appointment of Baden Reich Commissioner Wagner. Alfred
Weber, director of the institute since 1923, had the flag lowered again
only to have armed guards protect the flag the next day resulting in
Weber closing the InSoSta in protest. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1wDJWQzEkkzQqlxWbG9Lg-1YtXI7SFok9e1rQE9cOHBby-0rWbGTJAqKMLS2CP3xecCUvKgZ87O7EcU4HtQG-ArJpwCEPk74Qt2KVjd2GAIupYOjOTKPD2IDGg_GQBlutXycnS00XKBDJVUaqDEWbaZ3B040hB23z7zvv4ZjCP8DvokJqbMsgtNUEbg/s394/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-28T091321.880.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hitler at the Europaeischer Hof" border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="394" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1wDJWQzEkkzQqlxWbG9Lg-1YtXI7SFok9e1rQE9cOHBby-0rWbGTJAqKMLS2CP3xecCUvKgZ87O7EcU4HtQG-ArJpwCEPk74Qt2KVjd2GAIupYOjOTKPD2IDGg_GQBlutXycnS00XKBDJVUaqDEWbaZ3B040hB23z7zvv4ZjCP8DvokJqbMsgtNUEbg/w453-h340/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-28T091321.880.gif" title="Hitler at the Europaeischer Hof" width="453" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler
leaving the <i><a href="https://www.europaeischerhof.com/">Europäischer Hof</a> </i>where he spent the night March 31,
1935 before driving along the Bergstrasse to Wiesbaden and ultimately Stuttgart, and the hotel today. The building was severely damaged during the bombing raid in 1944, but was partially used again as early as 1948 as its restaurant and hotel operations were resumed and the Baden state parliament even meeting here. By the 1960s however it went into decline leading to the Europäische Hof being sold and in 1975 the Dresdner-Bank high-rise was built in its place, one of the better buildings on Bismarckallee but lacking the charm of the old Europäische Hof. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler first spoke in the town on August 6, 1927, giving the speech <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/publication/dbid/hitq/downloadAsset/HITQ_HITQ_HRSA.pdf">"Was ist Nationalsozialismus?"</a> at the Stadthalle from 20.30 to 22.00 which, according to the subsequent police report, was attended by around 2,500 people and was was led by Gauleiter Robert Wagner. He returned March 5 the following year to deliver "Die Weltwirtschaft und das deutsche Schicksal" to approximately 670 invited guests from the business and science fields. Before the start of the meeting, participants were asked to join the "National Socialist Society for German Culture" with handouts signed by Heidelberg University Professor Dr. Philipp Lenard.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGvTNppOb_QiBnwpxIxhyHBuxsfgZritQUptKfxdB5aoLjJ3yeL4lnWXGg619Hvw9pMOXOEqHIcbMApyC3SGEc1s0XSBj45tu-6H2yyVIl1jO3IgbHujxopYUak04d4lA02rO2Kb8InFU6N7GCnQEMcSJ7U_sMaQVCT3-l4njLkzltC-F3wsPH4wG6QA/s372/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-28T114237.729.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="372" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGvTNppOb_QiBnwpxIxhyHBuxsfgZritQUptKfxdB5aoLjJ3yeL4lnWXGg619Hvw9pMOXOEqHIcbMApyC3SGEc1s0XSBj45tu-6H2yyVIl1jO3IgbHujxopYUak04d4lA02rO2Kb8InFU6N7GCnQEMcSJ7U_sMaQVCT3-l4njLkzltC-F3wsPH4wG6QA/w443-h301/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-28T114237.729.gif" width="443" /></a></div>SA group photo in the inner courtyard of the schloss on the right and two Arbeitsmaiden from the Reichsarbeitsdienst posing in front below left, and the site today.<br />Heidelberg
was the location for the so-called <a href="http://www.zegk.uni-heidelberg.de/hist/ausstellungen/spargelessen1935/">Heidelberger Spargelessen Affair</a>, a
series of public statements by Heidelberg corps students directed
against Hitler on May 21, 1935 which accelerated the process of
dissolving student fraternities throughout Germany. Members of the Corps
Saxo-Borussia entered the Heidelberg hangout of the Corps, the <i>Seppl</i>,
whilst Hitler's Peace Speech being delivered in the Reichstag on May 17
was broadcast on the radio. They disrupted the transmission by bawling
loudly, told each other jokes about Hitler in an excessively loud tone
and blew melodies on an empty champagne bottle, to which they sang
satirical songs about the Nazis. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYK8YVW5k7GBzwMRSYW6_a3-Mu6bH2tuix7RfQJrq51fInaheMVc8mddO9iykxWVO4Xbo2rz2JVlqJnQ2VtCEDbLczNf9_GS8sl5TaewDHDUkTdAc4g_n-n2oqkYcz2-4in5GauSCFZyfNS_cgr1bmURp-ksY_WBWfBmCI2iY538yUsftBWpMRX-Dh2w/s330/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-28T112443.116.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="282" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYK8YVW5k7GBzwMRSYW6_a3-Mu6bH2tuix7RfQJrq51fInaheMVc8mddO9iykxWVO4Xbo2rz2JVlqJnQ2VtCEDbLczNf9_GS8sl5TaewDHDUkTdAc4g_n-n2oqkYcz2-4in5GauSCFZyfNS_cgr1bmURp-ksY_WBWfBmCI2iY538yUsftBWpMRX-Dh2w/w331-h388/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-28T112443.116.gif" width="331" /></a></div>The following day voices were raised
that they had behaved improperly and disturbed the guests in the "Seppl"
whilst listening to the speech. The Corps Saxo-Borussia then apologised
to the NSDStB in Heidelberg and the student body it dominated and its
leader Gustav Adolf Scheel of the Association of German Students in
Tübingen, and to the Rector of the Wilhelm Groh </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>University</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.
The apology was accepted and no further action taken. However, on May
26 members of the same corps talked over an asparagus meal in the
Hirschgasse restaurant about whether "the Fuhrer ate asparagus with a
knife, fork or paws." The Führer knows everything," said one, "let's ask
him." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Finally, the corps students agreed that Hitler had "so big a mouth that he could eat the asparagus sideways". Eventually </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>a
call was put through to the Chancellery in Berlin to confirm, which was
answered by an adjutant. Hitler was informed who took, <a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/hitler-s-way-with-asparagus-1.186466">according to Giles MacDonogh</a>,
"a predictably dim view of this levity. His draconian response was to
ban the elite brotherhoods for the duration of the Third Reich."
Immediately after the events, the Corps Saxo-Borussia was banned, the
corps students involved were expelled from the university and Senior
Henning v . Quast was temporarily arrested. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiG2C_jJYwEMadsJqplhh7WwWCH1ma4OLaVnbZCsSVUnYk4IxHae1cwIvXA8MjtS56CVpNNdKZRTh436CTx0lqPVYZstyxpcPwMbhANLokVHCTk7xlSovYQVew5x-a1JEC9q2babQPwH4/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%252822%2529.gif" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiG2C_jJYwEMadsJqplhh7WwWCH1ma4OLaVnbZCsSVUnYk4IxHae1cwIvXA8MjtS56CVpNNdKZRTh436CTx0lqPVYZstyxpcPwMbhANLokVHCTk7xlSovYQVew5x-a1JEC9q2babQPwH4/w332-h276/ezgif.com-optimize%252822%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 200px; width: 332px;" width="332" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The</span> <span>N</span>eue Universität and Schurmann Building with Nazi Reichsdienst flags on the left and today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Already
by April 7, 1933 the <a href="https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1520">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service </a>stipulated that members of the public service "who, based on
their previous political activities, cannot guarantee that they will
always stand up unreservedly for the national state" as well as those
"not of Aryan descent ” were to be dismissed from public service. Any
person who had a Jewish parent or grandparent was considered now
“non-Aryan” although, owing in large part to Hindenburg's now waning
influence, these provisions did not apply to war veterans- this would
change </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>in
February the next year after Reichswehr Minister Blomberg decreed that the
"Aryan Paragraph" would also be applied to members of the Reichswehr</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.
As a result, 76 members of the city administration and 26 Heidelberg
university teachers were dismissed. Licenses were also withdrawn from
"non-Aryan" doctors and lawyers, and shortly after the "Aryan paragraph"
was also used against pharmacists, scientists, journalists and
artists. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Regardless,
by the end of 1933 over <a href="https://www.ptb.de/cms/fileadmin/internet/ueber_uns/geschichte_der_ptb/Die_PTR_im_dritten_Reich/The_Rise_and_fall_of_an_Aryan_Physicist.pdf">half the students at Heidelberg university had enrolled as stormtroopers</a>. Richard J. Evans goes on to write how
Heidelberg University's Social and Economic Sciences Faculty focused its
research on population, agricultural economics and the vaguely named
‘spatial research’ which in fact was focused on accumulating knowledge
relevant to the proposed future expansion of the Reich in the pursuit of
<i>lebensraum</i>. The American eugenicist Harry Laughlin, who in 1931
put forward a programme to sterilise roughly 15 million Americans of
inferior racial stock over the next fifty years, received an honorary
doctorate from Heidelberg in 1936 as Nobel Prize-winner Philipp Lenard on the 550-year jubilee of Heidelberg University proclaimed support for ‘Aryan physics’. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Hitler himself sent his congratulations</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><blockquote>on the 550th anniversary of its foundation. Today, the oldest university of the German Reich celebrates in the circle of its German and foreign friends and representatives of numerous nations its day of honour.<br />At the same time I thank you, Herr Rektor, the senate, and the student body for your loyal greetings extended to me on this occasion. I return these with all my heart and with the wish that this ancient and dignified university, in keeping with its traditions, shall remain the germinator of the most noble of German intellectual life and the time-tested conveyer of real German cultural goods for a long time to come.</blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>In 1942 Hitler would also send a congratulatory telegram to Professor Lenard in appreciation of his “services to science and National Socialism.”<br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>By 1939, one-third of the university's teaching staff had been
forced out for racial and political reasons. The non-Aryan professors
were ejected in 1933, within one month of Hitler's rise to power. The
lists of those to be deported were prepared beforehand.</span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVCKuV_cfTeiaJu0pbsm1xlFyDGlC_Vx6qKIR-SZI0v2sw9EV1zdzfJnCTiOn_yIkBNtBXTA8RUZ8feHBVbztG4ByAL2I2JvP_KFPLzNCH1Fy3D0y-rNmc45pBXhjuTEJUgArUK4JAVcmUUAsrWqh6mBKYs1IV1TVAGo6bY06da7XKpmoPbJax4j9LaQ/s466/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(73).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="297" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVCKuV_cfTeiaJu0pbsm1xlFyDGlC_Vx6qKIR-SZI0v2sw9EV1zdzfJnCTiOn_yIkBNtBXTA8RUZ8feHBVbztG4ByAL2I2JvP_KFPLzNCH1Fy3D0y-rNmc45pBXhjuTEJUgArUK4JAVcmUUAsrWqh6mBKYs1IV1TVAGo6bY06da7XKpmoPbJax4j9LaQ/w292-h458/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(73).gif" width="292" /></a><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>On March 1934 there had been a Saar rally in the town hall. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The memorial, designed by </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Friedrich Haller</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and i<a href="http://www.s197410804.online.de/Personen/HallerFriedrich.html">naugurated on </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.s197410804.online.de/Personen/HallerFriedrich.html"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>January 6, 1935</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
by Lord Mayor Carl Neinhaus</a>. This was a week before the referendum was
held in which 90.7% of the population of the Saar region voted for union
with Germany after having been placed under the League of Nations for
fifteen years and the coal mines assigned to France in the aftermath of
the Great War..</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>In
1934 and 1935, the Reichsarbeitsdienst (State Labour Service) and
Heidelberg University students built the huge Thingstätte amphitheatre
on the Heiligenberg north of the town (see below), for Nazi Party and ϟϟ
events. A few months later, the inauguration of the huge Ehrenfriedhof
memorial cemetery completed the second and last Nazi project in
Heidelberg. This cemetery is on the southern side of the old part of
town, a little south of the Königstuhl hilltop where Wehrmacht soldiers
were buried. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>At the <a href="https://www.heidelberg.de/hd/HD/Rathaus/Ehrenfriedhof+Heidelberg.html">Ehrenfriedhof Heidelberg</a>, laid out from 1933 to 1935 as a military cemetery to accommodate more than 500 reburied soldiers who died in the First World War covering an area of over seventeen hectares. In 1913 in Neuenheimer field a new central cemetery for Heidelberg was planned and its development started, and when the Great War broke out the following year, this cemetery was initially only used to bury soldiers who had died in Heidelberg military hospitals and war dead who had been transported to Heidelberg. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJlrkvAbTD6WD_ozZl9kCkKv7aH2bq86M-UGtnepBSV0LquXwvm1D8GFHbFXzBDfoHeg9vBlHExBm5IwRi_kAJSfO7_iiE-m98GeMgd43udITU7CNh-ChYgzrfXyXw4UBEXDSohnQdK7AJokXqukrmQDLUuzxdI0uK17CnYHf5qd3HHFyegqbOAVuOyA/s396/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-28T144503.125.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="396" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJlrkvAbTD6WD_ozZl9kCkKv7aH2bq86M-UGtnepBSV0LquXwvm1D8GFHbFXzBDfoHeg9vBlHExBm5IwRi_kAJSfO7_iiE-m98GeMgd43udITU7CNh-ChYgzrfXyXw4UBEXDSohnQdK7AJokXqukrmQDLUuzxdI0uK17CnYHf5qd3HHFyegqbOAVuOyA/w474-h297/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-28T144503.125.gif" width="474" /></a>After the war there were a few more burials of men who later died from their war injuries. There were a total of 599 soldiers' graves in the Neuenheimer Feld cemetery, including 73 French, 24 Russians, three English and two Italians. With the exception of the Russians, the dead of other nationalities were later reburied in their home countries. On May 22, 1933, the city council and the citizens' committee decided to erect <a href="http://www.s197410804.online.de/ABC/ABCkriegerdenkmale.htm">an honorary cemetery on the so-called Ameisenbuckel</a> (anthill) to which the Nazis assigned various early historical meanings as a place of worship and historically significant place. The desire to create a memorial was linked to the erection of the honorary cemetery. The actual cemetery was laid out in 1934. 423 workers and countless members of the Reich Labour Service were employed on the construction site in which a total of 23,000 cubic metres of earth were moved, 1,600 cubic metres of foundations and masonry were built, several hundred square metres of floor slabs and around 7,000 square metres of sections were manufactured and laid, and 8,500 square metres of lawn and several hundred trees were planted. 544 stone crosses were hewn for tombs and memorials and 28 plaques of honour were made from huge blocks of stone. A roughly 5.50 metre long and twenty tonne block of stone forms the mortuary altar on a semi-circular terrace facing the valley at the end of the rectangular cour d'honneur formed by the plaques of honour, on the sides of which lie the cemeteries as seen in my GIF above. On <a href="https://www.heidelberg.de/hd/HD/entwickeln/einrichtungen+und+institute+im+neuenheimer+feld.html">October 28, 1934, 498 dead were ceremoniously transferred from Neuenheimer Feld </a>to the cemetery of honour, where the Mayor of Heidelberg, Carl Neinhaus, and Gauleiter Robert Wagner held commemorative speeches. The names of 2,132 Heidelberg soldiers who died in the First World War were also engraved on the 28 plaques. The stonemasonry work on grave crosses and plaques of honour was only completed in the autumn of 1935. Soldiers who died in the Second World War were later buried on the grounds of the Cemetery of Honour. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDBl6663kKPVxy3Q0J6_fl5uN7N7D110wCIguXysIZfutAqMlx9YVxHG4x2gxgUfbmwcCCHqP8QZi5izkGZ_vWOL3sbLG1FOnedDM_9IUQhrF-ogN62Ois6o0yIzX0KqQjgKmOQHekYx6y2CyNrI6F3SuQUN3ZKbGDss-uUn2vkR6c1nWXg0_Ca1NWLw/s472/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(72).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="472" data-original-width="295" height="547" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDBl6663kKPVxy3Q0J6_fl5uN7N7D110wCIguXysIZfutAqMlx9YVxHG4x2gxgUfbmwcCCHqP8QZi5izkGZ_vWOL3sbLG1FOnedDM_9IUQhrF-ogN62Ois6o0yIzX0KqQjgKmOQHekYx6y2CyNrI6F3SuQUN3ZKbGDss-uUn2vkR6c1nWXg0_Ca1NWLw/w342-h547/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(72).gif" width="342" /></a><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Two hotels flying </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nazi
flags. Here on the left in front of the famous <i><a href="https://www.hotel.de/de/zum-ritter-st--georg/hotel-102385/">Hotel Zum Ritter Sankt Georg</a></i>, built in
1592 and one of the few buildings to survive the War of Succession from a
postcard.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Below right is </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>the former <i>Hotel Grünes Laub </i>flying the Nazi flag on Brückenstraße and today, now the Italian r</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>estaurant <a href="https://da-claudia.de/"><i>Da Claudia</i></a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Heidelberg
was involved in the nationwide economic boycott against Jews held April
1, 1933. The shops of Jewish businessmen, the practices of Jewish
doctors and the offices of Jewish lawyers were actively boycotted under
the direction of the SA which launched a propaganda column through
Heidelberg's shopping streets to the market square where a Nazi event
was held in the town hall. Its main speaker was district propaganda
leader Dr. Alfred Reuter from Mannheim <a href="http://www.s197410804.online.de/Zeiten/1933.htm">who proclaimed that </a>"a Jew will
be hanged for every Christian businessman who perishes". That day
Hans-Walter Bettmann, son of dermatologist Siegfried Bettmann, commited
suicide after being told that he would be dismissed as a court clerk on
"racial" grounds. In November 1940 the property of those deported on October 22, 1940 was publicly auctioned in Heidelberg<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Days later on the 6th </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>a Hitler Youth rally was held at the town hall. The following day mayor Dr. Carl
Neinhaus <a href="http://www.s197410804.online.de/Zeiten/1945.htm">ordered that all books and periodicals </a>in the holdings of the
Heidelberg People's Library" which have decidedly Bolshevik, Marxist,
pacifist or atheist tendencies ... are to be blocked for public
lending" . </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyrgsLWH4No5cA0CMVkrAuyCWwebj916ctNZSvMNREzSLD7hnVE721nHFygEzAlbqu9xSFKpuDlOdCd2mBXU1LyG1o5XXr3RlAutrMB50x8MaavL0p3PfkAdj6J4dwQZeKb1vi4LvdreyLsnLKFhY-2grP90EzbWlImqOiwEbBIRjX34Nax1LCtatXMA/s355/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-30T085914.382.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="266" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyrgsLWH4No5cA0CMVkrAuyCWwebj916ctNZSvMNREzSLD7hnVE721nHFygEzAlbqu9xSFKpuDlOdCd2mBXU1LyG1o5XXr3RlAutrMB50x8MaavL0p3PfkAdj6J4dwQZeKb1vi4LvdreyLsnLKFhY-2grP90EzbWlImqOiwEbBIRjX34Nax1LCtatXMA/w378-h504/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-30T085914.382.gif" width="378" /></a><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>During
Kristallnacht on November 9, 1938, <a href="http://f20.blog.uni-heidelberg.de/2008/11/09/70-jahre-reichskristallnacht-9111938/">Nazis burned down synagogues at two locations in the city</a>. The next day, they started the systematic
deportation of Jews, sending 150 to Dachau concentration camp. On
October 22, 1940, during the "Wagner Buerckel event", the Nazis deported
6000 local Jews, including 281 from Heidelberg, to Camp Gurs
concentration camp in France. Some of those affected were given only a quarter of an hour to pack up the most important things from their belongings and were limited to fifty kilogrammes of luggage and 100 RM in cash per person. The only exceptions were the acutely ill, some of the nursing staff, close relatives of the seriously ill and the Jewish partners in “mixed marriages”. The train left Heidelberg's main station at 18.15 with the journey taking four days. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Within a few months, as many as a thousand
of them (201 from Heidelberg) died of hunger and disease. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>55 Heidelbergers ended up dying in Gurs, 31 in France, and 109 murdered in the extermination camps of the East. Sixteen Heidelberg men and women ended up killing themselves to avoid deportation. 91 of those deported from Heidelberg endeed up surviving with fifteen of the deportees return to Heidelberg after 1945; the fate of thirteen people remains unknown. Amongst the
deportees from Heidelberg, the poet <a href="http://www.s197410804.online.de/Stadtgeschichte/1933-1945/mombert.htm">Alfred Mombert<span> </span>left
the camp in April 1941 thanks to the Swiss poet Hans Reinhart.</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC9oqMQjOl62mEbXPB0JtLJvGHJ3KJWXyoMUkY_-1bDOzGy1u28JAfZ3JNwSeEkJUWkbq4-IYakbFd3Vt6OvBsXOP_9CKXcEPrG6w8K37hlLYkD6w7v8HQXyUxKzLAweDOd_1XTs3_Kyc1U75eST09eiCFm8_hoyKcsCv4LiFpWFk7BSpeswyMCxNMFA/s469/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-27T095036.337.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="469" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC9oqMQjOl62mEbXPB0JtLJvGHJ3KJWXyoMUkY_-1bDOzGy1u28JAfZ3JNwSeEkJUWkbq4-IYakbFd3Vt6OvBsXOP_9CKXcEPrG6w8K37hlLYkD6w7v8HQXyUxKzLAweDOd_1XTs3_Kyc1U75eST09eiCFm8_hoyKcsCv4LiFpWFk7BSpeswyMCxNMFA/w427-h297/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-27T095036.337.gif" width="427" /></a></div>At
the
Thingstätte in Heidelberg and the same view in 1936 with a group of
Hitler Youth Pimpfen. The site was started in 1934 and finished the
following year. Situated on the Heiligenberg (Holy Mountain), the
amphitheatre covers 25 metres of sloping land and overlooks the city.
