Paper II--2002
Topic I: Causes, Practices and Effects of War
- To what extent has any twentieth century war changed the role of women?
- How far do you agree with the view of some recent historians that Chamberlain’s appeasement of Hitler at Munich was NOT a mistake?
- “The First and Second World Wars were European civil wars that required outside intervention to settle.” How far do you agree with this quotation?
- In what ways did Truman’s policy of “limited warfare” in Korea set the pattern of military conflict up to 1990?
Topic 3: The Rise and the rule of Single Party States
- Analyse the conditions which led to the establishment of two single party states each chosen from a different region.
- How and why have religious groups a) opposed, and b) supported single party regimes?
- Assess the success and failure of two rulers of single party regimes, each chosen from a different region, in solving the social and economic problems of their countries.
- To what extent was the success of Stalin in retaining power in the USSR between 1929 and 1953 due to the appeal of Communism?
- Examine the impact outside their own countries of two of the following: Fidel Castro, Gamel Abdel Nasser, Julius Nyerere, Mao Zedong.
Topic 5: The Cold War
- “A different kind of Cold War.” To what extent is this a valid statement about the Cold War after 1953?
- Explain how East/West relations a) affected and b) how the were affected by one of the following areas: the Middle East, Latin America, Asia, Africa.
- Using specific examples, evaluate the successes and/or failures of “Détente”.
1999 Paper II
Topic 1: Causes, practices and effects of war
- To what extent can it be said that the First World War was caused by the alliance system?
- Evaluate the role of ideological differences in two civil wars each chosen from a different region.
- In what ways and for what reasons have tactics changed in twentieth century warfare?
- How valid is the claim that treaties are not necessary to end wars? Support your answer with evidence from at least two regions.
Topic 3: The Rise and the rule of single party states
- “Single party states use education as propaganda to obtain support rather than to instil (increase) knowledge.” How far do you agree with this judgement?
- In what ways and for what reasons did China develop its own brand of Marxism/Communism under Mao Zedong?
- To what extent was Spain under Franco (1939 to 1975) a Fascist state?
- How far is it true to say that a successful foreign policy is the most important factor for a single party ruler to remain in power? Examples should be given from two countries each chosen from a different region.
- “In the twentieth century right-wing single party states have often been the result of a conservative reaction to change whilst the left-wing single party states have achieved power as the outcome of a revolutionary process against tradition.” Using examples from at least two regions explain how far you agree with this quotation.
Topic 5: The Cold War
- “Ideological differences played only a minor role in the origin and development of the Cold War.” How far do you agree with this statement?
- In what ways and for what reasons did the Cold War affect the Middle East?
- Analyze the importance of spheres of interest for one of the superpowers in the Cold War.
- Assess the importance in the development of the Cold War of two of the following: the Yalta Conference; Berlin; the arms race; non-alignment; South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
- Examine the impact of the Cold War on the social life and culture of two countries each chosen from a different region.
1998 Test—Paper II
Topic 1: Causes, practices and effects of war
- To what extent should Germany be held responsible for causing both the First and Second World Wars?
- Why was there so much civil strife and civil war in China during the first half of the twentieth century?
- Compare and contrast the outcome and effects of two revolutionary wars, each chosen from a different region.
- Explain the impact of war on two of the following: women, the arts, the media.
Topic 3: The Rise and rule of single party states
- To what extent is it true to say that a successful economic policy is the most important factor for a single party ruler to remain in power? Examples should be given from two countries each chosen from a different region.
- Compare and contrast the foreign policies of two rulers of single party states, each chosen from a different region.
- To what extent was Hitler a) responsible for, and b) driven by ideological beliefs of Nazism?
- How far would you agree that single party states have been more interested in controlling the minds of young people than in providing genuine education?
Topic 5: The Cold War
- Examine the conflicting aims and policies of rival powers which caused the Cold War.
- Assess the importance of two of the following in influencing the development of the Cold War: Marshall Aid, Warsaw Pact, arms control, détente.
- Examine the impact of the Cold War on two countries (excluding the superpowers), each chosen from a different region.
- “The build up of missiles in Cuba in 1962 was a deliberate, provocative and unjustified action.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
- What were the main social and cultural consequences of the Cold War?
2000 Test: Paper II
Topic 1: Causes, practices and effects of war
- Assess the importance of nationalism and selfish ambition as causes of twentieth century wars. Reference must be made to at least two wars.
- Examine critically two treaties and evaluate their success in resolving the armed conflicts which necessitated the treaties.
- Compare and contrast the effects for the country concerned of two of the following: the Chinese Civil War, the Nigerian Civil War, the Spanish Civil War.
- Assess the significance of either the Mexican Revolution (1910-1940) or the Vietnam War (1964-1975).
Topic 3: The rise and rule of single party states
- In what ways and for what reasons did rulers of single party states play an important role in world affairs between 1917 and 1945?
- Identify the main principles of Communism and assess how far these principles were put into practice by one Communist rule between 1900 and 1990.
- Assess the contributions of organizational and leadership qualities in maintaining power two single party rulers, each chosen from a different region.
- Analyze the role and status of women in two of the following: Maoist China, Nazi Germany, Peronist Argentina.
Topic 5: The Cold War
- “Ideological differences played little part in the origin of the Cold War.” How far do you agree with this judgment?
- To what extent was Germany the cause of East/West disagreements between 1943 and 1963?
- Define “superpower rivalry” and assess its importance in international politics since 1945.
- Analyze the role of either Cuba or Vietnam in the development of the Cold War.
- Compare and contrast the economic and social impact of the Cold War on two countries, each chosen from a different region.
2001 Test: Paper II
Topic 1: Causes, Practices and Effects of War
- Analyze the reasons for the outbreak of war either in Algeria in 1954, or in Korea in 1950.
- In what ways and for what reasons did foreign intervention play an important role in two civil war, each chosen from a different region?
- Evaluate the successes and failures of one twentieth century treaty in addressing the causes of conflict, and restoring peace and normality.
Topic 3: The rise and rule of single party states
- “Promises of improved social and economic conditions win more support for would-be single party rulers than ideological pronouncements.” How far do you agree with this claim?
- Compare and contrast the organization of one Communist state with one Fascist state.
- Analyze the methods by which either Castro or Stalin maintained his position as ruler of a single party state.
- Evaluate the attempts of two rulers of single party states, each chosen from a different region, to control and use the media.
Topic 5: The Cold War
- “The Cold War was caused by fear, not aggression.” To what extent does this view explain how the Cold War developed between 1945 and 1949?
- Examine the impact of the Cold War on educational developments in two countries, each chosen from a different region.
- Compare and contrast the aims and policies of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact up to 1970.
- For what reasons, and with what results, up to 1963, did the United States adopt the policy known as “containment”?
2003 Test: Paper II
Topic 1: Causes, practices and effects of war
- What were the most frequent causes of twentieth century wars? Specific evidence from at least three wars should be used.
- In what ways, and to what extent, was the Second World War “total war”?
- How and why did technological developments play an important part in twentieth century wars?
- Analyze the causes and the results of one of the following: Chinese Civil War (1945-1949); Mexican Revolution (1910-1940); Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).
Topic 3: The rise and rule of single party states
- “In order to achieve and retain power a leader of a single-party state needed to be ruthless, blind to human suffering, and yet charismatic.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
- Account for the rise to power of one of the following: Castro; Mussolini; Nasser.
- Compare and contrast the economic and social policies of Mao and Stalin.
- In what ways, and for what reasons, did the aims and policies of two or more right wing rulers of single party states differ?
- Examine the role of education and/or the arts in two single party states, each chosen from a different region.
Topic 5: The Cold War
- How, and to what extent, did the conferences at Yalta and Potsdam (1945) contributed to the origin of the Cold War?
- “Although it began in Europe the spread of the Cold War to other regions was a much more dangerous development.” To what extent do you agree with this judgment?
- How and why did the policies of either the USA or the USSR affect superpower rivalry between 1950 and 1970?
- In what ways were gender and social issues affected by the Cold War?
- Assess the importance of détente and internal opposition to Communist rule in Communist countries, in ending the Cold War.
2004 Test: Paper II
Topic 1: Causes, practices and effects of war
- In what ways did the causes of the Second World War differ from the causes of the First World War?
- Evaluate the importance of naval warfare in twentieth century wars. Specific examples must be given from at least two wars.
- Why were there so many Arab-Israeli wars between 1948 and 1978?
- Analyze the results of two wars, each chosen from a different region.
- Assess the social and economic effects of one war on two of the countries involved, in the ten years following the end of the war.
Topic 3: The rise and rule of single party states
- Analyze the methods used by one single party state ruler in his successful bid for power.
- Evaluate the importance of ideology in the policies of two of the following rulers of single party states: Castro; Hitler; Lenin; Nyerere.
- Compare and contrast the foreign policies of two rulers of single party states, each chosen from a different region.
- In what ways, and to what extent, did either Nasser or Peron improve social and economic conditions?
- Examine the global impact of one ruler of a single party state.
Topic 5: The Cold War
- To what extent did events in the final year of the Second World War turn wartime allies into Cold War enemies?
- Compare and contrast the policies of the USA and the USSR towards Korea between 1945 and 1955.
- Assess the impact of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan on the development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1961.
- In what ways, and to what extent, did the Cold War become less confrontational after 1970?
- Assess the importance of social and economic issues in causing opposition to communist regimes.
May 2006 PAPER 2
Topic 1 Causes, practices and effects of war
1. Compare and contrast the results of the First World War and the Second World War.
2. To what extent did technological developments ensure victory in twentieth century wars?
2. To what extent did technological developments ensure victory in twentieth century wars?
3. “No twentieth century war could be called a limited war.” To what extent do you agree with this
assertion?
assertion?
4. Analyse the causes of either the Spanish Civil War or the Korean War.
5. Assess the social results of two wars, each chosen from a different region.
Topic 2 Nationalist and independence movements, decolonisation and challenges facing new states
6. Analyse the factors favouring the growth of independence movements in one non-European colonial state.
7. For what reasons, and with what results, was either Ghana or India successful in obtaining independence?
8. Assess the economic problems facing one new non-European state in the ten years after independence.
9. Compare and contrast tribal influence in two African states after they had achieved independence. 10. Analyse the form of government after independence in either Algeria or Indonesia.
6. Analyse the factors favouring the growth of independence movements in one non-European colonial state.
7. For what reasons, and with what results, was either Ghana or India successful in obtaining independence?
8. Assess the economic problems facing one new non-European state in the ten years after independence.
9. Compare and contrast tribal influence in two African states after they had achieved independence. 10. Analyse the form of government after independence in either Algeria or Indonesia.
Topic 3 The rise and rule of single-party states
11. To what extent was the rise to power of either Hitler or Mao due to personal appeal and ability?
12. Compare and contrast the domestic policies of two rulers of single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
13. Assess the methods used by either Nasser or Perón to remain in power.
12. Compare and contrast the domestic policies of two rulers of single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
13. Assess the methods used by either Nasser or Perón to remain in power.
14. In what ways, and with what results, was propaganda used by one ruler of a single-party state?
15. Assess the importance of ideology for rulers of twentieth century single-party states.
Topic 4 Peace and cooperation: international organisations and multiparty states
16. “Peace and cooperation was an ideal that proved impossible to achieve through international
organisations in the twentieth century.” To what extent do you agree with this judgement?
17. Compare and contrast the peace keeping aims and methods of the League of Nations and the United Nations.
18. Evaluate the success of one multiparty state in improving the status of women.
organisations in the twentieth century.” To what extent do you agree with this judgement?
17. Compare and contrast the peace keeping aims and methods of the League of Nations and the United Nations.
18. Evaluate the success of one multiparty state in improving the status of women.
19. Analyse the foreign policy of two multiparty states, each chosen from a different region.
20. Assess the successes and failures of governments in either Japan (1945-52) or the USA (1933-45).
Topic 5 The Cold War
Topic 5 The Cold War
21. “An unnatural alliance that was bound to fall apart after the defeat of the common enemy.” To what extent does this statement explain the origin of the Cold War?
22. In what ways, and with what results, did the United States’ Cold War policy of containment affect Cuba after 1959?
23. Compare and contrast the roles of China and Germany in the Cold War.
22. In what ways, and with what results, did the United States’ Cold War policy of containment affect Cuba after 1959?
23. Compare and contrast the roles of China and Germany in the Cold War.
24. Analyse the importance of détente in ending the Cold War.
25. Examine the part played by economic issues in the development of the Cold War.
Topic 6 The state and its relationship with religion and with minorities
26. Assess the impact on politics of relations between church and state in two countries, each chosen
from a different region.
27. Compare and contrast the efforts of two ethnic/racial minorities, each chosen from a different region, to obtain equality and self determination.
28. Assess the effects of the persecution of religious minorities during the twentieth century.
from a different region.
27. Compare and contrast the efforts of two ethnic/racial minorities, each chosen from a different region, to obtain equality and self determination.
28. Assess the effects of the persecution of religious minorities during the twentieth century.
29. For what reasons, and in what ways, did integration affect the role and status of women belonging to ethnic/racial minorities?
30. “The treatment of minorities improved in the second half of the twentieth century.” To what extent do you agree with this judgement?
30. “The treatment of minorities improved in the second half of the twentieth century.” To what extent do you agree with this judgement?
May 2008: Paper II TZ1
Topic 1 Causes, practices and effects of war
1. Compare and contrast the causes of the First World War and the Second World War.
2. To what extent did changes in military tactics and strategies determine the outcome of twentieth century wars?
3. “Even in the twentieth century the term ‘total war’ could not be applied to any war.” To what extent do you agree with this judgement?
4. Analyse the results of either the Mexican Revolution or the Russian Civil War.
2. To what extent did changes in military tactics and strategies determine the outcome of twentieth century wars?
3. “Even in the twentieth century the term ‘total war’ could not be applied to any war.” To what extent do you agree with this judgement?
4. Analyse the results of either the Mexican Revolution or the Russian Civil War.
5. In what ways and with what results did two wars, each chosen from a different region, affect the role and status of women?
Topic 3 The rise and rule of single-party states
11. Compare and contrast the rise to power of two rulers of single-party states, each chosen from a
different region.
12. To what extent was either Mussolini, between 1922 and 1945, or Nasser, between 1954 and 1970, successful in achieving his aims?
13. In what ways did one ruler of a single-party state try to use education to support his regime?
different region.
12. To what extent was either Mussolini, between 1922 and 1945, or Nasser, between 1954 and 1970, successful in achieving his aims?
13. In what ways did one ruler of a single-party state try to use education to support his regime?
15. Assess the importance of foreign policy for rulers of single-party states.
Topic 4 Peace and cooperation: international organizations and multiparty states
17. Compare and contrast the foundation and structure of the League of Nations and the United Nations.
18. “A twentieth century multiparty state was government by the people for the people.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
19. Analyse the social and economic policies of two multiparty states, each chosen from a different region.
20. Assess the successes and failures of either F D Roosevelt’s government of the USA (1933–45) or South Africa’s transition from apartheid to a non-racial democracy under Nelson Mandela (1985–95).
18. “A twentieth century multiparty state was government by the people for the people.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
19. Analyse the social and economic policies of two multiparty states, each chosen from a different region.
20. Assess the successes and failures of either F D Roosevelt’s government of the USA (1933–45) or South Africa’s transition from apartheid to a non-racial democracy under Nelson Mandela (1985–95).
Topic 5 The Cold War
21. Analyse the origin of East-West rivalry and explain why it developed into the Cold War.
22. For what reasons, and with what results, did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan affect Cold War development?
23. Compare and contrast the roles of Korea and Vietnam in the Cold War.
22. For what reasons, and with what results, did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan affect Cold War development?
23. Compare and contrast the roles of Korea and Vietnam in the Cold War.
24. Explain the meaning of two of the following and show how each affected the development of the
Cold War: containment; brinkmanship; non-alignment; détente.
Cold War: containment; brinkmanship; non-alignment; détente.
25. When and why did the Cold War end?
May 2008: Paper II TZ2
Topic 1 Causes, practices and effects of war
1. Compare and contrast the causes of the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
2. Examine the role of warfare either at sea or in the air in two wars each chosen from a different region.
3. Why, and with what results, was the First World War not confined to Europe?
4. Analyse the results of one twentieth century treaty or peace settlement.
5. For what reasons, and in what ways, did one twentieth century war affect the social and economic conditions of two countries fighting in it?