The mountain is littered with ancient burial grounds and once hosted a
Roman temple at the summit dedicated to the god Mercury. Designed by the
architect H. Alker, who worked for the Reich Labour
Service, the Heidelberg Thingstatte features two hexagonal towers
constructed to hold flags, lighting, and sound. On the opening day,
<a href="https://www.deutschlandmalanders.com/die-thingstaette-heidelberg/">20,000 people turned out to hear Goebbels</a> himself who had </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>received
his doctorate at Heidelberg University in 1922 from the literary
historian Max Freiherr von Waldberg, later forced out of office. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrKgqeliR_8Fmd86zBnvhGX49pnmxNVSTtsKZAuWnNPk_20KUdHnjPGhD3-SZgxMtheirD7WuuH9xkbcVv9HzM1fkp_yqhhTmimvcJW_X-I5y-glMf528getchP67KuzmNvB3tTwJXCPknsub9HhEa29zormH_RIkDtYdPQdbrjJkCUTSjIYeXh1bN4Q/s397/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(67).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="397" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrKgqeliR_8Fmd86zBnvhGX49pnmxNVSTtsKZAuWnNPk_20KUdHnjPGhD3-SZgxMtheirD7WuuH9xkbcVv9HzM1fkp_yqhhTmimvcJW_X-I5y-glMf528getchP67KuzmNvB3tTwJXCPknsub9HhEa29zormH_RIkDtYdPQdbrjJkCUTSjIYeXh1bN4Q/w426-h289/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(67).gif" width="426" /></a>Heidelberg
was enthusiastically celebrated as a "cosmopolitan city of the mind",
as a "living breath of the German soul" or as "the focal point of the
idea of the Reich" and the city of the Reichsfestspiele, <a href="https://www.zvab.com/erstausgabe/Reichsfestspiele-Heidelberg-15.Juli-15.August-1934-Schirmherr/30945963046/bd">which when staged for the first time in 1934 in the inner courtyard of Heidelberg Castle</a>, was intended to initiate a "revolution of German theatre" and be
"representative witnesses to the new concept of art". As part of Nazi
cultural propaganda, the 'Thing' movement was intended "to form and
create the new German people according to the will of the Führer based
on the community experience". In connection with "ancient ancestral
heritage", the construction of over 400 meeting places was planned in
all parts of the Reich , whose architectural design was based on the
Germanic "Thing", an open-air meeting place. In this context, the
legendary Heiligenberg with the "Heidenloch" and its numerous
prehistoric settlements from the beginning was seen as an ideal location
for such a site. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyan7TkxEXewT0lv517y7oGDBhmvUCHVFQ7Tev4wrsyzb9REfEeiCD5QOKcs4jZp5Uy1TDxoAJLsfJNDUl9XiNUM1VkuhOQNbSfP7B6oagFRjz4jf367CLWjFRGKhQc2v-HtdowPBKjyIZteuKbnCR1XGhlnKvlM1nFyWHLuapfEZ2BTiLaRu5FPjVYQ/s388/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(68).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="388" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyan7TkxEXewT0lv517y7oGDBhmvUCHVFQ7Tev4wrsyzb9REfEeiCD5QOKcs4jZp5Uy1TDxoAJLsfJNDUl9XiNUM1VkuhOQNbSfP7B6oagFRjz4jf367CLWjFRGKhQc2v-HtdowPBKjyIZteuKbnCR1XGhlnKvlM1nFyWHLuapfEZ2BTiLaRu5FPjVYQ/w430-h285/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(68).gif" width="430" /></a>Two hexagonal flag towers for lighting and sound were erected and wide marching paths for choir, players and spectators. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
main difference from the Greek amphitheatre is that the stage and
auditorium were not separated in order to particularly emphasise the
community between performers and people. After a twelve-month
construction period, nine months longer than originally estimated,
Goebbels praised the Thing site as the "true church of the Reich" and
site of "National Socialism in stone" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>at
its inauguration on June 22, 1935, during a midsummer celebration.
Goebbels's appearance, together with a forest of flags, uniforms, music
and a giant choir, allegedly attracted more than 20,000 people to the
inauguration, a number that could never be reached at later solstice
celebrations and Thing games. In terms of its mass impact, the Thing
movement fell far short of expectations. On the one hand, the thing
games, which were specially created as a new genre, consisted of a
long-winded and monotonous mixture of choral and passion play. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg4bDznt3q_DnJNrsekUKFw-0iHW0gZFN8P8VTxYF7hBssxY0gIhrUOnBCWBFbXJOsrDr2cewfSaoZ18CmvcySAUKXu3FANytqFcPSfW861ChnqPQcZThleH5yCKPekdNlhoAwsAtqeR_jBsV4sTZ1OHwvMuyU6xVuAZ8DkwBMAvU_28RKFUYAFdN16A/s464/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(74).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="464" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg4bDznt3q_DnJNrsekUKFw-0iHW0gZFN8P8VTxYF7hBssxY0gIhrUOnBCWBFbXJOsrDr2cewfSaoZ18CmvcySAUKXu3FANytqFcPSfW861ChnqPQcZThleH5yCKPekdNlhoAwsAtqeR_jBsV4sTZ1OHwvMuyU6xVuAZ8DkwBMAvU_28RKFUYAFdN16A/w432-h262/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(74).gif" width="432" /></a>The
unpredictable weather too repeatedly thwarted the Nazi organisers'
planning, so that they repeatedly felt compelled to publicly admonish
the participants to maintain order and discipline. One such appeal by
the district leadership in the <i>Heidelberger Tageblatt</i> read: "It
was very instructive to note how, despite the previous instruction in
the newspaper [...] many people made their little existence the focus
again, when the first raindrops came fell and dark clouds darkened the
sky." As early as 1936, the term "Thingstätte" was replaced by
"Feierstätte Heiligenberg" by decree. The ritual unification of folk
comrades in the open air in places with a powerfully felt Germanic past
did not fit into the concept of a dawning new age that was presented as
progressive. Nazi propaganda had also lost interest in the
pseudo-Germanic Thing movement and instead recognised film and radio
(so-called people's receivers) as more effective propaganda instruments. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl7J92B8bh79KkW5Bi7CHefU8JA2vsmKqRwiZkN4kwBZxmwwPppzr5cqeyuemDvERntX07RyVYl4Auo-vdxRtxPMF2pGT0lsQPmhZrsmnlMvzuwz-9zV82WfpF4cdZRod_sSpwtai4PUXi/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl7J92B8bh79KkW5Bi7CHefU8JA2vsmKqRwiZkN4kwBZxmwwPppzr5cqeyuemDvERntX07RyVYl4Auo-vdxRtxPMF2pGT0lsQPmhZrsmnlMvzuwz-9zV82WfpF4cdZRod_sSpwtai4PUXi/w438-h242/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" width="438" /></a></span></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Looking
towards the schlossberg with the wife eight
decades later showing little change. Heidelberg, which was filled with
hospitals, was one of the few major German cities to survive the war
virtually unscathed. The Allies carried out their first air raid in the
night from September 19 to 20, 1940, when the Pfaffengrund district was
hit by bombs. On September 23, 1940, a German air raid on Cambridge
followed in retaliation for this attack on Heidelberg. Smaller air
strikes in 1944 and 1945 did little damage. Of Heidelberg's 9,129
residential buildings, a total of <a href="https://heidelberggrid.com/en/info">13 were totally destroyed (0.14%), 32 were severely damaged (0.35%), 80 were moderately damaged (0.87%) and 200 were slightly damaged (2.19%). Of 25,933 apartments, 45 were totally destroyed (0.17%) and 1,420 damaged (5.47%)</a>. The total loss of living
space due to air raids was 0.8%. Freight station and zoo were badly
damaged by bombs and artillery shelling. Air raids killed a total of 241
people in Heidelberg. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
</span></span></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONiX5o02SEZ7GV0wcwxHJBxK2cLkLqrc3Vnh1U1CvexLz6GKcIa1WymLZ_qe8iy49spXuZyWmTb41o1Y_0CTL0kS5db_Wl-NwArN7OK5n-mzR4aYx3ZzD8-xT_kNfl4eu8pqYN2GU2uuX/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252815%2529.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONiX5o02SEZ7GV0wcwxHJBxK2cLkLqrc3Vnh1U1CvexLz6GKcIa1WymLZ_qe8iy49spXuZyWmTb41o1Y_0CTL0kS5db_Wl-NwArN7OK5n-mzR4aYx3ZzD8-xT_kNfl4eu8pqYN2GU2uuX/w450-h347/ezgif.com-optimize%252815%2529.gif" width="450" /></a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
American 289th Engineer Combat Battalion ferrying troops and vehicles
over the Neckar River at Heidelberg until pontoon bridges were complete
and damaged bridges repaired by the engineers on March 31, 1945</span><span><span> shown on the left and from the same site today- the Alten Brücke is in the background. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>On March 29, 1945, German troops left the city after destroying three
arches of the old bridge, Heidelberg's treasured river crossing. They
also destroyed the more modern bridge downstream. The American<a href="https://history.army.mil/documents/eto-ob/63id-eto.htm"> 63rd Infantry, 7th Army entered the town on March 30, 1945</a>. The civilian
population surrendered without resistance. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span>Two
days earlier German troops had left the city after destroying the main
bridges beginning with the Hindenburg Bridge and later that night the
Friedrichsbrücke and the Ziegelhäuser Neckarbrücke; the weir bridge at
the Karlstor was also blown up in the area of the lock, but remained
usable for pedestrians. The philosopher Karl Jaspers, forcibly retired for refusing to </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>divorce his Jewish wife </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Trudlein </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>whilst constantly fearing her deportation to the East, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>recorded the event in his diary: <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>No electricity, no water, no gas. We are trying to equip ourselves. A spirit stove will do for a short time. Water can be fetched from the spring at the Klingentor. The young people are in the best mood. It is magnificent fun for them to live like Indians </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>. . .this morning the Americans arrived on the Neuenheimerlandstrasse, they found all the bridges destroyed and stood in front of them with tanks. They discovered the boathouse near the new bridge, took the paddleboats and paddled across the river, landing at the grammar school where they are stationed. They must have arrived upstream by the Neckar.<br />Frau von Jaffe came to congratulate us that at last our Trudlein is free: a moment without words. It is a miracle that we are still alive.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>MacDonogh (77) <a href="https://archive.org/stream/AfterTheReich-TheBrutalHistoryOfTheAlliedOccupation/After%20The%20Reich%20%E2%80%93%20%20The%20Brutal%20History%20Of%20The%20Allied%20Occupation_djvu.txt"><u>After the Reich The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation</u></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZTW1xVCRfmoyqfk8UPvIAMxYwHcfruLfxHG8uG7hE8bK2ZzgOjIKa7wh-sUn6IW0pWRFYfA6sK8-BSOLJghEKH8jFurePpfU40gpkmB7Z61yMvlqA6htOjcPDApG3E--1DQe-DuF8FHCn76-o6LJgYCAZEW8kH_xb4WnV-Srjxyydn-faFUPEgBUyTw/s352/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-27T225411.865.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="352" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZTW1xVCRfmoyqfk8UPvIAMxYwHcfruLfxHG8uG7hE8bK2ZzgOjIKa7wh-sUn6IW0pWRFYfA6sK8-BSOLJghEKH8jFurePpfU40gpkmB7Z61yMvlqA6htOjcPDApG3E--1DQe-DuF8FHCn76-o6LJgYCAZEW8kH_xb4WnV-Srjxyydn-faFUPEgBUyTw/w433-h336/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-27T225411.865.gif" width="433" /></a></div>Returning to the Alten Brücke on the left, showing it after the war and today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On
March 29 at 22.02 it was <a href="http://www.s197410804.online.de/Personen/Achelis.htm">blown up by Pioneer Sergeant Walter Schlicksupp</a> from Mannheim-Neckarau from the basement of the house at
Steingasse 9. Two pillars and three arches are shown here destroyed
leaving the districts north of the Neckar and Ziegelhausen cut off from
the municipal power supply. The district heating supply was interrupted
until April 19th.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A
popular belief is that Heidelberg escaped bombing during the war
because the
Americans wanted to use the city as a garrison after the war. As
Heidelberg was neither an industrial centre nor a transport hub, it did
not present a target of opportunity. Other notable university towns,
such as Tübingen and Göttingen, were spared bombing as well. Allied air
raids focused extensively on the nearby industrial cities of Mannheim
and Ludwigshafen. The Americans may have chosen Heidelberg as a
garrison base because of its excellent infrastructure, including the
Heidelberg-Mannheim Autobahn which connected to the
Mannheim-Darmstadt-Frankfurt Autobahn, and the American army
installations
in Mannheim and Frankfurt. The intact rail infrastructure was more
important in the late 1940s and early 1950s when most heavy loads were
still carried by train, not by lorry. The war for Heidelberg ended forty days before the national
capitulation. Under City Commander Captain Eldon H. Haskell all weapons
and ammunition had to be handed in and curfew imposed from 19.00 to
6.00. There was no gas, electricity, water, milk but otherwise the
city was undestroyed apart from the railway facilities, the zoo, the
bridges and a few bombed houses. In total Heidelberg had
seen 2314 killed in the war. Although the war in Heidelbeg ended
relatively bloodlessly, 300 people died in the final days of the war; </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-18/CMH_Pub_10-18.pdf">Captain Haskell reported 300 unburied bodies found by the Americans in the city area alone</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBlWSB5_Pg_EQ5uRLv-fKaKS3TF75BaGIPllqnC34qXZ78GQOD22gVVDCV4J0uV59tovQPZ_wVXvYLUh4A1vPNzhijPyInfmRN5rApZvBqSAk2PcmK97PfdRkAFXyMFTSpViizqdS2PTQX5rnJGaep6V9hXTD607GNFezIjccGKM7XQu0Jno9wCvCD0A/s432/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(64).gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="432" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBlWSB5_Pg_EQ5uRLv-fKaKS3TF75BaGIPllqnC34qXZ78GQOD22gVVDCV4J0uV59tovQPZ_wVXvYLUh4A1vPNzhijPyInfmRN5rApZvBqSAk2PcmK97PfdRkAFXyMFTSpViizqdS2PTQX5rnJGaep6V9hXTD607GNFezIjccGKM7XQu0Jno9wCvCD0A/w898-h292/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(64).gif" width="898" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>At the former parade ground of the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Großdeutschlandkaserne. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj7lPC0eX0oLn66DKf5RKHL4HwK6N4a_Tw4eA0PcbxSFoHrDwbgaKGRNRi4QEZJg8Qvjh9Y_dqOH-eIDZ9WOx49gpNXr02l6yUOBrw-ArPcziCzKurIva43ds3N2Kbt-ytQ-v_iCguvLRU_wyNDZh-e0iqozXyqG379xIYcuhkudxC94rUmHP9ZePbtsg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="212" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj7lPC0eX0oLn66DKf5RKHL4HwK6N4a_Tw4eA0PcbxSFoHrDwbgaKGRNRi4QEZJg8Qvjh9Y_dqOH-eIDZ9WOx49gpNXr02l6yUOBrw-ArPcziCzKurIva43ds3N2Kbt-ytQ-v_iCguvLRU_wyNDZh-e0iqozXyqG379xIYcuhkudxC94rUmHP9ZePbtsg=w168-h400" width="168" /></a></div>When
the 110th Infantry Regiment was formed as part of the newly formed 33rd
Infantry Division in Heidelberg in 1936, there wasn't enough space in
the existing grenadier barracks to accommodate the new unit resulting in
1937 the building of a new barracks complex in the south of Heidelberg
under the direction of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Dr. Ing. Dietrich Lang</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. The topping-out ceremony for the barracks on Galgenweg took place </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>June 17, 1937. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In
March 1938, after the anschluß, it was given the name
Großdeutschlandkaserne. After its completion, the barracks housed the
regimental headquarters, the 1st Battalion including the battalion staff
and two support companies of the 110th Infantry Regiment. The II.