2. Examine the role of warfare either at sea or in the air in two wars each chosen from a different region.
3. Why, and with what results, was the First World War not confined to Europe?
4. Analyse the results of one twentieth century treaty or peace settlement.
5. For what reasons, and in what ways, did one twentieth century war affect the social and economic conditions of two countries fighting in it?
Topic 3 The rise and rule of single-party states
11. Analyse the rise to power of either Hitler or Lenin.
12. Compare and contrast the regime of one right wing and one left wing single-party state.
12. Compare and contrast the regime of one right wing and one left wing single-party state.
13. With reference to at least two rulers, assess the importance of social and economic policies for rulers of single-party states.
14. In what ways, and with what results, did either Castro or Mussolini use foreign policy to support his regime?
15. To what extent was the ruler of one single-party state successful in achieving his aims?
14. In what ways, and with what results, did either Castro or Mussolini use foreign policy to support his regime?
15. To what extent was the ruler of one single-party state successful in achieving his aims?
Topic 4 Peace and cooperation: international organizations and multiparty states
16. How successful were international organizations in achieving peace in the second half of the twentieth century?
17. Compare and contrast the social and economic policies of the League of Nations and the United Nations.
18. “Democratic government can only be achieved in a multiparty state.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
19. Discuss the domestic and foreign policies of the government of either the USA (1933 to 1945), or Spain (1975 to 1990).
20. Assess the successes and failures of the foreign policies of two multiparty states each chosen from a different region.
16. How successful were international organizations in achieving peace in the second half of the twentieth century?
17. Compare and contrast the social and economic policies of the League of Nations and the United Nations.
18. “Democratic government can only be achieved in a multiparty state.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
19. Discuss the domestic and foreign policies of the government of either the USA (1933 to 1945), or Spain (1975 to 1990).
20. Assess the successes and failures of the foreign policies of two multiparty states each chosen from a different region.
May 2009: Paper II
Topic 1 Causes, practices and effects of war
1. Compare and contrast the causes of two twentieth century civil wars.
2. Define guerilla warfare, and discuss its significance in two wars, each chosen from a different region.
3. Analyse (a) the short-term results, and (b) the long-term results up to 1935, of the First World War.
4. In what ways, and with what results, did either the Korean War or the Vietnam War bring about social and cultural changes in the countries involved?
5. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the nature of war in the air change between 1939 and 1990?
2. Define guerilla warfare, and discuss its significance in two wars, each chosen from a different region.
3. Analyse (a) the short-term results, and (b) the long-term results up to 1935, of the First World War.
4. In what ways, and with what results, did either the Korean War or the Vietnam War bring about social and cultural changes in the countries involved?
5. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the nature of war in the air change between 1939 and 1990?
Topic 3 The rise and rule of single-party states
11. Analyse the methods used by either Castro or Peron to obtain power.
12. “The aims and policies of single-party state rulers rarely followed their declared ideology.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
13. Evaluate the domestic policies of either Hitler or Nasser.
12. “The aims and policies of single-party state rulers rarely followed their declared ideology.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
13. Evaluate the domestic policies of either Hitler or Nasser.
14. For what reasons, and with what success, did rulers of single-party states use foreign policy to maintain their power? At least two rulers should be considered.
15. In what ways did two rulers of single-party states, each chosen from a different region, (a) use, and (b) misuse, the arts and education?
Topic 4 Peace and cooperation: international organizations and multiparty states
16. (a) Explain the aims of one international organization.
(b) To what extent were these aims implemented [carried out] in the ten years after the organization’s foundation?
17. Analyse the successes and failures of the United Nation’s peacekeeping activities up to 1973. 18. “In spite of occasional failures, the democratic multiparty state was the most successful form of
government in the twentieth century.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
19. Compare and contrast the role and status of women in two multiparty states in the second half of the twentieth century.
20. Account for the foundation of a multiparty state in either Spain in 1975, or South Africa in 1994, and evaluate the success of your chosen state.
(b) To what extent were these aims implemented [carried out] in the ten years after the organization’s foundation?
17. Analyse the successes and failures of the United Nation’s peacekeeping activities up to 1973. 18. “In spite of occasional failures, the democratic multiparty state was the most successful form of
government in the twentieth century.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
19. Compare and contrast the role and status of women in two multiparty states in the second half of the twentieth century.
20. Account for the foundation of a multiparty state in either Spain in 1975, or South Africa in 1994, and evaluate the success of your chosen state.
Topic 5 The Cold War
21. For what reasons, and with what results, were there disagreements between participants at the
conferences of Yalta and Potsdam in 1945?
22. Define and analyse the importance of two of the following:
conferences of Yalta and Potsdam in 1945?
22. Define and analyse the importance of two of the following:
(a) the formation of NATO
(b) the Warsaw Pact
(c) non-alignment
(d) détente.
23. Examine the role and importance of fear and suspicion in the development of the Cold War between 1953 and 1975.
24. In what ways were social and gender issues affected by the Cold War in two countries, each chosen from a different region?
25. Why did the Cold War spread from Europe to other parts of the world after 1950?
23. Examine the role and importance of fear and suspicion in the development of the Cold War between 1953 and 1975.
24. In what ways were social and gender issues affected by the Cold War in two countries, each chosen from a different region?
25. Why did the Cold War spread from Europe to other parts of the world after 1950?
May 2009 TZ2/XX
Topic 1 Causes, practices and effects of war
Topic 1 Causes, practices and effects of war
1. Analyse (a) the long-term causes and (b) the short-term causes, of the Second World War.
2. Define limited war and explain to what extent one twentieth century war was a limited war.
2. Define limited war and explain to what extent one twentieth century war was a limited war.
3. Compare and contrast the social and economic issues caused by two wars, each chosen from a
different region.
different region.
4. To what extent did foreign involvement affect the outcome of either the Spanish Civil War,
or the Vietnam War?
or the Vietnam War?
5. For what reasons, and with what results, did the nature of war at sea change between 1939
and 1990?
and 1990?
Topic 3 The rise and rule of single-party states
11. “Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
12. Evaluate the methods used by either Lenin between 1918 and 1924 or Mussolini between 1922 and 1939 to consolidate his rule.
13. To what extent was foreign policy (a) the key to success, or (b) the reason for failure, for the rulers of two single-party states, each chosen from a different region?
14. Analyse the successes and failures in solving the problems faced by either Castro or Nasser. 15. For what reasons, and with what results, did rulers of single-party states both support and censor the arts?
13. To what extent was foreign policy (a) the key to success, or (b) the reason for failure, for the rulers of two single-party states, each chosen from a different region?
14. Analyse the successes and failures in solving the problems faced by either Castro or Nasser. 15. For what reasons, and with what results, did rulers of single-party states both support and censor the arts?
Topic 4 Peace and cooperation: international organizations and multiparty states
16. Analyse the successes and failures of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1930.
17. (a) Explain why one international organization was founded. (b) To what extent was its structure and organization appropriate for implementing [carrying out] its aims?
18. Compare and contrast the social and economic policies of two multiparty states in the second half of the twentieth century.
19. To what extent did either Argentina between 1983 and 1995, or Japan between 1945 and 1952, benefit from being a multiparty state?
20. “The concept of democracy was the ideal basis for a twentieth century multiparty state.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
17. (a) Explain why one international organization was founded. (b) To what extent was its structure and organization appropriate for implementing [carrying out] its aims?
18. Compare and contrast the social and economic policies of two multiparty states in the second half of the twentieth century.
19. To what extent did either Argentina between 1983 and 1995, or Japan between 1945 and 1952, benefit from being a multiparty state?
20. “The concept of democracy was the ideal basis for a twentieth century multiparty state.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Topic 5 The Cold War
21. What were the reasons for, and results of, the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan?
22. Define, and analyse the importance of, two of the following: (a) containment (b) COMECON
(c) détente (d) east European satellite states.
23. Assess the social and economic impact of the Cold War on two countries, each chosen from a different region.
24. Analyse the role of mutual distrust in the development of the Cold War between 1953 and 1975.
22. Define, and analyse the importance of, two of the following: (a) containment (b) COMECON
(c) détente (d) east European satellite states.
23. Assess the social and economic impact of the Cold War on two countries, each chosen from a different region.
24. Analyse the role of mutual distrust in the development of the Cold War between 1953 and 1975.
25. Why did the Cold War begin and end in Europe?
HISTORY ROUTE 2 PAPER 2
Topic 1 Causes, practices and effects of wars
1. Discuss the part played in the outbreak of the First World War by two states (excluding Germany).
2. Analyse the reasons for, and the results of, either the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) or the Chinese Civil War (1946–1949).
3. Assess the significance of naval warfare in determining the outcome of one twentieth century war.
2. Analyse the reasons for, and the results of, either the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) or the Chinese Civil War (1946–1949).
3. Assess the significance of naval warfare in determining the outcome of one twentieth century war.
4. “Many twentieth century wars had the characteristics of both a limited and a total war.” With reference to two wars explain to what extent you agree with this statement.
5. For what reasons, and with what results, did Iran and Iraq fight a war from 1980 to 1988?
6. For what reasons, and with what results, did twentieth century wars influence the status of women?
Topic 2 Democratic states – challenges and responses
7. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for democratic states of (a) a written constitution, and
(b) an unwritten constitution.
8. In 1963 John Kennedy said: “We are concerned with a moral issue, whether all Americans are to be given equal rights and equal opportunities”. To what extent did John Kennedy solve this moral issue?
9. Compare and contrast the social and economic policies of two of the following: Nehru; Trudeau; Johnson.
10. In what ways, and to what extent, was Argentina a democratic state between 1983 and 1995?
(b) an unwritten constitution.
8. In 1963 John Kennedy said: “We are concerned with a moral issue, whether all Americans are to be given equal rights and equal opportunities”. To what extent did John Kennedy solve this moral issue?
9. Compare and contrast the social and economic policies of two of the following: Nehru; Trudeau; Johnson.
10. In what ways, and to what extent, was Argentina a democratic state between 1983 and 1995?
11. Analyse two of the following in one democratic state in the second half of the twentieth century:
civil rights; gender issues; political extremism.
12. What were the main features of the Weimar constitution, and to what extent was it democratic?
civil rights; gender issues; political extremism.
12. What were the main features of the Weimar constitution, and to what extent was it democratic?
Topic 3 Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party states
13. Analyse the conditions that enabled one left-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state.
14. Discuss (a) the ideology of, and (b) the support for, one right-wing ruler of a single-party state.
14. Discuss (a) the ideology of, and (b) the support for, one right-wing ruler of a single-party state.
15. Compare and contrast the domestic policies of two of the following: Castro; Kenyatta; Stalin.
16. Evaluate the methods used by either Perón or Nasser to maintain power.
17. Examine the role of education in one single-party or authoritarian state.
18. In what ways, and to what extent, was propaganda important in the rise and rule of Hitler?
18. In what ways, and to what extent, was propaganda important in the rise and rule of Hitler?
Topic 4 Nationalist and independence movements in Africa and Asia and post-1945 Central and
Eastern European states
Eastern European states
19. In what ways, and to what extent, did anti-colonialism cause opposition to British rule in one
colonial state?
colonial state?
20. Assess the successes and failures of using violent methods to obtain independence against either
colonial regimes or the Soviet Union. 21. Compare and contrast independence movements in two of the following countries: Algeria; Rhodesia/Zimbabwe; Indochina.
22. Analyse the career and achievements of either Gandhi or Nkrumah.
23. “Economic and social issues were responsible for the rise and development of independence movements in post-1945 Central and Eastern European states.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
24. Account for the success of Havel in Czechoslovakia.
colonial regimes or the Soviet Union. 21. Compare and contrast independence movements in two of the following countries: Algeria; Rhodesia/Zimbabwe; Indochina.
22. Analyse the career and achievements of either Gandhi or Nkrumah.
23. “Economic and social issues were responsible for the rise and development of independence movements in post-1945 Central and Eastern European states.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
24. Account for the success of Havel in Czechoslovakia.
Topic 5 The Cold War
25. Evaluate the role of the policies of the United States in the origins of the Cold War between 1945
and 1949.
26. Compare and contrast the role of two leaders, each chosen from a different region, in the development of the Cold War between 1953 and 1964.
27. Why did détente develop between 1969 and 1979?
28. Analyse the impact of Afghanistan (1979–1988) on the development of the Cold War.
29. “The Cold War came to an end primarily because of Gorbachev’s changes in Soviet policies.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
30. Evaluate the impact of the Cold War on the culture of two countries, each chosen from a different region.
and 1949.
26. Compare and contrast the role of two leaders, each chosen from a different region, in the development of the Cold War between 1953 and 1964.
27. Why did détente develop between 1969 and 1979?
28. Analyse the impact of Afghanistan (1979–1988) on the development of the Cold War.
29. “The Cold War came to an end primarily because of Gorbachev’s changes in Soviet policies.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
30. Evaluate the impact of the Cold War on the culture of two countries, each chosen from a different region.
HISTORY ROUTE 2 PAPER 2 ZONE 2
Topic 1 Causes, practices and effects of wars
1. Analyse the principal causes of either the Algerian War (1954–1962) or the Spanish Civil War
(1936–1939).
2. Assess the importance of air power in determining the outcome of one twentieth century war.
3. “Guerilla warfare was an important factor in achieving success in twentieth century wars.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
4. Examine the reasons for, and the results of, the Indo-Pakistan wars (1947–1971).
(1936–1939).
2. Assess the importance of air power in determining the outcome of one twentieth century war.
3. “Guerilla warfare was an important factor in achieving success in twentieth century wars.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
4. Examine the reasons for, and the results of, the Indo-Pakistan wars (1947–1971).
5. Analyse the reasons for the defeat of Germany in either the First World War or the Second
World War.
6. In what ways, and with what results, did twentieth century wars increase the role and status of women?
World War.
6. In what ways, and with what results, did twentieth century wars increase the role and status of women?
Topic 2 Democratic states – challenges and responses
7. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for democratic states of (a) coalition governments, and
(b) proportional representation.
8. In 1963 de Gaulle said: “For all of us Frenchmen, the guiding rule of our time is to be faithful to France”. To what extent did his policies follow this rule?
9. Compare and contrast the policies of two of the following: Kennedy; Nehru; Mandela.
(b) proportional representation.
8. In 1963 de Gaulle said: “For all of us Frenchmen, the guiding rule of our time is to be faithful to France”. To what extent did his policies follow this rule?
9. Compare and contrast the policies of two of the following: Kennedy; Nehru; Mandela.
10. Why was the Weimar state set up as a democratic state in Germany, and why did it fail to fulfil its
promise and purpose?
11. Analyse the successes and failures of one democratic state in the second half of the twentieth century.
12. In what ways, and to what extent, were social issues such as health care, education and religion important for democratic governments?
Topic 3 Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party states
promise and purpose?
11. Analyse the successes and failures of one democratic state in the second half of the twentieth century.
12. In what ways, and to what extent, were social issues such as health care, education and religion important for democratic governments?
Topic 3 Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party states
13. Analyse the circumstances that helped one right-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state.
14. Discuss (a) the support for, and (b) the ideology of, one left-wing ruler of a single-party state.
14. Discuss (a) the support for, and (b) the ideology of, one left-wing ruler of a single-party state.
15. Examine the role of the media in one single-party or authoritarian state.
16. Compare and contrast the domestic policies of two of the following: Nyerere; Perón; Stalin.
17. In 1924 Hitler wrote: “The masses of the population are more affected by rhetoric than by any other force. All great movements are popular movements”. To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
18. Examine the methods used by either Nasser or Castro to maintain power.
17. In 1924 Hitler wrote: “The masses of the population are more affected by rhetoric than by any other force. All great movements are popular movements”. To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
18. Examine the methods used by either Nasser or Castro to maintain power.
Topic 4 Nationalist and independence movements in Africa and Asia and post-1945 Central and
Eastern European states
Eastern European states
19. What were the main areas of criticism of colonial rule in either French or Portuguese colonies?
20. “Non-violent movements to achieve independence rarely succeeded.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
21. Analyse the successes and failures of either Jinnah or Walesa.
20. “Non-violent movements to achieve independence rarely succeeded.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
21. Analyse the successes and failures of either Jinnah or Walesa.
22. To what extent did social and economic issues play an important part in one independence movement
in either one colonial state or one Soviet satellite state?
in either one colonial state or one Soviet satellite state?