Battalion of the regiment was stationed in the Loretto barracks, now
known as "Hammonds Barracks" and the III. Battalion in the existing old
grenadier barracks. <a href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/nbdpfbw/article/view/25370/19078">There are still numerous reminders of its Nazi past in the surrounding stonework</a> such as the Wehrmacht soldiers who flank
the entrance or the two Nazi eagles still perched above the gate on the
main road, albeit with excised swastikas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRIlSEYPKeOxbfTPHb0Jpr38Gqyldwm0emDNZnIcowHinK8O5kC2Shn18_ZZ3ncB7PcOlCxeaPvzo0ZjOrFrrE7mH1vGbFwEWVknuYsVguEJCOICBXAv9Q6cqQXX6xnuZg-IvivqaVC29HIhAGULHBwWjSigibk017tXKDj4xJvNi_vg4eeuKlkJM57A/s582/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(4).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="582" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRIlSEYPKeOxbfTPHb0Jpr38Gqyldwm0emDNZnIcowHinK8O5kC2Shn18_ZZ3ncB7PcOlCxeaPvzo0ZjOrFrrE7mH1vGbFwEWVknuYsVguEJCOICBXAv9Q6cqQXX6xnuZg-IvivqaVC29HIhAGULHBwWjSigibk017tXKDj4xJvNi_vg4eeuKlkJM57A/w400-h292/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(4).jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>After
Heidelberg was taken by the Americans various American units were
housed in the barracks. In 1947, the headquarters of USFET (US Forces,
European Theatre) moved in, until it was reorganised into USEUCOM (United States European Command ) in 1952 . The barracks was renamed
Campbell Barracks on August 23, 1948 in honour of Staff Sergeant Charles
L. Campbell. With the end of the Cold War the importance of the units
stationed in Campbell Barracks also dwindled, resulting in a reduction
and relocation of troops. In March 2013, NATO personnel were deployed to
Izmir , Turkey, the American flag was lowered for the last time that
September, and forces were deployed to Wiesbaden Army Airfield. The area
was then handed over to the German Government. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Freiburg </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf-Kv_CjTRi5Cg432tVgCerdiBYhioaQkYFmglDDnojWHOllvB7BPwsPne09s6418bToHbFP1i_E_UvUR_EJb0YVxeBUe2fUBCiy-5t-6bJr06mJ4RRjfnUHu7ZDgOlejIrcAwDZVTCF8/s1600/1"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5594024060097720146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf-Kv_CjTRi5Cg432tVgCerdiBYhioaQkYFmglDDnojWHOllvB7BPwsPne09s6418bToHbFP1i_E_UvUR_EJb0YVxeBUe2fUBCiy-5t-6bJr06mJ4RRjfnUHu7ZDgOlejIrcAwDZVTCF8/s400/1" style="height: 158px; width: 666px;" /></a></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Once, in the Black Forest city of Freiburg, when his car was pelted with stones, he jumped down from the vehicle waving his whip, forcing his astonished attackers to scatter.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Roger Moorhouse (15) <i><a href="https://www.scribd.com/book/400043206/Guarding-Hitler-The-Secret-World-of-the-Fuhrer">Killing Hitler: The Third Reich and the Plots Against the Fuhrer</a> </i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsxH8gGW5cFsniax1CcQlY6zkzeFHul_ycqUNyxna3oozCY_rDP1T0WyudJbYrEsJwUNh6WEGGlondFkbnGhUrNyNIirdsdLp18TK9qfn2m1woxhuXJfv_RrhYOs8I6L0cRbE08L145PPT/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25289%2529.gif" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsxH8gGW5cFsniax1CcQlY6zkzeFHul_ycqUNyxna3oozCY_rDP1T0WyudJbYrEsJwUNh6WEGGlondFkbnGhUrNyNIirdsdLp18TK9qfn2m1woxhuXJfv_RrhYOs8I6L0cRbE08L145PPT/w400-h248/ezgif.com-optimize%25289%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 210px; width: 339px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><b style="font-weight: normal;">Adolf-Hitler-</b>Straße<b style="font-weight: normal;"> and the Martin Gate in Freiburg in the thirties, now </b>Kaiser-Josef-Straße<b style="font-weight: normal;">.</b> Of Freiburg, Hitler described it as one "from which all joy is lacking" whose</span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>women
have addressed me in so ignoble a fashion that I cannot make up my mind
to repeat their words. It's on such occasions that I become aware of
the depth of human baseness. Clearly, one must not forget that these
areas are still feeling the weight of several centuries of religious
oppression.</span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> (288) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-Table-Talk-1941-1944/dp/1929631669" style="font-weight: bold;">Hitler's Table Talk</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The
attempt to set up a Nazi branch in Freiburg in 1923 was prevented by
the police, which didn't stop the party in retrospect from considering
this the year of their local foundation, celebrating its tenth
anniversary in 1933. In the Reichstag election in 1928, the Nazis only
managed a mere 1.3% of the votes in Freiburg. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlIBGOPo2WJlZPBZ15kFpVtOfvfJ0MHiSQT4JIqGbtcSO9JFjPO5CFHc00U_kW_cc283hrKljYYyGv9txwMdYhMefquLerAEQv2VTJFWvfpg8TG3Xeq-KRLQDSvoNwnq8XqKolO_y33vGd/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25288%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlIBGOPo2WJlZPBZ15kFpVtOfvfJ0MHiSQT4JIqGbtcSO9JFjPO5CFHc00U_kW_cc283hrKljYYyGv9txwMdYhMefquLerAEQv2VTJFWvfpg8TG3Xeq-KRLQDSvoNwnq8XqKolO_y33vGd/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25288%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 210px; width: 300px;" /></span>In the Baden state
election on October 27, 1929 in which the Nazis won a nationwide 7%, the
Nazis managed only 3.5%. 1<a href="https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/25270/1/425581_vol1.pdf">3.8% of the voters in Freiburg chose the Nazis in 1930</a>, the first election after the Wall Street Crash. At the local
council election on November 16, 1930, the Nazis won seats for the first
time in the two councils of Freiburg. It was now the third-strongest
faction behind the Zentrum Party and SPD. Whilst the Nazis failed to
reach their goal of becoming the strongest party in Freiburg in the
elections of July and November 1932, <a href="https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/n/nazi+germany+life.html">with 29.6% and 22.4%, respectively</a>,
well below the national average, it managed to win the parliamentary
elections on March 5, 1933 with 35.8% of the vote to become the largest
party in Freiburg through its mobilisation of previously non-voters and
through the expense of DVP and DNVP. Nevertheless, the Freiburg election
result for the Nazis was still about 10% below the overall results for
all of Baden<span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCMNjUykzj5savonY76qt66k1RW4zgsYq6M0cJUPb1JvMiDevF54Fo18wXvLf54VaZAnOT-f87K_igiu-nL99mBxHzbE6STjB8ggoZWxPUgCnMSz5Xv8b0n6C9D-4KmoA4GBH8cCqLl_s/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-02-27+at+19.26.38.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCMNjUykzj5savonY76qt66k1RW4zgsYq6M0cJUPb1JvMiDevF54Fo18wXvLf54VaZAnOT-f87K_igiu-nL99mBxHzbE6STjB8ggoZWxPUgCnMSz5Xv8b0n6C9D-4KmoA4GBH8cCqLl_s/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-02-27+at+19.26.38.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 335px;" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPzRBwHb3WnCuyYBaxU8ikEJzYV7-QjPmZAB-mzltDlPouDsF2zIzs_MQHx7Bfjjv2lDG0oZveXzR9StVNOdGlMR9tqsKH1iWf8GVfm4FNdSRmUU9bvq_LutbrUtNk1RXn7mPYMJU2Xfbw/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%252810%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPzRBwHb3WnCuyYBaxU8ikEJzYV7-QjPmZAB-mzltDlPouDsF2zIzs_MQHx7Bfjjv2lDG0oZveXzR9StVNOdGlMR9tqsKH1iWf8GVfm4FNdSRmUU9bvq_LutbrUtNk1RXn7mPYMJU2Xfbw/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%252810%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 240px; width: 316px;" /></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><b style="font-weight: normal;">"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer": </b>The Siegesdenkmal and Münsterturm in April, 1938; the memorial has since been moved<span> as shown on the right.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The local Nazi party newspaper <i>Der Alemanne</i>, founded in autumn 1931 had about 25,000 subscribers, reporting for the Freiburg and southern Baden region and was edited by Nazi mayor Kerber before he took office. </span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixYcw02KnCn9MBjfx7vHRpEfHGlYvPbNCgdgupDBDs2mml1h_CQTi0LsKpSGPpeKK28Gi9c1OiKCl2nCWFRHDa5ZetNRd7UNRn1rSoXQzkOnMvKgcwMB4rqxa5FXN6hHwvYbkMxzKNAGbI/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixYcw02KnCn9MBjfx7vHRpEfHGlYvPbNCgdgupDBDs2mml1h_CQTi0LsKpSGPpeKK28Gi9c1OiKCl2nCWFRHDa5ZetNRd7UNRn1rSoXQzkOnMvKgcwMB4rqxa5FXN6hHwvYbkMxzKNAGbI/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgloOZE695f2_8ilYgIoXn7ftQRtEStOyuoSO_nsT8XoYtkhKR2OFrQA0W0ielVupQ4kIiYZpfqFwfV5CPwbzp_qWcTBIUXMwZj45jdT6BWaqQgQ7iR52tTyhNtkk47XEzc1JJNtnPoKfch/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgloOZE695f2_8ilYgIoXn7ftQRtEStOyuoSO_nsT8XoYtkhKR2OFrQA0W0ielVupQ4kIiYZpfqFwfV5CPwbzp_qWcTBIUXMwZj45jdT6BWaqQgQ7iR52tTyhNtkk47XEzc1JJNtnPoKfch/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="400" /></span><span><span><span><span><span> The Nazis raising their flag from the town hall on March 6, 1933 without the consent of the Lord Mayor, Karl Bender as Kreisleiter Dr. Franz Kerber and SA-Oberführer Hanns Ludin spoke from the balcony. The larger flags of Freiburg and Baden would soon have only symbolic significance, because the Reich government enforces the <i>Gleichschaltung </i>of countries and municipalities at the end of March under the so-called Enabling Act. </span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>
After Gauleiter Robert Wagner had become Baden State Commissioner on
March 7 and ordered a ban on assembly for the SPD and KPD as well as
"protective custody" for "Marxist leaders", and mayor <a href="https://www.freiburg.de/pb/231027.html">Hölzl and city councillor Franz Geiler (SPD / trade union secretary) were arrested in this town hall. </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>When, on March 17, 1933, during a search of his Freiburg apartment as part of the action against KPD and SPD leaders ordered in Karlsruhe, the SPD city councilor Christian Daniel Nussbaum panicked due to previous threats to his life and <a href="https://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.kippenheim-widerstand-wird-im-keim-erstickt.05381531-2fd6-431e-a3a2-c89d775ec69e.html">shot down two police officers</a>, the Nazis used this "terrible Marxist crime" to engage in total terror against communists, social democrats and trade unionists. Reich Commissioner Wagner ordered Baden to arrest all SPD and KPD MPs in the Landtag and Reichstag (including Freiburg's Stefan Meier and Philipp Martzloff) and banned left-wing publications (which particularly affected the Volkswacht party newspaper in Freiburg) and organisations. In Freiburg, the local organisations of the SPD and KPD were dissolved. All SPD members on the city council and on the citizens' committee were arrested, including Robert Grumbach, Reinhold Zumtobel, Peter Mayer and Max Mayer. The five KPD members were held in the Ankenbuck concentration camp near Donaueschingen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span>
</div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1AWgAhPnAepKC4LiJsEvRQb_0XH1KfP2AL1CUpEjIaJg1ZqMaAiqs5cbiNaTVkU-G3Q-W2Qj9lzTrqfdoNxEISAtOIDLZCPksfr_KXaKswJiMxPE0GqLz99ruDUTckg85CXxLIwlPMLUx/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1AWgAhPnAepKC4LiJsEvRQb_0XH1KfP2AL1CUpEjIaJg1ZqMaAiqs5cbiNaTVkU-G3Q-W2Qj9lzTrqfdoNxEISAtOIDLZCPksfr_KXaKswJiMxPE0GqLz99ruDUTckg85CXxLIwlPMLUx/s640/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" width="640" /></a><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler's portrait has been removed from the walls of the dining room</span> at the <a href="https://www.hotel-oberkirch.de/start/das-hotel-oberkirchs-weinstube/">Hotel Oberkirch</a> which had opened on May 27, Corpus Christi Day, in 1937, by Karl and Elise Oberkirch after they had acquired the property "Haus Münsterplatz 22 - Hummels Weinstube" - in 1936 from a bankruptcy estate. By 1938 it was expanded into a hotel where guests enjoyed a direct view of the Minster.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfrp6eK0S8jmuAfzKk2GTFZAZOaUhNiMJdP9IvuQQr6eL0BzoyrdPiMjHa-ZRmSlCGwPgFpM3mJSIvDmu2mkM1pD2h8vHdmcvYSYHg3lzYa1e1IHzjw0VxVa-YOzg6EfPgqI6ECf2ZJxmm/s1600/output_7vUe3b.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfrp6eK0S8jmuAfzKk2GTFZAZOaUhNiMJdP9IvuQQr6eL0BzoyrdPiMjHa-ZRmSlCGwPgFpM3mJSIvDmu2mkM1pD2h8vHdmcvYSYHg3lzYa1e1IHzjw0VxVa-YOzg6EfPgqI6ECf2ZJxmm/s400/output_7vUe3b.gif" width="268" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
<span><span><span><span> The Schwabentor before and soon after the war. During the Great War on December 14, 1914, French a<span>e</span>roplanes bombed the open city of Freiburg, an event that shocked the inhabitants. When another air attack in April 1915 killed an adult and seven children, this resulted in a wave of <span>indignity </span>from the city. The return of Alsace to France after the war <span>h<span>ad hit </span></span>Freiburg particularly hard. Two Chancellors <span>during</span> the Weimar Republic had come from Freiburg; Constantin Fehrenbach and Joseph Wirth. <span>A</span>s elsewhere <span>i</span>n Germany, the Nazis in Freiburg took over the power in 1933. In 1938, <a href="https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/baden-wuerttemberg/suedbaden/bildergalerie-gedenken-reichspogromnacht-in-freiburg-100.html">the synagogue in Freiburg broke out in flames in the Reichspogromnacht</a>. In 1940 the Jews still remaining in Freiburg were deported to the Gurs, a French internment camp, in the framework of the so-called Wagner-Bürckel action. Freiburg's geographical location near the French border rendered it strategically significant during World War II. The city was a site for military activities, including the production of armaments and supplies for the German war effort. Freiburg hosted several military barracks and served as a crucial location for the Wehrmacht<br />The Luftwaffe erroneously carried out a bomb attack on Freiburg,<a href="https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1956_2_1_hoch.pdf"> on May 10, 1940, in which 57 people were killed</a>. Under the cover of Operation Tigerfish, the Royal Air Force bombed the city on the evening of November 27, 1944, killing some 2,800 citizens. After the attack, only the relatively undamaged Freiburg cathedral rose from the ruins of the old part of the city, which had been completely destroyed in the northern part, but the strong detonation waves had covered the church ship. With new bricks donated from Basel, the cathedral was almost completely recovered by January 1946. Freiburg itself suffered the humiliation of <span>being</span> occupied by the French in April 1945.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5_MpvIZql0eFPHo75VbtGfkRaQ5SmvkbbNs2KssxPyJNPuq4VJFnGl_p5RcJ_V-PV4ONliAonZhaglHRFWkGolRma9-CHQae-jXKAEL3stikpaCxkRvzScYZWPPWgls4lBrkhZbfUxZhKC2FjNG6OutI392aqlFR3vyeIcY25EhCkXbFbgwuMD-QoZA/s348/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(42).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="266" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5_MpvIZql0eFPHo75VbtGfkRaQ5SmvkbbNs2KssxPyJNPuq4VJFnGl_p5RcJ_V-PV4ONliAonZhaglHRFWkGolRma9-CHQae-jXKAEL3stikpaCxkRvzScYZWPPWgls4lBrkhZbfUxZhKC2FjNG6OutI392aqlFR3vyeIcY25EhCkXbFbgwuMD-QoZA/w306-h400/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(42).gif" width="306" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>The Bertoldsbrunnen in 1937. The fountain at </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Zähringerplatz had been</span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.badische-zeitung.de/wie-bertold-recht-modern-wurde--114757202.html"> completely destroyed on November 27, 1944</a> during the Operation Tigerfish British air raid. The offer of the Freiburg sculptor Hugo Knittel to create a free replica of the old figure </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>based partly on prewar pictures made by the spouse of the company Annemarie Brenzinger </span></span></span></span>was rejected in favour of a cheap, ugly fountain </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>designed by Nikolaus Röslmeir</span></span></span></span> supposedly inspired by gothic pointed arches, which is supposed to establish a connection to the Freiburg Minster. Its pedestal bears the inscription "For the Dukes of Zähringen, founders and men of Freiburg im Breisgau" whilst it wasn't bothered to add the arms of the Zähringer cities. Overall, it cost 120,000 Deutsche Marks and when the Lord Major Eugen Keidel </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>presented the fountain to the public</span></span></span></span> on November 27, 1965, the anniversary of the bomb attack of 1944, it was a given that the citizens weren't particularly pleased. Eventually in 1972, Kaiser-Joseph-Straße was pedestrianised which resulted in the fountain being moved from the tram station north of the crossroads to its present locating in its middle, resulting in the fountain basin being removed and the monument simply placed in a water basin embedded in the ground. Seven years later the fountain had to be moved from the tram junction point north of the intersection to its present-day location right in the middle of the intersection.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC6UMOWK6vwhlqIzEJriJwzc6oVaRBTmqzQSwR8Klr8yocc2NNIyTQkPKtQ8HVOVAvnn-iVyvfrCk4EVTA3J7z-5lgHtCisJVN6kj-ml-T3Xdj8_lZmaH9122u4agZFQ30Vby47fhryAUH/s640/output_oNFj1Z.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC6UMOWK6vwhlqIzEJriJwzc6oVaRBTmqzQSwR8Klr8yocc2NNIyTQkPKtQ8HVOVAvnn-iVyvfrCk4EVTA3J7z-5lgHtCisJVN6kj-ml-T3Xdj8_lZmaH9122u4agZFQ30Vby47fhryAUH/s640/output_oNFj1Z.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 327px;" /></span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh01v5c8IKnu8X-Hyr0j4mcRiNvm7J002Gxalu1kUGbQQNW1N7aW1DUHeMJQhBVkeYx7AbBG-Ij7VO74LTNk2PNg6GqV5BDXtRnyYvVrrFMyf0zREzbbeNy4oM3-fQwIR8KVCsnXYUilH7w/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh01v5c8IKnu8X-Hyr0j4mcRiNvm7J002Gxalu1kUGbQQNW1N7aW1DUHeMJQhBVkeYx7AbBG-Ij7VO74LTNk2PNg6GqV5BDXtRnyYvVrrFMyf0zREzbbeNy4oM3-fQwIR8KVCsnXYUilH7w/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 205px; width: 322px;" /></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span>Süddeutsche Disconto-Gesellschaft. On the right is the <a href="https://www.baeren-freiburg.de/">Gasthaus zum Bären </a>at the centre of the Oberlindenbrunnen, branching off to
Herrenstraße on the right. Freiburg's strategic location near the French border made it a significant site during the war. The city was involved in various military activities, including the production of armaments and supplies for the German war effort. Freiburg housed several military barracks and was a key site for the Wehrmacht, the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany. The city's university also played a role in supporting the war effort. Many academics and students were co-opted into the Nazi cause, contributing to military research and propaganda. The university's involvement in the war effort is a reflection of the broader trend in German academia, where intellectual resources were harnessed to support the Nazi regime's goals. Kershaw discusses the mobilisation of German society for war, noting that cities like Freiburg were integrated into the war economy, with their industries and institutions contributing to the Nazi war machine. This integration was part of the regime's total war strategy, which sought to utilize all aspects of society for the war effort.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgymgTEB3xvTlXc5iKJuFHezDLO6Z5GDJy2T5z7DJ6zj2nLEZbESL0sj2tvSpCkIj31D5H1qb3E3WzKBwNQo6DgeERpuVRfeRgSDKjsJ6aUMKAV36uKIoSK2NI4zLG0LAelvVSp14CRCMz5ut-CUMUKftHUIFBCW5-ntn9DfpadwXVRyrvBZ-9rt80J2A/s336/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(23).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="336" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgymgTEB3xvTlXc5iKJuFHezDLO6Z5GDJy2T5z7DJ6zj2nLEZbESL0sj2tvSpCkIj31D5H1qb3E3WzKBwNQo6DgeERpuVRfeRgSDKjsJ6aUMKAV36uKIoSK2NI4zLG0LAelvVSp14CRCMz5ut-CUMUKftHUIFBCW5-ntn9DfpadwXVRyrvBZ-9rt80J2A/w449-h327/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(23).gif" width="449" /></a></div></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span class="sch"><span class="tisch">Möslestadion;
hard to believe that as many as fifty thousand came to this site to
attend a speech by Hitler at 18.30 on July 29, 1932. According to the regional press, around 50,000 people attended the meeting opened by SA Oberfuhrer Hanns Ludin. Before Hitler's appearance, the radio speech by Gregor Strasser, was broadcast into the stadium, followed by Gauleiter Robert Wagner. It had only been on June 7 that Nazi party propaganda was allowed to be broadcast on the radio for the election with Strasser speaking on June 14- albeit </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span class="sch"><span class="tisch"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span class="sch"><span class="tisch">not broadcast in Bavaria, Württemberg and Austria-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and Goebbels on July 18. Tickets cost between one to five Reichsmarks. Regardless, after
anti-Nazi protest rallies were held in the stadium,<a href="https://de-academic.com/dic.nsf/dewiki/516495"> he is said to have always avoided the city since then.</a>
A year later, however, on the occasion of the Reichstag elections on
March 5, 1933, the Nazis advanced to become the strongest party in
Freiburg and Baden as well – at the Reich level it gained a clear
majority in almost all constituencies.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span class="sch"><span class="tisch">Freiburger FC gave him permission to speak at the Möslestadion leading its local rivals SC Freiburg to instruct its players not to attend the speech and even reported the FFC to the DFB for gross unsportsmanlike conduct. Today the grounds are limited to women's football after the club left in 2021 to the newly built Europa Park Stadium.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div></div></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwJJJSE0CCmEwcosRAuO88WuDjt4kLp4fwN7P3uaTXhZtYENkpb8VsPFLITFw_PCL94KOW4Ek4gwbclXKoli9aBcWy4cOZRMIg-1P5tntD06oiJ4N6TqbOh8v6RDo-GBQtMEwYPpBilMc/s1600/4myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwJJJSE0CCmEwcosRAuO88WuDjt4kLp4fwN7P3uaTXhZtYENkpb8VsPFLITFw_PCL94KOW4Ek4gwbclXKoli9aBcWy4cOZRMIg-1P5tntD06oiJ4N6TqbOh8v6RDo-GBQtMEwYPpBilMc/w400-h199/4myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a>The </b> Synagogue on Freiburger Werthmannplatz was destroyed like so many others on the Riechskristallnacht, November 8-9 1938.<span> </span>The leader of the 65th ϟϟ-Stand Schwarzwald in Freiburg, Walter Gunst, and the SA Brigadeführer Joachim Weist were identified as the arsonists. The next evening 137 Jews from Freiburg and the surrounding area were brought by train from Freiburg to the Dachau concentration camp where <a href="http://stolpersteine-in-freiburg.de/freiburg-in-der-ns-zeit.html">two of them were murdered</a> and others' lives shortened through the injuries they suffered. All of those released after at least a month were forced to sacrifice their remaining businesses and property and to leave Germany immediately. After their return from the Dachau concentration camp, Jews in Freiburg could still be recognised for a long time by their shaved hair, further humiliating them.</span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinfiZUeTP-VqiipTdgIMtl4Ww0v0XwfYFfew0_t1Mw1OeTaiQvPYccljKtSD0lvgEKyI0i9N7us5EMxME32r1BH1khgJ4LAUFkNrL9NnjRpBTXHHJi-xb7c1-ifGfaPX25egK4BF1MvWw/s1600/1myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinfiZUeTP-VqiipTdgIMtl4Ww0v0XwfYFfew0_t1Mw1OeTaiQvPYccljKtSD0lvgEKyI0i9N7us5EMxME32r1BH1khgJ4LAUFkNrL9NnjRpBTXHHJi-xb7c1-ifGfaPX25egK4BF1MvWw/w362-h173/1myphoto.jpeg" width="362" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>The
memorial on the left is beside the new synagogue whilst the
'stumbling blocks' remind passers-by of those killed by national
socialism. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>The
Jewish community in Freiburg, once integral to the city's cultural and
economic life, was systematically decimated. By 1940, the majority of
Jews had either fled, been deported to ghettos and camps, or killed. The
deportations from Freiburg were part of the broader Nazi policy of the
Final Solution, which aimed at the extermination of the Jewish people.