23. Compare and contrast the independence movements in two of the following: Algeria; Ghana; India/Pakistan.
24. For what reasons, and with what results, was either Czechoslovakia or Hungary able to achieve independence?
24. For what reasons, and with what results, was either Czechoslovakia or Hungary able to achieve independence?
Topic 5 The Cold War
25. To what extent were the policies of the United States responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949?
26. Compare and contrast the significance of leaders in two Cold War conflicts, each chosen from a different region, between 1950 and 1963.
27. Analyse the impact of the Cold War on the Middle East between 1956 and 1973.
28. Assess the achievements and limitations of détente between 1969 and 1979.
29. “The Cold War came to an end due to the hard-line approach of Ronald Reagan’s policies in the early 1980s.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
30. Discuss the economic impact of the Cold War in two countries, each chosen from a different region.
26. Compare and contrast the significance of leaders in two Cold War conflicts, each chosen from a different region, between 1950 and 1963.
27. Analyse the impact of the Cold War on the Middle East between 1956 and 1973.
28. Assess the achievements and limitations of détente between 1969 and 1979.
29. “The Cold War came to an end due to the hard-line approach of Ronald Reagan’s policies in the early 1980s.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
30. Discuss the economic impact of the Cold War in two countries, each chosen from a different region.
HISTORY ROUTE 2 HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 3 – ASPECTS OF THE HISTORY OF EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST
1. To what extent was Louis XVI responsible for the outbreak of revolution in France in 1789?
2. “Napoleon will trample underfoot [destroy] the rights of man, put himself above them and become a tyrant.” To what extent was this prediction correct?
3. Analyse the political factors involved in the unification of Italy up to 1861. 4. Discuss the relative importance of the decline of Austria and the policies of Bismarck as causes of
German unification.
5. Why was the Ottoman Empire regarded as an empire in decline in the nineteenth century?
6. Analyse the causes and results of civil war in Lebanon in 1860.
7. Examine the nature and development of political parties in Britain between 1867 and 1914.
8. Why did the Second French Empire, ruled by Napoleon III, collapse in 1870?
9. “His measures of reform did not disguise his belief in the need to maintain autocratic rule.” To what extent do you agree with this view of Alexander II?
10. Compare and contrast the causes and nature of the two 1917 Russian Revolutions.
1. To what extent was Louis XVI responsible for the outbreak of revolution in France in 1789?
2. “Napoleon will trample underfoot [destroy] the rights of man, put himself above them and become a tyrant.” To what extent was this prediction correct?
3. Analyse the political factors involved in the unification of Italy up to 1861. 4. Discuss the relative importance of the decline of Austria and the policies of Bismarck as causes of
German unification.
5. Why was the Ottoman Empire regarded as an empire in decline in the nineteenth century?
6. Analyse the causes and results of civil war in Lebanon in 1860.
7. Examine the nature and development of political parties in Britain between 1867 and 1914.
8. Why did the Second French Empire, ruled by Napoleon III, collapse in 1870?
9. “His measures of reform did not disguise his belief in the need to maintain autocratic rule.” To what extent do you agree with this view of Alexander II?
10. Compare and contrast the causes and nature of the two 1917 Russian Revolutions.
11. Evaluate continuity and change in German foreign policy between 1871 and 1914.
13. Assess the importance of the Palestine Mandate (1920–1948).
14. “The father and founder of modern Turkey.” To what extent does this statement explain the role and policies of Atatürk?
15. Compare and contrast the domestic policies of Hitler and Mussolini.
16. For what reasons, and to what extent, did attempts to achieve collective security between 1919 and 1939 fail?
17. A colleague said of Stalin: “His last years were the most dangerous. He swung to extremes”. To what extent do you agree with this view?
18. For what reasons, and with what results, was Khrushchev successful in the power struggle after Stalin’s death in 1953?
19. Evaluate the reasons for the formation of NATO and the impact of its policies up to 2000.
14. “The father and founder of modern Turkey.” To what extent does this statement explain the role and policies of Atatürk?
15. Compare and contrast the domestic policies of Hitler and Mussolini.
16. For what reasons, and to what extent, did attempts to achieve collective security between 1919 and 1939 fail?
17. A colleague said of Stalin: “His last years were the most dangerous. He swung to extremes”. To what extent do you agree with this view?
18. For what reasons, and with what results, was Khrushchev successful in the power struggle after Stalin’s death in 1953?
19. Evaluate the reasons for the formation of NATO and the impact of its policies up to 2000.
20. Analyse Franco’s regime and explain why Spain became a democratic nation after his death
in 1975.
21. Compare and contrast the economic policies of Nasser and Sadat in Egypt.
22. Account for the uneasy relations between Israel and the Arab world between 1950 and 1993.
23. In what ways, and with what results, was there an “industrial revolution” in one country of the region in the fifty years you have studied?
24. With reference to one country of the region, either in the nineteenth century or the twentieth century, analyse the importance of two of the following: health reforms; gender issues; immigration; emigration.
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in 1975.
21. Compare and contrast the economic policies of Nasser and Sadat in Egypt.
22. Account for the uneasy relations between Israel and the Arab world between 1950 and 1993.
23. In what ways, and with what results, was there an “industrial revolution” in one country of the region in the fifty years you have studied?
24. With reference to one country of the region, either in the nineteenth century or the twentieth century, analyse the importance of two of the following: health reforms; gender issues; immigration; emigration.
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HISTORY ROUTE 2 HIGHER LEVEL AND STANDARD LEVEL PAPER 2
Thursday 12 May 2011 (afternoon)
Topic 1 Causes, practices and effects of wars
Thursday 12 May 2011 (afternoon)
Topic 1 Causes, practices and effects of wars
1. Compare and contrast the causes and results of the Iran–Iraq war (1980–1988) and the Falklands/so-called by fascists Malvinas war (1982).
2. To what extent did nationalism contribute to the origins of both the First World War (1914–1918) and the Second World War (1939–1945)?
3. With reference to one specific example, assess (a) the reasons for the use of guerrilla warfare, and (b) its effectiveness.
4. Examine the reasons for the failure of collective security before the Second World War (1939–1945).
5. “Hostilities of sufficient magnitude to be called wars have ended without peace treaties.” With reference to the conclusion of two wars, analyse the validity of this statement.
2. To what extent did nationalism contribute to the origins of both the First World War (1914–1918) and the Second World War (1939–1945)?
3. With reference to one specific example, assess (a) the reasons for the use of guerrilla warfare, and (b) its effectiveness.
4. Examine the reasons for the failure of collective security before the Second World War (1939–1945).
5. “Hostilities of sufficient magnitude to be called wars have ended without peace treaties.” With reference to the conclusion of two wars, analyse the validity of this statement.
6. Why do economic problems occur in post-war periods?
Topic 2 Democratic states – challenges and responses
7. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of political parties in a democratic state.
8. Analyse the successes and failures in social and economic policies of either Eisenhower or Johnson as president of the United States.
9. Explain why economic problems may pose the greatest challenge to democratic states. 10. Analyse the extent to which Nehru was successful in overcoming the challenges he faced in governing
India from 1947 to 1964.
11. Why did the attempt to establish democracy in Nigeria (1961–1966) fail?
12. “A written constitution is an essential element in a democratic state.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Topic 3 Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party states
8. Analyse the successes and failures in social and economic policies of either Eisenhower or Johnson as president of the United States.
9. Explain why economic problems may pose the greatest challenge to democratic states. 10. Analyse the extent to which Nehru was successful in overcoming the challenges he faced in governing
India from 1947 to 1964.
11. Why did the attempt to establish democracy in Nigeria (1961–1966) fail?
12. “A written constitution is an essential element in a democratic state.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Topic 3 Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party states
13. Compare and contrast the methods used in the rise to power of two right-wing leaders of
single-party states.
14. Analyse the domestic policies by which either Mao or Nyerere attempted to solve the problems that they faced when they rose to power.
15. “Strong economic policies are the key reason for a single-party state leader maintaining power.” With reference to either Hitler or Castro, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
16. “Totalitarianism has had a significant impact on the lives of ordinary people.” With reference to one right-wing regime, evaluate the validity of this statement.