The first deportation from Freiburg occurred in October 1940, when Jews
were sent to the Gurs internment camp in France. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>During the war on October 22, 1940, the Nazi Gauleiter of Baden ordered
the deportation of all of Baden's Jews, and 350 Jewish citizens of
Freiburg were deported to the southern French internment camp of Camp
Gurs in the Basses-Pyrénées. They remained there under poor conditions
until July 18, 1942, when the majority of the survivors were sent to
their deaths at Auschwitz. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Nn6DH2HFePERvF-ssSh5EQ3nEAAQjEVBAVJtBye_5iFIfQJyAuyjI49d7Pmz87JxmE46Ah2XfcPdA6tPJPCug4SDu22pZcm0JMQpu0Us6_VPNWHKq4PGz8Aqc7xMu4py2mn1M8IhQb4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-02-12+at+9.28.19+PM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Nn6DH2HFePERvF-ssSh5EQ3nEAAQjEVBAVJtBye_5iFIfQJyAuyjI49d7Pmz87JxmE46Ah2XfcPdA6tPJPCug4SDu22pZcm0JMQpu0Us6_VPNWHKq4PGz8Aqc7xMu4py2mn1M8IhQb4/w400-h151/Screen+Shot+2014-02-12+at+9.28.19+PM.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>On the left </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>is the synagogue in 1900 and looking at the same site today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The cemetery for German Jews who died at Camp
Gurs is maintained by the town of Freiburg and other cities of Baden. A
memorial stands outside the modern synagogue in the town centre. The
pavements of Freiburg carry memorials to individual victims in the form
of brass plates outside their former residences, including that of Edith
Stein, a German Jewish philosopher who converted to Catholicism, became
a nun, and was canonised as St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross in 1998. Subsequent deportations saw Jews from Freiburg being sent to Auschwitz and other extermination camps. Evans, in his comprehensive study of the Third Reich, provides a detailed account of the broader context of these events. He highlights how cities like Freiburg were integral to the Nazi regime's goal of creating a racially pure German society. The experiences of Freiburg's Jewish community exemplify the tragic consequences of this policy. </span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><img alt="Bertoldstrasse" data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Z-Cv8ePjgmtEg84Y1jaCIhtWpCFu__uBsrrIBK9Bl5jgfZyjgtuQ0ldw_ReDQoroj1xoJwztVoHhoUPhoc-D4QrQkKMDvOFJS3xXCXl68J0JSrXmvD37m32gaODn5RMJvBjxuzCVVhs/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-06-20+at+13.01.15.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Z-Cv8ePjgmtEg84Y1jaCIhtWpCFu__uBsrrIBK9Bl5jgfZyjgtuQ0ldw_ReDQoroj1xoJwztVoHhoUPhoc-D4QrQkKMDvOFJS3xXCXl68J0JSrXmvD37m32gaODn5RMJvBjxuzCVVhs/s400/Screen+Shot+2015-06-20+at+13.01.15.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 335px; width: 416px;" title="Bertoldstrasse" /></span></span></span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu01GBh9ybJLMyQKUUoPs1wPjKpdpJGKsbADrpRmw922ziZ2FiP7kduDVH6UwJsgJbKUXEuiQyc-lp5WnvvqiXnJi51rL8XvsiqI_B_fp-Yd1u9GWpp1ZbnFBMhmMJfKem8BRMOomDdkA/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252868%2529.gif" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu01GBh9ybJLMyQKUUoPs1wPjKpdpJGKsbADrpRmw922ziZ2FiP7kduDVH6UwJsgJbKUXEuiQyc-lp5WnvvqiXnJi51rL8XvsiqI_B_fp-Yd1u9GWpp1ZbnFBMhmMJfKem8BRMOomDdkA/s320/ezgif.com-optimize+%252868%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 335px; width: 196px;" /><br /></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Bertoldstrasse 8 and </span><span>Haus Löwenstraße then and now, only slightly damaged in the war </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ1-y6N1B6ZNPN8N5ri29HCbaJ-pELR5mRycYDPH1tVBoXy9BLk868HSyHUK7ZwpY7n3MqloXveZA0jmP8EM8NKNCrMbpLKrjvpaB0qByj1KJx6BO_zHgGy0QaiwDH_4wFgM44vmZfZheM/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ1-y6N1B6ZNPN8N5ri29HCbaJ-pELR5mRycYDPH1tVBoXy9BLk868HSyHUK7ZwpY7n3MqloXveZA0jmP8EM8NKNCrMbpLKrjvpaB0qByj1KJx6BO_zHgGy0QaiwDH_4wFgM44vmZfZheM/s1600/ezgif.com-resize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 341px;" /></span> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWSE9SVPfl7m1gg25plyzJMT3-DksGftgS6V76oVPBOXtiYrEzLuymUUF0UtbhgX-9eP3y_-nDVQLbU1CQH9AGvv4aVm_kGuZ73LN04S59PCtdq0shImSkOtjuTze5PVmNEPty4KyBY3aR/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWSE9SVPfl7m1gg25plyzJMT3-DksGftgS6V76oVPBOXtiYrEzLuymUUF0UtbhgX-9eP3y_-nDVQLbU1CQH9AGvv4aVm_kGuZ73LN04S59PCtdq0shImSkOtjuTze5PVmNEPty4KyBY3aR/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25281%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 225px; width: 312px;" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Höhere Töchterschule, now the Goethegymnasium and the</span><span><span><span> Bürgerhaus on the corner of Adelhauserstraße and Marienstraße</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIWbmkFg5ee4KSKTD0Lxaw9W7nb_SLysYIRorVau3IufNaec6UJkuCa-l80wXLwMtpByuJxeG0bD8muxMuwc1tHBPoS7khLAYQk-3wdRFY3RPVYmqLtrotc7AvtChOvRuJZ_zeqSoHvJyo/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252810%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="400" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIWbmkFg5ee4KSKTD0Lxaw9W7nb_SLysYIRorVau3IufNaec6UJkuCa-l80wXLwMtpByuJxeG0bD8muxMuwc1tHBPoS7khLAYQk-3wdRFY3RPVYmqLtrotc7AvtChOvRuJZ_zeqSoHvJyo/s400/ezgif.com-optimize+%252810%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span><span><span>Kollegiengebäude I, erected in 1913 as the main building of the university, then and now. During the Nazi period, there were reprisals against Jewish university members. Rectors in this period were Wilhelm von Möllendorff (April 15 to April 20), Martin Heidegger (April 21, 1933 to April 27, 1934), Eduard Kern in 1934, Friedrich Metz in 1936, Otto Mangold in 1938, and Wilhelm Süss in 1940. Doubtful celebrity attained the Rector's speech of the then-rector Heidegger on the subject of the self-assertion of the German University on May 27 1933, which was understood by many<a href="https://www.historeo.de/datum/1933-heidegger-und-der-nationalsozialismus"> as a public affirmation of the Nazi regime</a>. After a fire of the main university building (today Kollegiengebäude I) on July 10, 1934, the university leadership had attached on the façade above the entrance, the inscription "The eternal Germandom" now gone. After its wartime closure, the university was reopened a few months after the end of the war under Sigurd Janssen. The university, which was hit hard by the wartime bombing, initially had to work under provisional conditions. In the post-war period, there were numerous extensions and new buildings; Especially in the so-called institute district, buildings of the natural sciences faculties were built.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>The reichsadler has been scrubbed away completely from the main campus although the original legend above the entrance, <i>Dem ewigen Deutschtum</i>, is still legible. The city's university also played a role in supporting the war effort. Many academics and students were co-opted into the Nazi cause, contributing to military research and propaganda. The university's involvement in the war effort is a reflection of the broader trend in German academia, where intellectual resources were harnessed to support the Nazi regime's goals</span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a data-cke-saved-href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhD4Jy-sjz_PNyrGYkxID7lIVQ0aVj-40BjWqrE397d9Oh7FsLqUdQqNLjm7H-lhcGpYRPZu6kffIh6dtM8WIhBh-OJ3OSSBqo3uTHZQerepNzTpnHBIIoK3jiQBYKWlqsvi7eXJwEoh08/s1600/450px-Freiburg-Universita%CC%88t_Reichsadler-Ecke_8931.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhD4Jy-sjz_PNyrGYkxID7lIVQ0aVj-40BjWqrE397d9Oh7FsLqUdQqNLjm7H-lhcGpYRPZu6kffIh6dtM8WIhBh-OJ3OSSBqo3uTHZQerepNzTpnHBIIoK3jiQBYKWlqsvi7eXJwEoh08/s1600/450px-Freiburg-Universita%CC%88t_Reichsadler-Ecke_8931.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhD4Jy-sjz_PNyrGYkxID7lIVQ0aVj-40BjWqrE397d9Oh7FsLqUdQqNLjm7H-lhcGpYRPZu6kffIh6dtM8WIhBh-OJ3OSSBqo3uTHZQerepNzTpnHBIIoK3jiQBYKWlqsvi7eXJwEoh08/s640/450px-Freiburg-Universita%CC%88t_Reichsadler-Ecke_8931.jpg" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhD4Jy-sjz_PNyrGYkxID7lIVQ0aVj-40BjWqrE397d9Oh7FsLqUdQqNLjm7H-lhcGpYRPZu6kffIh6dtM8WIhBh-OJ3OSSBqo3uTHZQerepNzTpnHBIIoK3jiQBYKWlqsvi7eXJwEoh08/s640/450px-Freiburg-Universita%CC%88t_Reichsadler-Ecke_8931.jpg" width="238" /></a><span><span><span><span>The rector of the University of Freiburg, professor of medicine von Möllendorff, was forced out of office in 1933 through Nazi terror. Succeeding him, the philosopher Martin Heidegger took over the rectorate, who openly welcomed the Nazi upheaval as the spiritual leader of the new movement. In his inaugural speech, Heidegger admonished the student body to follow it, summoning the bloodthirsty forces as the sole keepers of German culture, going on to declare that</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The essence of the German university comes first in clarity, rank and power, when the leaders themselves are guided by the relentlessness of that spiritual task that compels the fate of the German people into the stamp of its history...</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> The leader himself and alone is today's and the future's German reality and its law. Get to know deeper and deeper from now on through everyone's decisions and all doing according to their responsibility. Heil Hitler! </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
<span><span><span><span> Erich Kästner commented on Heidegger's speech with sarcasm: "May he be and remain the greatest philosopher of our glorious century! I believe and hope that one day in the Pantheon, Socrates and Seneca, Spinoza and Kant will not shake hands." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>The rathaus originally housed the entire University of Freiburg. Following the move of the humanities in the former Jesuit College, the building was used only by the natural sciences and medicine before the city acquired the building and converted it in 1892 to the Town Hall. On the right is the </span><span>Alte Universität in Bertoldstraße </span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1o46l2u74esjvhUZjF5SYaMyV1CqAcwaRDoWMkyKDGvLHTj6w-kiS5ohBmQdDyOI4YmwvP5XtAKqHmOBbG1DWFwU3jBWTDW0kP7XoOSmjqo0eb0z2krEVD7ziesubPlKPaMpVjq88QH5h/s1600/media.media.3b5fa05d-df06-4fc2-8f3d-7349ddea013b.normalized.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1o46l2u74esjvhUZjF5SYaMyV1CqAcwaRDoWMkyKDGvLHTj6w-kiS5ohBmQdDyOI4YmwvP5XtAKqHmOBbG1DWFwU3jBWTDW0kP7XoOSmjqo0eb0z2krEVD7ziesubPlKPaMpVjq88QH5h/w360-h237/media.media.3b5fa05d-df06-4fc2-8f3d-7349ddea013b.normalized.jpeg" width="360" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>The swastika remains on the grave of Wilhelm </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Pleickart Baron Marschall von Bieberstein</span></span></span></span></span></span>, as well as the Nazi motto referring to the failed Beer Hall putsch of which he personally took part: "And You Have Won in the End."Von Bieberstein was a German aviator and Nazi functionary who had served in Fliegerabteilung 68 during the Great War in the so-called <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_der_Obersten_Heeresleitung?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=de&_x_tr_pto=ajax,elem,se#Die_%E2%80%9EBrieftauben-Abteilungen%E2%80%9C_Ostende_und_Metz">c</a><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_der_Obersten_Heeresleitung?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=de&_x_tr_pto=ajax,elem,se#Die_%E2%80%9EBrieftauben-Abteilungen%E2%80%9C_Ostende_und_Metz">arrier pigeon department Ostend</a> and in bomb squadron 1 of the Supreme Army Command, completing over 300 enemy flights under the nom de guerre Emir before becaming a squadron leader in 1917. He joined the Nazi Party as early as 1923 and took part in the Hitler putsch and became standard leader of the SA in 1924. He became better known as an aviator and participant in Sven Hedin's Sino-Swedish expedition from 1928 to 1929 to Sinkiang before returning to become leader of the Baden SA and from 1930 to 1933 a Nazi member member of the Baden state parliament. He died in an airplane accident in Stettin in 1935 and was buried with a state funeral, being posthumously honoured by having a Junkers Ju 52 named after him; this plane eventualy crashed near Hanover in 1936 due to icing.</span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaaWardJiK4HldhaBdhuDsdzYYiXkPWTn8XtQPfK8Bn4sO9ea03s1gkMjQUv2NoCrUeLJrMXktHb_HUhxEqGcXiJNZEVcaFNNU_0tPNXu3ggl87AGc-qQLcd2W4qOPHy5UMgghLj81IjO2duMmX54g-gaZhKZik9aLMBkUDfj4XHLiYwvyxJeujfiIrg/s362/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-28T135736.344.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="256" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaaWardJiK4HldhaBdhuDsdzYYiXkPWTn8XtQPfK8Bn4sO9ea03s1gkMjQUv2NoCrUeLJrMXktHb_HUhxEqGcXiJNZEVcaFNNU_0tPNXu3ggl87AGc-qQLcd2W4qOPHy5UMgghLj81IjO2duMmX54g-gaZhKZik9aLMBkUDfj4XHLiYwvyxJeujfiIrg/w258-h365/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-28T135736.344.gif" width="258" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>South of Freiburg's Old Town on the other side of the Dreisamstadion, is the Mütterbrunnen in the Die Wiehre. Representing the "Aryan and genetically healthy mother," the work of the sculptor Helmuth Hopp based on the sketchwork of Freiburg architect Carl Anton Meckel belongs to the racial theory of "blood and soil, will to expand, population policy, the natural destiny of the woman." The statue of the mother has now suffered her nose cut off by extremist antifa members. As Dagmar Reese (42) argues in <i>Growing Up Female in Nazi Germany</i><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><blockquote>National Socialist emphasis on motherhood as the meaning of female existence is quite evident, as are the measures for promoting marriage and the family. But can we assume this exhausts the National Socialist conception of the woman? There are two objections to any such conclusion. First, empirical studies show that women, generally speaking, were not nudged out of the job market and ushered back into the bosom of the reproductive family. Second, within the concept of motherhood, side by side with its being a natural given fact, there is always a secondary substantive interpretation: here anthropological dimensions are necessarily supplemented by historical and cultural aspects. The notion that motherhood should be an essential part of a woman’s life was widespread: National Socialism shared the view not just with other political groups but also with many girls and women themselves. </blockquote></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNCt_IPyC4_sbGx0FUozFhdOp6_GLlsDnFLKKUz-mNpLh8zY7JazCFByBlHbz5AU6rz2Co1Nt4CzXEfj0op_EUmD09_QTZ6F3WdEHvF3a8Yp_i3B5U9mDK-8CFXTSpP8AjnoXKzoURmwY/s1600/2myphoto.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNCt_IPyC4_sbGx0FUozFhdOp6_GLlsDnFLKKUz-mNpLh8zY7JazCFByBlHbz5AU6rz2Co1Nt4CzXEfj0op_EUmD09_QTZ6F3WdEHvF3a8Yp_i3B5U9mDK-8CFXTSpP8AjnoXKzoURmwY/w400-h194/2myphoto.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Wartime damage. </span><span>Freiburg was heavily bombed during the war. First, in May 1940,
aircraft of the Luftwaffe mistakenly dropped approximately sixty bombs on
Freiburg near the train station, killing 57 people. Later on, a raid
by more than 300 bombers of the RAF Bomber Command on November 27, 1944
(Operation Tigerfish) destroyed a large portion of the city centre, with
the notable exception of the Münster, which was only lightly damaged although the surrounding buildings were heavily affected. The Kaufhaus, a Renaissance building known for its elaborate façade, was significantly damaged. The University Library, containing numerous invaluable manuscripts and historical documents, was destroyed, resulting in a severe loss of academic and cultural heritage. Residential areas, particularly those in the city centre, were heavily hit. Streets like Kaiser-Joseph-Straße and Rathausgasse saw numerous buildings either completely destroyed or severely damaged. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLoic1CGOLNshLfW9F-_tT-mFdwklB_z7Y_SUPjyFOObd05v3FPmlLoJ3I6ZGodj6khOG4HrL_aWnJbPvu-ELRsB_gqZzxm7Ei1I3sy1RYD04JWmBGvH9q55HcxKkKBcaR3IYFmS8D7Sah/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLoic1CGOLNshLfW9F-_tT-mFdwklB_z7Y_SUPjyFOObd05v3FPmlLoJ3I6ZGodj6khOG4HrL_aWnJbPvu-ELRsB_gqZzxm7Ei1I3sy1RYD04JWmBGvH9q55HcxKkKBcaR3IYFmS8D7Sah/s320/ezgif.com-optimize%25285%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 160px; width: 218px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Bertoldstrasse is shown on the left looking</span><span> from </span><span>Fahnenbergplatz </span></span></span></span>before the war and today.</span></span></span>The Wiehre district, known for its densely populated areas, also experienced significant destruction. Meanwhile the exact number of casualties is challenging to determine, but it is estimated that several hundred civilians were killed in the November 27 raid whilst the displacement of residents was substantial. Approximately 9,000 homes were destroyed, leaving tens of thousands of Freiburg's residents homeless. Many sought refuge in nearby villages or in the Black Forest region. The city's infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and railway lines, was heavily targeted and suffered extensive damage. This disruption significantly hampered movement within the city and its connections to other regions. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTUM9FkbRbjS8HZH8SNhzePFSG9sdRakjqFQBm4wEatsp7ePO3TZ9ZijM3xydilbC7QvqjptghNT9sNKs7f9zlwqyu5tqyO3HMR-oA2Ckb-q4ItVh11ZDVqlwP5W-wYFEgOyGKM007UxQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-21+at+10.27.50+PM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTUM9FkbRbjS8HZH8SNhzePFSG9sdRakjqFQBm4wEatsp7ePO3TZ9ZijM3xydilbC7QvqjptghNT9sNKs7f9zlwqyu5tqyO3HMR-oA2Ckb-q4ItVh11ZDVqlwP5W-wYFEgOyGKM007UxQ/w400-h164/Screen+Shot+2014-04-21+at+10.27.50+PM.png" width="400" /></a><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The post-war reconstruction efforts in Freiburg focused on balancing the restoration of its historical heritage with modern urban development. Some buildings, like the Historical Kaufhaus, were meticulously restored, while other areas saw modern architectural developments. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>