17. To what extent did the policies of two rulers of single-party states, each chosen from a different region, affect the arts?
18. Evaluate the effects of the policies of two rulers of single-party states, each chosen from a different region, on the role and status of women.
single-party states.
14. Analyse the domestic policies by which either Mao or Nyerere attempted to solve the problems that they faced when they rose to power.
15. “Strong economic policies are the key reason for a single-party state leader maintaining power.” With reference to either Hitler or Castro, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
16. “Totalitarianism has had a significant impact on the lives of ordinary people.” With reference to one right-wing regime, evaluate the validity of this statement.
17. To what extent did the policies of two rulers of single-party states, each chosen from a different region, affect the arts?
18. Evaluate the effects of the policies of two rulers of single-party states, each chosen from a different region, on the role and status of women.
Topic 4 Nationalist and independence movements in Africa and Asia and post-1945 Central and Eastern European states
19. Analyse the impact of the Second World War (1939–1945) on independence movements in Africa and Asia.
20. Discuss the effects of the dissolution of Yugoslavia on its successor states.
19. Analyse the impact of the Second World War (1939–1945) on independence movements in Africa and Asia.
20. Discuss the effects of the dissolution of Yugoslavia on its successor states.
21. Analyse the importance of either Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam) or Ben Bella (Algeria) in the struggle for independence in their respective countries.
22. Compare and contrast the challenges faced by two post-colonial governments in Asia and/or Africa.
23. Why was the independence process peaceful in Ghana but violent in Zimbabwe?
24. Assess the importance of the role of Walesa (Poland) or Havel (Czechoslovakia) in the movement to resist Soviet control.
Topic 5 The Cold War
22. Compare and contrast the challenges faced by two post-colonial governments in Asia and/or Africa.
23. Why was the independence process peaceful in Ghana but violent in Zimbabwe?
24. Assess the importance of the role of Walesa (Poland) or Havel (Czechoslovakia) in the movement to resist Soviet control.
Topic 5 The Cold War
25. For what reasons, and to what extent, did the Potsdam Conference of July 1945 contribute to the
development of the Cold War?
development of the Cold War?
26. Compare and contrast the reactions to peaceful coexistence during the 1950s and 1960s in any
two countries.
two countries.
27. “Brinkmanship was an effective deterrent to escalation.” With reference to two examples, assess the validity of this statement
29. How did events in Eastern Europe contribute to the end of the Cold War?
30. With reference to one country, assess the social impact of the Cold War.
HISTORY ROUTE 2 HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 3 – ASPECTS OF THE HISTORY OF EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST
Friday 13 May 2011
Friday 13 May 2011
1. Analyse the reasons for the violent nature of the French Revolution in the years 1789–1794.
2. “Napoleon’s ambitious imperial policy was the main reason for his ultimate failure.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
3. Why had Prussia emerged as the leading German state by 1862?
4. Compare and contrast the unification of Germany and Italy in the nineteenth century.
5. Assess the impact of the Tanzimat reforms on the Ottoman Empire.
6. “The Lebanese Civil War (1860) was caused by religious tensions rather than economic differences.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
7. Why had the republic, established in France in 1848, become an empire by 1852?
8. Analyse Disraeli’s imperial and foreign policies in the years 1874–1880.
9. To what extent were Stolypin’s political and economic policies successful in the years 1906–1911?
10. “There were two revolutions in Russia because of the weakness of the Provisional Government.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
11. Analyse the impact of the new German Empire on European affairs in the years 1871–1910.
12. Discuss the impact of the First World War on domestic affairs in any one country of the region.
13. “Allied diplomacy during the First World War in the Middle East was contradictory and caused instability in the region.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
14. In what ways was Ibn Saud able to extend his power and establish the kingdom of Saudi Arabia by 1932?
15. Analyse the consequences of the Great Depression on any one country in Europe.
16. Evaluate the success of Hitler’s domestic policies between 1933 and 1939.
17. To what extent was Stalin’s foreign policy dominated by the desire for security up until 1941?
18. Analyse the causes and consequences of the policies of glasnost and perestroika up until 2000.
19. Why was the Federal Republic of Germany able to experience an “economic miracle” in the post-Second World War years?
20. Assess the political stability of one Western European state (excluding Germany and Spain) in the years between 1945 and 2000.
21. How important were religious, political and external factors in causing the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975?
22. Compare and contrast the causes and consequences of two conflicts between Israel and her neighbours in the years 1948–1980.
23. “The microchip was the single most revolutionary invention of the late twentieth century.” With specific reference to one country in the region, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
24. Assess the impact of the welfare state on the lives of citizens of any one country in the region.
2. “Napoleon’s ambitious imperial policy was the main reason for his ultimate failure.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
3. Why had Prussia emerged as the leading German state by 1862?
4. Compare and contrast the unification of Germany and Italy in the nineteenth century.
5. Assess the impact of the Tanzimat reforms on the Ottoman Empire.
6. “The Lebanese Civil War (1860) was caused by religious tensions rather than economic differences.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
7. Why had the republic, established in France in 1848, become an empire by 1852?
8. Analyse Disraeli’s imperial and foreign policies in the years 1874–1880.
9. To what extent were Stolypin’s political and economic policies successful in the years 1906–1911?
10. “There were two revolutions in Russia because of the weakness of the Provisional Government.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
11. Analyse the impact of the new German Empire on European affairs in the years 1871–1910.
12. Discuss the impact of the First World War on domestic affairs in any one country of the region.
13. “Allied diplomacy during the First World War in the Middle East was contradictory and caused instability in the region.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
14. In what ways was Ibn Saud able to extend his power and establish the kingdom of Saudi Arabia by 1932?
15. Analyse the consequences of the Great Depression on any one country in Europe.
16. Evaluate the success of Hitler’s domestic policies between 1933 and 1939.
17. To what extent was Stalin’s foreign policy dominated by the desire for security up until 1941?
18. Analyse the causes and consequences of the policies of glasnost and perestroika up until 2000.
19. Why was the Federal Republic of Germany able to experience an “economic miracle” in the post-Second World War years?
20. Assess the political stability of one Western European state (excluding Germany and Spain) in the years between 1945 and 2000.
21. How important were religious, political and external factors in causing the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975?
22. Compare and contrast the causes and consequences of two conflicts between Israel and her neighbours in the years 1948–1980.
23. “The microchip was the single most revolutionary invention of the late twentieth century.” With specific reference to one country in the region, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
24. Assess the impact of the welfare state on the lives of citizens of any one country in the region.
2007 Test: Paper III
14.Analyse political and social developments in one Scandinavian country or in Finland during the
twentieth century.
18.“Mussolini ’s greatest skill lay in projecting himself through propaganda as a great leader.”” How fardo you agree with this assertion?
19.compare and contrast the foreign policies of Hitler and Stalin in Europe, up to the invasion of Russiain 1941.
20.Analyse the causes end results of the Spanish civil War.
21.In what ways, and with what results for Europe between 1939 and 1949, was the Second World War a “total war ”?
Specimen Test: Paper III
- Why were there two revolutions in Russia in 1917?
- How and why did the First World War bring about social and economic changes in any one European country?
- What were the main criticisms of the League of Nations and to what extent were they justified?
- How far is it true to say that the Weimar Republic was a complete failure?
- Compare and contrast the domestic policies of Hitler and Mussolini up to 1939.
- What were the main causes and results of the Spanish Civil War?
- What do you understand by the term appeasement? How far was appeasement responsible for the outbreak of war in 1939?
- Evaluate the domestic and foreign policies of Khrushchev.
- Examine the impact of the Cold War on Western Europe between 1945 and 1965.
- Compare and contrast the policies and importance to their countries of Adenauer and De Gaulle.
- Analyze the main developments in education in any one European country in the twentieth century.
- What were the main economic problems faced by the Soviet bloc (excluding the USSR) between 1950 and 1990?
1998 Test: Paper III
- Evaluate the relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of diplomacy in causing the First World War.
- Compare and contrast the roles of Lenin and Trotsky in establishing the USSR up to 1924.
- How far is it true to say that the Weimar Republic was doomed from its foundation?
- “Its frown will soon be more dreaded than a nation’s arms.” Why did this comment on the League of Nations, made in 1929 prove to be incorrect?
- Compare and contrast the foreign policies up to the outbreak of the Second World War of Mussolini and Hitler.
- Analyse the causes and results of the Spanish Civil War.
- Assess the impact of Hitler, and the Second World War on one Scandinavian country.
- How and why did the Second World War bring about the social and economic changes in one European country excluding Scandinavia?
- Why and with what results for Europe did the USSR become involved in the Cold War up to the death of Stalin?
- Explain whom you consider was more successful in his own country, Adenauer or de Gaulle?
- Analyze the internal history of one East European country, excluding the USSR, from 1953 to 1990.
- How has twentieth century Europe been affected by two of the following: increased leisure opportunities; pressure groups; peace movements?
1999 Test: Paper III
- Analyze the part played by the failure of Tsardom in causing the February/March Revolution in Russia in 1917.
- “In 1914 Europe arrived at a point when every country was afraid of the present and Germany was afraid of the future.” What do you understand by this comment and how far do you agree with it?
- Compare and contrast the economic aims and policies of Lenin (1917 to 1924) and Stalin (1928 to 1941).
- How and why was Hitler able to become dictator of Germany?
- Why was the League of Nations ignored in the pre-war crises of 1938 to 1939?
- With what justification can the term “total war” be applied to the Second World War?
- Compare and contrast political and economic developments under Adenauer in Germany and de Gaulle in France.
- How, why, and with what success, did Tito follow independent policies in Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1980?
- “Politically Khrushchev brought new hope to the USSR and to Europe, economically he was a disaster.” How justified is this comment of Khrushchev as leader of the Soviet Union 1953 to 1964?
- Explain in what ways and to what extent either Spain or Portugal moved away from dictatorship in the 1970s.
- Assess the importance of the changes in either the media or working conditions and patterns, in twentieth century Europe.
2000 Test: Paper III
- Compare and contrast the causes of the 1905 and February/March 1917 revolutions in Russia.
- “The Versailles Treaty was criticized by both winners and losers.” How justified was the criticism?
- What were the political and economic successes and failures of the Weimar Republic?
- Why did the history of Italy from 1900 to 1922 lead to the rise of Mussolini and the establishment of a Fascist Regime?
- What was the impact of the Wall Street crash upon any one European country (excluding Germany) up to 1939?
- Explain why Franco’s forces won the Spanish Civil War, and why the Republican forces lost.
- Why, and with what results, was the policy of appeasement adopted by Britain and France in the 1930s?
- Compare the Cold War policies of Stalin and Khrushchev from 1945 to 1964.
- Explain how any one western European state recovered from the devastation of the Second World War.
2000 Test: Paper III
- “Much of Lenin’s success was no doubt explained by his towering domination over his [Bolshevik] party.” To what extent does this explanation account for his rise to power and rule, 1917 to 1924?
- In what ways, and for what reasons, did the Treaty of Versailles cause political problems in the 1920s in Europe, for both the victorious and the defeated nations?
- What is meant by a search for collective security, why was it necessary and how successful were European countries in their search between 1919 and 1939?
- Evaluate Mussolini’s rule in Italy between 1922 and 1940.
- Assess the impact of political and constitutional developments in either Spain between 1930 and 1939, or Portugal between 1968 and 1976.
- Examine the effects of Nazi Germany on either one Scandinavian or on one east or central European country. (excluding USSR and Germany).
- Account for the defeat of Germany and her allies in the Second World War.
- For what reasons, and with what results, was Western Europe affected by the Cold War after 1945?
2001 Test: Paper III
16. “Lenin succeeded in convincing the Russian people that the path to happiness lay through lawlessness, arbitrary rule and violence.” To what extent does Lenin’s position in, and rule of, the USSR between 1918 and his death in 1924 support this statement?
18. Assess the successes and failures of Mussolini’s domestic policies.
19. Analyse the causes and results of either the Spanish Civil War (1936Œ1939), or the Portuguese Revolution of 1974.
20. For what reasons could it be argued that the Second World War in Europe was a total war?
22. “In spite of the ravages of the Second World War and the anxiety of the Cold War, the period 1945 to 1990 was one of reconstruction and development in western Europe.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
2001 Test: Paper III November
13. “Economically advanced, but politically backward.” How far do you agree with this assessment of Germany under Wilhelm II between 1890 and 1914?
14. Why did World War One start in 1914 and not earlier?
16. Why did the League of Nations fail to achieve its aim of disarmament between 1920 and 1939?
18. What consequences did Franco’s victory in the Spanish Civil War have for Spain up to his death in 1975?
19. How significant was the year 1941 for the course of the Second World War?
20. How successful was Soviet foreign policy under Khrushchev?
2003 Test—Paper III
- In what ways, and for what reasons, did the First World War lead to economic and social changes? Specific examples should be given from one or more European countries for the period 1914 to 1930.
- Compare and contrast the nature and results of the two 1917 Russian Revolutions.
- Analyze the political developments and external relations of either Weimar Germany between 1919 and 1933 or Great Britain between 1918 and 1935.
- Why had Stalin become ruler of the USSR by 1929?
- For what reasons, and with what results, did Mussolini abandon his Stresa Front allies, France and Great Britain, and ally with Hitler in 1936?
- Evaluate Hitler’s social, economic, and religious policies between 1933 and 1939.
- To what extent was the failure and collapse of the League of Nations the cause of the Second World War?
- Assess the rule of either Franco in Spain or Caetano in Portugal.
- In what ways, and for what reasons, did the Soviet Union’s Cold War policies affect Germany between 1945 and 1961?
- Assess the strengths and weaknesses of France under de Gaulle.
- Account for and assess the rise and fall of a Communist regime in either one Eastern or one Central European state excluding the USSR.
- For what reasons, and with what effects, did leisure activities and the media become more widespread and important in one or more European countries during the twentieth century?
2004—Paper III
- Why did Germany and her allies lose the First World War?
- Assess the part played by Lenin in the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution and in the new Soviet State until his death in 1924.
- Compare and contrast the economic problems faced by two European countries between 1919 and 1939.
- Analyse the impact of Hitler either on Finland or on one Scandinavian country between 1933 and 1945.
- To what extent were the aims of Mussolini’s domestic and foreign policies achieved between 1923 and 1939?
- In what ways, and to what extent, did foreign aid to both the Nationalists and the Republicans between 1936 and 1939 contribute to the outcome of the Spanish Civil War?
- How important were appeasement and the collapse of the League of Nations as causes of the Second World War?
- Assess the impact of the foreign policy of either Stalin between 1941 and 1953 or Khrushchev between 1956 and 1964, on the USSR and Europe.
- In what ways, and with what results, did one western European country recover from postwar problems between 1945 and 1970?
- What were the main political and economic problems faced by one central or eastern European country (excluding the USSR) between 1945 and 1990?
2005—Paper III
15. Analyse the social and economic changes caused by the First World War, in one European country, up to 1929.
16. Lenin wrote, “One step forward two steps back; it happens in the lives of individuals, and in the history of nations.” To what extent can this quotation be applied to Lenin’s revolutionary career and his rule of the USSR 1918 to 1924?
18. Compare and contrast totalitarian rule in Hitler’s Germany and Mussolini’s Italy, up to 1939.
19. What were the results of the Spanish Civil War for Spain and for Europe?
20. Why did international diplomacy play an important part in Europe in the inter war years?
21. Analyse the effects of the Second World War on the USSR between 1941 and 1948.
22. To what extent was Adenauer responsible for the recovery of Germany in the post Second World War period?
23. Assess the view that Khrushchev’s policies were a failure both at home and abroad between 1955 and 1963.
24. Why was Tito able to achieve power in Yugoslavia in 1945, and maintain control until 1980?
25. Evaluate the changes in the lives of women in Europe during the twentieth century.
2006—Paper III
1. In what ways and for what reasons did the French Revolution a) benefit France and b) harm France?
2. “The overall effect of Napoleon I’s foreign policy was to bring glory to France.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
3. In what ways, and to what extent, did the aims and policies of the Great Powers in the Vienna settlement shape Europe until 1852?
4. Compare and contrast the reasons for the fall from power in France, of Charles X in 1830 and Louis Philippe in 1848.
5. Assess the main features of foreign and imperial policy (excluding Ireland) in Victorian Britain in the second half of the nineteenth century.