<span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Münster<span class="ngSpitzmarke"> is shown on the right from above in 1944 and today. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In conclusion, the Allied bombings of Freiburg, particularly the raid on November 27, 1944, had a profound impact on the city. The destruction of historical buildings and landmarks, the loss of civilian life, and the displacement of residents were significant. The city's post-war reconstruction efforts aimed to restore its historical identity while adapting to the needs of a modern city. After the war, the city was rebuilt on its medieval plan. It was
graciously allowed by the British and Americans to be occupied by the French Army in 1945. In December 1945 Freiburg became the seat
of government for the German state Badenia, which was merged into
Baden-Württemberg in 1952. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Münsterplatz then and now<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Karlsruhe</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGTiLttwjPF593wgaFSM3vEBYMdE5nXl4jsZLhPu2hZHFiIRZUNp3ssAPSNlrgOhEyV3hkFU8UCE85nKLqkwJjXfBs8wqW9RY9z2r0pvBQtMbps_-5aNo-XFRz0a0a2LoS0u_9Mz3s-4pw/s1600/ezgif.com-resize%25283%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGTiLttwjPF593wgaFSM3vEBYMdE5nXl4jsZLhPu2hZHFiIRZUNp3ssAPSNlrgOhEyV3hkFU8UCE85nKLqkwJjXfBs8wqW9RY9z2r0pvBQtMbps_-5aNo-XFRz0a0a2LoS0u_9Mz3s-4pw/w302-h400/ezgif.com-resize%25283%2529.gif" width="302" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Karlsruhe was the birthplace both of
Generalfeldmarschall Walter von Reichenau, born 1884, and of Dr. Hans
Frank, born 1900, Reich Minister from 1934 to 1945 and Governor-General
of Poland from 1939 to 1945; he was hanged in Nuremberg in 1946. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler spoke here a number of times, beginning on March 3, 1928. That initial speech, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26591317">"Tageskampf oder Schicksalskampf,"</a> was given at the Karlsruher Festhalle from 20.30 23.00 in front of what the subsequent police report stated amounted to around three thousand people and was chaired by Gauleiter Robert Wagner. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Some of the attendants had been brought by truck from all over Baden and the
Palatinate</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler
next spoke on November 1, 1932 in a tent erected on the square at
Daxlander Straße at 20.50. According to the General-Anzeiger für
Südwestdeutschland, around 30,000 to 35,000 people took part in the
meeting opened by district leader Willi Worch with Gauleiter Wagner
again speaking before Hitler. Immediately after Hitler flew from
Karlsruhe Airport to Berlin.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler
would speak again in the town on March 12, 1936 in front of an
estimated 60,000 people in the university stadium; a fortnight later on
the 29th 98.7% voted for Hitler in what passed for elections. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSFjRvnuf0DJ2QmEOZoWEhyphenhyphenNZ_hnGDmWcu_Y_hofede6TbZo5DmQY08gvBUFbGeu0Fw7RjpFEox9z1E7khRp7_UXzeKOFiCrvQxpUY5pJB5wS0CjyQKchCeSNswV__CdPBPcXZx4xU_X0/s1600/7myphoto.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSFjRvnuf0DJ2QmEOZoWEhyphenhyphenNZ_hnGDmWcu_Y_hofede6TbZo5DmQY08gvBUFbGeu0Fw7RjpFEox9z1E7khRp7_UXzeKOFiCrvQxpUY5pJB5wS0CjyQKchCeSNswV__CdPBPcXZx4xU_X0/w744-h172/7myphoto.jpeg" width="744" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Where Hitler gave his </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>two-hour speech on "Daily Struggle and Weltanschauung" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>at the Festhalle on March 3, 1928. In 1944 the Festhalle was destroyed in an air raid and left
as a ruin until it was blown up on November 4, 1952 to make way for a
dispiriting new hall.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha2scGQFzEK7k3PJWYg2rZTAMgxLZdEDeiJt87x2iLc5XJzn8stI3cc0sOCaQuFNewMh6krruIJAvucMPRR1NRBMLpS1BYqZwhQ0H9BMROdmWM56Y-WmP_RRZiFHMk02iFxILWcJCvG1ls2UVYMB5uVOCDxDhfRGuON-FP7UxCYTY9MwImEXct4-_jAw/s422/ezgif.com-optimize(17)%20(1).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Adolf-Hitler-Platz Karlsruhe" border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="422" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha2scGQFzEK7k3PJWYg2rZTAMgxLZdEDeiJt87x2iLc5XJzn8stI3cc0sOCaQuFNewMh6krruIJAvucMPRR1NRBMLpS1BYqZwhQ0H9BMROdmWM56Y-WmP_RRZiFHMk02iFxILWcJCvG1ls2UVYMB5uVOCDxDhfRGuON-FP7UxCYTY9MwImEXct4-_jAw/w480-h295/ezgif.com-optimize(17)%20(1).gif" title="Adolf-Hitler-Platz Karlsruhe" width="480" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Adolf-Hitler-Platz
during the war and today. The market square was renamed
Adolf-Hitler-Platz in 1933 by the Nazi-dominated Karlsruhe municipal
council. This was reversed at the beginning of the occupation in 1945.
In the current<a href="https://geoportal.karlsruhe.de/stadtplan/?x=3456477&y=5430405&bbox=1500&pin=1&layer=layer3_9"> online city map of the city of Karlsruhe from 1943</a>,
the authorities whitewash this and record the site only as "platz".
Gottesauer Platz had also at the same time been renamed
Hermann-Göring-Platz and Festplatz became Platz der SA. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> After his appointment as </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Reich Chancellor the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Nazi
Party celebrated with a torchlight procession through the city. That
year on his birthday the festivities took place at great expense with a
Hitler lime tree (Hitler-Linde) planted on the Schlossplatz. The next
month on May 18 Hitler became an honorary citizen of the city and its
market square was renamed Adolf-Hitler-Platz. On November 11, 1933
during the so-called “Reichstag election and referendum for peace,
freedom and honour”, around 90 percent of the people of Karlsruhe vote
“Yes” and for Hitler. The following year after the death of President
Hindenburg, the referendum on the unification of the offices of the
Reich President and the Reich Chancellor in the person of Adolf Hitler
took place in Karlsruhe on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>August 19, 1934 resulting in <a href="https://ka.stadtwiki.net/Adolf_Hitler">what was proclaimed as</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>“an overwhelming commitment to the Führer”. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>During a
May 17, 1939 visit to the Siegfried Line, Hitler arrived at Karlsruhe to
meet with the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Walter von Brauchitsch,
at the <i>Hotel Germania</i> at Ettlinger Tor, staying overnight in his special
train near Eggenstein.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH1YX92gNToyS7jTrA_hLXg6lVA34uSxNoSzbAVkbQMLBwzxq4ptbHicK3eD-k40Y2Bfz3ciLZqMUr3AOBo0njzcXWljWHpqkYKX4CIEv75FK6VgV6ze4XKN16pV4VqG_2cR2Zmp_LVlu75th33uincIXMtJTS1g0CiNTxcD91u4Mp7arAoV3uoU8UDA/s347/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(43).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: large; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="347" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH1YX92gNToyS7jTrA_hLXg6lVA34uSxNoSzbAVkbQMLBwzxq4ptbHicK3eD-k40Y2Bfz3ciLZqMUr3AOBo0njzcXWljWHpqkYKX4CIEv75FK6VgV6ze4XKN16pV4VqG_2cR2Zmp_LVlu75th33uincIXMtJTS1g0CiNTxcD91u4Mp7arAoV3uoU8UDA/w400-h259/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(43).gif" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span>During the war Karlsruhe lost its political importance when Alsace, unofficially annexed to the Great German Empire, merged with Baden to the Gau Baden-Alsace, the planned Reichsgau Oberrhein, and its political centre was transferred to Strasbourg. In 1937 the Heimat Guide to Baden listed the locations of the state’s ‘memorial sites of the National Socialist uprising’; a brochure issued by the Karlsruhe Tourism Society, Easter 1934 in Karlsruhe, </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/9780230505308.pdf">proudly referred </a><span>to the fact that, under the new regime, ‘the state, the communities and the police are [now] purified of enemies of the state.’ Five years later in January 1942, the Gestapo in Karlsruhe sent a letter to Baden’s district administrators, police presidents and police directors regarding the ‘fight against abuses in the tourism places’: "In addition to the congestion in the spa and relaxation places ... the behaviour of the visitors has also given rise to complaints. The unbridled conduct of these persons (gluttony, regular drunken excesses, moral laxity) shows that they do not comprehend ... the seriousness of the time. Moreover, the unity of the home front is endangered through the disadvantageous effect on the mood of the working population if this activity is not brought to a stop. ... The chief of the Security Police and the Security Service has therefore ordered that this danger is to be opposed with all [their] energy."</span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUuRxeRCmjowo2hs_67IZm16awo2_L8tVZj93WuSVQdHiJNw06_p0MLxNDzPSTeQYcO6DZI0cn6HV8IFH5GQxMxbynzIm5ryxuGIzG0KruyGW6YB9HLi4PIIgrmQxl4TCHx4t8tcdjpAaH/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-01+at+22.02.15.png" width="640" /></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Former site of the Adolf-Hitler-Haus on Ritterstraße 28/30. During the Third Reich this was the Nazi Party headquarters in Karlsruhe, known by locals as the "brown house". Moreover, in this building, a Gestapo was housed. According to <a href="https://www.durlacher.de/start/neuigkeiten-archiv/artikel/2021/august/17/stadtfuehrung-zu-im-nationalsozialismus-arisierten-juedischen-geschaeften">research by Jürgen Schuhladen-Krämer</a>, three members of the resistance organisation BSW died from torture here. The BSW (Fraternal Cooperation) was an organisation of Soviet PoWs and forced labourers, which sought to organise a national armed uprising with other anti-fascist forces. It was here too on February 5, 1945 that the Gestapo served subpoenas to "shift"the remaining thirty Jews and "half-breeds" who were so far spared because of marriages with "Aryans". They were summoned on February 9, 1945 with a few managing to escape by fleeing or illness, or even suicide. The remaining seventeen persons were deported to Theresienstadt on February 14, 1945. After 1945, the American military government established their offices here. A plaque on the façade briefly marks this history. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>On
April 25, 1946, Walter Köhler, Robert Wagner, Dr. Hans Frank and
Hermann Göring revoked their honorary citizenship posthumously. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4QPVPZhpe8AySjU6k-ObioXN5GrOKSwj_sRw9qcy-IdLcYKW4qtYOyynZI_cPUcH4WqP5k4_6XSPuKc4_W1kZdflmJ-cEbYps3lFs9ZpQF4Ik5bXGNLeQli1IviBLNM39MTwLXzaza-U8/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4QPVPZhpe8AySjU6k-ObioXN5GrOKSwj_sRw9qcy-IdLcYKW4qtYOyynZI_cPUcH4WqP5k4_6XSPuKc4_W1kZdflmJ-cEbYps3lFs9ZpQF4Ik5bXGNLeQli1IviBLNM39MTwLXzaza-U8/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" width="400" /></a><span><span>The Staatliche Kunsthalle in March 1941 showing an exhibition on Art from the Front. With the inauguration of the Gauleiter Robert Wagner in March 1933, the hunt was on to hunt so-called "degenerate art". On March 11, 1933 Lilli Fischel was, since 1927, acting head of the Kunsthalle but because of his Jewish descent,<a href="https://www.archivportal-d.de/objekte?query=Lilli+Fischel&isThumbnailFiltered=false"> initially put on leave and then fired.</a> Wagner prompted its replacement by Hans Adolf Bühler, a student of Hans Thoma. Buhler also held the post of director of the Academy. He was a member of the "Combat League for German Culture", an association that was already active in the 1920s. Upon Buhler's initiative was the exhibition "Government Art 1918-1933" back in 1933. The aim was to uncover the alleged abuse of taxpayers' money and was one of the first of its kind in Germany. The campaign saw <span>the</span> following artists fall prey: Max Liebermann, Lovis Corinth, Max Slevogt, Edvard Munch, Carl Hofer, just to name a few. Buhler himself was replaced after one year. In a second wave another series of purges works were made which were then shown at the 1937 "Degenerate Art" exhibition in Munich and then confiscated. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVM3Yhe8PbvhLwsSTLkVrfz2clVqs3t-hSYr7-fSoetx4frbtNlO1qQpxv7osu7C3I9gHNatL0NdzXAX3N0xjUvkYI7eAMrZjhxDzFVZfvSP3Zy8CQ1RokAb4FFCLvTc86gaDxe92MtPki/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVM3Yhe8PbvhLwsSTLkVrfz2clVqs3t-hSYr7-fSoetx4frbtNlO1qQpxv7osu7C3I9gHNatL0NdzXAX3N0xjUvkYI7eAMrZjhxDzFVZfvSP3Zy8CQ1RokAb4FFCLvTc86gaDxe92MtPki/w436-h314/ezgif.com-optimize%25286%2529.gif" width="436" /></a><span><span><span><span><span>On March 9, 1933 Robert Wagner as Reich Commissioner of Baden sent about three thousand men of the SA and ϟϟ units to march in front of the Interior Ministry of Baden at the Karlsruhe Badisches Innenministerium at Schlossplatz 19. SA,cϟϟ and police units forced the seizure of power in the country within a few days. The Badische home office on Schlossplatz 19 was the authoritative hub for the persecution of the Jews and also a headquarters of the persecution and extermination of the sick, disabled and "asocial". With the <a href="https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20090831-nazi-ideology-book-part2.pdf">"Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring" </a>of July 14, 1933, the legal basis for forced sterilisation had been created. Dr. Theodor Pakheiser, the Special Commissioner for Health, ensured that the law was applied. Baden in 1934 exceeded all other countries with about three sterilisation applications for every thousand inhabitants; the "Erbgesundheitsgerichte" approved on average 94% of applications. Between 1934 and 1944, 11,412 people were forcibly sterilised in ten districts of Baden with 1.2 million inhabitants. These killings were organised in Baden by Secretary Dr. Ludwig Sprauer, director of the health department in Baden Ministry of Interior. Sprauer launched the 'Mordaktion' in Baden with a secret circular to the heads of hospitals and nursing homes. Enclosed with the letter dated 29.11.1939 reporting forms, the details of the person's nationality, diagnosis, type of employment and so on, including racial details. Based on this information was decided life and death. Today the site serves as the Hector School of Engineering and Management at the University of Karlsruhe.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTyEhwo7rrS0ah-JfXonaiXChckmMlDC0MVrHJZjBCQBHsq_fukyHtWK2vfPYk_nFtKe5v2pJwJfjigt-T412QbQFCLOq3G2vA0_zT7TjldMMLaNqTXneXUnKJpBU1ocKOsnGm7ftARKrU/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize+%252811%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="600" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTyEhwo7rrS0ah-JfXonaiXChckmMlDC0MVrHJZjBCQBHsq_fukyHtWK2vfPYk_nFtKe5v2pJwJfjigt-T412QbQFCLOq3G2vA0_zT7TjldMMLaNqTXneXUnKJpBU1ocKOsnGm7ftARKrU/w643-h315/ezgif.com-optimize+%252811%2529.gif" width="643" /></a><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Swastikas adorning the Hauptpost with the Grenadierdenkmal in front, then and now</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFGlHH13Ur5iuGzfYu_AfJtTugnYTsQiYg69K8Laha66Lgg4-Gct0zIv3eqOkBo_09SvTDxl-i-gUI1oJm_suVehLZm0N7MqTPwQslLPcFom4yHQ7LiFkWYRA3y6IdDlgyFabU1m7mUL-P/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-01+at+22.00.48.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFGlHH13Ur5iuGzfYu_AfJtTugnYTsQiYg69K8Laha66Lgg4-Gct0zIv3eqOkBo_09SvTDxl-i-gUI1oJm_suVehLZm0N7MqTPwQslLPcFom4yHQ7LiFkWYRA3y6IdDlgyFabU1m7mUL-P/w464-h233/Screen+Shot+2015-04-01+at+22.00.48.png" width="464" /></a><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span>The main railway station, from where Jewish citizens were sent to their deaths. In the Wagner-Bürckel action, the Jews who were still living in the area of this Reichsgaus were taken to Camp Camp de Gurs. Likewise, the families of the Sinti and Roma who were mainly based in the "Dörfle" were deported to Auschwitz in May 1940 by the police department at the market square via the Hohenasperg. On October 22, 1940 945 Jews were deported to Gurs. There, about 40 km north of the Spanish border and fifty mils from the Atlantic coast, in marshy areas at the foot of the Pyrenees, was the detention centre, which was only a stopover of suffering on the way to Auschwitz for many. On February 14, 1945 seventeen of the last thirty remaining Jews were deported to Theresienstadt. They had thus been spared from deportation through mixed marriages or as "1st degree half-breeds." Among them were the children of Esther and Heino Hirsch, from the family of former national football player Julius Hirsch. Thanks to Józsa Tensi and Leopold Ransenberg, all survived. It was not until the liberation of the concentration camp that they were able, after an eight-day odyssey, to return to Karlsruhe.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNfuk_wUEh2dURsqseLT7PUTOmDNGA6BhpSPZf89PXvBgpYRT_XMsAMVPgfLmUEVIBNWwSrUQsSibTTT4o0IUf21vXtUQwMHxkHFQNvfQMmNuWtHCr9YqceTHhsmxf6dLWbbZSAa8i9ylG/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNfuk_wUEh2dURsqseLT7PUTOmDNGA6BhpSPZf89PXvBgpYRT_XMsAMVPgfLmUEVIBNWwSrUQsSibTTT4o0IUf21vXtUQwMHxkHFQNvfQMmNuWtHCr9YqceTHhsmxf6dLWbbZSAa8i9ylG/s400/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px;" width="288" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEjpj1Y5T5RSOphSVBA1GHejliW0SPxAvQg9LNlon4N4gS7xdvE5MQnzqEoTPqcK8du85SsfHU_nLs4n94etDs5b45Lt-eVrHCBgmNSu_Rn_mYBCPRHresvRMXuBihg_SjcGwqWfV4Tbkd/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-06-04+at+17.43.43.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEjpj1Y5T5RSOphSVBA1GHejliW0SPxAvQg9LNlon4N4gS7xdvE5MQnzqEoTPqcK8du85SsfHU_nLs4n94etDs5b45Lt-eVrHCBgmNSu_Rn_mYBCPRHresvRMXuBihg_SjcGwqWfV4Tbkd/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-06-04+at+17.43.43.png" width="258" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><span><span>A plaque on the façade reads: "The banking house of Veit L. Homberger was founded in 1854 and became a well-known company. In 1901 it moved into this building, designed by Robert Curjel and Karl Moser. In 1939 the Nazi boycott led to the liquidation of this Jewish private bank" whilst a <i>stolperstein </i>outside his home reads simply: "Here lived Ferdinand Homberger, born 1860, deported 1940 to Gurs, died January 28, 1941."</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVHhbcJMHSqW4f0ZaoJwCkWWV4L_gQ1RxLp8Jlteg6mKeeCpyhjfxYBOc6DI4wARGPe37TUyoHbo2f403RJHtLX4wLUJDBBVJ97veQ1njpI1t2BtbAtcjf94smLTAJ8gKivd-oKj0scdtH/s320/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="389" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVHhbcJMHSqW4f0ZaoJwCkWWV4L_gQ1RxLp8Jlteg6mKeeCpyhjfxYBOc6DI4wARGPe37TUyoHbo2f403RJHtLX4wLUJDBBVJ97veQ1njpI1t2BtbAtcjf94smLTAJ8gKivd-oKj0scdtH/w342-h357/ezgif.com-optimize.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 265px; width: 254px;" width="342" /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Members of the BDM in front of the schloss in 1943 on the left. Below right is as it appeared after September 27, 1944 when over 200 000 incendiary bombs and hundreds of other bombs fell on the city and destroyed the schloss, now extensively reconstructed as seen with my bike in the foreground. Between 1940 and 1945 135 air and artillery attacks of the Allies on Karlsruhe were documented, including thirteen large-scale attacks with more than an hundred bombers. At least 12,000 tonnes of explosives and fire bombs were dropped over the city. 1,754 people died and 3,508 were injured. </span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://ermakvagus.com/Europe/Germany/karls.html"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>38% of </span></span></span></span></span></span>Karlsruhe was destroyed depending on estimates. </span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Among the heaviest air raids, the first took place on the third anniversary of the start of the war on September 3, 1942 when 73 were killed and 711 wounded as, among other sites, the Landesgewerbeamt, Margravial Palace, collection building on Friedrichsplatz , Christ Church, Westendstrasse (today Reinhold-Frank-Strasse), Körnerstrasse and numerous businesses in the Rheinhafen as well as the municipal grain store located there were all seriously damaged. Because of a thunderstorm on the night of </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>April 24/25</span></span></span></span></span></span> 1944, <a href="https://bnn.de/karlsruhe/eine-aprilnacht-brachte-den-tod-vor-75-jahren-wurde-karlsruhe-rintheim-bombardiert">the town centre was spared </a>because the Christmas trees marking out the target area had blown away, although the bombs hit the suburbs, especially Rintheim- destroying its old town hall- Hagsfeld , Grötzingen and Berghausen. Castle Gottesau was hit by American bombs July 7 that year and severely damaged. Karlsruhe's town hall was almost completely destroyed the night of October 27 and the outer windows of the Grand Ducal Sepulchral Chapel, which was not hit itself, were destroyed by the pressure waves from the bombing of the area; they wouldn't be repaired until 1949. An incindiary bomb struck the<a href="https://stadtlexikon.karlsruhe.de/index.php/De:Lexikon:ins-1747"> “Drei Linden” inn in Mühlburg </a>and tore apart the two air raid shelters resulting in many people being killed.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>In the autumn of 1944, the "decree for the formation of the Volkssturm" was issued, demanding that all men between sixteen and 60 years of age who were not already conscripted but still capable of carrying weapons and who wasn't working in war-relevant companies were to receive basic military training and defend the city in an emergency. To that end the first Karlsruhe battalion was sworn in on November 12, 1944 on the “Platz der SA”. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAsKTMEO1dyFe1Z5lBL4RE4qbvDySGlpq3RgknipXSqVpfCa85jErPcFJPrSLb0GbJ_UQPIOFL7DXeuW1zYZNgnNCu1n7pbydV4PAj1npMO4Cg83BlM48JVnpZCl_xMGBdSrlJ2CpGZjQD/s400/ezgif.com-optimize%25288%2529.gif" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAsKTMEO1dyFe1Z5lBL4RE4qbvDySGlpq3RgknipXSqVpfCa85jErPcFJPrSLb0GbJ_UQPIOFL7DXeuW1zYZNgnNCu1n7pbydV4PAj1npMO4Cg83BlM48JVnpZCl_xMGBdSrlJ2CpGZjQD/w478-h329/ezgif.com-optimize%25288%2529.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 265px; width: 385px;" width="478" /></span>Weapon exercises were the order of the day at the weekends, mostly only the handling of the bazooka, which were to be used against tanks at short range. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Such arming of the units were the responsibility of the army and the various district leaders. The Wehrmacht itself, of course, had better things to do than handing over weapons to an almost untrained troops, so that the Volkssturm were mainly equipped with old Italian rifles, built in 1884. For their part, the Allies publicly denounced the Volkssturm as the “new weapon of retaliation of the German Reich”. This naturally demoralised the soldiers enormously. Leaflets were also dropped over the cities, reporting how little chance Volkssturm units had in combat. And the Karlsruhe Volkssturm also had a “combat value equal to zero”, according to the city's combat commander, Major General Hossfeld.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>It wouldn't be until March 31, 1945 on Easter Saturday that the remaining residents of Karlsruhe experienced the last, and longest, raid of the war. From from 6.30 until 19.00 there were a total of 1,032 alarms in the city and about an hundred air strikes in which 1,754 people were killed and 3,508 injured; around 25 percent of all buildings having been completely destroyed, including a great many historic buildings in the city centre.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Finally on April 4, 1945, the French 1st Army occupied the city with little resistance thanks to the initial bravery and generosity of British and American troops, the latter of whom simply took it back and added it to the their occupation zone and to the state of Baden-Württemberg. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIt4i-LdLS9IXCUvuN3WMh_ebOMtzdpKeLAak3idBT6z-kYbPxKBhGlDFU2iRjI2nftKnePq4uW3r10HhV8vJulKxsE1k3on3kASMjFHQX8nDHUZ6aOm2aeQ3n0rPtN8-chQYQsXBChhv3/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-13+at+22.52.54.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIt4i-LdLS9IXCUvuN3WMh_ebOMtzdpKeLAak3idBT6z-kYbPxKBhGlDFU2iRjI2nftKnePq4uW3r10HhV8vJulKxsE1k3on3kASMjFHQX8nDHUZ6aOm2aeQ3n0rPtN8-chQYQsXBChhv3/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-12-13+at+22.52.54.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 345px;" /></span></span><span><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMVY_LYNxt2l_6r7Gy2qrZI06YjQcFCpaUp1o5ROgJPbKxiU2j7vVzoBZrBIHPaV3qR_5ixjcUi0fwKoX98bkEwRn5QEyrPQW3ZS_BWkyHK_apVYPJpjSeebwEPdJ9n6nosorJt2HGStIv/s640/output_ugAIWm.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMVY_LYNxt2l_6r7Gy2qrZI06YjQcFCpaUp1o5ROgJPbKxiU2j7vVzoBZrBIHPaV3qR_5ixjcUi0fwKoX98bkEwRn5QEyrPQW3ZS_BWkyHK_apVYPJpjSeebwEPdJ9n6nosorJt2HGStIv/s640/output_ugAIWm.gif" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 296px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler travelling through Durlach, a borough of Karlsruhe with a population today of 30,000 on September 14, 1933. On the right is </span></span><span><span><span>what had been named </span>Adolf-Hitler-Straße in his honour, looking towards the Turmberg. In Knielingen, Neufeldstrasse was called Adolf-Hitler-Strasse from 1933 until it was cut in 1935. In Hagsfeld, Schwetzinger Strasse was called that from 1933 until it was incorporated in 1938. In the rest of today's urban area of Karlsruhe, Adolf-Hitler-Strasse existed from 1933 until the occupation reversed it in 1945. Welschneureuter Strasse in Palmbach, Talstrasse and Grünwettersbacher Strasse, Steinkreuzstrasse in Wolfartsweier and Eugen-Kleiber-Strasse in Grötzingen all were renamed in Hitler's honour during the Nazi regime.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsuSuH1fiPRFNyMyvtrKBnnKwzgOKWRNE0CG5RP2KJnz58G5iXl61Oe1wMLbRl6rRF6HUnylRwcwfQmjCuFaEhlRTgTe9By9G9qfXZQYQCCQxLLLsI4Z1q_wqOF0l2iouM8-iaFodQfIBN/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-01+at+21.56.14.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsuSuH1fiPRFNyMyvtrKBnnKwzgOKWRNE0CG5RP2KJnz58G5iXl61Oe1wMLbRl6rRF6HUnylRwcwfQmjCuFaEhlRTgTe9By9G9qfXZQYQCCQxLLLsI4Z1q_wqOF0l2iouM8-iaFodQfIBN/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-04-01+at+21.56.14.png" width="640" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Adolf-Hitler-Straße, now Pfinztalstraße, looking the other wa<span>y</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhIRR6KiLmblgSXWN29zIWU9PhS7mw7v2UY7YEt0IT2H2CeRef4wRVM-1EgYrhuUxKcVJa3S57RaAEGWfwV7tBCVQt1KWcuGirpM20zUf3gZVC-P1F5fuEtlACjnGfesUIUGq2u0LBaFjOer5aUum_ELsT-iBefLtL2UPZb8ucS1YiQRawSpm4Ji1tip22/s746/tumblr_mliifmiZbl1rjssvvo1_500.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="746" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhIRR6KiLmblgSXWN29zIWU9PhS7mw7v2UY7YEt0IT2H2CeRef4wRVM-1EgYrhuUxKcVJa3S57RaAEGWfwV7tBCVQt1KWcuGirpM20zUf3gZVC-P1F5fuEtlACjnGfesUIUGq2u0LBaFjOer5aUum_ELsT-iBefLtL2UPZb8ucS1YiQRawSpm4Ji1tip22/s320/tumblr_mliifmiZbl1rjssvvo1_500.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler had been travelling through Durlach to arrive at the village of Öschelbronn,where, four days earlier on September 14, 1933, an ammunition factory exploded with catastrophic force <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=de&tl=en&hl=en-US&client=webapp&u=http://www.pz-news.de/Home/Nachrichten/Region/Oeschelbronn-versinkt-im-Feuersturm-_arid,63282_puid,1_pageid,18.html">destroying 203 homes </a>from a cause unknown to this day. To do this, he traveled from Berlin to Karlsruhe by plane, then continued by car via Durlach and Pforzheim through streets that were lined with partly jubilant, partly just curious people. Arriving in Öschelbronn at around 13.45, he inspected the site of the fire, as did numerous onlookers before him, and traveled on to Böblingen at around 14.30, from where he took the return flight to Berlin. The Nazi state government of Baden ensured that Öschelbronn was rebuilt within a short time with "down-to-earth architecture" as a "model village in half-timbered oak" in the Heimatschutz style. The commission meeting at the district office, which advertised the work to be done and largely awarded it to Baden craftsmen. Craftsmen from the immediate vicinity on the other side of the state border, which ran directly past Öschelbronn, complained about this to the Württemberg government. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRsI6zTMVylWlidGG0gkjlUcrkVsxuabjjE0t5MqX7GOqMga8x1Fr0d2kltfmEih1xm3V1Mu_Nl8WZTe4bsL3XpC9ctSweUlD0oo5yTOO0KCyA_7QZ4BCSuLzLt09YTcCC0SKHYRqkMxRQzcmilritjYq4KPsUYVXiH3lOpBraHieOwCle-5n8qXUv_YA_/s1020/Screenshot%202023-08-20%20at%2010.01.23.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="1020" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRsI6zTMVylWlidGG0gkjlUcrkVsxuabjjE0t5MqX7GOqMga8x1Fr0d2kltfmEih1xm3V1Mu_Nl8WZTe4bsL3XpC9ctSweUlD0oo5yTOO0KCyA_7QZ4BCSuLzLt09YTcCC0SKHYRqkMxRQzcmilritjYq4KPsUYVXiH3lOpBraHieOwCle-5n8qXUv_YA_/w478-h177/Screenshot%202023-08-20%20at%2010.01.23.png" width="478" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The disputes that arose from this in October 1933 between the two Nazi-aligned state governments were settled with a compromise that provided for the delivery of 20% of the bricks and bricks required by Württemberg brickworks. The future residents of the new houses were not asked what they wanted during the reconstruction campaign. According to contemporary witnesses, some of the commissioned architects had absolutely no experience with the design and construction of farmhouses. Indeed, after the work was completed, it became apparent that the original cost estimate for the reconstruction of Öschelbronn had been exceeded by around a quarter. The investigations carried out on this revealed that one reason for this was that in many cases the award of the work had been decided on the basis of partisan rather than economic considerations. A year after the fire, the reconstruction of Öschelbronn was essentially complete and can be seen today on Gartenstrasse, Untere Bachstrasse and Brühlstrasse. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Schwetzingen </b></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF3PfohHpDvAdZNm8ALeppBcvPLKKQSkuNBIXkl8o2sM7gAeHVUIPk2f0lHoN4NSrZXr5Q2kF86hH3nu7kEziMwOGyKorl5TXe8tyTzuFvTSAHuqc1SsY2GfZhGpwnU26UGxi1jxlPjTUyWdROam-3d3oVH7hYhICUPX1sbcwBBBlnnn1HzKzp5FNJoA/s378/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-20T114649.494.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="378" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF3PfohHpDvAdZNm8ALeppBcvPLKKQSkuNBIXkl8o2sM7gAeHVUIPk2f0lHoN4NSrZXr5Q2kF86hH3nu7kEziMwOGyKorl5TXe8tyTzuFvTSAHuqc1SsY2GfZhGpwnU26UGxi1jxlPjTUyWdROam-3d3oVH7hYhICUPX1sbcwBBBlnnn1HzKzp5FNJoA/w440-h326/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-20T114649.494.gif" width="440" /></a></div>Just west of Heidelberg, the castle of Schwetzingen can be seen behind the Wehrmacht marching through the town in 1944. Schloss Schwetzingen had been the summer residence of Prince-Elector Carl Theodor. Jews had settled in the town from the the 18th century and <span>by</span> 1901 they set up a synagogue room in the Schwetzingen chateau. When Hitler became chancellor there were still 79 Jews living in the city; this decreased to<a href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/DE/Content/Publikationen/Editionen/kulka-jaeckel_ns-stimmungsberichte-auswahl.pdf?__blob=publicationFile"> 67 at the start of 1936, 47 in 1938 and twelve at the start of 1939</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span> After</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span> the few
remaining Jewish citizens emigrated or were deported to the eastern
extermination camps; a memorial stone in Zeyherstraße
has commemorated this since 1978. Hitler's opponents, such as Social Democrat Fritz Schweiger,
who was murdered in the Dachau concentration camp in 1940, were also
persecuted; <span>t</span>he city has
honoured him with a street name. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>During the war, women and men from
numerous countries were deported to Germany and also used in