6. Analyse the weaknesses of Austria in the period 1815 to 1866.
7. Why was Italy united under Piedmont-Sardinia and not under Rome?
8. In 1862 Bismarck said: “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions.” What were “the great questions of the day” for Bismarck, and how did he settle them up to 1871?
9. Compare and contrast the policies of Alexander II (1855-81) and Alexander III (1881-94) of Russia.
10. For what reasons, and with what results, was social legislation an important feature of one nineteenth century European government?
11. Evaluate the nature and importance of cultural developments in one European country during the nineteenth century.
12. Analyse the effects of Napoleon III’s domestic policies.
13. Why and with what results did Spain fail to modernise in the second half of the nineteenth century?
14. Examine the main economic and political developments in one Scandinavian country, or in Finland, in either the nineteenth or the twentieth century.
15. Analyse the long term and short term causes of the 1917 February/March Russian Revolution.
16. Assess the effects between 1914 and 1921, of the First World War on the civilian population of one European country.
17. For what reasons, and in what ways, was a Marxist/Communist state set up in Russia between 1918 and 1928?
18. Account for the foundation of the League of Nations, and assess its success between 1920 and 1935.
19. Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Hitler and Mussolini up to the outbreak of the Second World War.
20. Analyse the reasons for the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War.
21. Assess the political consequences of the Second World War in two European countries between 1939 and 1950.
22. In what ways, and with what success, did Brezhnev direct domestic and foreign policies in the Soviet Union between 1964 and 1982?
23. “The Cold War both helped and hindered the recovery of post Second World War western Europe.” To what extent do you agree with this judgement?
24. Examine the successes and failures of Tito in Yugoslavia. 25. In what ways, and with what results, have twentieth century transport developments changed
European work and leisure patterns?
2. “The overall effect of Napoleon I’s foreign policy was to bring glory to France.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
3. In what ways, and to what extent, did the aims and policies of the Great Powers in the Vienna settlement shape Europe until 1852?
4. Compare and contrast the reasons for the fall from power in France, of Charles X in 1830 and Louis Philippe in 1848.
5. Assess the main features of foreign and imperial policy (excluding Ireland) in Victorian Britain in the second half of the nineteenth century.
6. Analyse the weaknesses of Austria in the period 1815 to 1866.
7. Why was Italy united under Piedmont-Sardinia and not under Rome?
8. In 1862 Bismarck said: “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions.” What were “the great questions of the day” for Bismarck, and how did he settle them up to 1871?
9. Compare and contrast the policies of Alexander II (1855-81) and Alexander III (1881-94) of Russia.
10. For what reasons, and with what results, was social legislation an important feature of one nineteenth century European government?
11. Evaluate the nature and importance of cultural developments in one European country during the nineteenth century.
12. Analyse the effects of Napoleon III’s domestic policies.
13. Why and with what results did Spain fail to modernise in the second half of the nineteenth century?
14. Examine the main economic and political developments in one Scandinavian country, or in Finland, in either the nineteenth or the twentieth century.
15. Analyse the long term and short term causes of the 1917 February/March Russian Revolution.
16. Assess the effects between 1914 and 1921, of the First World War on the civilian population of one European country.
17. For what reasons, and in what ways, was a Marxist/Communist state set up in Russia between 1918 and 1928?
18. Account for the foundation of the League of Nations, and assess its success between 1920 and 1935.
19. Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Hitler and Mussolini up to the outbreak of the Second World War.
20. Analyse the reasons for the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War.
21. Assess the political consequences of the Second World War in two European countries between 1939 and 1950.
22. In what ways, and with what success, did Brezhnev direct domestic and foreign policies in the Soviet Union between 1964 and 1982?
23. “The Cold War both helped and hindered the recovery of post Second World War western Europe.” To what extent do you agree with this judgement?
24. Examine the successes and failures of Tito in Yugoslavia. 25. In what ways, and with what results, have twentieth century transport developments changed
European work and leisure patterns?
May 2009- Paper III
HISTORY HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 3 – EUROPE (INCLUDING RUSSIA/USSR)
Wednesday 6 May 2009 (morning) 2 hours 30 minutes
1. In what ways, and to what extent, was the French Revolution responsible for the rise of Napoleon I?
2. Compare and contrast the policies of two of the following: Louis XVIII (1814–1824); Charles X (1824–1830); Louis Philippe (1830–1848).
3. Analyse the causes and results of two 1848 revolutions.
Wednesday 6 May 2009 (morning) 2 hours 30 minutes
1. In what ways, and to what extent, was the French Revolution responsible for the rise of Napoleon I?
2. Compare and contrast the policies of two of the following: Louis XVIII (1814–1824); Charles X (1824–1830); Louis Philippe (1830–1848).
3. Analyse the causes and results of two 1848 revolutions.
4. “A great era for industrialization and social legislation.” To what extent do you agree with this
judgement of Britain in the second half of the nineteenth century?
5. Assess the positive and negative contributions of the following to Italian unification: separatism, republicanism, foreign involvement.
6. Why was Germany unified by Prussia and not Austria?
7. Analyse Bismarck’s impact on Germany between 1871 and 1890.
8. “What happened in Russia during the reign of Alexander II (1855–1881) was more of a revolution than many that went by that name elsewhere.” To what extent do you agree with the assertion that Alexander II’s policies were revolutionary?
9. Discuss the importance of either imperialism or emigration for nineteenth century Europe. 10. For what reasons, and in what ways, did education develop in one European country during the
nineteenth century.
11. In what ways, and to what extent, were Napoleon III’s policies responsible for his downfall and the establishment of the Third French Republic?
12. Assess the effects of outside events on either one Scandinavian country or Finland during the twentieth century.
13. Why did the First World War break out in 1914?
judgement of Britain in the second half of the nineteenth century?
5. Assess the positive and negative contributions of the following to Italian unification: separatism, republicanism, foreign involvement.
6. Why was Germany unified by Prussia and not Austria?
7. Analyse Bismarck’s impact on Germany between 1871 and 1890.
8. “What happened in Russia during the reign of Alexander II (1855–1881) was more of a revolution than many that went by that name elsewhere.” To what extent do you agree with the assertion that Alexander II’s policies were revolutionary?
9. Discuss the importance of either imperialism or emigration for nineteenth century Europe. 10. For what reasons, and in what ways, did education develop in one European country during the
nineteenth century.
11. In what ways, and to what extent, were Napoleon III’s policies responsible for his downfall and the establishment of the Third French Republic?
12. Assess the effects of outside events on either one Scandinavian country or Finland during the twentieth century.
13. Why did the First World War break out in 1914?
14. Analyse the causes of the 1917 February/March Russian Revolution.
15. Analyse the causes and results of economic problems in one European country between 1919 and 1939.
16. Compare and contrast the repressive policies of Hitler and Stalin.
17. Evaluate the impact on Italy of Mussolini’s domestic and foreign policies between 1922 and 1939.
18. “The Spanish Civil War was a disaster not only for Spain, but also for Europe.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
19. Compare and contrast the governments of Salazar (1932–1968) and Caetano (1968–1974) in Portugal.
20. With reference to the Second World War in Europe, explain the main features and effects of “total war”.
21. “A natural development of the Second World War.” To what extent does this assertion explain the causes of the Cold War?
22. Assess the policies of either Adenauer in Germany or de Gaulle in France.
15. Analyse the causes and results of economic problems in one European country between 1919 and 1939.
16. Compare and contrast the repressive policies of Hitler and Stalin.
17. Evaluate the impact on Italy of Mussolini’s domestic and foreign policies between 1922 and 1939.
18. “The Spanish Civil War was a disaster not only for Spain, but also for Europe.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
19. Compare and contrast the governments of Salazar (1932–1968) and Caetano (1968–1974) in Portugal.
20. With reference to the Second World War in Europe, explain the main features and effects of “total war”.
21. “A natural development of the Second World War.” To what extent does this assertion explain the causes of the Cold War?
22. Assess the policies of either Adenauer in Germany or de Gaulle in France.
23. Explain the reasons for, and results of, the Sovietization of one Soviet satellite state in Europe,
between 1945 and 1990.
between 1945 and 1990.
24. In what ways, and to what extent, was Gorbachev responsible for the break up of the USSR?
25. Analyse gender issues in one European country during the twentieth century.