Schwetzingen for forced <span>labour</span>. Eleven victims of forced labour who are buried in the municipal cemetery are commemorated.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvFwgCX2gVGDi0sI2UFt-bgP9AHu_LC32r_nSJrr5we8hkwdmms_TMED72_hYbBc0X1hCSeos42p_eggXpKkn2yc0eyXye9omZRAz8pF_djaLLaqDRHBarCUT25n2PzesSPg4trqb434By2dT_jWNzs8xE6JbvI3K155gwUevRLyqFn-Hhaa8fW4LG_A/s265/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(66).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="178" data-original-width="265" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvFwgCX2gVGDi0sI2UFt-bgP9AHu_LC32r_nSJrr5we8hkwdmms_TMED72_hYbBc0X1hCSeos42p_eggXpKkn2yc0eyXye9omZRAz8pF_djaLLaqDRHBarCUT25n2PzesSPg4trqb434By2dT_jWNzs8xE6JbvI3K155gwUevRLyqFn-Hhaa8fW4LG_A/w468-h314/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(66).gif" width="468" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Since January 1933 there was in Schwetzingen - according to the self-assessment of the "Stürmer" - perhaps the "most beautiful </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Stürmer </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>box in the whole Reich", in which Jews as well as "Jewish servants" were denounced. After a visit to Schwetzingen in 1935, the publisher of the "Stürmer", Julius Streicher, received fresh Schwetzingen asparagus and lilacs from the city every spring from 1936 onwards. Streicher gave a speech in Schwetzingen in 1936, to which thousands of members of the Labour Front were brought in special trains. Between 1936 and 1938, 37 previous Jewish residents left the city. During the November pogrom in 1938, the houses of the Jewish families still living in the city were completely demolished. The last five Jewish residents of Schwetzingen (Frieda Bermann with her daughters Therese, Else and Ruth and Flora Vogel) were<a href="https://www.leo-bw.de/themenmodul/juedisches-leben-im-suedwesten/orte/baden/schwetzingen"> deported to Gurs on October 22, 1940</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe3nRtm6Rz4REeTGILdSQRD7zGKJYlAtdRDLn6uGT1HcYKqvZt_7WfAmb0m_42y9PqHfLCxklWcXWhF3AEwFc7UYjZPprWLZC0vHrddqU0E78Rj7ZWTX-301j5dwnZEWBpj7csiDOsFskmOX4sjqq6LpbVAkbPx2KJtVdu6qB2pqgv6H5uTkrPy1hPIw/s370/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(59).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="370" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe3nRtm6Rz4REeTGILdSQRD7zGKJYlAtdRDLn6uGT1HcYKqvZt_7WfAmb0m_42y9PqHfLCxklWcXWhF3AEwFc7UYjZPprWLZC0vHrddqU0E78Rj7ZWTX-301j5dwnZEWBpj7csiDOsFskmOX4sjqq6LpbVAkbPx2KJtVdu6qB2pqgv6H5uTkrPy1hPIw/w421-h313/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(59).gif" width="421" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>Multiple views of the German Jagdtiger 131 of Schwere Panzerjäger Abteilung 653 knocked out in Schwetzingen on March 30, 1945 by a Sherman tank as American forces of the 254th Infantry and 10th Armoured Division. As the latter began to enter the town, three heavy tank destroyers of the German 653rd Heavy Jagdpanzer regiment began to manoeuver to intercept the oncoming American troops. These tanks had 25 mm to 250 mm of armour, a crew of six, a speed of 38 kilometres per hour and a cruising range of 170 kilometres. In fact, with the Jagdtiger the Germans managed to produce the heaviest and most powerful armoured vehicle of the war. The Jagdtiger had an official weight of no less than 154,324 pounds, but by the time extra combat equipment and a full load of ammunition plus the crew of six had been added the weight rose to 167,551 pounds. Much of this weight was attributable to the armour, which was no less than 9.84 inches thick on the front plate of the superstructure. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQBonoxAJBueIY_G_DCgXu2DM5Z-ze13pBupPdNzt8pHxHNl00SKfbuvn6xjNfz7ks67diTjYIGt7RGZLCbdPltTyd8JyOluFsV3GCHubuGa4PFR3O0vZnK8BO3lj9LmCjVOblL2Zya6UjQpYvmQBpeHlLmCYPUgkrpix7Xg6UNjp3YPX_xZLts8imkQ/s433/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(60).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="433" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQBonoxAJBueIY_G_DCgXu2DM5Z-ze13pBupPdNzt8pHxHNl00SKfbuvn6xjNfz7ks67diTjYIGt7RGZLCbdPltTyd8JyOluFsV3GCHubuGa4PFR3O0vZnK8BO3lj9LmCjVOblL2Zya6UjQpYvmQBpeHlLmCYPUgkrpix7Xg6UNjp3YPX_xZLts8imkQ/w458-h262/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(60).gif" width="458" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span>Thus Jagdtigers were extremely ponderous and, whilst on paper they were the most heavily armed and protected of all the armoured fighting vehicles used during the war and for many years subsequently, they remained considerably underpowered, a fact that rendered them little more than mobile weapon platforms even though Irving in Hitler's War (769) describes Hitler as having "jealously watched over every detail" of "the deployment of the formidable Jagd-Tiger tanks with their 1-millimetre guns." </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiykLTpzCKMvqTP6lKxXqtSHjYZfWeJiDgP3839P_fAjifhu7MYoJ1l_zmmakK1KOD43hVh0fHz-2pnjLtJ4rVtMVWg8Uw7CiKok9vV08szyZxCVk6Co7vNecxKTmXiEW_V62h4Urwepmt7AAk-6wGDwp-ntGtRIqNJlevMKgly5rsNaPHWOtPbRqtIzQ/s405/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-20T112442.028.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="405" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiykLTpzCKMvqTP6lKxXqtSHjYZfWeJiDgP3839P_fAjifhu7MYoJ1l_zmmakK1KOD43hVh0fHz-2pnjLtJ4rVtMVWg8Uw7CiKok9vV08szyZxCVk6Co7vNecxKTmXiEW_V62h4Urwepmt7AAk-6wGDwp-ntGtRIqNJlevMKgly5rsNaPHWOtPbRqtIzQ/w416-h296/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-20T112442.028.gif" width="416" /></a>The Jagdtiger tank destroyer shown in these images found itself beginning to move down Dreikonigstrasse towards the intersection with Mannheimerstrasse which was the very street being used by the American forces to enter the town and ended up being spotted by an Artillery observer flying overhead who then notified the forces on the ground of the movement.Elements of the 10th Armoured Division, nicknamed the "Tiger Division," positioned their Sherman tanks here on Mannheimerstrasse and when the Jagdtiger tank destroyer reached the intersection they engage the German tank at 200 yards and hit it in the side disabling the tank and crew. The German tank destroyer continued to roll forward and entered a building on the corner of the intersection with the results shown here. <a href="http://thirdreichruins.com/spjabt653.htm">Geoff Walden reveals</a> that the gunner, whom he identifies as Uffz. Klein, was killed by machinegun fire whilst escaping the tank, and the radio operator died later of burns. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_s4cjqwdwuY_hieQ34aIeOvY6CfI_G_4ayw3PPetNXTdQ6isCFfiBC7L06PHBlrWCGRK0-u1wmZLMcDBOyahFWoQwMed83r2zLP4q7_HpP4KrVu7qONeMo7lkkGwsGlRWfaRJqV31cTMiaTBoM1nOf3eJYc0yhibxMBDv8QawOyGRfVx2ZclKibigCw/s436/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(61).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="436" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_s4cjqwdwuY_hieQ34aIeOvY6CfI_G_4ayw3PPetNXTdQ6isCFfiBC7L06PHBlrWCGRK0-u1wmZLMcDBOyahFWoQwMed83r2zLP4q7_HpP4KrVu7qONeMo7lkkGwsGlRWfaRJqV31cTMiaTBoM1nOf3eJYc0yhibxMBDv8QawOyGRfVx2ZclKibigCw/w392-h241/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(61).gif" width="392" /></a>The driver was thrown out of his hatch as the tank crashed into the building on the corner.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="http://www.63rdinfdiv.com/pictorialhistorypage62.html">Another German tank got stuck</a> on Grenzhoferstrasse when it slipped off the road and,
due to its weight of 72 tonnes, could not get out of the ditch back on the
road and was subsequently destroyed by its crew. Another </span></span></span></span></span></span>The third Jagdtiger Tank destroyer escaped damaged during this engagement but was destroyed by its crew whilst on the road from Eppelheim towards Pfaffengrund. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span>By the end of the war the 10th Armoured Division had <a href="http://www.benning.army.mil/armor/eARMOR/content/issues/1992/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust1992web.pdf">captured 650 towns </a>and cities along with 56,000 German prisoners; in one week alone, the 10th advanced 100 miles, capturing 8,000 prisoners from 26 different enemy divisions. <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNM-_Na8b38SCDv8XJe2-3RX3ay8ynOc6Tfh4bxD_lBwS0cEm7jN9FXFF2IriremkdAmlffRN9m_noL3hcrwx2G42uzao9A5sh2iLV28bRKjDJFJgzLURo2z3p49W0nmHOvVSfUIA9alc6pAejBtQjSeJp1mwiQF5E6MnsQsnnap-0BEZCODDURR4o3Q/s412/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-20T120021.571.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="412" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNM-_Na8b38SCDv8XJe2-3RX3ay8ynOc6Tfh4bxD_lBwS0cEm7jN9FXFF2IriremkdAmlffRN9m_noL3hcrwx2G42uzao9A5sh2iLV28bRKjDJFJgzLURo2z3p49W0nmHOvVSfUIA9alc6pAejBtQjSeJp1mwiQF5E6MnsQsnnap-0BEZCODDURR4o3Q/w431-h307/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-20T120021.571.gif" width="431" /></a><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Panzer Kaserne outside the main town, which later became home to the American Army as the Tompkins Barracks. Here at the entrance to the main gate can still be seen </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Die Gepanzerten</i>, a 1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>938 mosaic of two armoured knights, shown below. <a href="http://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/Content/35505/BCPS_39432_1943_Das-Bauen-im-neuen-R.pdf">Designed by Dieter Lang and Fritz Schmitt</a>, the barracks served as the headquarters for Panzer units of the German Wehrmacht, initially for the 1st Division/Panzer Regiment 23, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>established in November 10, 1938 here in Schwetzingen in what was Wehrkreis XII. They </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>had moved into the newly built barracks on Friedrichsfelder Landstraße and from here took part in the 1939 Polish campaign and the 1940 French campaign. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>However, after the end of the fighting in France in June 1940, this unit did not return here and Schwetzingen was chosen as the location for a tank replacement department. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtLlVXsjGOru6RZXw0uATTrLVaQLcqPX1tkcVncqyjuueg_y9h2mIeoY3qtMZK1QRO74arPR0uXpUHIoAkLnObbn1yRfnPoMB_wIGsMKR7LgfsKCpFLr2IxHEH72whppMQWt6VYXrH016cJ7w8HdUuQ85A43dP5GcnNugWHmbkj4EGYeN8tTG6_XOOVA/s407/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(70).gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="407" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtLlVXsjGOru6RZXw0uATTrLVaQLcqPX1tkcVncqyjuueg_y9h2mIeoY3qtMZK1QRO74arPR0uXpUHIoAkLnObbn1yRfnPoMB_wIGsMKR7LgfsKCpFLr2IxHEH72whppMQWt6VYXrH016cJ7w8HdUuQ85A43dP5GcnNugWHmbkj4EGYeN8tTG6_XOOVA/w430-h297/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(70).gif" width="430" /></a>In the spring of 1941, Panzer Replacement Department 100 was set up in Schwetzingen, and after its relocation in spring 1942, Tank Replacement and Training Department 204 was set up. This unit, which was responsible for training tank crews, remained in the Schwetzingen tank barracks until March 1945. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Apparently <a href="https://rheinneckarblog.de/22/die-zivile-zukunft-einer-langen-militargeschichte/25408.html/panzer-kaserne-schwetzingen-prewwii">there are claims </a>that Rommel commanded here and that he had Red Crosses painted on the barracks roofs to deceive the Allies from bombing this site.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>After the war the Americans took over the site before vacating in 2010 and turing over the facility to local authorities for redevelopment. At the moment however it's being used to house (more like conceal given the difficulty in reaching the site) refugees.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyVACzqOPOYtNjD7XVbRdwD85BNoQcDmAOVlCOyzlfkXhE9etchu1KAIgh2Rj9fUhUs05MCp_ekDXOb10zu6OXdOWD6xGsectuitDYMHHcubKA7jr72Is3ABy89R6k9P7zJB5IX26dFs5mnqiTlgysrTNIfqsjCutZIMZZFywnz-mphlkq9hoWBWSdIw/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-20T120743.041.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyVACzqOPOYtNjD7XVbRdwD85BNoQcDmAOVlCOyzlfkXhE9etchu1KAIgh2Rj9fUhUs05MCp_ekDXOb10zu6OXdOWD6xGsectuitDYMHHcubKA7jr72Is3ABy89R6k9P7zJB5IX26dFs5mnqiTlgysrTNIfqsjCutZIMZZFywnz-mphlkq9hoWBWSdIw/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-20T120743.041.gif" style="height: 195px; width: 328px;" /> <img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw69PiIn2Ymf25UngAz-ZEAddY0lsB0TfBe_tSqM2L9CKklL-LJQsHrRjlCuME0MPIT_3Xv5ihfQIe_ipN4fWTcaFE9no8hOvCHjx-kI0ESu_XSBnpnDGHf3rcOXKIePCQ1x-ELoa0K00V8uXmbviQNHP3Ulq87XxS9omfjIgduTTBS0Oco_Z2IicAPQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-20T121556.582.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw69PiIn2Ymf25UngAz-ZEAddY0lsB0TfBe_tSqM2L9CKklL-LJQsHrRjlCuME0MPIT_3Xv5ihfQIe_ipN4fWTcaFE9no8hOvCHjx-kI0ESu_XSBnpnDGHf3rcOXKIePCQ1x-ELoa0K00V8uXmbviQNHP3Ulq87XxS9omfjIgduTTBS0Oco_Z2IicAPQ/s320/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20-%202022-07-20T121556.582.gif" style="height: 195px; width: 334px;" /><br /></span></p></div></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Stuttgart</span><span><span><span><br /><b><span style="font-style: italic;">Stadt der Auslandsdeutscher </span><span>(City of the Abroad Germans)</span></b></span></span><b> </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsbWyyhzMZ5cyGzeKVZfCamairvjn8LqYI2QHKXScjjqYvvlNbd2o-45pPJzHJFZJGnZZUL2aYuSDQy8dr53If8BSG2jmMiw_o58EF0OHrdZqC7_6flTr7yYlE9kfzcDNnnfEra3RBTVg/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-09-18+at+09.37.02.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsbWyyhzMZ5cyGzeKVZfCamairvjn8LqYI2QHKXScjjqYvvlNbd2o-45pPJzHJFZJGnZZUL2aYuSDQy8dr53If8BSG2jmMiw_o58EF0OHrdZqC7_6flTr7yYlE9kfzcDNnnfEra3RBTVg/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-09-18+at+09.37.02.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 270px; width: 457px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The 15th Deutsches Turnfest in 1933 at the schloßplatz with the Nazi banner in front of the Neues Schloss. Stuttgart, the capital city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg, had a unique and varied experience during the Nazi era. In 1933, following Hitler's rise to power, the Nazis quickly took control over Stuttgart. As part of the Nazi policy of Gleichschaltung (coordination), Stuttgart's institutions, including city governance and educational facilities, were brought under the control of the Nazi party. The Mayor of Stuttgart, Karl Strölin, was pressured to join the Nazi party in 1933, illustrating the reach of the Nazi's influence into local governance. Stuttgart, being an industrial hub, saw a substantial economic transformation. </span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiROD00xtoYe2SwXZwqFHEP13N2E7Bkvj4yO31YIaZBL8Br8d3yvLgqICU96P-0qPjvY90bJdD0eLLLll00127vcQI_OwgpAkHHgLL0vmfZut6UzpmlXxd7Ibvx-1M84jWnrBwdAb85dsQ/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-09-18+at+09.50.39.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiROD00xtoYe2SwXZwqFHEP13N2E7Bkvj4yO31YIaZBL8Br8d3yvLgqICU96P-0qPjvY90bJdD0eLLLll00127vcQI_OwgpAkHHgLL0vmfZut6UzpmlXxd7Ibvx-1M84jWnrBwdAb85dsQ/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-09-18+at+09.50.39.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 270px; width: 190px;" /></span></span></span></span>It became a crucial part of Hitler's armament production plans, with companies such as Daimler-Benz and Robert Bosch GmbH becoming key suppliers of military vehicles and equipment. In 1935, Daimler-Benz began manufacturing the Mercedes-Benz LG3000, a military truck that would see extensive use in the war. This production, while boosting Stuttgart's economy, also made the city a target for Allied bombing. Stuttgart's Jewish community, which numbered 4,384 in 1933, was subjected to systematic persecution under the Nazi regime. The pogrom known as Kristallnacht on November 9, 1938, was a turning point. Stuttgart's main synagogue, located at Hospitalstraße 36, was set on fire and destroyed. By the end of the war, only 180 Jews from Stuttgart's pre-Nazi community survived, as documented by historian Michael Brenner. The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during the war. Between 1940 and 1945, Stuttgart experienced 53 bombing attacks. The most destructive attack, known as "Operation Able", occurred on September 12, 1944, when over 3,000 people were killed and the city centre was almost completely destroyed. According to historian David Stafford, more than 45% of Stuttgart was destroyed by the end of the war. </span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Ua2F7lEGK2kaUnFya3bzxeXWhtGtDHhL8JQTYtYU9fKVW2Om2RvYLWh6K94E0RTr3JdX5IfO3uJZDYd6i0i1IJCgpNa2c77dPe3gOZwLN5_4gzZ0iTxq5xgtQZh9kjk2rQ1PHrm_9bVw/s1600/Stuttgart.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Ua2F7lEGK2kaUnFya3bzxeXWhtGtDHhL8JQTYtYU9fKVW2Om2RvYLWh6K94E0RTr3JdX5IfO3uJZDYd6i0i1IJCgpNa2c77dPe3gOZwLN5_4gzZ0iTxq5xgtQZh9kjk2rQ1PHrm_9bVw/w449-h301/Stuttgart.gif" width="449" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler visiting Stuttgart on April 1, 1938. Both photos
show the end of Königstraße looking at Stuttgart Central Station then
and now. On that day Hitler took advantage of the rejoicing due to the <span style="font-style: italic;">anschluss </span>when he arrived at 15.00 on April 1, Hitler arrived in Stuttgart on a special train.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In
the City Hall, the Mayor Dr. Stroelin greeted Hitler at a reception
held in his honour. Hitler replied to this welcome in a short address,
emphasising that the concept of a Greater Germany was nowhere as lively
and vibrant as in Stuttgart, “the city of Germans living abroad.” At
9:00 p.m., Hitler delivered another campaign speech at a mass rally in
Stuttgart. Following the “party narrative,” he again turned to the
events in Austria: “We have all forgotten what it means to be compelled
to live outside of the German Volksgemeinschaft!”</span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Doramus (1079) </span><a class="title titleHover" href="http://www.amazon.com/Complete-Hitler-Reference-Proclamations-1932-1945/dp/0865166587/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1296893737&sr=1-1" style="font-weight: bold;">The Complete Hitler</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='309' height='309' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwIc_iPDTBA-P87fMBwqHbi0yvc9I1P6ja2mA_zG6qA61t3DaDNEZ4mNIhus1VAtNr2Ywkb1x5u2b5o4w9Afw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
<span><span><span><span><span><span>Around sixty percent of the German Jewish
population had fled by the time restrictions on their movement were
imposed on October 1, 1941, at which point Jews living in Württemberg
were forced to live in 'Jewish apartments' before being 'concentrated'
on the former Trade Fair grounds in Killesberg. On December 1, 1941 the
first deportation trains were organised to send them to Riga. <a href="https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/baden-wuerttemberg/stuttgart/80-jahre-deportation-von-juden-aus-stuttgart-100.html">Only 180 Jews from Württemberg held in concentration camps survived. </a> During the
period of Nazi rule, Stuttgart held the "honorary title" Stadt der
Auslandsdeutschen (City of the Germans living outside of the Reich). </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span><span>During Kristallnacht the town's Old Synagogue was burnt down and the cemetery chapel of the Jewish community destroyed. The majority of the Jewish citizens of Stuttgart were arrested immediately afterwards by the Gestapo and transferred to the police prison of Welzheim or the Dachau concentration camp. </span></span></span><span><span><span>Until the ban on emigration on October 1, 1941, only about sixty per cent of German Jews fled. The Jews who were still living in Wurttemberg and Hohenzollern were forced to move to so-called Jewish homes or Jewish forced-home homes during the war. </span></span></span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-2GEp-yDM3BJ471SUrzt7wq5hw9RrVcE_WO1xoFg25j6dARt1xj7-zu7kqSS_4cjNcTuB97rJGtEVqDWBoImsO8TVX5eRcq3VUW5JPnSghW4scvSYw_KI4YfMugkRkOKkvrUsQ4yH9Ek/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-02-18+at+7.51.49+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Königsbau in 1940 and today" border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-2GEp-yDM3BJ471SUrzt7wq5hw9RrVcE_WO1xoFg25j6dARt1xj7-zu7kqSS_4cjNcTuB97rJGtEVqDWBoImsO8TVX5eRcq3VUW5JPnSghW4scvSYw_KI4YfMugkRkOKkvrUsQ4yH9Ek/w524-h234/Screen+Shot+2014-02-18+at+7.51.49+PM.png" title="Königsbau in 1940 and today" width="524" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Königsbau in 1940 and today</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span><span><span>They were then "concentrated" by the Gestapo (Stapoleitstelle Stuttgart) on the exhibition grounds of Killesberg. On December 1, 1941, the first transport train drove to Riga, where they were assassinated. Up to the last weeks of war, there were further trains with about 2,500 Jews from the region. Only 180 of these Würzburg concentration camp survivors survived. Sketch of the destruction in the Stuttgart city center after the air raids Towards the end of the war large sections of the city were destroyed by the Anglo-American air raids on Stuttgart. The most serious attack took place on September 12, 1944 by the RAF on Stuttgart's old town. 75 heavy airmines, 4300 explosive bombs and 180,000 fire bombs were dropped. More than 1,000 people fell victim to the subsequent fire storm. Altogether <a href="https://stuttgartgrid.com/en/info">Stuttgart was attacked 53 times. </a>68% of all residential buildings and 75% of industrial facilities were destroyed. A total of 4477 people were killed in Stuttgart and 8908 people were injured. </span></span></span><br />
</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQA_dfkVrh7I5tYg_w7eK4TOdMNoS9KYjm6J6UUYxlG1fQg1N5Wx4honqBr9XxaN7Z1TTwlcpJpOdTdZ9C0XATdCW4r7vh9lFP7R12SOxLyc3NMjzauL5zHwa4hu4Em_MHpFhnlsG1EKI/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-19+at+3.58.17+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQA_dfkVrh7I5tYg_w7eK4TOdMNoS9KYjm6J6UUYxlG1fQg1N5Wx4honqBr9XxaN7Z1TTwlcpJpOdTdZ9C0XATdCW4r7vh9lFP7R12SOxLyc3NMjzauL5zHwa4hu4Em_MHpFhnlsG1EKI/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-05-19+at+3.58.17+PM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>People marching past the <i>Stuttgarter Polizeipräsidium</i> May 1, 1933. It would later become the Gestapo Headquarters from 1937 to 1945, even after being bombed in September 1944. As late as April 13, 1945 <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486829686.777/pdf">four prisoners in the cellar were hanged </a>by the Gestapo.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
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<span><span><span style="font-size: normal;">The Neues Schloß before the war and today. The photograph on the right shows it immediately after the war. In the last fifteen months of the war the schloß suffered from several bombing raids to its eventual ruin. A lively discussion was led up until 1954 over the fate of the castle. The plans ranged from its complete demolition to establish a spa hotel or reconstruction as the seat of the Federal Government to possible use as a museum. Finally, in 1957 the decision was made to rebuild it for use for administrative purposes. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilaEY3TmA4Ht9nM7gEVX_0PApMHcW88xEtDReB51e-v0GYeOStxJ9nrMJvDCZSc7SJS3UhVnuhZE1rUCZ9jLy9TMkCfTHpPIX7H4u9hzNMMJEEQiDW9zCJfysVNZIhL2_-d7arpI2KGyI/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252816%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilaEY3TmA4Ht9nM7gEVX_0PApMHcW88xEtDReB51e-v0GYeOStxJ9nrMJvDCZSc7SJS3UhVnuhZE1rUCZ9jLy9TMkCfTHpPIX7H4u9hzNMMJEEQiDW9zCJfysVNZIhL2_-d7arpI2KGyI/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%252816%2529.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Wilhelmspalais during the Third Reich (now serving as the </span></span><span><span><span><span>Stadtmuseum) with its </span></span><i>Grosser Saal</i> festooned in swastikas in 1940 </span></span><span><span> <br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUC0aDbqKx5SVyBjJ-tuOry9E-C6KrBfxJ6ErX2o6E0Xu5vNhMXlHAfDs3npRgA6AwHVqaS5FmnHvgx7zQmar0xb7csmvFa7db1MRyz-IUJUc3Ab82P4v2p9LMV417HTC1M6MHbcHzxx98d7FuTMKgiLJ3PuidLwDlC8V2CShoa_5lAMFzNPre5NHB6w/s334/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(24).gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="334" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUC0aDbqKx5SVyBjJ-tuOry9E-C6KrBfxJ6ErX2o6E0Xu5vNhMXlHAfDs3npRgA6AwHVqaS5FmnHvgx7zQmar0xb7csmvFa7db1MRyz-IUJUc3Ab82P4v2p9LMV417HTC1M6MHbcHzxx98d7FuTMKgiLJ3PuidLwDlC8V2CShoa_5lAMFzNPre5NHB6w/w400-h313/ezgif.com-gif-maker%20(24).gif" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The swastika over the Fruchtsäule in 1935 with Nazi flags all around and in 2022 during volksfest.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler first spoke in Stuttgart on June 14, 1925, giving his speech "Allgemeines, insbesondere Organisation" as titled according to the police report, in the flower hall of the Charlottenhof from 11.30 to 13.00. At the closed general meeting around 140 people attended the meeting, which was scheduled as a preliminary meeting for the extraordinary state assembly. On the initiative of Christian Mergenthaler, who had led the Nazi freedom movement in Württemberg during the Nazi Party ban, the state assembly passed a resolution on March 1, 1925 with a large majority in which Hitler was asked to take a clear position on the question of combating ultramontanism, a clerical political conception within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope. At the same time, the local group in Stuttgart, which unreservedly supported Hitler, was expelled. It was when during his speech that Hitler declared that "martyrs, such as the Christian church has shown in so many cases, help powerfully to strengthen and spread a movement. Since November 9, 1923, the National Socialists have also had martyrs in their ranks..." that Hitler was interrupted with the hall door thrown open with people demanding to enter the hall. Hitler remarked that anyone who could not identify himself with an admission card had to leave the room. The chairman declared that the room would be cleared for five minutes and that everyone had to go out and show his card when re-entering the room. The chairman's instructions were followed. Hitler then continued his remarks. The state assembly then met, again under the direction of Pastor Karl Steger, at which point Hitler no longer attended. Later that evening Hitler commissioned Eugen Munder, the leader of the Stuttgart local group, with the reorganisation of the Nazi Party in Württemberg. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hitler next spoke here on July 8, 1925 with "<a href="https://archive.org/stream/HitlerRedenSchriftenAnordnungenFebruar1925BisJanuar193312Bande/Hitler%20-%20Reden%2C%20Schriften%2C%20Anordnungen%2C%20Februar%201925%20bis%20Januar%201933%20%2812%20B%C3%A4nde%29_djvu.txt">On the general situation of the movement</a>" in the Bürgermuseum for two hours from 20.30 to 2.30 p.m. The closed general meeting of the Stuttgart local group, which, according to the police report, was attended by around 600 people, including numerous external party members, was chaired by Eugen Munder. This was followed the next month on August 15 with "<a href="https://unipub.uni-graz.at/obvugrhs/download/pdf/205722?originalFilename=true">Nature and goals of National Socialism</a>."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLrdeLRll-VfNyoDtGTLppTqqt18wxF-rhdvpHaMjmO56cLZex1PCQPg_9zsmKgHLIQeugjCpy020b2NKt7cOHxzE3EpCVThWrTyjmkB5j8KpW1cPtCDl_7KdWNw8tkmkjcUqXJeb2hW4/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%252822%2529.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLrdeLRll-VfNyoDtGTLppTqqt18wxF-rhdvpHaMjmO56cLZex1PCQPg_9zsmKgHLIQeugjCpy020b2NKt7cOHxzE3EpCVThWrTyjmkB5j8KpW1cPtCDl_7KdWNw8tkmkjcUqXJeb2hW4/s640/ezgif.com-optimize%252822%2529.gif" width="640" /></a><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Tagblatt-Turm under construction in 1928 and then/now </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>
</span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha7dC_RZUlDejSm1WV_fTefUnUAdh-XdS_O-57s6-bFmDiJR7mzBFteHdTEvMWf3rUCwQWHM5x94BQAC1Lw4VwgpEUQnQQLQpstpyg0UzSUanPzc6QrvONGrYRT6pPU0vO6ts1U4fLX7U/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-02-18+at+7.49.01+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha7dC_RZUlDejSm1WV_fTefUnUAdh-XdS_O-57s6-bFmDiJR7mzBFteHdTEvMWf3rUCwQWHM5x94BQAC1Lw4VwgpEUQnQQLQpstpyg0UzSUanPzc6QrvONGrYRT6pPU0vO6ts1U4fLX7U/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-02-18+at+7.49.01+PM.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>The current Mercedes-Benz Arena was originally built in 1933 after designs by German architect Paul Bonatz and named the "Adolf-Hitler-Kampfbahn". From 1945 to 1949 it was called Century Stadium and later Kampfbahn and was used by American soldiers to play baseball.The name Neckarstadion was used since 1949. It is currently home to VfB Stuttgart in the Bundesliga (and to the Stuttgarter Kickers when they played in the Bundesliga). <span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSOI2mrxtcJBdxKIaVYZe-vcnAa0kWdyfNQXIKQXf1WI_99kkss-fJ6rrJMd0GI9CGH4vu2D6QDRf87B_g5l30zMKVwNohskSNvJ4_SVMPXTOJcH4eFvoq7BrymNkB-5V3ecs6WasfuT0/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-10-23+at+09.56.59.png" width="320" /><img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj49FXC-K87zRYwzTXz7Kc3pnldvNVjAZtxmZb3xjJfPOS2g_aBE7W2nQbbSdkrcdabvf1UWwjnFzPPXfC0vF8-IZXGzcuCFmgT6uTzHW5DPGjPW9WGuZS4QYDl30yw3tuM8XHKkXTP1Yk/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-10-23+at+09.57.14.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj49FXC-K87zRYwzTXz7Kc3pnldvNVjAZtxmZb3xjJfPOS2g_aBE7W2nQbbSdkrcdabvf1UWwjnFzPPXfC0vF8-IZXGzcuCFmgT6uTzHW5DPGjPW9WGuZS4QYDl30yw3tuM8XHKkXTP1Yk/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-10-23+at+09.57.14.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; height: 215px; width: 329px;" /><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Bismarckturm outside the city </span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNgELWNw-6s74ApxQMpMD07nK8MGyh1p8EkjPhmXmqfuTSI8cauKXDb5hoBo8B6Yfhk6jaeG_sJFHbr9cFEMN4XVupT_upk2d11gdeQHO3RW54DdpuSS67U5KHrf61fu0iDOjEibviwQM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-10-23+at+09.57.26.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNgELWNw-6s74ApxQMpMD07nK8MGyh1p8EkjPhmXmqfuTSI8cauKXDb5hoBo8B6Yfhk6jaeG_sJFHbr9cFEMN4XVupT_upk2d11gdeQHO3RW54DdpuSS67U5KHrf61fu0iDOjEibviwQM/w501-h283/Screen+Shot+2016-10-23+at+09.57.26.png" width="501" /></a></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>Towards the end of the war large sections of the city were destroyed by the Anglo-American air raids on Stuttgart. The most serious attack took place on <a href="http://schutzbauten-stuttgart.de/Portals/0/Luftangriffe%20Stuttgart3.pdf">September 12, 1944</a> by the <span>RAF</span> on Stuttgart's old town. 75 heavy airmines, 4300 explosive bombs and 180,000 fire bombs were dropped. More than <span>a <span>thou<span>sand </span></span></span>people fell victim to the subsequent fire storm. Altogether Stuttgart was attacked 53 times. 68% of all residential buildings and 75% of industrial facilities were destroyed. A total of 4477 people were killed in Stuttgart and 8908 people were injured. The Luftwaffe's records indicate that this raid alone caused the death of approximately 957 civilians and left over 3,000 injured. The Feuersee area, for instance, saw complete devastation, with historical buildings like the Johanneskirche suffering significant damage. The bombings on March 6, 1944 were another significant event, targeting Stuttgart's industrial facilities. The Daimler-Benz plant in Untertürkheim, a crucial automotive factory, was hit, resulting in substantial damage to its production capabilities. The factory's records show a loss of about 60% of its manufacturing equipment. The city's population was deeply affected. The 1944 raids, in particular, led to a massive displacement of residents. Official city records from that period show that approximately 35,000 people were left homeless in just one night. The population, which had increased to around 640,000 by 1943 due to the influx of forced labour and refugees, faced severe shortages of food and shelter following these attacks. Culturally, Stuttgart's losses were significant. The Württembergische Landesbibliothek, a major library, lost about 200,000 volumes and numerous irreplaceable manuscripts in the raids. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjG1SkhyXPsMkqyQuaC3mFR8gSAWREmMFaFBdjtLMifpuRhyphenhyphenodJ3dPbxM693WgduGgR6bsFHezs4gNKRkI-l15wAWGQiyg_tpjEt_cHInaE88AgIdV_S_CG-1ggzG2AeXCYbTQL7YRBy6b/s1600/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjG1SkhyXPsMkqyQuaC3mFR8gSAWREmMFaFBdjtLMifpuRhyphenhyphenodJ3dPbxM693WgduGgR6bsFHezs4gNKRkI-l15wAWGQiyg_tpjEt_cHInaE88AgIdV_S_CG-1ggzG2AeXCYbTQL7YRBy6b/w400-h223/ezgif.com-optimize%25282%2529.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: normal;"><span><span><span><span>The Neues Schloss then and now</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span><span><span><span>The Altes Schloss and Neues Schloss, both integral parts of Stuttgart's historical landscape, were heavily damaged. The former, for example, lost its entire roof structure and interior fittings in the bombings. The city's approach, led by planners like Bonatz and Scholer, focused on modernist principles, significantly altering Stuttgart's architectural identity. The rebuilding of the Königstraße and the construction of the new Stuttgart Main Station were part of these efforts. By 1950, the city's population had rebounded to around 500,000, but the social and economic fabric had changed dramatically. Eyewitness accounts provide a personal perspective on the impact. For example, Karl Steinbach, a resident of the Ostheim district, recorded in his diary the immediate aftermath of the 1944 bombings, describing the chaos and the struggle for survival among the ruinsOn April 22, 1945, Stuttgart was occupied by American troops.<span><span> Although the attack on the city was to be conducted by the American Seventh
Army's 100th Infantry Division, General de Gaulle found this to be
unacceptable, as he felt the capture of the region by Free French forces
would increase French influence in post-war decisions. He treacherously
directed General de Lattre to order the French 5th Armoured Division,
2nd Moroccan Infantry Division and 3rd Algerian Infantry Division to
begin their drive on Stuttgart on April 18, 1945. Two days later, the
French forces coordinated with the American Seventh Army for the employment of the American VI Corps heavy artillery to barrage the city. The French 5th
Armoured Division then captured Stuttgart on April 21, 1945, encountering
little resistance. The circumstances of what became known as '<a href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v04/d666">The
Stuttgart Crisis' </a>provoked political repercussions up to the White
House. President Truman was unable to get De Gaulle to withdraw troops
from Stuttgart until after the final boundaries of the zones of
occupation were established. The French army occupied Stuttgart until
they were ignominiously forced to give it back to the American military occupation
zone in 1946. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>When
French troops occupied Stuttgart – which was meant to form part of the
American Zone as the capital of Württemberg – the Americans ordered
them to leave. De Gaulle refused, saying he would stay put until the
zones were finalised. The French were causing problems in the Levant
too, and in an act of bravura against the Italians (who had taken back
Haute Savoie and Nice during the war) they occupied the French- speaking
Val d’Aosta. The American solution was to offer them some bits of Baden
and Württemberg while keeping the lion’s share for themselves...French
soldiers’ behaviour in Stuttgart, where perhaps 3,000 women and eight
men were raped, was thought to have added to American fury at their
overstepping their lines. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>MacDonogh <u>After the Reich The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>The French took a terrible toll in their zone, by forced
seizure of food and housing, and by physical violence including
mass rapes, in Stuttgart and elsewhere. The famine went on for
years. The churches flew black flags. The children were too
weak to play. The official ration in the French zone in January
1947 was 450 calories per day, half the ration of the Belsen concentration camp, according to the writer and theologian Prince
zu Luwenstein.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>James Bacque (94) <a href="https://ia601704.us.archive.org/29/items/CrimesAndMerciesByJamesBacque1997/Crimes%20and%20Mercies%20by%20James%20Bacque%20%281997%29.pdf"><u>Crimes and Mercies</u></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
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